EP1200539B1 - Use of hydroxyl group-containing copolymers for producing fuel oils with improved lubricity - Google Patents

Use of hydroxyl group-containing copolymers for producing fuel oils with improved lubricity Download PDF

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EP1200539B1
EP1200539B1 EP00943791A EP00943791A EP1200539B1 EP 1200539 B1 EP1200539 B1 EP 1200539B1 EP 00943791 A EP00943791 A EP 00943791A EP 00943791 A EP00943791 A EP 00943791A EP 1200539 B1 EP1200539 B1 EP 1200539B1
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mol
copolymers
structural units
vinyl
weight
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP1200539A1 (en
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Matthias Krull
Markus Kupetz
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Clariant Produkte Deutschland GmbH
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Clariant GmbH
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10LFUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L10/00Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
    • C10L10/08Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving lubricity; for reducing wear
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10LFUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/192Macromolecular compounds
    • C10L1/195Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10LFUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/192Macromolecular compounds
    • C10L1/195Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10L1/1955Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals each having one carbon bond to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an alcohol, ether, aldehyde, ketonic, ketal, acetal radical
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10LFUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/192Macromolecular compounds
    • C10L1/195Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10L1/196Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and a carboxyl group or salts, anhydrides or esters thereof homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals each having one carbon bond to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical or of salts, anhydrides or esters thereof
    • C10L1/1963Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and a carboxyl group or salts, anhydrides or esters thereof homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals each having one carbon bond to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical or of salts, anhydrides or esters thereof mono-carboxylic
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10LFUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/192Macromolecular compounds
    • C10L1/195Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10L1/197Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and an acyloxy group of a saturated carboxylic or carbonic acid
    • C10L1/1973Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and an acyloxy group of a saturated carboxylic or carbonic acid mono-carboxylic
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10LFUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14Organic compounds
    • C10L1/22Organic compounds containing nitrogen
    • C10L1/234Macromolecular compounds
    • C10L1/236Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derivatives thereof

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the use of copolymers with Structural units of olefinically unsaturated hydroxyl-containing Compounds and other olefinically unsaturated compounds with alkyl radicals to improve the lubricating effect of middle distillates, and such additive middle distillate fuel oils.
  • Mineral oils and mineral oil distillates used as fuel oils generally contain 0.5 wt .-% and more sulfur, which in the Burning causes the formation of sulfur dioxide. To the result to reduce the resulting environmental pollution, the sulfur content of Fuel oils always lowered. Standard relating to diesel fuels EN 590 currently writes a maximum sulfur content of 500 in Germany ppm before. Fuel oils with less than 200 ppm are already coming in Scandinavia and in exceptional cases with less than 50 ppm sulfur. This Fuel oils are usually made by the fact that from the Petroleum fractions obtained by distillation hydrogenated refined. In the Desulphurization also removes other substances that Give fuel oils a natural lubricating effect. About these substances include polyaromatic and polar compounds.
  • EP-A-0 680 506 discloses esters from carboxylic acids with 2 to 50 Carbon atoms as additives to improve the lubricating effect of low-sulfur middle distillates with less than 0.5% by weight S.
  • DD-126 090 discloses lubricant-improving additives from copolymers of Ethylene and unsaturated carboxylic acid esters, preferably vinyl acetate, which the Fuels in amounts of 0.01 to 0.5 wt .-% are added.
  • EP-A-0 764 198 discloses additives which improve the lubricating effect of fuel oils improve, and the polar nitrogen compounds based on alkylamines or alkylammonium salts with alkyl radicals of 8 to 40 carbon atoms contain.
  • DE-A-15 94 417 discloses additives for improving the lubricating effect of oleophilic liquids, the esters of glycols and dicarboxylic acids with at least Contain 11 carbon atoms.
  • EP-A-0 635 558 discloses diesel oils with sulfur contents below 0.2% by weight and aromatics contents below 30% by weight. These diesel oils are additized with 100 to 10,000 ppm C 1 -C 5 alkyl esters of unsaturated straight-chain C 12 -C 22 fatty acids derived from oilseeds.
  • EP-A-0 074 208 discloses middle and heavy distillates which are additized with copolymers of ethylene and oxalkylated acrylates or ethylene and vinyl esters of saturated and unsaturated carboxylic acids.
  • EP-A-0 856 533 discloses copolymers based on vinyl esters of carboxylic acids, vinylaromatic hydrocarbons, hydroxy-functional unsaturated monomers and other polymerizable monomers. The polymers have OH numbers of 110-170 mg KOH / g, and have molecular weights of 1500 - 8000 g / mol. However, according to the disclosure of the document, the polymers are used for the production of coating compositions for paints. Use in connection with fuel oils is not disclosed.
  • US 3,915,668 discloses terpolymers of ethylene, 10-25% by weight of C 1 -C 8 alkyl vinyl esters and 10-30% by weight of dialkylvinylcarbinol and their use to improve the cold flow properties of crude and residual oils. The suitability of such terpolymers for improving the lubricating effect of distillate fuels is not disclosed.
  • the object of the present invention was to find additives which are largely in Middle distillates freed from sulfur and aromatic compounds into one Improve the lubrication effect. At the same time, these additives should also favorably affect the cold flow properties of these middle distillates.
  • oil-soluble copolymers consist of ethylenically unsaturated compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups wear as well as ethylenically unsaturated compounds Hydrocarbon groups of at least 6 carbon atoms, with them Additized fuel oils with the required properties.
  • Another object of the invention are middle distillate fuel oils with a Sulfur content of less than 0.5% by weight, which copolymers of those defined above Kind included.
  • the copolymer has a OH number from 20 to 250, in particular 25 to 200 mg KOH / g. In a another preferred embodiment, the copolymer has a medium Molecular weight Mw from 700 to 10,000 g / mol. In another preferred In one embodiment, the proportion of structural units (A) is between 10 and 70 mol%, in particular between 15 and 60 mol%.
  • the olefinically unsaturated compounds which the comonomers (A) make up it is preferably vinyl esters, acrylic esters, mono- and Diesters of ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids, methacrylic esters, alkyl vinyl ethers and / or alkenes which are hydroxyalkyl, hydroxyalkenyl, hydroxycycloalkyl or Wear hydroxyaryl residues. These residues contain at least one hydroxyl group, which can be anywhere on the rest, but preferably on Chain end ( ⁇ position) or in para position for ring systems.
  • Suitable vinyl esters include 2-hydroxyethyl vinyl esters, ⁇ -hydroxypropyl vinyl esters, 3-hydroxypropyl vinyl esters and 4-hydroxybutyl vinyl esters as well as diethylene glycol monovinyl esters.
  • Suitable acrylic esters include hydroxyethyl acrylate, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl acrylate, 3-hydroxypropyl acrylate, 3-hydroxypropyl methacrylate, hydroxyisopropyl acrylate, 4-hydroxybutyl acrylate and glycerol monoacrylate.
  • the corresponding esters of methacrylic acid and also esters of ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acids such as maleic acid, fumaric acid or itaconic acid with diols are equally suitable.
  • Suitable alkyl vinyl ethers include 2-hydroxyethyl vinyl ether, hydroxypropyl vinyl ether, hexanediol monovinyl ether, 4-hydroxybutyl vinyl ether, diethylene glycol monovinyl ether and cyclohexanedimethanol monovinyl ether.
  • the alkenes are preferably monounsaturated Hydroxy hydrocarbons with 3 to 30 carbon atoms, especially 4 to 16 carbon atoms and especially 5 to 12 carbon atoms.
  • Both individual comonomers B and mixtures of different ones can be used Comonomers of the individual and / or different monomers B1) to B4) be used.
  • Particularly preferred comonomers (B) are those above mentioned olefinically unsaturated compounds of groups B1) to B4) with Hydrocarbon residues that contain at least 8 carbon atoms. Wear preferably at least 10 mol%, preferably at least 25 mol%, in particular more than 50 mol% of the monomers (B) linear hydrocarbon residues.
  • Additives preferably contain up to 20 mol%, in particular up to 10 mol% the comonomers B) and optionally C) branched alkyl chains.
  • oligomers and polymers of lower olefins such as e.g. Poly (propylene), Poly (butene) and poly (isobutylene) are suitable, such oligomers having high Proportion of terminal double bonds (> 50 mol%, preferably> 70 mol%, in particular> 75 mol%) are preferred.
  • the melt viscosities of the copolymers at 140 ° C. are preferably below 10,000 mPas, especially between 10 and 2000 mPas and specifically between 15 and 1000 mPas.
  • Oil-soluble in the sense of the invention means that at least 10% by weight, preferably at least 1% by weight, in particular at least 0.1% by weight of the additive is clear in the middle distillate to be additized becomes soluble.
  • the copolymerization of the comonomers is carried out according to known ones discontinuous or continuous polymerization processes (cf. e.g. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Technical Chemistry, 5th edition, Vol. A21, Pages 305 to 413). Polymerization in solution, in suspension, in the gas phase and precipitation and bulk polymerization. Are preferred Bulk and solution polymerization.
  • the reaction of the comonomers is determined by Radical initiators (radical chain initiators) initiated. To this Substance classes belong e.g.
  • Oxygen, hydroperoxides, peroxides and Azo compounds such as cumene hydroperoxide, t-butyl hydroperoxide, dilauroyl peroxide, Dibenzoyl peroxide, bis (2-ethylhexyl) peroxidicarbonate, t-butyl permaleinate, t-butyl perpivalate, t-butyl perbenzoate, dicumyl peroxide, t-butylcumyl peroxide, di- (t-butyl) peroxide, 2,2'-azobis (2-methylpropanonitrile), 2,2'-azobis (2-methylbutyronitrile).
  • the Initiators are used individually or as a mixture of two or more substances Amounts of 0.01 to 20 wt .-%, preferably 0.05 to 10 wt .-%, based on the comonomer mixture used.
  • the polymerization usually takes place at temperatures of 40 - 300 ° C, preferably at 80-250 ° C, with the use of monomers and / or Solvents with boiling temperatures below the polymerization temperature is expediently worked under pressure.
  • the polymerization becomes expedient in the absence of air, e.g. carried out under nitrogen, since the oxygen Polymerization interferes.
  • the initiator or the initiator system it is It is advisable to ensure that the half-life of the initiator or Initiator system at the chosen polymerization temperature less than 3 Hours. It is preferably between 0.5 minutes and one hour.
  • the desired molecular weight of the copolymers is given for a given Composition of the comonomer mixture by varying the Reaction parameters concentration and temperature.
  • Suitable molecular weight regulators are, for example Aldehydes, ketones, alcohols and organic sulfur compounds such as Mercaptoethanol, mercaptopropanol, mercaptoacetic acid, Mercaptopropionic acid, tert-butyl mercaptan, n-butyl mercaptan, n-octyl mercaptan, tert-dodecyl mercaptan and n-dodecyl mercaptan.
  • the moderators in quantities up to 20 wt .-%, preferably 0.05 to 10 wt .-%, based on the Comonomer mixture used.
  • Equipment suitable for the polymerization is e.g. usual stirred kettle with for example armature, blade, impeller or multi-stage impulse countercurrent stirrers and for the continuous production of stirred tank cascades, Stirred reactors or static mixers.
  • the preferred method for producing the copolymers according to the invention is in addition to solvent-free bulk polymerization, solution polymerization. She is carried out in solvents in which the monomers and those formed Copolymers are soluble. All solvents suitable for this purpose are suitable Meet the requirement and that with the monomers and the copolymers formed do not respond. For example, these are organic, preferred aromatic solvents, such as cumene, toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene or else commercial solvent mixtures, such as ®Solvent Naphtha, ®Shellsol AB or ® Solvesso 150, 200.
  • the solvent and optionally a part is expediently used of the monomers (e.g. approx. 5 - 20%) and the rest of the Monomer mixture with the initiator and optionally co-initiator and regulator added.
  • the concentration of the monomers to be polymerized is between 20 and 95% by weight, preferably 50 and 90% by weight.
  • the solid terpolymer can be obtained by precipitation with suitable non-solvents, such as acetone or methanol or isolated by evaporation of the solvent become. However, it is advisable to add a solvent for the polymerization choose in which the polymer can be used directly according to the invention.
  • the lubricating effect of oils can be improved in the manner according to the invention by adding copolymers which are obtained by copolymers containing acid groups by oxalkylation.
  • Suitable copolymers are, for example, those of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, itaconic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid or maleic anhydride with the comonomers B and optionally C.
  • these copolymers containing acid groups are added to the acid groups with C 1 - to C 10 - Alkylene oxides oxalkylated.
  • Preferred alkylene oxides are ethylene oxide, propylene oxide and butylene oxide.
  • the oxyalkylation is preferably carried out using 0.5 to 10 mol, in particular 1 to 5 mol and especially 1 to 2 mol of alkylene oxide per mol of acid group.
  • the copolymers according to the invention are mineral oils or Mineral oil distillates in the form of solutions or dispersions the 10 to 90% by weight, preferably 20-80% by weight, of the copolymers added.
  • Suitable solvents or dispersing agents are aliphatic and / or aromatic hydrocarbons or hydrocarbon mixtures, e.g. Gasoline fractions, kerosene, decane, pentadecane, toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene or commercial solvent mixtures such as Solvent Naphtha, ®Shellsol AB, ®Solvesso 150, ®Solvesso 200, ®Exxsol, ®ISOPAR and ®Shellsol D types.
  • suitable solvents are oil-soluble esters of native origin, such as e.g. Triglycerides of fatty acids and fatty acid methyl esters such as rapeseed oil and Sojaölklaremethylester.
  • oil-soluble esters of native origin such as e.g. Triglycerides of fatty acids and fatty acid methyl esters such as rapeseed oil and Sojaölklaremethylester.
  • the copolymers in their lubricating and / or Cold flow properties contain improved mineral oils or mineral oil distillates 0.001 to 2, preferably 0.005 to 0.5 wt .-% copolymer, based on the Distillate.
  • the copolymers according to the invention can also be in the form of Mixtures are used which consist of copolymers of the claimed type, however different qualitative and / or quantitative composition and / or different (measured at 140 ° C) viscosity exist.
  • the Mixing ratio (in parts by weight) of the copolymers can be wide Range can be varied and e.g. 20: 1 to 1:20, preferably 10: 1 to 1:10 be. In this way, the additives can be individually tailored Adjust requirements.
  • copolymers according to the invention also together with one or more oil-soluble co-additives can be used, which alone Cold flow properties and / or lubricating effect of crude oils, lubricating oils or Improve fuel oils.
  • oil-soluble co-additives are those containing vinyl acetate Copolymers or terpolymers of ethylene, polar compounds that effect a paraffin dispersion (paraffin dispersants), comb polymers, Alkylphenol aldehyde resins and oil-soluble amphiphiles.
  • the Terpolymers prepared according to the invention in a mixture with Ethylene / vinyl acetate / neononanoic acid vinyl ester terpolymers or ethylene / vinyl acetate / Neodecanoic acid vinyl ester terpolymers to improve the Flowability of mineral oils or mineral oil distillates.
  • the terpolymers the neononanoic acid vinyl ester or the neodecanoic acid vinyl ester contain except Ethylene 10 to 35% by weight of vinyl acetate and 1 to 25% by weight of the respective Neo compound.
  • further preferred copolymers contain up to 35% by weight of vinyl esters still 0.5 to 20% by weight of olefin such as diisobutylene, 4-methylpentene or norbomen.
  • the copolymers according to the invention also in a mixture with paraffin dispersants be used. These additives reduce the size of the wax crystals and cause the paraffin particles not to settle, but to colloidally significantly reduced sedimentation efforts, remain dispersed. Farther they increase the lubricating effect of the copolymers according to the invention.
  • Paraffin dispersants have become oil-soluble polar compounds with ionic ones or polar groups, e.g.
  • Amine salts and / or amides proven by Reaction of aliphatic or aromatic amines, preferably long-chain ones aliphatic amines, with aliphatic or aromatic mono-, di-, tri- or Tetracarboxylic acids or their anhydrides are obtained (cf. US 4 211 534).
  • Other paraffin dispersants are copolymers of maleic anhydride and ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated compounds, optionally with primary Monoalkylamines and / or aliphatic alcohols can be implemented (cf. EP 0 154 177), the reaction products of alkenylspirobislactones with Amines (cf.
  • EP 0 413 279 B1 and reaction products according to EP 0 606 055 A2 of terpolymers based on ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated dicarboxylic anhydrides, ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated Compounds and polyoxyalkylene ethers of lower unsaturated Alcohols.
  • Alkylphenol-aldehyde resins are also suitable as paraffin dispersants.
  • the copolymers according to the invention can be used in a mixture with alkylphenol-formaldehyde resins.
  • these alkylphenol-formaldehyde resins are those of the formula 5 wherein R 6 is C 4 -C 50 alkyl or alkenyl, R 7 is ethoxy and / or propoxy, n is a number from 5 to 100 and p is a number from 0 to 50.
  • the copolymers according to the invention are used together with comb polymers.
  • This is understood to mean polymers in which hydrocarbon radicals having at least 8, in particular at least 10, carbon atoms are bonded to a polymer backbone. They are preferably homopolymers whose alkyl side chains contain at least 8 and in particular at least 10 carbon atoms. In copolymers, at least 20%, preferably at least 30%, of the monomers have side chains (cf. Comblike Polymers-Structure and Properties; NA Platé and VP Shibaev, J. Polym. Sci. Macromolecular Revs. 1974, 8, 117 ff).
  • Suitable comb polymers are, for example, fumarate / vinyl acetate copolymers (cf. EP 0 153 176 A1), copolymers of a C 6 to C 24 ⁇ -olefin and an NC 6 to C 22 alkylmaleimide (cf. EP 0 320 766), also esterified olefin / maleic anhydride copolymers, polymers and copolymers of ⁇ -olefins and esterified copolymers of styrene and maleic anhydride.
  • fumarate / vinyl acetate copolymers cf. EP 0 153 176 A1
  • copolymers of a C 6 to C 24 ⁇ -olefin and an NC 6 to C 22 alkylmaleimide cf. EP 0 320 766
  • esterified olefin / maleic anhydride copolymers polymers and copolymers of ⁇ -olefins and ester
  • the mixing ratio (in parts by weight) of those produced according to the invention Copolymers with paraffin dispersants, resins or comb polymers each 1:10 to 20: 1, preferably 1: 1 to 10: 1.
  • the inventive Copolymers can be used in a mixture with other lubricity additives.
  • Lubricity additives are preferably fatty alcohols, fatty acids and Dimer fatty acids and their esters and partial esters with glycols (according to DE-A-15 94 417), polyols such as glycerol (according to EP-A-0 680 506, EP-A-0 739 970) or Hydroxyamines (according to EP-A-0 802 961) have proven successful.
  • the copolymers according to the invention are suitable, the lubricating properties and cold properties of animal, vegetable or mineral oils improve. They are particularly good for use in middle distillates suitable.
  • Middle distillates are mineral oils that can be obtained by distillation of crude oil and in the range of 120 to 450 ° C boil, for example kerosene, jet fuel, diesel and heating oil.
  • the copolymers according to the invention used in such middle distillates that 0.5% by weight of sulfur and less, particularly preferably less than 500 ppm Sulfur, especially less than 200 ppm sulfur and in special cases contain less than 50 ppm sulfur.
  • the polymers can be used alone or together with other additives be used, e.g. with other pour point depressors or Dewaxing agents, with corrosion inhibitors, antioxidants, Mud inhibitors, dehazem and additives to lower the cloud point.
  • additives e.g. with other pour point depressors or Dewaxing agents, with corrosion inhibitors, antioxidants, Mud inhibitors, dehazem and additives to lower the cloud point.
  • Tallow fatty alcohol and behenyl alcohol are mixtures of fatty alcohols of natural origin and mainly consist of C 16/18 -OH and C 18/20/22 -OH. All additives are used to improve handling as 50% solutions in solvent naphtha or kerosene.
  • Test oil 1 Test oil 2 Initial boiling point [° C] 182 173 20% [° C] 202 221 30% [° C] 208 234 90% [° C] 286 329 95% [° C] 302 353 Cloud Point [° C] -29 -8.4 CFPP [° C] -32 -12 S content [ppm] 3 267 Density [g / cm 3 ] 0.819 0,836 Wearscar [ ⁇ m] 609 576
  • the lubricating effect of the additives was carried out using an HFRR device from PCS Instruments on additive oils at 60 ° C.
  • the High Frequency Reciprocating Rig Test (HFRR) is described in D. Wei, H. Spikes, Wear, Vol. 111, No.2, p.217, 1986. The results are given as the coefficient of friction and wear scar. A low coefficient of friction and a low wear scar show a good lubricating effect.
  • Wear Scar in Test Oil 1 example additive Wear scar Movie Friction B1 250 ppm A1 309 ⁇ m 87% 0.16 B2 250 ppm A2 312 ⁇ m 80% 0.17 B3 500 ppm A3 242 ⁇ m 89% 0.15 B4 500 ppm A4 438 ⁇ m 57% 0.23 B5 250 ppm A5 260 ⁇ m 89% 0.16 B6 200 ppm A6 236 ⁇ m 88% 0.15 B7 150 ppm A6 431 ⁇ m 49% 0.22 B8 200 ppm A7 334 ⁇ m 76% 0.17 B9 250 ppm A8 298 ⁇ m 87% 0.16 B10 400 ppm A9 321 ⁇ m 78% 0.19 B11 200 ppm A10 275 ⁇ m 90% 0.15 B12 400 ppm A11 340 ⁇ m 74% 0.19 B13 250 ppm A12 263 ⁇ m 90% 0.15 B14 400 ppm A13 361 ⁇ m 70% 0.16
  • test oil 2 A German winter diesel fuel (test oil 2) was used for the following tests used.
  • the middle distillate became one at room temperature with 200 ppm 57% dispersion of a commercially available flow improver (ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer with 31 wt .-% vinyl acetate and one at 140 ° C. measured melt viscosity of 170 mPas) and those in Table 4 specified amounts of the additives heated to 60 ° C, 15 minutes heated to 40 ° C with occasional shaking and then on Cooled to room temperature.
  • the middle distillate so additized was according to EN 116 determines the CFPP value.
  • the additized samples were cooled in 200 ml measuring cylinders in a refrigerator at -2 ° C./hour to -13 ° C. and stored at this temperature for 16 hours.
  • the volume and appearance of both the sediment (paraffin phase) and the oil phase above it were then determined and assessed visually.
  • a small amount of sediment and a cloudy oil phase show good paraffin dispersion.
  • the lower 20% by volume were isolated and the cloud point determined.
  • a slight deviation of the cloud point of the lower phase (CP KS ) from the blank value of the oil shows good paraffin dispersion.

Description

Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft die Verwendung von Copolymeren mit Struktureinheiten von olefinisch ungesättigten hydroxylgruppenhaltigen Verbindungen und weiteren olefinisch ungesättigten Verbindungen mit Alkylresten zur Verbesserung der Schmierwirkung von Mitteldestillaten, sowie derart additivierte Mitteldestillat-Brennstofföle.The present invention relates to the use of copolymers with Structural units of olefinically unsaturated hydroxyl-containing Compounds and other olefinically unsaturated compounds with alkyl radicals to improve the lubricating effect of middle distillates, and such additive middle distillate fuel oils.

Mineralöle und Mineralöldestillate, die als Brennstofföle verwendet werden, enthalten im allgemeinen 0,5 Gew.-% und mehr Schwefel, der bei der Verbrennung die Bildung von Schwefeldioxid verursacht. Um die daraus resultierenden Umweltbelastungen zu vermindern, wird der Schwefelgehalt von Brennstoffölen immer weiter abgesenkt. Die Dieseltreibstoffe betreffende Norm EN 590 schreibt in Deutschland zur Zeit einen maximalen Schwefelgehalt von 500 ppm vor. In Skandinavien kommen bereits Brennstofföle mit weniger als 200 ppm und in Ausnahmefällen mit weniger als 50 ppm Schwefel zur Anwendung. Diese Brennstofföle werden in der Regel dadurch hergestellt, daß man die aus dem Erdöl durch Destillation erhaltenen Fraktionen hydrierend raffiniert. Bei der Entschwefelung werden aber auch andere Substanzen entfernt, die den Brennstoffölen eine natürliche Schmierwirkung verleihen. Zu diesen Substanzen zählen unter anderem polyaromatische und polare Verbindungen.Mineral oils and mineral oil distillates used as fuel oils generally contain 0.5 wt .-% and more sulfur, which in the Burning causes the formation of sulfur dioxide. To the result to reduce the resulting environmental pollution, the sulfur content of Fuel oils always lowered. Standard relating to diesel fuels EN 590 currently writes a maximum sulfur content of 500 in Germany ppm before. Fuel oils with less than 200 ppm are already coming in Scandinavia and in exceptional cases with less than 50 ppm sulfur. This Fuel oils are usually made by the fact that from the Petroleum fractions obtained by distillation hydrogenated refined. In the Desulphurization also removes other substances that Give fuel oils a natural lubricating effect. About these substances include polyaromatic and polar compounds.

Es hat sich nun aber gezeigt, daß die reibungs- und verschleißmindernden Eigenschaften von Brennstoffölen mit zunehmendem Entschwefelungsgrad schlechter werden. Oftmals sind diese Eigenschaften so mangelhaft, daß an den vom Kraftstoff geschmierten Materialien wie z.B. den Verteiler-Einspritzpumpen von Dieselmotoren schon nach kurzer Zeit mit Fraßerscheinungen gerechnet werden muß. Die mittlerweile in Skandinavien vorgenommene weitere Absenkung des 95 %-Destillationspunkts auf unter 370°C, teilweise auf unter 350°C oder unter 330°C verschärft diese Problematik weiter. However, it has now been shown that the friction and wear reducing Properties of fuel oils with increasing desulfurization become worse. Often these properties are so poor that the materials lubricated by fuel, e.g. the distributor injection pumps Diesel engines are expected to start eating after a short time must become. The further reduction that has now been made in Scandinavia the 95% distillation point below 370 ° C, partly below 350 ° C or below 330 ° C this problem is exacerbated.

Im Stand der Technik sind daher Ansätze beschrieben, die eine Lösung dieses Problems darstellen sollen (sogenannte Lubricity-Additive).Approaches are therefore described in the prior art which provide a solution to this Problems (so-called lubricity additives).

EP-A-0 680 506 offenbart Ester aus Carbonsäuren mit 2 bis 50 Kohlenstoffatomen als Additive zur Verbesserung der Schmierwirkung von schwefelarmen Mitteldestillaten mit unter 0,5 Gew.-% S.EP-A-0 680 506 discloses esters from carboxylic acids with 2 to 50 Carbon atoms as additives to improve the lubricating effect of low-sulfur middle distillates with less than 0.5% by weight S.

DD-126 090 offenbart schmierverbessernde Additive aus Copolymerisaten von Ethylen und ungesättigten Carbonsäureestern, vorzugsweise Vinylacetat, die den Kraftstoffen in Mengen von 0,01 bis 0,5 Gew.-% zugesetzt werden.DD-126 090 discloses lubricant-improving additives from copolymers of Ethylene and unsaturated carboxylic acid esters, preferably vinyl acetate, which the Fuels in amounts of 0.01 to 0.5 wt .-% are added.

EP-A-0 764 198 offenbart Additive, die die Schmierwirkung von Brennstoffölen verbessern, und die polare Stickstoffverbindungen auf Basis von Alkylaminen oder Alkylammoniumsalzen mit Alkylresten von 8 bis 40 Kohlenstoffatomen enthalten.EP-A-0 764 198 discloses additives which improve the lubricating effect of fuel oils improve, and the polar nitrogen compounds based on alkylamines or alkylammonium salts with alkyl radicals of 8 to 40 carbon atoms contain.

DE-A-15 94 417 offenbart Zusätze zur Verbesserung der Schmierwirkung oleophiler Flüssigkeiten, die Ester aus Glykolen und Dicarbonsäuren mit mindestens
11 Kohlenstoffatomen enthalten.
DE-A-15 94 417 discloses additives for improving the lubricating effect of oleophilic liquids, the esters of glycols and dicarboxylic acids with at least
Contain 11 carbon atoms.

EP-A-0 635 558 offenbart Dieselöle mit Schwefelgehalten unter 0,2 Gew.-% und Aromatengehalten unter 30 Gew.-%. Diese Dieselöle werden mit 100 bis 10.000 ppm C1-C5-Alkylestern von ungesättigten geradkettigen C12-C22-Fettsäuren, die von Ölsaaten abstammen, additiviert.EP-A-0 635 558 discloses diesel oils with sulfur contents below 0.2% by weight and aromatics contents below 30% by weight. These diesel oils are additized with 100 to 10,000 ppm C 1 -C 5 alkyl esters of unsaturated straight-chain C 12 -C 22 fatty acids derived from oilseeds.

EP-A-0 074 208 offenbart Mittel- und Schwerdestillate, die mit Copolymeren aus Ethylen und oxalkylierten Acrylaten oder Ethylen und Vinylestern gesättigter und ungesättigter Carbonsäuren additiviert sind.
EP-A-0 856 533 offenbart Copolymere auf Basis von Vinylestem von Carbonsäuren, vinylaromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen, hydroxyfunktionellen ungesättigten Monomeren und weiteren polymerisierbaren Monomeren. Die Polymere weisen OH-Zahlen von 110-170 mg KOH/g auf, und haben Molekulargewichte von 1500 - 8000 g/mol. Die Polymere werden jedoch gemäß Offenbarung des Dokuments für die Herstellung von Überzugsmitteln für Lacke verwendet. Eine Verwendung im Zusammenhang mit Brennstoffölen wird nicht offenbart.
EP-A-0 074 208 discloses middle and heavy distillates which are additized with copolymers of ethylene and oxalkylated acrylates or ethylene and vinyl esters of saturated and unsaturated carboxylic acids.
EP-A-0 856 533 discloses copolymers based on vinyl esters of carboxylic acids, vinylaromatic hydrocarbons, hydroxy-functional unsaturated monomers and other polymerizable monomers. The polymers have OH numbers of 110-170 mg KOH / g, and have molecular weights of 1500 - 8000 g / mol. However, according to the disclosure of the document, the polymers are used for the production of coating compositions for paints. Use in connection with fuel oils is not disclosed.

US-3 915 668 offenbart Terpolymere aus Ethylen, 10 - 25 Gew.-% C1-C8-Alkylvinylestern und 10 - 30 Gew.-% Dialkylvinylcarbinol und ihre Verwendung zur Verbesserung der Kaltfließeigenschaften von Roh- und Rückstandsölen. Die Eignung solcher Terpolymere für die Verbesserung der Schmierwirkung von Destillatkraftstoffen wird nicht offenbart.US 3,915,668 discloses terpolymers of ethylene, 10-25% by weight of C 1 -C 8 alkyl vinyl esters and 10-30% by weight of dialkylvinylcarbinol and their use to improve the cold flow properties of crude and residual oils. The suitability of such terpolymers for improving the lubricating effect of distillate fuels is not disclosed.

Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung war es, Additive zu finden, die in weitgehend von Schwefel und aromatischen Verbindungen befreiten Mitteldestillaten zu einer Verbesserung der Schmierwirkung führen. Gleichzeitig sollen diese Additive auch die Kaltfließeigenschaften dieser Mitteldestillate günstig beeinflussen.The object of the present invention was to find additives which are largely in Middle distillates freed from sulfur and aromatic compounds into one Improve the lubrication effect. At the same time, these additives should also favorably affect the cold flow properties of these middle distillates.

Überraschenderweise wurde gefunden, daß öllösliche Copolymere aus ethylenisch ungesättigten Verbindungen, die eine oder mehrere Hydroxylgruppen tragen sowie ethylenisch ungesättigten Verbindungen mit Kohlenwasserstoffgruppen von mindestens 6 C-Atomen, den mit ihnen additivierten Brennstoffölen die geforderten Eigenschaften verleihen.Surprisingly, it has been found that oil-soluble copolymers consist of ethylenically unsaturated compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups wear as well as ethylenically unsaturated compounds Hydrocarbon groups of at least 6 carbon atoms, with them Additized fuel oils with the required properties.

Gegenstand der Erfindung ist somit die Verwendung von öllöslichen Copolymeren, welche

  • A) 5 bis 80 mol-% Struktureinheiten, die sich von olefinisch ungesättigten Verbindungen ableiten, welche mindestens eine freie Hydroxylgruppe aufweisen,
  • B) 5 bis 95 mol-% Struktureinheiten, die sich von olefinisch ungesättigten Verbindungen ableiten, welche einen Kohlenwasserstoffrest mit mindestens 6 Kohlenstoffatomen tragen, sowie gegebenenfalls
  • C) 0 bis 40 mol-% weiterer Struktureinheiten ausgewählt aus der Gruppe bestehend aus Acrylsäure, Acrylaten, Vinylestem, Vinylethan und Alkenen mit der Maßgabe, daß die unter C) genannten Struktureinheiten von den unter A) und B) genannten Struktureinheiten verschieden sind,
  • und eine mittlere Molekülmasse Mw von 500 bis 100.000 g/mol und eine OH-Zahl zwischen 10 und 300 mg KOH/g aufweisen, zur Verbesserung der Schmierwirkung und Kaltfließeigenschaften von Mitteldestillaten mit weniger als 0,5 Gew.-% Schwefelgehalt.The invention thus relates to the use of oil-soluble copolymers which
  • A) 5 to 80 mol% of structural units which are derived from olefinically unsaturated compounds which have at least one free hydroxyl group,
  • B) 5 to 95 mol% of structural units which are derived from olefinically unsaturated compounds which carry a hydrocarbon radical having at least 6 carbon atoms, and, if appropriate
  • C) 0 to 40 mol% of further structural units selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid, acrylates, vinyl esters, vinyl ethane and alkenes, with the proviso that the structural units mentioned under C) are different from the structural units mentioned under A) and B),
  • and have an average molecular weight Mw of 500 to 100,000 g / mol and an OH number between 10 and 300 mg KOH / g, to improve the lubricating effect and cold flow properties of middle distillates with less than 0.5% by weight sulfur.

    Ein weiterer Gegenstand der Erfindung sind Mitteldestillat-Brennstofföle mit einem Schwefelgehalt von unter 0,5 Gew.-%, welche Copolymere der oben definierten Art enthalten.Another object of the invention are middle distillate fuel oils with a Sulfur content of less than 0.5% by weight, which copolymers of those defined above Kind included.

    In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform der Erfindung weist das Copolymer eine OH-Zahl von 20 bis 250, insbesondere 25 bis 200 mg KOH/g auf. In einer weiteren bevorzugten Ausführungsform weist das Copolymer ein mittleres Molekulargewicht Mw von 700 bis 10.000 g/mol auf. In einer weiteren bevorzugten Ausführungsform liegt der Anteil der Struktureinheiten (A) zwischen 10 und 70 mol-%, insbesondere zwischen 15 und 60 mol-%.In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the copolymer has a OH number from 20 to 250, in particular 25 to 200 mg KOH / g. In a another preferred embodiment, the copolymer has a medium Molecular weight Mw from 700 to 10,000 g / mol. In another preferred In one embodiment, the proportion of structural units (A) is between 10 and 70 mol%, in particular between 15 and 60 mol%.

    Bei den olefinisch ungesättigten Verbindungen, die die Comonomere (A) ausmachen, handelt es sich vorzugsweise um Vinylester, Acrylester, Mono- und Diester ethylenisch ungesättigter Carbonsäuren, Methacrylester, Alkylvinylether und/oder Alkene, die Hydroxyalkyl-, Hydroxyalkenyl-, Hydroxycycloalkyl- oder Hydroxyarylreste tragen. Diese Reste enthalten wenigstens eine Hydroxylgruppe, die an einer beliebigen Stelle des Restes stehen kann, bevorzugt aber am Kettenende (ω-Stellung) bzw. in para-Stellung bei Ringsystemen steht.In the case of the olefinically unsaturated compounds which the comonomers (A) make up, it is preferably vinyl esters, acrylic esters, mono- and Diesters of ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids, methacrylic esters, alkyl vinyl ethers and / or alkenes which are hydroxyalkyl, hydroxyalkenyl, hydroxycycloalkyl or Wear hydroxyaryl residues. These residues contain at least one hydroxyl group, which can be anywhere on the rest, but preferably on Chain end (ω position) or in para position for ring systems.

    Bei den Vinylestem handelt es sich vorzugsweise um solche der Formel 1 CH2 = CH - OCOR1 worin R1 C1-C30-Hydroxyalkyl, vorzugsweise C1-C12-Hydroxyalkyl, speziell C2-C6-Hydroxyalkyl sowie die entsprechenden Hydroxyoxalkylreste bedeutet. Geeignete Vinylester umfassen 2-Hydroxyethylvinylester, α-Hydroxypropylvinylester, 3-Hydroxypropylvinylester und 4-Hydroxybutylvinylester sowie Diethylenglykolmonovinylester.The vinyl esters are preferably those of the formula 1 CH 2 = CH - OCOR 1 wherein R 1 is C 1 -C 30 hydroxyalkyl, preferably C 1 -C 12 hydroxyalkyl, especially C 2 -C 6 hydroxyalkyl, and the corresponding hydroxyoxalkyl radicals. Suitable vinyl esters include 2-hydroxyethyl vinyl esters, α-hydroxypropyl vinyl esters, 3-hydroxypropyl vinyl esters and 4-hydroxybutyl vinyl esters as well as diethylene glycol monovinyl esters.

    Bei den Acrylestern handelt es sich vorzugsweise um solche der Formel 2 CH2 = CR2 - COOR3 worin R2 Wasserstoff oder Methyl und R3 C1-C30-Hydroxyalkyl, vorzugsweise C1-C12-Hydroxyalkyl, speziell C2-C6-Hydroxyalkyl sowie die entsprechenden Hydroxyoxalkylreste bedeutet. Geeignete Acrylester umfassen Hydroxyethylacrylat, Hydroxyethylmethacrylat, 2-Hydroxypropylacrylat, 3-Hydroxypropylacrylat, 3-Hydroxypropylmethacrylat, Hydroxyisopropylacrylat, 4-Hydroxybutylacrylat und Glycerinmonoacrylat. Genauso geeignet sind die entsprechenden Ester der Methacrylsäure, sowie Ester von ethylenisch ungesättigten Dicarbonsäuren wie Maleinsäure, Fumarsäure oder Itaconsäure mit Diolen.The acrylic esters are preferably those of the formula 2 CH 2 = CR 2 - COOR 3 wherein R 2 is hydrogen or methyl and R 3 is C 1 -C 30 hydroxyalkyl, preferably C 1 -C 12 hydroxyalkyl, especially C 2 -C 6 hydroxyalkyl and the corresponding hydroxyoxalkyl radicals. Suitable acrylic esters include hydroxyethyl acrylate, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl acrylate, 3-hydroxypropyl acrylate, 3-hydroxypropyl methacrylate, hydroxyisopropyl acrylate, 4-hydroxybutyl acrylate and glycerol monoacrylate. The corresponding esters of methacrylic acid and also esters of ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acids such as maleic acid, fumaric acid or itaconic acid with diols are equally suitable.

    Bei den Alkylvinylethern handelt es sich vorzugsweise um Verbindungen der Formel 3 CH2 = CH - OR4 worin R4 C1-C30-Hydroxyalkyl, vorzugsweise C1-C12-Hydroxyalkyl, speziell C2-C6-Hydroxyalkyl sowie die entsprechenden Hydroxyoxalkylreste bedeutet. Geeignete Alkylvinylether umfassen 2-Hydroxyethylvinylether, Hydroxypropylvinylether, Hexandiolmonovinylether, 4-Hydroxybutylvinylether, Diethylenglykolmonovinylether und Cyclohexandimethanolmonovinylether.The alkyl vinyl ethers are preferably compounds of the formula 3 CH 2 = CH - OR 4 wherein R 4 is C 1 -C 30 hydroxyalkyl, preferably C 1 -C 12 hydroxyalkyl, especially C 2 -C 6 hydroxyalkyl and the corresponding hydroxyoxalkyl radicals. Suitable alkyl vinyl ethers include 2-hydroxyethyl vinyl ether, hydroxypropyl vinyl ether, hexanediol monovinyl ether, 4-hydroxybutyl vinyl ether, diethylene glycol monovinyl ether and cyclohexanedimethanol monovinyl ether.

    Bei den Alkenen handelt es sich vorzugsweise um einfach ungesättigte Hydroxykohlenwasserstoffe mit 3 bis 30 Kohlenstoffatomen, insbesondere 4 bis 16 Kohlenstoffatomen und speziell 5 bis 12 Kohlenstoffatomen. Geeignete Alkene umfassen Dimethylvinylcarbinol (= 2-Methyl-3-buten-2-ol), Allyloxypropandiol, 2-Buten-1,4-diol, 1-Buten-3-ol, 3-Buten-1-ol, 2-Buten-1-ol, 1-Penten-3-ol, 1-Penten-4-ol, 2-Methyl-3-buten-1-ol, 1-Hexen-3-ol, 5-Hexen-1-ol und 7-Octen-1,2-diol.The alkenes are preferably monounsaturated Hydroxy hydrocarbons with 3 to 30 carbon atoms, especially 4 to 16 carbon atoms and especially 5 to 12 carbon atoms. Suitable alkenes include dimethylvinylcarbinol (= 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol), allyloxypropanediol, 2-butene-1,4-diol, 1-butene-3-ol, 3-butene-1-ol, 2-butene-1-ol, 1-penten-3-ol, 1-penten-4-ol, 2-methyl-3-buten-1-ol, 1-hexen-3-ol, 5-hexen-1-ol and 7-octene-1,2-diol.

    Bevorzugte Comonomere (B) sind olefinisch ungesättigte Verbindungen, die Kohlenwasserstoffreste mit mindestens 6 C-Atomen (unter Ausschluß der zur Polymerisation erforderlichen olefinischen Gruppe) tragen. Diese Kohlenwasserstoffreste können linear, verzweigt, cyclisch und/oder aromatisch sein. Neben Kohlenwasserstoffgruppen können sie auch untergeordnete Mengen weiterer funktioneller Gruppen mit Heteroatomen, wie beispielsweise Nitro-, Halogen-, Cyano-, Aminogruppen tragen, sofern diese die Öllöslichkeit nicht beeinträchtigen. Dabei handelt es sich vorzugsweise um Monomere aus folgenden Gruppen:

  • B1 ) Vinylester von Carbonsäuren mit mindestens 7 Kohlenstoffatomen, wie z.B. Octylvinylester, 2-Ethylhexylvinylester, Laurinsäurevinylester, Octadecylvinylester, Neononansäurevinylester, Neodecansäurevinylester, Neoundecansäurevinylester, Neododecansäurevinylester.
  • B2) (Meth)acrylsäureester mit Alkoholen mit mindestens 6 Kohlenstoffatomen, wie z.B. Octylacrylat, 2-Ethylhexylacrylat, Decylacrylat, Undecenylacrylat, Dodecylacrylat, Tetradecylacrylat, Hexadecylacrylat, Oleylacrylat, Behenylacrylat sowie die entsprechenden Ester der Methacrylsäure und Ester von ethylenisch ungesättigten Dicarbonsäuren wie Maleinsäure, Fumarsäure oder Itaconsäure
  • B3) Alkylvinylether, die mindestens einen C6-Alkylrest tragen, wie z.B. Octadecylvinylether
  • B4) Olefine und Vinylaromaten mit Kettenlängen von mindestens 6 Kohlenstoffatomen, wie z.B. 1-Octen, 1-Decen, 1-Dodecen, 1-Tetradecen, 1-Hexadecen, 1-Octadecen, 1-Eicosen, technische α-Olefinschnitte, wie C20-C24-α-Olefin, C24-C28-α-Olefin, C30+-α-Olefin, Styrol, α-Methylstyrol, p-Methoxystyrol.
  • Preferred comonomers (B) are olefinically unsaturated compounds which carry hydrocarbon radicals with at least 6 C atoms (with the exclusion of the olefinic group required for the polymerization). These hydrocarbon radicals can be linear, branched, cyclic and / or aromatic. In addition to hydrocarbon groups, they can also carry minor amounts of other functional groups with heteroatoms, such as nitro, halogen, cyano, amino groups, provided that these do not impair oil solubility. These are preferably monomers from the following groups:
  • B1) vinyl esters of carboxylic acids with at least 7 carbon atoms, such as, for example, octyl vinyl ester, 2-ethylhexyl vinyl ester, vinyl lauric acid, octadecyl vinyl ester, vinyl neononanoate, vinyl neodecanoate, vinyl neoundecanoate, vinyl neododecanoate.
  • B2) (Meth) acrylic acid esters with alcohols with at least 6 carbon atoms, such as, for example, octyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, decyl acrylate, undecenyl acrylate, dodecyl acrylate, tetradecyl acrylate, hexadecyl acrylate, olefin acrylate, behenyl acrylate as well as the corresponding esters of methacrylic acid, such as malefic acid, of methacrylic acid, and esters of methacrylic acid, such as malefic acid, such as methacrylic acid, and esters of methacrylic acid, such as ethers of methacrylic acid and unsaturated esters of methacrylic acid, such as ethers of methacrylic acid, such as ethers of methacrylic acid and saturated acids or itaconic acid
  • B3) alkyl vinyl ethers which carry at least one C 6 -alkyl radical, such as, for example, octadecyl vinyl ether
  • B4) olefins and vinylaromatics with chain lengths of at least 6 carbon atoms, such as 1-octene, 1-decene, 1-dodecene, 1-tetradecene, 1-hexadecene, 1-octadecene, 1-eicosene, technical α-olefin cuts, such as C 20 -C 24 -α-olefin, C 24 -C 28 -α-olefin, C 30+ -α-olefin, styrene, α-methylstyrene, p-methoxystyrene.
  • Es können sowohl einzelne Comonomere B als auch Mischungen verschiedener Comonomere der einzelnen und/oder verschiedenen Monomere B1) bis B4) eingesetzt werden. Besonders bevorzugte Comonomere (B) sind die oben genannten olefinisch ungesättigten Verbindungen der Gruppen B1 ) bis B4) mit Kohlenwasserstoffresten, die mindestens 8 C-Atome umfassen. Bevorzugt tragen mindestens 10 mol-%, bevorzugt mindestens 25 mol-%, insbesondere mehr als 50 mol-% der Monomere (B) lineare Kohlenwasserstoffreste. Vorzugsweise liegt der Anteil an Comonomeren (B) an den erfindungsgemäßen Polymeren zwischen 30 und 90 mol-%, insbesondere zwischen 40 und 80 mol-%.Both individual comonomers B and mixtures of different ones can be used Comonomers of the individual and / or different monomers B1) to B4) be used. Particularly preferred comonomers (B) are those above mentioned olefinically unsaturated compounds of groups B1) to B4) with Hydrocarbon residues that contain at least 8 carbon atoms. Wear preferably at least 10 mol%, preferably at least 25 mol%, in particular more than 50 mol% of the monomers (B) linear hydrocarbon residues. Preferably lies the proportion of comonomers (B) in the polymers according to the invention between 30 and 90 mol%, in particular between 40 and 80 mol%.

    Als weitere Comonomere C) können gegebenenfalls bis zu 40 mol-% Acrylsäure oder Methacrylsäure, Acrylate wie Methylacrylat, Ethylacrylat, Butylacrylat, sowie die entsprechenden Methacrylsäureester, Vinylester wie Vinylacetat, Vinylpropionat, Hexylvinylester, Olefine wie Ethylen, Propen, Buten, Isobuten, Penten, Hexen, 4-Methylpenten-, Diisobutylen, Norbornen einpolymerisiert werden. Desgleichen können Stickstoff enthaltende Monomere wie z.B.

  • a) Alkylaminoacrylate bzw. -methacrylate, wie z.B. Aminoethylacrylat, Aminopropylacrylat, Amino-n-butylacrylat, N-Methylaminoethylacrylat, N,N-Dimethylaminoethylacrylat, N,N-Diethylaminoethylacrylat, N,N-Dimethylaminopropylacrylat, N,N-Diethylaminopropylacrylat sowie die entsprechenden Methacrylate,
  • b) Alkylacrylamide und -methacrylamide, wie z.B. Ethylacrylamid, Butylacrylamid, N-Octylacrylamid, N-Propyl-N-methoxyethylacrylamid, N-Acryloylphthalimid, N-Acryloylsuccinimid, N-Methylolacrylamid, sowie die entsprechenden Methacrylamide,
  • c) Vinylamide, wie z.B. N-Vinyl-N-methylacetamid, N-Vinylsuccinimid,
  • d) Aminoalkylvinyleher, wie z.B. Aminopropylvinylether, Diethylaminoethylvinylether, Dimethylaminopropylvinylether,
  • e) Allylamin, N-Allyl-N-methylamin, N-Allyl-N-ethylamin, Diallylamin
  • f) eine Vinylgruppe tragende Heterozyklen, wie z.B. N-Vinylpyrrolidon, Methylvinylimidazol, 2-Vinylpyridin, 4-Vinylpyridin, 2-Methyl-5-vinylpyridin, Vinylcarbazol, Vinylimidazol, N-Vinyl-2-piperidon, N-Vinylcaprolactem einpolymerisert werden.
  • Up to 40 mol% of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid, acrylates such as methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, and the corresponding methacrylic acid esters, vinyl esters such as vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, hexyl vinyl esters, olefins such as ethylene, propene, butene, isobutene, pentene, may optionally be used as further comonomers C) Hexene, 4-methylpentene, diisobutylene, norbornene are polymerized. Similarly, nitrogen-containing monomers such as
  • a) Alkylaminoacrylates or methacrylates, such as aminoethyl acrylate, aminopropyl acrylate, amino-n-butyl acrylate, N-methylaminoethyl acrylate, N, N-dimethylaminoethyl acrylate, N, N-diethylaminoethyl acrylate, N, N-dimethylaminopropyl acrylate, and N, N-corresponding methacrylates,
  • b) alkyl acrylamides and methacrylamides, such as, for example, ethyl acrylamide, butyl acrylamide, N-octylacrylamide, N-propyl-N-methoxyethylacrylamide, N-acryloylphthalimide, N-acryloylsuccinimide, N-methylolacrylamide, and the corresponding methacrylamides,
  • c) vinylamides, such as, for example, N-vinyl-N-methylacetamide, N-vinylsuccinimide,
  • d) aminoalkyl vinyl ethers, such as, for example, aminopropyl vinyl ether, diethylaminoethyl vinyl ether, dimethylaminopropyl vinyl ether,
  • e) allylamine, N-allyl-N-methylamine, N-allyl-N-ethylamine, diallylamine
  • f) heterocycles bearing a vinyl group, such as, for example, N-vinylpyrrolidone, methylvinylimidazole, 2-vinylpyridine, 4-vinylpyridine, 2-methyl-5-vinylpyridine, vinylcarbazole, vinylimidazole, N-vinyl-2-piperidone, N-vinylcaprolactem, are copolymerized.
  • Zur Erzielung einer leichteren Handhabbarkeit und besseren Löslichkeit der Additive enthalten vorzugsweise bis zu 20 mol-%, insbesondere bis zu 10 mol-% der Comonomere B) und gegebenenfalls C) verzweigte Alkylketten. Dabei sind auch Oligomere und Polymere niederer Olefine wie z.B. Poly(propylen), Poly(buten) und Poly(isobutylen) geeignet, wobei solche Oligomere mit hohem Anteil an endständigen Doppelbindungen (> 50 mol-%, bevorzugt > 70 mol-%, insbesondere > 75 mol-%) bevorzugt sind.To achieve easier handling and better solubility of the Additives preferably contain up to 20 mol%, in particular up to 10 mol% the comonomers B) and optionally C) branched alkyl chains. Are also oligomers and polymers of lower olefins such as e.g. Poly (propylene), Poly (butene) and poly (isobutylene) are suitable, such oligomers having high Proportion of terminal double bonds (> 50 mol%, preferably> 70 mol%, in particular> 75 mol%) are preferred.

    Die Schmelzviskositäten der Copolymere bei 140°C liegen vorzugsweise unterhalb 10.000 mPas, insbesondere zwischen 10 und 2000 mPas und speziell zwischen 15 und 1000 mPas. Öllöslich im Sinne der Erfindung heißt, daß mindestens 10 Gew.-%, bevorzugt mindestens 1 Gew.-%, insbesondere mindestens 0,1 Gew.-% des Additivs im zu additivierenden Mitteldestillat klar löslich wird.The melt viscosities of the copolymers at 140 ° C. are preferably below 10,000 mPas, especially between 10 and 2000 mPas and specifically between 15 and 1000 mPas. Oil-soluble in the sense of the invention means that at least 10% by weight, preferably at least 1% by weight, in particular at least 0.1% by weight of the additive is clear in the middle distillate to be additized becomes soluble.

    Die Copolymerisation der Comonomeren erfolgt nach bekannten diskontinuierlichen oder kontinuierlichen Polymerisationsverfahren (vgl. hierzu z.B. Ullmanns Encyclopädie der Technischen Chemie, 5. Auflage, Vol. A21, Seiten 305 bis 413). Geeignet sind die Polymerisation in Lösung, in Suspension, in der Gasphase und die Fällungs- sowie Massepolymerisation. Bevorzugt sind Masse- und Lösungspolymerisation. Die Reaktion der Comonomeren wird durch Radikale bildende Initiatoren (Radikalkettenstarter) eingeleitet. Zu dieser Substanzklasse gehören z.B. Sauerstoff, Hydroperoxide, Peroxide und Azoverbindungen wie Cumolhydroperoxid, t-Butylhydroperoxid, Dilauroylperoxid, Dibenzoylperoxid, Bis(2-ethylhexyl)-peroxidicarbonat, t-Butylpermaleinat, t-Butylperpivalat, t-Butylperbenzoat, Dicumylperoxid, t-Butylcumylperoxid, Di-(t-butyl)peroxid, 2,2'-Azo-bis(2-methylpropanonitril), 2,2'-Azo-bis(2-methylbutyronitril). Die Initiatoren werden einzeln oder als Gemisch aus zwei oder mehr Substanzen in Mengen von 0,01 bis 20 Gew.-%, vorzugsweise 0,05 bis 10 Gew.-%, bezogen auf das Comonomerengemisch, eingesetzt.The copolymerization of the comonomers is carried out according to known ones discontinuous or continuous polymerization processes (cf. e.g. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Technical Chemistry, 5th edition, Vol. A21, Pages 305 to 413). Polymerization in solution, in suspension, in the gas phase and precipitation and bulk polymerization. Are preferred Bulk and solution polymerization. The reaction of the comonomers is determined by Radical initiators (radical chain initiators) initiated. To this Substance classes belong e.g. Oxygen, hydroperoxides, peroxides and Azo compounds such as cumene hydroperoxide, t-butyl hydroperoxide, dilauroyl peroxide, Dibenzoyl peroxide, bis (2-ethylhexyl) peroxidicarbonate, t-butyl permaleinate, t-butyl perpivalate, t-butyl perbenzoate, dicumyl peroxide, t-butylcumyl peroxide, di- (t-butyl) peroxide, 2,2'-azobis (2-methylpropanonitrile), 2,2'-azobis (2-methylbutyronitrile). The Initiators are used individually or as a mixture of two or more substances Amounts of 0.01 to 20 wt .-%, preferably 0.05 to 10 wt .-%, based on the comonomer mixture used.

    Die Polymerisation erfolgt in der Regel bei Temperaturen von 40 - 300°C, vorzugsweise bei 80 - 250°C, wobei bei Verwendung von Monomeren und/oder Lösemitteln mit Siedetemperaturen unterhalb der Polymerisationstemperatur zweckmäßig unter Druck gearbeitet wird. Die Polymerisation wird zweckmäßig unter Luftausschluß, z.B. unter Stickstoff durchgeführt, da Sauerstoff die Polymerisation stört. Bei der Wahl des Initiators bzw. des Initiatorsystems ist es zweckmäßig, darauf zu achten, daß die Halbwertzeit des Initiators bzw. Initiatorsystems bei der gewählten Polymerisationstemperatur weniger als 3 Stunden beträgt. Bevorzugt liegt sie zwischen 0,5 Minuten und einer Stunde.The polymerization usually takes place at temperatures of 40 - 300 ° C, preferably at 80-250 ° C, with the use of monomers and / or Solvents with boiling temperatures below the polymerization temperature is expediently worked under pressure. The polymerization becomes expedient in the absence of air, e.g. carried out under nitrogen, since the oxygen Polymerization interferes. When choosing the initiator or the initiator system it is It is advisable to ensure that the half-life of the initiator or Initiator system at the chosen polymerization temperature less than 3 Hours. It is preferably between 0.5 minutes and one hour.

    Das gewünschte Molekulargewicht der Copolymerisate ergibt sich bei gegebener Zusammensetzung des Comonomerengemisches durch Variation der Reaktionsparameter Konzentration und Temperatur. Zur Erzielung niedermolekularer Copolymere kann weiterhin unter Zusatz von Moderatoren gearbeitet werden. Geeignete Molekulargewichtsregler sind beispielsweise Aldehyde, Ketone, Alkohole sowie organische Schwefel-Verbindungen wie Mercaptoethanol, Mercaptopropanol, Mercaptoessigsäure, Mercaptopropionsäure, tert.-Butylmercaptan, n-Butylmercaptan, n-Octylmercaptan, tert.-Dodecylmercaptan und n-Dodecylmercaptan. In Abhängigkeit von der angestrebten Viskosität werden die Moderatoren in Mengen bis zu 20 Gew.-%, vorzugsweise 0,05 bis 10 Gew.-%, bezogen auf das Comonomerengemisch, angewandt.The desired molecular weight of the copolymers is given for a given Composition of the comonomer mixture by varying the Reaction parameters concentration and temperature. To achieve low molecular weight copolymers can continue with the addition of moderators be worked. Suitable molecular weight regulators are, for example Aldehydes, ketones, alcohols and organic sulfur compounds such as Mercaptoethanol, mercaptopropanol, mercaptoacetic acid, Mercaptopropionic acid, tert-butyl mercaptan, n-butyl mercaptan, n-octyl mercaptan, tert-dodecyl mercaptan and n-dodecyl mercaptan. In Depending on the desired viscosity, the moderators in quantities up to 20 wt .-%, preferably 0.05 to 10 wt .-%, based on the Comonomer mixture used.

    Für die Polymerisation geeignete Apparaturen sind z.B. übliche Rührkessel mit beispielsweise Anker-, Blatt-, Impeller- oder Mehrstufenimpuls-Gegenstrom-Rührer und für die kontinuierliche Herstellung Rührkesselkaskaden, Rührreaktoren oder statische Mischer. Equipment suitable for the polymerization is e.g. usual stirred kettle with for example armature, blade, impeller or multi-stage impulse countercurrent stirrers and for the continuous production of stirred tank cascades, Stirred reactors or static mixers.

    Bevorzugtes Verfahren zur Herstellung der erfindungsgemäßen Copolymeren ist neben der lösemittelfreien Massepolymerisation die Lösungspolymerisation. Sie wird durchgeführt in Lösungsmitteln, in denen die monomeren und die gebildeten Copolymeren löslich sind. Es sind hierfür alle Lösungsmittel geeignet, die diese Vorgabe erfüllen und die mit den Monomeren sowie den gebildeten Copolymeren keine Reaktion eingehen. Beispielsweise sind dies organische, bevorzugt aromatische Lösemittel, wie Cumol, Toluol, Xylol, Ethylbenzol oder auch kommerzielle Lösemittelgemische, wie ®Solvent Naphtha, ®Shellsol AB oder ®Solvesso 150, 200.The preferred method for producing the copolymers according to the invention is in addition to solvent-free bulk polymerization, solution polymerization. she is carried out in solvents in which the monomers and those formed Copolymers are soluble. All solvents suitable for this purpose are suitable Meet the requirement and that with the monomers and the copolymers formed do not respond. For example, these are organic, preferred aromatic solvents, such as cumene, toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene or else commercial solvent mixtures, such as ®Solvent Naphtha, ®Shellsol AB or ® Solvesso 150, 200.

    Bei der Herstellung können alle Monomere vorgelegt und durch Zugabe eines Radikalkettenstarters und Wärmezufuhr polymerisiert werden.During production, all monomers can be submitted and by adding a Radical chain starter and heat are polymerized.

    Zweckmäßigerweise wird jedoch das Lösungsmittel und gegebenenfalls ein Teil der Monomeren (z.B. ca. 5 - 20 %) vorgelegt und der Rest der Monomerenmischung mit dem Initiator und gegebenenfalls Co-Initiator und Regler zudosiert.However, the solvent and optionally a part is expediently used of the monomers (e.g. approx. 5 - 20%) and the rest of the Monomer mixture with the initiator and optionally co-initiator and regulator added.

    Die Konzentration der zu polymerisierenden Monomeren liegt zwischen 20 und 95 Gew.-%, bevorzugt 50 und 90 Gew.-%.The concentration of the monomers to be polymerized is between 20 and 95% by weight, preferably 50 and 90% by weight.

    Das feste Terpolymer kann durch Ausfällung mit geeigneten Nicht-Lösemitteln, wie Aceton oder Methanol oder durch Verdampfen des Lösungsmittels isoliert werden. Es ist jedoch zweckmäßig, für die Polymerisation ein Lösungsmittel zu wählen, in dem das Polymer direkt erfindungsgemäß eingesetzt werden kann.The solid terpolymer can be obtained by precipitation with suitable non-solvents, such as acetone or methanol or isolated by evaporation of the solvent become. However, it is advisable to add a solvent for the polymerization choose in which the polymer can be used directly according to the invention.

    Weiterhin läßt sich die Schmierwirkung von Ölen in erfindungsgemäßer Weise dadurch verbessern, daß man ihnen Copolymere zusetzt, die durch Oxalkylierung Säuregruppen enthaltender Copolymere erhalten werden. Dazu geeignete Copolymere sind beispielsweise solche von Acrylsäure, Methacrylsäure, Itaconsäure, Fumarsäure, Maleinsäure oder Maleinsäureanhydrid mit den Comonomeren B und gegebenenfalls C. Zur Herstellung eines die Schmierwirkung von Ölen verbessernden Additivs werden diese säuregruppenhaltigen Copolymere an den Säuregruppen mit C1- bis C10-Alkylenoxiden oxalkyliert. Bevorzugte Alkylenoxide sind Ethylenoxid, Propylenoxid und Butylenoxid. Die Oxalkylierung erfolgt vorzugsweise mit einem Einsatz von 0,5 bis 10 mol, insbesondere 1 bis 5 mol und speziell 1 bis 2 mol Alkylenoxid pro mol Säuregruppe.Furthermore, the lubricating effect of oils can be improved in the manner according to the invention by adding copolymers which are obtained by copolymers containing acid groups by oxalkylation. Suitable copolymers are, for example, those of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, itaconic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid or maleic anhydride with the comonomers B and optionally C. To prepare an additive which improves the lubricating effect of oils, these copolymers containing acid groups are added to the acid groups with C 1 - to C 10 - Alkylene oxides oxalkylated. Preferred alkylene oxides are ethylene oxide, propylene oxide and butylene oxide. The oxyalkylation is preferably carried out using 0.5 to 10 mol, in particular 1 to 5 mol and especially 1 to 2 mol of alkylene oxide per mol of acid group.

    Die erfindungsgemäßen Copolymerisate werden Mineralölen oder Mineralöldestillaten in Form von Lösungen oder Dispersionen die 10 bis 90 Gew.-%, bevorzugt 20 - 80 Gew.-%, der Copolymerisate enthalten, zugesetzt. Geeignete Lösungs- oder Dispersionsmittel sind aliphatische und/oder aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe oder Kohlenwasserstoffgemische, z.B. Benzinfraktionen, Kerosin, Decan, Pentadecan, Toluol, Xylol, Ethylbenzol oder kommerzielle Lösungsmittelgemische wie Solvent Naphtha, ®Shellsol AB, ®Solvesso 150, ®Solvesso 200, ®Exxsol-, ®ISOPAR- und ®Shellsol D-Typen. Weitere geeignete Lösemittel sind öllösliche Ester nativen Ursprungs, wie z.B. Triglyceride von Fettsäuren und Fettsäuremethylester wie Rapsöl- und Sojaölsäuremethylester. Durch die Copolymerisate in ihren Schmier- und/oder Kaltfließeigenschaften verbesserte Mineralöle oder Mineralöldestillate enthalten 0,001 bis 2, vorzugsweise 0,005 bis 0,5 Gew.-% Copolymerisat, bezogen auf das Destillat.The copolymers according to the invention are mineral oils or Mineral oil distillates in the form of solutions or dispersions the 10 to 90% by weight, preferably 20-80% by weight, of the copolymers added. Suitable solvents or dispersing agents are aliphatic and / or aromatic hydrocarbons or hydrocarbon mixtures, e.g. Gasoline fractions, kerosene, decane, pentadecane, toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene or commercial solvent mixtures such as Solvent Naphtha, ®Shellsol AB, ®Solvesso 150, ®Solvesso 200, ®Exxsol, ®ISOPAR and ®Shellsol D types. Other suitable solvents are oil-soluble esters of native origin, such as e.g. Triglycerides of fatty acids and fatty acid methyl esters such as rapeseed oil and Sojaölsäuremethylester. By the copolymers in their lubricating and / or Cold flow properties contain improved mineral oils or mineral oil distillates 0.001 to 2, preferably 0.005 to 0.5 wt .-% copolymer, based on the Distillate.

    Die erfindungsgemäßen Copolymerisate können weiterhin in Form von Mischungen verwendet werden, die aus Copolymeren der beanspruchten Art, jedoch unterschiedlicher qualitativer und/oder quantitativer Zusammensetzung und/oder unterschiedlicher (bei 140°C gemessener) Viskosität bestehen. Das Mischungsverhältnis (in Gewichtsteilen) der Copolymeren kann über einen weiten Bereich variiert werden und z.B. 20:1 bis 1:20, vorzugsweise 10:1 bis 1:10 betragen. Auf diesem Wege lassen sich die Additive gezielt individuellen Anforderungen anpassen.The copolymers according to the invention can also be in the form of Mixtures are used which consist of copolymers of the claimed type, however different qualitative and / or quantitative composition and / or different (measured at 140 ° C) viscosity exist. The Mixing ratio (in parts by weight) of the copolymers can be wide Range can be varied and e.g. 20: 1 to 1:20, preferably 10: 1 to 1:10 be. In this way, the additives can be individually tailored Adjust requirements.

    Zur Herstellung von Additivpaketen für spezielle Problemlösungen können die erfindungsgemäßen Copolymerisate auch zusammen mit einem oder mehreren öllöslichen Co-Additiven eingesetzt werden, die bereits für sich allein die Kaltfließeigenschaften und/oder Schmierwirkung von Rohölen, Schmierölen oder Brennölen verbessern. Beispiele solcher Co-Additive sind Vinylacetat enthaltende Copolymerisate oder Terpolymerisate des Ethylens, polare Verbindungen, die eine Paraffindispergierung bewirken (Paraffindispergatoren), Kammpolymere, Alkylphenol-Aldehydharze sowie öllösliche Amphiphile.For the production of additive packages for special problem solutions the copolymers according to the invention also together with one or more oil-soluble co-additives can be used, which alone Cold flow properties and / or lubricating effect of crude oils, lubricating oils or Improve fuel oils. Examples of such co-additives are those containing vinyl acetate Copolymers or terpolymers of ethylene, polar compounds that effect a paraffin dispersion (paraffin dispersants), comb polymers, Alkylphenol aldehyde resins and oil-soluble amphiphiles.

    So haben sich Mischungen der Terpolymerisate mit Copolymerisaten hervorragend bewährt, die 10 bis 40 Gew.-% Vinylacetat und 60 bis 90 Gew.-% Ethylen enthalten. Nach einer weiteren Ausgestaltung der Erfindung setzt man die erfindungsgemäß hergestellten Terpolymerisate in Mischung mit Ethylen/Vinylacetat/ Neononansäurevinylester-Terpolymerisaten oder EthylenVinylacetat/ Neodecansäurevinylester-Terpolymerisaten zur Verbesserung der Fließfähigkeit von Mineralölen oder Mineralöldestillaten ein. Die Terpolymerisate der Neononansäurevinylester bzw. der Neodecansäurevinylester enthalten außer Ethylen 10 bis 35 Gew.-% Vinylacetat und 1 bis 25 Gew.-% der jeweiligen Neoverbindung. Weitere bevorzugte Copolymere enthalten neben Ethylen und 10 bis 35 Gew.-% Vinylestern noch 0,5 bis 20 Gew.-% Olefin wie Diisobutylen, 4-Methylpenten oder Norbomen. Das Mischungsverhältnis der erfindungsgemäß hergestellten Terpolymerisate mit den vorstehend beschriebenen Ethylen/Vinylacetat-Copolymerisaten bzw. den Terpolymerisaten aus Ethylen, Vinylacetat und den Vinylestern der Neononan- bzw. der Neodecansäure beträgt (in Gewichtsteilen) 20:1 bis 1:20, vorzugsweise 10:1 bis 1:10.So have mixtures of the terpolymers with copolymers excellent proven, the 10 to 40 wt .-% vinyl acetate and 60 to 90 wt .-% Contain ethylene. According to a further embodiment of the invention, the Terpolymers prepared according to the invention in a mixture with Ethylene / vinyl acetate / neononanoic acid vinyl ester terpolymers or ethylene / vinyl acetate / Neodecanoic acid vinyl ester terpolymers to improve the Flowability of mineral oils or mineral oil distillates. The terpolymers the neononanoic acid vinyl ester or the neodecanoic acid vinyl ester contain except Ethylene 10 to 35% by weight of vinyl acetate and 1 to 25% by weight of the respective Neo compound. In addition to ethylene and 10, further preferred copolymers contain up to 35% by weight of vinyl esters still 0.5 to 20% by weight of olefin such as diisobutylene, 4-methylpentene or norbomen. The mixing ratio of the invention terpolymers prepared with those described above Ethylene / vinyl acetate copolymers or the terpolymers of ethylene, Vinyl acetate and the vinyl esters of neononanoic or neodecanoic acid (in parts by weight) 20: 1 to 1:20, preferably 10: 1 to 1:10.

    Zur Verwendung als Fließverbesserer und/oder Lubricity-Additiv können die erfindungsgemäßen Copolymerisate ferner in Mischung mit Paraffindispergatoren eingesetzt werden. Diese Additive reduzieren die Größe der Paraffinkristalle und bewirken, daß die Paraffinpartikel sich nicht absetzen, sondern kolloidal mit deutlich reduziertem Sedimentationsbestreben, dispergiert bleiben. Weiterhin verstärken sie die Schmierwirkung der erfindungsgemäßen Copolymere. Als Paraffindispergatoren haben sich öllösliche polare Verbindungen mit ionischen oder polaren Gruppen, z.B. Aminsalze und/oder Amide bewährt, die durch Reaktion aliphatischer oder aromatischer Amine, vorzugsweise langkettiger aliphatischer Amine, mit aliphatischen oder aromatischen Mono-, Di-, Tri- oder Tetracarbonsäuren oder deren Anhydriden erhalten werden (vgl. US 4 211 534). Andere Paraffindispergatoren sind Copolymere des Maleinsäureanhydrids und α,β-ungesättigter Verbindungen, die gegebenenfalls mit primären Monoalkylaminen und/oder aliphatischen Alkoholen umgesetzt werden können (vgl. EP 0 154 177), die Umsetzungsprodukte von Alkenylspirobislactonen mit Aminen (vgl. EP 0 413 279 B1) und nach EP 0 606 055 A2 Umsetzungsprodukte von Terpolymeren auf Basis α,β-ungesättigter Dicarbonsäureanhydride, α,β-ungesättigter Verbindungen und Polyoxyalkylenether niederer ungesättigter Alkohole. Auch Alkylphenol-Aldehydharze sind als Paraffindispergatoren geeignet.For use as a flow improver and / or lubricity additive, the copolymers according to the invention also in a mixture with paraffin dispersants be used. These additives reduce the size of the wax crystals and cause the paraffin particles not to settle, but to colloidally significantly reduced sedimentation efforts, remain dispersed. Farther they increase the lubricating effect of the copolymers according to the invention. As Paraffin dispersants have become oil-soluble polar compounds with ionic ones or polar groups, e.g. Amine salts and / or amides proven by Reaction of aliphatic or aromatic amines, preferably long-chain ones aliphatic amines, with aliphatic or aromatic mono-, di-, tri- or Tetracarboxylic acids or their anhydrides are obtained (cf. US 4 211 534). Other paraffin dispersants are copolymers of maleic anhydride and α, β-unsaturated compounds, optionally with primary Monoalkylamines and / or aliphatic alcohols can be implemented (cf. EP 0 154 177), the reaction products of alkenylspirobislactones with Amines (cf. EP 0 413 279 B1) and reaction products according to EP 0 606 055 A2 of terpolymers based on α, β-unsaturated dicarboxylic anhydrides, α, β-unsaturated Compounds and polyoxyalkylene ethers of lower unsaturated Alcohols. Alkylphenol-aldehyde resins are also suitable as paraffin dispersants.

    So können die erfindungsgemäßen Copolymere in Mischung mit Alkylphenol-Formaldehydharzen eingesetzt werden. In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform der Erfindung handelt es sich bei diesen Alkylphenol-Formaldehydharzen um solche der Formel 5

    Figure 00130001
    worin R6 für C4-C50-Alkyl oder -Alkenyl, R7 für Ethoxy- und/oder Propoxy, n für eine Zahl von 5 bis 100 und p für eine Zahl von 0 bis 50 steht.The copolymers according to the invention can be used in a mixture with alkylphenol-formaldehyde resins. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, these alkylphenol-formaldehyde resins are those of the formula 5
    Figure 00130001
    wherein R 6 is C 4 -C 50 alkyl or alkenyl, R 7 is ethoxy and / or propoxy, n is a number from 5 to 100 and p is a number from 0 to 50.

    Schließlich werden in einer weiteren bewährten Variante der Erfindung die erfindungsgemäßen Copolymerisate zusammen mit Kammpolymeren verwendet. Hierunter versteht man Polymere, bei denen Kohlenwasserstoffreste mit mindestens 8, insbesondere mindestens 10 Kohlenstoffatomen an einem Polymerrückgrat gebunden sind. Vorzugsweise handelt es sich um Homopolymere, deren Alkylseitenketten mindestens 8 und insbesondere mindestens 10 Kohlenstoffatome enthalten. Bei Copolymeren weisen mindestens 20 %, bevorzugt mindestens 30 % der Monomeren Seitenketten auf (vgl. Comblike Polymers-Structure and Properties; N.A. Platé and V.P. Shibaev, J. Polym. Sci. Macromolecular Revs. 1974, 8, 117 ff). Beispiele für geeignete Kammpolymere sind z.B. Fumarat/Vinylacetat-Copolymere (vgl. EP 0 153 176 A1), Copolymere aus einem C6- bis C24-α-Olefin und einem N-C6- bis C22-Alkylmaleinsäureimid (vgl. EP 0 320 766), ferner veresterte Olefin/ Maleinsäureanhydrid-Copolymere, Polymere und Copolymere von α-Olefinen und veresterte Copolymere von Styrol und Maleinsäureanhydrid.Finally, in a further proven variant of the invention, the copolymers according to the invention are used together with comb polymers. This is understood to mean polymers in which hydrocarbon radicals having at least 8, in particular at least 10, carbon atoms are bonded to a polymer backbone. They are preferably homopolymers whose alkyl side chains contain at least 8 and in particular at least 10 carbon atoms. In copolymers, at least 20%, preferably at least 30%, of the monomers have side chains (cf. Comblike Polymers-Structure and Properties; NA Platé and VP Shibaev, J. Polym. Sci. Macromolecular Revs. 1974, 8, 117 ff). Examples of suitable comb polymers are, for example, fumarate / vinyl acetate copolymers (cf. EP 0 153 176 A1), copolymers of a C 6 to C 24 α-olefin and an NC 6 to C 22 alkylmaleimide (cf. EP 0 320 766), also esterified olefin / maleic anhydride copolymers, polymers and copolymers of α-olefins and esterified copolymers of styrene and maleic anhydride.

    Kammpolymere können beispielsweise durch die Formel

    Figure 00140001
    beschrieben werden. Darin bedeuten

    A
    R', COOR', OCOR', R"-COOR' oder OR';
    D
    H, CH3, A oder R;
    E
    H oder A;
    G
    H, R", R"-COOR', einen Arylrest oder einen heterocyclischen Rest;
    M
    H, COOR", OCOR", OR" oder COOH;
    N
    H, R", COOR", OCOR, COOH oder einen Arylrest;
    R'
    eine Kohlenwasserstoffkette mit 8-150 Kohlenstoffatomen;
    R"
    eine Kohlenwasserstoffkette mit 1 bis 10 Kohlenstoffatomen;
    m
    eine Zahl zwischen 0,4 und 1,0; und
    n
    eine Zahl zwischen 0 und 0,6.
    Comb polymers can, for example, by the formula
    Figure 00140001
    to be discribed. Mean in it
    A
    R ', COOR', OCOR ', R "-COOR' or OR ';
    D
    H, CH 3 , A or R;
    e
    H or A;
    G
    H, R ", R" -COOR ', an aryl radical or a heterocyclic radical;
    M
    H, COOR ", OCOR", OR "or COOH;
    N
    H, R ", COOR", OCOR, COOH or an aryl radical;
    R '
    a hydrocarbon chain with 8-150 carbon atoms;
    R "
    a hydrocarbon chain of 1 to 10 carbon atoms;
    m
    a number between 0.4 and 1.0; and
    n
    a number between 0 and 0.6.

    Das Mischungsverhältnis (in Gewichtsteilen) der erfindungsgemäß hergestellten Copolymerisate mit Paraffindispergatoren, Harzen bzw. Kammpolymeren beträgt jeweils 1:10 bis 20:1, vorzugsweise 1:1 bis 10:1.The mixing ratio (in parts by weight) of those produced according to the invention Copolymers with paraffin dispersants, resins or comb polymers each 1:10 to 20: 1, preferably 1: 1 to 10: 1.

    Zur Optimierung der Schmierwirkung können die erfindungsgemäßen Copolymeren in Mischung mit weiteren Lubricity-Additiven eingesetzt werden. Als Lubricity-Additive haben sich vorzugsweise Fettalkohole, Fettsäuren und Dimerfettsäuren sowie deren Ester und Partialester mit Glykolen (gemäß DE-A-15 94 417), Polyolen wie Glycerin (gemäß EP-A-0 680 506, EP-A-0 739 970) oder Hydroxyaminen (gemäß EP-A-0 802 961) bewährt.To optimize the lubricating effect, the inventive Copolymers can be used in a mixture with other lubricity additives. As Lubricity additives are preferably fatty alcohols, fatty acids and Dimer fatty acids and their esters and partial esters with glycols (according to DE-A-15 94 417), polyols such as glycerol (according to EP-A-0 680 506, EP-A-0 739 970) or Hydroxyamines (according to EP-A-0 802 961) have proven successful.

    Die erfindungsgemäßen Copolymere sind geeignet, die Schmiereigenschaften und Kälteeigenschaften von tierischen, pflanzlichen oder mineralischen Ölen zu verbessern. Sie sind für die Verwendung in Mitteldestillaten besonders gut geeignet. Als Mitteldestillate bezeichnet man insbesondere solche Mineralöle, die durch Destillation von Rohöl gewonnen werden und im Bereich von 120 bis 450°C sieden, beispielsweise Kerosin, Jet-Fuel, Diesel und Heizöl. Vorzugsweise werden die erfindungsgemäßen Copolymere in solchen Mitteldestillaten verwendet, die 0,5 Gew.-% Schwefel und weniger, besonders bevorzugt weniger als 500 ppm Schwefel, insbesondere weniger als 200 ppm Schwefel und in speziellen Fällen weniger als 50 ppm Schwefel enthalten. Es handelt sich dabei im allgemeinen um solche Mitteldestillate, die einer hydrierenden Raffination unterworfen wurden, und die daher nur geringe Anteile an polyaromatischen und polaren Verbindungen enthalten, die ihnen eine natürliche Schmierwirkung verleihen. Die erfindungsgemäßen Copolymere werden weiterhin vorzugsweise in solchen Mitteldestillaten verwendet, die 95 %-Destillationspunkte unter 370°C, insbesondere 350°C und in Spezialfällen unter 330°C aufweisen. Sie können auch als Komponenten in Schmierölen eingesetzt werden.The copolymers according to the invention are suitable, the lubricating properties and cold properties of animal, vegetable or mineral oils improve. They are particularly good for use in middle distillates suitable. Middle distillates are mineral oils that can be obtained by distillation of crude oil and in the range of 120 to 450 ° C boil, for example kerosene, jet fuel, diesel and heating oil. Preferably be the copolymers according to the invention used in such middle distillates that 0.5% by weight of sulfur and less, particularly preferably less than 500 ppm Sulfur, especially less than 200 ppm sulfur and in special cases contain less than 50 ppm sulfur. It is generally about those middle distillates which have been subjected to hydrogenating refining, and therefore only small proportions of polyaromatic and polar compounds contain, which give them a natural lubricating effect. The Copolymers according to the invention are also preferably used in such Middle distillates used, the 95% distillation points below 370 ° C, in particular 350 ° C and in special cases below 330 ° C. You can can also be used as components in lubricating oils.

    Die Polymerisate können allein oder auch zusammen mit anderen Additiven verwendet werden, z.B. mit anderen Stockpunkterniedrigern oder Entwachsungshilfsmitteln, mit Korrosionsinhibitoren, Antioxidantien, Schlamminhibitoren, Dehazem und Zusätzen zur Erniedrigung des Cloud-Points. Die Wirksamkeit der erfindungsgemäßen Copolymere als Lubricity-Additive und Kaltfließverbesserer wird durch die nachfolgenden Beispiele näher erläutert. The polymers can be used alone or together with other additives be used, e.g. with other pour point depressors or Dewaxing agents, with corrosion inhibitors, antioxidants, Mud inhibitors, dehazem and additives to lower the cloud point. The effectiveness of the copolymers according to the invention as lubricity additives and Cold flow improvers are explained in more detail by the following examples.

    BeispieleExamples

    Es wurden verschiedenene Copolymere in Lösungspolymerisationen unter radikalischer Initiierung durch organische Peroxide hergestellt. Als Lösemittel wurden hochsiedende aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffgemische bzw. die auch als Comonomere eingesetzten α-Olefine verwendet.
    Die Bestimmung der hydroxyfunktionellen Comonomere erfolgt durch Bestimmung der OH-Zahl durch Umsetzung des Polymers mit überschüssigem Acetanhydrid und anschließender Titration der gebildeten Essigsäure mit KOH.
    Die Bestimmung der Viskosität erfolgt gemäß ISO 3219 (B) mit einem Rotationsviskosimeter (Haake RV 20) mit Platte-Kegel-Meßsystem bei 140° C. Bei der Charakterisierung der eingesetzten Additive beziehen sich die Prozentangaben auf Mol-%. Talgfettalkohol und Behenylalkohol sind Fettalkoholmischungen natürlichen Ursprungs und bestehen hauptsächlich aus C16/18-OH bzw. C18/20/22-OH. Alle Additive werden zur Verbesserung der Handhabbarkeit als 50%ige Lösungen in Solvent Naphtha bzw. Kerosin eingesetzt. Charakterisierung der eingesetzten Additive A Additiv Monomer A Monomer(e) B V140 [mPas] OH-Zahl A1 24 % Hydroxyethylmethacrylat 39 % Octadecen
    37% Neodecansäurevinylester
    54 67
    A2 23 % Hydroxyethylmethacrylat 41 % Octadecen
    36 % Neodecansäurevinylester
    37 62
    A3 33 % Hydroxyethylmethacrylat 67 % Octadecylacrylat 47 71 A4 19 % Hydroxyethylmethacrylat 81 % Neodecansäurevinylester 35 58 A5 48 % Hydroxyethylmethacrylat 52 % Octadecylacrylat 43 116 A6 55 % Hydroxyethylmethacrylat 45 % Octadecen 75 198 A7 38 % Hydroxyethylmethacrylat 62 % Oleylacrylat 70 86 A8 28 % Allyloxypropandiol 72 % Octadecylacrylat 24 116 A9 12 % Ethylenglykol monovinylether 73 % Octadecylacrylat
    15 % Vinylacetat
    82 25
    A10 25 % Hydroxybutylmonovinylether 75 % Octadecylvinylether 54 70 A11 37 % Hydroxypropylacrylat 63 % Talgfettalkylacrylat 37 82 A12 41 % Hydroxyethylmethacrylat 59 % Behenylacrylat 115 90 A13 20% Dimethylinylcarbinol 71 % Hexadecen
    9 % Poly(isobutylen) mit Mw 1000
    69 42
    Charakterisierung der Testöle:
    Die Bestimmung der Siedekenndaten erfolgt gemäß ASTM D-86, die Bestimmung des CFPP-Werts gemäß EN 116 und die Bestimmung des Cloud Points gemäß ISO 3015.
    Testöl 1 Testöl 2 Siedebeginn [°C] 182 173 20 % [°C] 202 221 30 % [°C] 208 234 90 % [°C] 286 329 95 % [°C] 302 353 Cloud Point [°C] -29 -8,4 CFPP [°C] -32 -12 S-Gehalt [ppm] 3 267 Dichte [g/cm3] 0,819 0,836 Wearscar [µm] 609 576
    Various copolymers were produced in solution polymerizations with radical initiation by organic peroxides. High-boiling aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures or the α-olefins also used as comonomers were used as solvents.
    The hydroxy-functional comonomers are determined by determining the OH number by reacting the polymer with excess acetic anhydride and then titrating the acetic acid formed with KOH.
    The viscosity is determined in accordance with ISO 3219 (B) using a rotary viscometer (Haake RV 20) with a plate and cone measuring system at 140 ° C. When characterizing the additives used, the percentages relate to mol%. Tallow fatty alcohol and behenyl alcohol are mixtures of fatty alcohols of natural origin and mainly consist of C 16/18 -OH and C 18/20/22 -OH. All additives are used to improve handling as 50% solutions in solvent naphtha or kerosene. Characterization of the additives used A additive Monomer A Monomer (s) B V 140 [mPas] OH number A1 24% hydroxyethyl methacrylate 39% octadecene
    37% vinyl neodecanoate
    54 67
    A2 23% hydroxyethyl methacrylate 41% octadecene
    36% vinyl neodecanoate
    37 62
    A3 33% hydroxyethyl methacrylate 67% octadecyl acrylate 47 71 A4 19% hydroxyethyl methacrylate 81% vinyl neodecanoate 35 58 A5 48% hydroxyethyl methacrylate 52% octadecyl acrylate 43 116 A6 55% hydroxyethyl methacrylate 45% octadecene 75 198 A7 38% hydroxyethyl methacrylate 62% Oley Acrylate 70 86 A8 28% allyloxypropanediol 72% octadecyl acrylate 24 116 A9 12% ethylene glycol monovinyl ether 73% octadecyl acrylate
    15% vinyl acetate
    82 25
    A10 25% hydroxybutyl monovinyl ether 75% octadecyl vinyl ether 54 70 A11 37% hydroxypropyl acrylate 63% tallow fatty alkyl acrylate 37 82 A12 41% hydroxyethyl methacrylate 59% behenyl acrylate 115 90 A13 20% dimethylinyl carbinol 71% hexadecene
    9% poly (isobutylene) with Mw 1000
    69 42
    Characterization of the test oils:
    The boiling data are determined in accordance with ASTM D-86, the CFPP value in accordance with EN 116 and the cloud point in accordance with ISO 3015.
    Test oil 1 Test oil 2 Initial boiling point [° C] 182 173 20% [° C] 202 221 30% [° C] 208 234 90% [° C] 286 329 95% [° C] 302 353 Cloud Point [° C] -29 -8.4 CFPP [° C] -32 -12 S content [ppm] 3 267 Density [g / cm 3 ] 0.819 0,836 Wearscar [µm] 609 576

    Schmierwirkung in MitteldestillatenLubricating effect in middle distillates

    Die Schmierwirkung der Additive wurde mittels eines HFRR-Geräts der Firma PCS Instruments an additivierten Ölen bei 60 °C durchgeführt. Der High Frequency Reciprocating Rig Test (HFRR) ist beschrieben in D. Wei, H. Spikes, Wear, Vol. 111, No.2, p.217, 1986. Die Ergebnisse sind als Reibungskoeffizient und Wear Scar angegeben. Ein niedriger Reibungskoeffizient und ein niedriger Wear Scar zeigen eine gute Schmierwirkung. Wear Scar in Testöl 1 Beispiel Additiv Wear Scar Film Friction B1 250 ppm A1 309 µm 87 % 0,16 B2 250 ppm A2 312 µm 80 % 0,17 B3 500 ppm A3 242 µm 89 % 0,15 B4 500 ppm A4 438 µm 57 % 0,23 B5 250 ppm A5 260 µm 89 % 0,16 B6 200 ppm A6 236 µm 88 % 0,15 B7 150 ppm A6 431 µm 49 % 0,22 B8 200 ppm A7 334 µm 76 % 0,17 B9 250 ppm A8 298 µm 87 % 0,16 B10 400 ppm A9 321 µm 78 % 0,19 B11 200 ppm A10 275 µm 90 % 0,15 B12 400 ppm A11 340 µm 74 % 0,19 B13 250 ppm A12 263 µm 90 % 0,15 B14 400 ppm A13 361 µm 70 % 0,16 The lubricating effect of the additives was carried out using an HFRR device from PCS Instruments on additive oils at 60 ° C. The High Frequency Reciprocating Rig Test (HFRR) is described in D. Wei, H. Spikes, Wear, Vol. 111, No.2, p.217, 1986. The results are given as the coefficient of friction and wear scar. A low coefficient of friction and a low wear scar show a good lubricating effect. Wear Scar in Test Oil 1 example additive Wear scar Movie Friction B1 250 ppm A1 309 µm 87% 0.16 B2 250 ppm A2 312 µm 80% 0.17 B3 500 ppm A3 242 µm 89% 0.15 B4 500 ppm A4 438 µm 57% 0.23 B5 250 ppm A5 260 µm 89% 0.16 B6 200 ppm A6 236 µm 88% 0.15 B7 150 ppm A6 431 µm 49% 0.22 B8 200 ppm A7 334 µm 76% 0.17 B9 250 ppm A8 298 µm 87% 0.16 B10 400 ppm A9 321 µm 78% 0.19 B11 200 ppm A10 275 µm 90% 0.15 B12 400 ppm A11 340 µm 74% 0.19 B13 250 ppm A12 263 µm 90% 0.15 B14 400 ppm A13 361 µm 70% 0.16

    Paraffindispergierung in MitteldestillatenParaffin dispersion in middle distillates

    Für die folgenden Versuche wurde ein deutscher Winterdieselkraftstoff (Testöl 2) verwendet. Das Mitteldestillat wurde bei Raumtemperatur mit 200 ppm einer 57 %igen Dispersion eines handelsüblichen Fließverbesserers (Ethylen-Vinylacetat-Copolymer mit 31 Gew.-% Vinylacetat und einer bei 140°C gemessenen Schmelzviskoität von 170 mPas) sowie den in Tabelle 4 angegebenen Mengen der auf 60°C temperierten Additive versetzt, 15 Minuten unter gelegentlichem Schütteln auf 40°C erwärmt und anschließend auf Raumtemperatur abgekühlt. Von dem so additivierten Mitteldestillat wurde gemäß EN 116 der CFPP-Wert bestimmt. A German winter diesel fuel (test oil 2) was used for the following tests used. The middle distillate became one at room temperature with 200 ppm 57% dispersion of a commercially available flow improver (ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer with 31 wt .-% vinyl acetate and one at 140 ° C. measured melt viscosity of 170 mPas) and those in Table 4 specified amounts of the additives heated to 60 ° C, 15 minutes heated to 40 ° C with occasional shaking and then on Cooled to room temperature. The middle distillate so additized was according to EN 116 determines the CFPP value.

    Die additivierten Proben wurden in 200 ml-Meßzylindern in einem Kälteschrank mit -2°C/Stunde auf -13 C abgekühlt und 16 Stunden bei dieser Temperatur gelagert. Anschließend wurden visuell Volumen und Aussehen sowohl des Sediments (Paraffinphase) wie auch der darüber stehenden Ölphase bestimmt und beurteilt. Eine geringe Sedimentmenge und eine trübe Ölphase zeigen eine gute Paraffindispergierung.
    Zusätzlich wurden die unteren 20 Vol.-% isoliert und der Cloud Point bestimmt. Eine nur geringe Abweichung des Cloud Points der unteren Phase (CPKS) vom Blindwert des Öls zeigt eine gute Paraffindispergierung. Dispergierwirkung in Testöl 2 Additiv CFPP CPKS ΔCP optische Beurteilung -22 +3,8 12,2 klar; 12 % Sediment 150 ppm A3 -27 -6,5 1,9 trüb, kein Sediment 100 ppm A5 -28 -4,8 3,6 trüb, 25 % Sediment
    The additized samples were cooled in 200 ml measuring cylinders in a refrigerator at -2 ° C./hour to -13 ° C. and stored at this temperature for 16 hours. The volume and appearance of both the sediment (paraffin phase) and the oil phase above it were then determined and assessed visually. A small amount of sediment and a cloudy oil phase show good paraffin dispersion.
    In addition, the lower 20% by volume were isolated and the cloud point determined. A slight deviation of the cloud point of the lower phase (CP KS ) from the blank value of the oil shows good paraffin dispersion. Dispersing effect in test oil 2 additive CFPP CP KS ΔCP optical assessment - -22 +3.8 12.2 clear; 12% sediment 150 ppm A3 -27 -6.5 1.9 cloudy, no sediment 100 ppm A5 -28 -4.8 3.6 cloudy, 25% sediment

    Liste der verwendeten HandelsbezeichnungenList of trade names used

    Solvent Naphtha ®Shellsol ABSolvent naphtha ®Shellsol AB
    aromatische Lösemittelgemische mit Siedebereich 180 bis 210°Caromatic solvent mixtures with boiling range 180 up to 210 ° C
    ®Solvesso 150 ®Solvesso 200® Solvesso 150 ®Solvesso 200
    aromatisches Lösemittelgemisch mit Siedebereich 230 bis 287°Caromatic solvent mixture with boiling range 230 up to 287 ° C
    ®Exxsol®Exxsol
    Dearomatisierte Lösemittel in verschiedenen Siedebereichen, beispielsweise ®Exxsol D60: 187 bis 215°C Dearomatized solvents in various Boiling ranges, for example ®Exxsol D60: 187 bis 215 ° C
    ®ISOPAR (Exxon)®ISOPAR (Exxon)
    isoparaffinische Lösemittelgemische in verschiedenen Siedebereichen, beispielsweise ®ISOPAR L: 190 bis 210°Cisoparaffinic solvent mixtures in different Boiling ranges, for example ®ISOPAR L: 190 to 210 ° C
    ®Shellsol D®Shellsol D
    hauptsächlich aliphatische Lösemittelgemische in verschiedenen Siedebereichenmainly aliphatic solvent mixtures in different boiling ranges

    Claims (8)

    1. The use of oil-soluble copolymers which comprise
      A) from 5 to 80 mol-% of structural units derived from olefinically unsaturated compounds containing at least one free hydroxyl group,
      B) from 5 to 95 mol-% of structural units derived from olefinically unsaturated compounds carrying a hydrocarbon radical having at least 6 carbon atoms, and, if desired,
      C) from 0 to 40 mol-% of further structural units selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid, acrylates, vinyl esters, vinylethane and alkenes, with the proviso that the structural units mentioned under C) are different from the structural units mentioned under A) and B),
      and have a mean molecular weight Mw of from 500 to 100,000 g/mol and an OH number of from 10 to 300 mg of KOH/g, for improving the lubricity and cold-flow properties of middle distillates having a sulfur content of less than 0.5% by weight.
    2. The use as claimed in claim 1, where the copolymer has an OH number of from 20 to 250 mg of KOH/g.
    3. The use as claimed in claim 1 and/or 2, where the copolymer has a mean molecular weight Mw of from 700 to 10,000 g/mol.
    4. The use as claimed in one or more of claims 1 to 3, where the proportion of the structural units (A) is from 10 to 70 mol-%, in particular from 15 to 60 mol-%.
    5. The use as claimed in one or more of claims 1 to 4, where the proportion of the comonomers (B) in the polymers according to the invention is from 30 to 90 mol-%, in particular from 40 to 80 mol-%.
    6. The use as claimed in one or more of claims 1 to 5, where up to 20 mol-%, in particular up to 10 mol-%, of the comonomers B) and, if used, C), contain branched alkyl chains.
    7. The use as claimed in one or more of claims 1 to 6, where the melt viscosities of the copolymers at 140°C are from 10 to 1000 mPas.
    8. A middle distillate fuel oil having a sulfur content of below 0.5% by weight which contains copolymers of the type defined in one or more of claims 1 to 7.
    EP00943791A 1999-06-17 2000-06-09 Use of hydroxyl group-containing copolymers for producing fuel oils with improved lubricity Expired - Lifetime EP1200539B1 (en)

    Applications Claiming Priority (3)

    Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
    DE19927561 1999-06-17
    DE19927561A DE19927561C1 (en) 1999-06-17 1999-06-17 Use of oil-soluble copolymers are derived from hydroxy-functional and hydrophobic ethylenically unsaturated monomers to improve the lubricating properties of low-sulfur middle distillates
    PCT/EP2000/005354 WO2000078897A1 (en) 1999-06-17 2000-06-09 Use of hydroxyl group-containing copolymers for producing fuel oils with improved lubricity

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    EP1200539B1 true EP1200539B1 (en) 2004-10-27

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