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  • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
  • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
  • C12N15/11—DNA or RNA fragments; Modified forms thereof; Non-coding nucleic acids having a biological activity
  • C12N15/62—DNA sequences coding for fusion proteins
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
  • A61P35/02—Antineoplastic agents specific for leukemia
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
  • C07K14/705—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants
  • C07K14/70596—Molecules with a "CD"-designation not provided for elsewhere
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
  • C07K14/705—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants
  • C07K14/71—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants for growth factors; for growth regulators
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
  • C07K14/745—Blood coagulation or fibrinolysis factors
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K2039/505—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising antibodies
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K2319/00—Fusion polypeptide
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K2319/00—Fusion polypeptide
  • C07K2319/01—Fusion polypeptide containing a localisation/targetting motif
  • C07K2319/02—Fusion polypeptide containing a localisation/targetting motif containing a signal sequence
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K2319/00—Fusion polypeptide
  • C07K2319/30—Non-immunoglobulin-derived peptide or protein having an immunoglobulin constant or Fc region, or a fragment thereof, attached thereto
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K2319/00—Fusion polypeptide
  • C07K2319/55—Fusion polypeptide containing a fusion with a toxin, e.g. diphteria toxin
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K2319/00—Fusion polypeptide
  • C07K2319/70—Fusion polypeptide containing domain for protein-protein interaction
  • C07K2319/74—Fusion polypeptide containing domain for protein-protein interaction containing a fusion for binding to a cell surface receptor
  • C07K2319/75—Fusion polypeptide containing domain for protein-protein interaction containing a fusion for binding to a cell surface receptor containing a fusion for activation of a cell surface receptor, e.g. thrombopoeitin, NPY and other peptide hormones

Definitions

• This invention relates to novel compositions comprising a peptide ligand domain which binds a predetermined target molecule and a multime ⁇ zation domain such as an immunoglobulin constant region domain or a leucine zipper domain.
• the hybrid molecules optionally include an additional functional moiety such as an enzyme moiety or a cytotoxic moiety.
• tne hybrid molecules nave improved pharmacokrnetic or pharmacological properties.
• the invention further provides for the research, diagnostic and therapeutic use cf the nyo ⁇ d molecules and includes compositions such as pharmaceutical compositions comprising the hybrid molecules.
• Phage-display provides a means for generating constrained and unconstrained peptide libraries (Devlin et al . , t 1990) Science 249:404-406; Cwirla et al . , (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sc.. USA 87:6378-6382; Lowman and Wells (1991) Methods: Comp . to Methods Enzymol. 3:205-216; Lowman (1997) Ann. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 26:401-424) .
• IGFBPs insulin-like growth factor 1 binding proteins
• Tne peptides contain a helix structure and bind IGFBPs in vitro licerating insulin like growth factor-a (IGF-1) activity (Lowman et al . , (1998) supra) .
• IGF-1 insulin like growth factor-a
• proteins include human growth hormone, zinc fingers, protease mh ⁇ b_rors, ANP, and antibodies (Wells, J. and Lowman H. (1992) Curr. Opm. Strict. Biol. 2:597-604; Clackson, T. and Wells, J. (1994) Trends B ⁇ otechnc_ .
• U.S. Patent No. 5,336,603 describes the fusion of an "adhesir" wit- a plasma protein such as an immunoglobulin.
• An adhesm is defined as a ce__ surface polypeptide having an extracellular domain homologous to a -ember of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily (excluding certain highly polymorphic members of the superfamily such as T cell antigen receptor ⁇ , ⁇ , y and ⁇ chains) .
• an adhesm extracellular domair or a- immunoglobulin like domain of an adhesm extracellular domain, may re fused at its C-termmus to the N-termmus of an immunoglobulin constant re ion.
• Such a molecule is referred to therein as an lmmunoadhesm.
• Particular lmmunoadhesms include fusion proteins comprising at least one of t-e immunoglobulin like or variable (V) region domains of CD4 fused C-termma.ly to the N-termmus of an immunoglobulin heavy or light chain constarr domain.
• U.S. Patent 5,116,964 describes the fusion of a "ligand bindi n g partner" to a stable plasma protein such as an immunoglobulin.
• Ligand binding partners are described as proteins known to function to bm ⁇ specifically to target ligand molecules.
• the ligand binding partners are generally found m their native state as secreted and membrane boun ⁇ polypeptides such as receptors, carrier proteins, hormones, cellular adhesive proteins, lectm binding molecules, growth factors, enzymes ana nutrient substances. Truncated forms of a ligand binding partner, _n wh_cn, for example, the transmembrane and cytoplasmic regions of memorane associated ligand binding partners have been deleted, fused to an immunoglobulin chain are also described.
• L-selectm or homing receptor (Watson et al . , 199C J. Cell. Biol. 110:2221-2229; and Watson et al . , (1991) Nature 349:16 ⁇ -167 , CD44 (Aruffo et al., (1990) Cell 61:1303-1313; CD28 and B7 (L sley et a ⁇ . , (1991) J. Exp. Med. 173:721-730); CTLA-4 (Lisley et al . , J. Exp . Mec.
• CD22 (Stamenkovic et al., Cell 66:1133-1144); TNF receptor (Ashkenazi et al., (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:10535-10539; Lesslauer et al . , (1991) Eur. J. Immunol. 27:2883-2886; and Peppel er a-., (1991) J. Exp. Med. 174:1483-1489); NP receptors (Bennett et al . , f _ 991 WO 01/02440 PCTVUSOO/18185
• the present invention provides novel compositions comprising a peptide ligand domain which binds to a predetermined target molecule and a multimerization domain such as an immunoglobulin constant region domain or a leucme zipper domain.
• the hybrid molecules optionally include an additional functional moiety such as an enzyme moiety or a cytotoxic moiety.
• the hybrid molecules comprising a peptide ligand domain have improved pharmacokrnetic or pharmacological properties providing low dose pharmaceutical formulations and novel pharmaceutical compositions.
• the invention provides for methods of using the novel compositions including the therapeutic use of the hybrid molecules.
• the invention provides a polypeptide ammo acid sequence which comprises a peptide ligand domain am o acid sequence and a multimerization domain sequence.
• the peptide ligand is preferably a non- naturally occurring ammo acid sequence that binds a predetermined target molecule.
• the peptide ligand is a non-naturally occurring constrained or unconstrained amino acid sequence of between about 3 and about 50 ammo acid residues and preferably between about 10 and about 40 ammo acid residues and more preferably the peptide ligand is between about 20 and about 30 ammo acid residues.
• the peptide ligand domain sequence is linked to a multimerization domain, optionally via a flexible peptide linker.
• the multimerization domain is preferably an immunoglobulin sequence or, for example, a leucme zipper sequence.
• the immunoglobulin sequence is preferably an immunoglobulin constant region sequence and especially the constant region of an immunoglobulin heavy chain.
• the multimerization domain pairs with one or more companion multimerization domains to provide homo- and hetero-multimer compositions.
• the invention provides a hybrid molecule comprising at least one peptide ligand domain sequence which functions to target the hybrid molecule to a predetermined target molecule such as a specific cell type and functional immunoglobulin Fc domain possessing an effector function associated with a functional immunoglobulin Fc domain.
• the composition of the present invention is a polypeptide and the invention encompasses a composition of matter comprising an isolated nucleic acid, preferably DNA, encoding the polypeptide of the invention.
• the invention further comprises an expression control sequence operably linked to the DNA molecule, an expression vector, preferably a plasmid, comprising the DNA molecule, where the control sequence is recognized by a host cell transformed with the vector, and a host cell transformed with the vector.
• the nucleic acid encodes a hybrid molecule comprising a peptide ligand domain sequence and an immunoglobulin constant region domain sequence.
• the nucleic acid molecule according to tnis aspect of the present invention encodes a hybrid molecule and the nucleic acid encoding the peptide ligand domain sequence is operably linked to (in the sense that the DNA sequences are contiguous and in reading frame) the immunoglobulin domain sequence.
• the DNA sequences may be linked through a nucleic acid sequence encoding an optional linker domain ammo acid sequence.
• compositions of the present invention may be made by a process which includes the steps of isolating or synthesizing nucleic acid sequences encoding any of the ammo acid sequences of the invention, ligatmg the nucleic acid sequence into a suitable expression vector capable of expressing the nucleic acid sequence in a suitable host, transforming the host with the expression vector into which the nucleic acid sequence has been ligated, and culturmg the host under conditions suitable for expression of the nucleic acid sequence, whereby the protein encoded by the selected nucleic acid sequence is expressed by the host.
• the polypeptide is then recovered from the host cell culture.
• the ligatmg step may further contemplate ligatmg the nucleic acid into a suitable expression vector such that the nucleic acid is operably linked to a suitable secretory signal, whereby the ammo acid sequence is secreted by the host.
• the invention further provides for an optional functional domain attached to the hybrid molecule.
• the optional functional domain provides an additional function to the hybrid molecule such as the function associated with an enzyme.
• the additional functional domain may be an enzyme, covalently linked to the hybrid molecule ana capable of acting on a prodrug in such a way as to convert the prodrug to its more active form.
• the optional functional domain may be a cytotoxic agent linked by, for example, covalent attachmenr, to tne hybrid molecule.
• Preferred cytotoxic agents include, for example, cnemotnerapeutic agents, toxins and radioactive isotopes.
• the present invention further extends to therapeutic and diagnostic applications for the compositions described herein. Therefore, the invention includes pharmaceutical composirions comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and the hybrid molecules of the invention.
• Figure 1 is a schematic representation of a native IgG and fragments thereof resulting from papam and pepsin digest. Disulfide bonds are represented by -S-S- between, for example, the CHI and CL domains.
• V is variable domain
• C is constant domain
• L stands for light chain
• H stands for heavy chain.
• Figure 2A depicts alignments of native IgG Fc region ammo acid sequences. Shown are human (hum) IgG Fc region sequences, humlgGl (non-A and A allorypes) (SEQ ID NOs : 1 and 2, respec ⁇ vely) , humIgG2 (SEQ ID NO:3;, humIgG3 (SEQ ID NO: ) and humIgG4 (SEQ ID NO: 5), are shown.
• the human IgGl sequence is the non-A allotype, and differences between this sequence and the A allotype (at positions 356 and 358; EU numbering system) are shown below the human IgGl sequence.
• FIG. 1 shows the percent identity among the Fc region sequences of Figure 2A.
• Figure 3 shows the alignments of native human IgG Fc region sequences, humlgGl (non-A and A allotypes), humIgG2, humIgG3 and humIgG4 with differences between the sequences marked with asterisks.
• Figure 4 shows SDS-PAGE analysis of the reduced and unreduced TF151-FC and HER2-FC revealing bands at about 30 and about 60 kDa suggesting the association of two peptide-Fc monomers to form a dimer.
• Figure 5 shows the results of an ELISA to determine the ability of TF151-FC to compete with TF147b (SEQ ID NO: 10) for binding to FVIIa.
• the ability of TF151-FC to compete against TF147b for binding to FVIIa was comparable to the ability of the peptide ligand, TF151 alone.
• Figure 6 shows the ability of the TF151-Fc fusion to inhibit FX activation by TF/FVIIa in a FX activation assay; control-Fc and HER2-Fc had no effect in this assay.
• Figure 7 TF151-Fc prolongs the prothromb time (PT) in human plasma.
• Figure 8 Using a HER2 phage binding ELISA assay the HER2-Fc is able ro block 1.1F1 phage binding to immobilized HER2-ECD with an IC50 of 3 nM.
• Figure 9 HER2-FC has an IC50 similar to peptide 1.1FI-Z m a HER2 competition ELISA.
• peptide ligand within the context of the present invention is meant to refer to non-naturally occurring ammo acid sequences that function to bind a particular target molecule.
• Peptide ligands within the context of the present invention are generally constrained (that is, having some element of structure as, for example, the presence of ammo acids which initiate a ⁇ turn or ⁇ pleated sheet, or for example, cyclized by the presence of disulfide bonded Cys residues) or unconstrained (linear) ammo acid sequences of less than about 50 ammo acid residues, and preferably less than about 40 ammo acids residues.
• peptide ligands less than about 40 ammo acid residues, preferred are the peptide ligands of between about 10 and about 30 ammo acid residues and especially the peptide ligands of about 20 ammo acid residues.
• the skilled artisan will recognize that it is not the length of a particular peptide ligand but its ability to bind a particular target molecule that distinguishes the peptide ligand of the present invention. Therefore peptide ligands of 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 and 25 ammo acid residues, for example, are equally likely to be peptide ligands within the context of the present invention.
• a peptide ligand of the present invention will bind a target molecule with sufficient affinity and specificity if the peptide ligand "homes" to, "binds” or “targets” a target molecule such as a specific cell type bearing the target molecule in vitro and preferably in vivo (see, for example, the use of the term “homes to,” “homing,” and “targets” in Pasqualim and Ruoslahti (1996) Nature, 380:364-366 and Arap et al . , (1998) Science 279:377-380).
• the peptide ligand will bind a target molecule with an affinity of less than about 1 ⁇ M, preferably less about 100 nM and more preferably less than about 10 nM.
• peptide ligands having an affinity for a target molecule of less than about 1 nM and preferably between about 1 pM and 1 nM are equally likely to be peptide ligands within the context of the present invention.
• a peptide ligand that binds a particular target molecule as described above can be isolated and identified by any of a number of art standard techniques as described herein.
• Peptides ligands are ammo acid sequences as described above which ma_/ contain naturally as well as non-naturally occurring ammo acid residues. Therefore, so-called “peptide mimetics” and “peptide analogs” which may include non-ammo acid chemical structures that mimic the structure of a particular ammo acid or peptide may be peptide ligands within the context of the invention. Such mimetics or analogs are characterized generally as exhibiting similar physical characteristics such as size, charge or hydrophobicity present m the appropriate spacial o ⁇ entat.on as found in their peptide counterparts.
• a specific example of a pepti ⁇ e mimetic compound is a compound in which the amide bond between one or more of the am o acids is replaced by, for example, a carbon-carbon bond or other bond as is well known the art (see, for example Sawyer, m Pectide Based Drug Design pp. 378-422 (ACS, Washington DC 1995) .
• the term includes D-ammo acids as well as cherically modified ammo acids such as ammo acid analogs, naturally occurring ammo acids that are not usually incorporated into proteins such as norleucme, and chemically synthesized compounds having properties known m the art to be characteristic of an ammo acid.
• analogs or ⁇ _met ⁇ cs of phenylalanme or prolme, which allow the same conformatior al restriction of the peptide compounds as natural Phe or Pro are included w_rn ⁇ n the definition of ammo acid.
• Peptide ligands synthesized by, for example, standard solid phase synthesis techniques are not limited to ammo acids enco ⁇ ed by genes.
• ammo acids which are not encoded by tne genetic code, include, for example, those described in International Publication No. WO 90/01940 such as, for example, 2-am ⁇ no adipic acid (Aad) rcr Glu and Asp; 2- ammopimel c acid (Apm) for Glu and Asp; 2-ammobuty ⁇ c (Ac-) acid for Met, Leu, and other aliphatic ammo acids; 2-ammoheptano ⁇ c aci ⁇ (Ahe) for Met, Leu and other aliphatic ammo acids; 2-ammo ⁇ sobutyr ⁇ c aci ⁇ (Aib) for Gly; cyclohexylalanme (Cha) for Val, and Leu and lie; homoarginine (Har) for Arg and Lys; 2, 3-d ⁇ ammoprop ⁇ on ⁇ c acid (Dpr) for Lys, Arg and nis; N- ethylglycme (
• Peptide ligands within the context of the present invention are non- native or non-naturally occurring peptide ligands.
• non-native is meant that the ammo acid sequence of the particular peptide ligand is not found in nature. That is to say, ammo acid sequences of non-native peptide ligands do not correspond to an ammo acid sequence of a naturally occurring protein or polypeptide nor are the non-naturally occurring ammo acid sequences "derived from" a naturally occurring ammo acid sequence m the sense that they differ from a naturally occurring ammo acid sequence by site directed addition, substitution or deletion of a limited number of ammo acids.
• Peptide ligands of this variety may be produced or selected using a variety of techniques well known to the skilled artisan.
• constrained or unconstrained peptide libraries may be randomly generated and displayed on phage utilizing art standard techniques, for example, Lowman et al., (1998) Biochemistry 37:8870-8878.
• At least three distinct species of peptide ligands can be distinguished based upon function associated with binding a particular target molecule. They will be referred to herein as “neutral,” “agonist” and “antagonist” peptide ligands.
• a neutral peptide ligand functions to bind a particular target molecule as described above.
• Neutral peptide ligands are preferred n aspects of the present invention where targeting of a particular cell type bearing a target molecule with, for example, a cytotoxic agent or an enzyme is desired.
• An "agonist" peptide ligand, addition to binding a predetermined target molecule has a direct effect on its target molecule.
• Agonist peptide ligands bind, for example, a particular cellular receptor, and preferably, will initiate a reaction or activity associated with the binding of the native ligand to the receptor.
• an agonist peptide ligand may bind a particular cellular target molecule and initiate an activation event such as a phosphorylation event.
• an "antagonist" peptide ligand acts to reduce or inhibit the activity, for example, the response induced by the native ligand, by binding to and, without limitation, in certain embodiments, blocking the association of the target molecule with the native or naturally occurring ligand.
• peptide ligands are size restricted, constrained or unconstrained, non-naturally occurring ammo acids sequences, optionally having either neutral, agonist or antagonist activity associated with their binding to a particular target molecule.
• Preferred peptide ligands are non-naturally occurring am o acid sequences of between about 5 and about 40 ammo acids, more preferably between about 10 and about 30 ammo acids and preferably between about 15 and 25 ammo acids .
• Examples of preferred peptide ligands include, for example, those described m the Example sections herein, as well as, for example:
• peptides capable of mediating selective localization to various organs such as brain and kidney (Pasqualim and Ruoslohti (1996) Nature 380:364-366) . Often these peptides contain dominant ammo acid motifs such as the Ser-Arg-Leu motif found in peptides localizing to brain (Pasqualim and Ruoslahti (1996) supra) .
• the am o acid sequence Arg-Gly-Asp is found in extracellular matrix proteins such as fibrmogen, fibronect , von Willibrand Factor and thrombospondm that are known to bind various mtegrms found on platelets, endothelial cells leukocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes and granulocytes .
• Peptides containing the RGD motif can be used to modulate the activity of the RGD recognizing mtegrms (Gurrath et al . , (1992) Eur . J. Biochem.
• peptides capable of homing specifically to tumor blood vessels such as those identified oy in vivo phage selection contain the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) motif embedded the peptide structure and binds selectively to v ⁇ 3 and v ⁇ 5 mtegrms (Arap et al . , (1998) Science 279:377- 380) .
• RGD Arg-Gly-Asp
• phage display of peptide libraries has yielded short peptides with well defined solution conformation that can bind, for example, msulm like growth factor binding protem-l and produce insulin growth factor like activity (Lowman et al., (1998) Biochemistry 37:8870-8878.
• small peptides isolated by random phage display of peptide libraries which bind to and activate the cellular receptors such as the receptor for EPO, optionally including full agonist peptides such as those which stimulate erythropoiesis described by W ⁇ ghton et al .
• peptides capable of blocking the interaction between a cytok e and its receptor such as the high affinity type I IL-1 receptor antagonists described by Yanofsky et al . , (1996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci . USA 93:7381- 7386.
• target molecule includes, proteins, peptides, glycoprotems, glycopeptides, glycolipids, polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, nucleic acids, and the like.
• Target molecules include, for example, extracellular molecules such as various serum factors including but not limited to serum proteins, tne proteins involved in the complement cascade and serme proteases, including the factors involved n the coagulation cascade.
• Target molecules according to the present invention also include cell associated target molecules such as cellular receptors or cellular distribution (CD) antigens expressed on particular cell types, and include, for example:
• organ selective address molecules on endothelial cell surfaces such as those which have been identified for lymphocyte homing to various lymphoid organs and to tissues undergoing inflammation (Belivaqua, et al (1989) Science, 243:1160-1165; Siegelman et al., (1989) Science 243:1165- 1171; Cepek et al . (1994) Nature 372:190-193 and Rosen and Bertozz (1994) Curr. Op . Cell Biol. 6:663-673).
• endothelial cell markers responsible for tumor homing to various organs such as lungs (Johnson et al., (1993) J. Cell. Biol. 121:1423-1432).
• tumor cell antigens or "tumor antigens" that serve as markers for the presence of a preneoplastic or a neoplastic cell.
• Tumor antigens are classified into two broad categories: tumor-specifIC antigens (TSA ; and tumor-associated antigens (TAA) . See, for example, Klein, J., 1990, Immunology, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Inc., Cambridge, MA, pp. 419- 428.
• multimerization domain as used the context of the present invention, is meant to refer to the portion of the molecule to which the peptide ligand is joined, either directly or through a "linker domain.”
• the multimerization domain is preferably a polypeptide domain which, according to preferred embodiments, facilitates the interaction of two or more multimerization domains. While the multimerization domain promotes the interaction between two or more multimerization domains, there is no requirement within the context of the present invention that the peptioe ligand joined to a multimerization domain be present as a portion of a multimer.
• the multimerization domain is a polypeptide which promotes the stable interaction of two or more multimerization domains.
• a multimerization domain may be an immunoglobulin sequence, such as an immunoglobulin constant region, a leucme zipper, a hydrophobic region, a hydrophilic region, a polypeptide comprising a free thio.. which forms an intermolecular disulfide bond between two or more multimerization domains or, for example a "protuberance-mto-cavity" domain descrioed in U.S. Patent 5,731,168.
• protuberances are constructed oy replacing small ammo acid side chains from the interface of a first polypeptide with a larger side chain (for example a tyrosme or tryptophan) .
• Compensatory cavities of identical or similar size to the protuberances are optionally created on the interface of a second polypeptide by replacing large ammo acid side cha s with smaller ones (for example alan e or threonme) .
• the multimenzatic 1- domain provides that portion of the molecule which promotes or allows the formation of dimers from monomeric multimerization domains.
• multimerization domains are immunoglobulin constant region domains. Immunoglobulin constant domains provide the advantage of improving in vivo circulating half-life of tre compounds of the invention and optionally allow the skilled artisan to incorporate an "effector function" as described herein below into certain aspects of the invention.
• the numbering of the residues in an immunoglobulin heavy chain is that of the EL index as in Kabat et al . , Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, 5th Ed. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (1991), expressly incorporated herein by reterence.
• the "EU index as m Kabat” refers to the residue numbering of the human IgGl EU antibody.
• Antibodies are proteins, generally glycoprotems, having the same structural characteristics. While antibodies exhibit binding specificity to a specific antigen, immunoglobulms include both antibodies and other antibody-like molecules which lack antigen specificity. Polypeptides of the latter kind are, for example, produced at low levels by the lymph system and at increased levels by myelomas.
• Antibodies and “immunoglobulms” are usually heterotetrame ⁇ c glycoprotems of about 150,000 Daltons, composed of two identical light (L) chains and two identical heavy (H) chains. Each light chain is linked to a heavy chain by one covalent disulfide bond, while the nu oer of disulfide linkages varies between tne heavy chains of different immunoglobulin isotypes. Each heavy ana light chain also has regularly spaced intrachain disulfide bridges. Each heavy chain has an ammo (N) terminal variable domain (VH) followed by carboxy (C) terminal constant domains.
• N ammo
• VH variable domain
• C carboxy
• Each light chain has a variable N-terminal domain (VL) and a C-termmal constant domain; the constant domain of the light chain (CL) is aligned with the first constant domain (CHI) of the neavy chain, and the light chain variable domain is aligned with the variable domain of the heavy chain.
• VL variable N-terminal domain
• CHI constant domain
• CHI constant domain
• the light chain variable domain is aligned with the variable domain of the heavy chain.
• light (L) chains have two conformationally similar ⁇ oma s VL and CL; and heavy chains have four domains (VH, CHI, CH2, and CH3) each of which has one intrachain disulfide bridge.
• immunoglobulms can be assigned to differenr classes.
• immunoglobulms There are five major classes of immunoglobulms: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM.
• the immunoglobulin class can oe further divided into subclasses (isotypes), e.g., IgG x , IgG 2 , IgG 3 , IgG 4 , IgA x , and IgA 2 .
• Tre heavy-chain constant domains that correspond to the different classes of immunoglobulms are , ⁇ , ⁇ , Y, and ⁇ domains respectively.
• the light chains of antibodies from any vertebrate species can be assigned to one of two distinct types called kappa (K) or lambda ( ⁇ ) , based upon the ammo acid sequence of their constant domains. Sequence studies have shown that the ⁇ chain of IgM contains five domains VH, CH ⁇ l, CH ⁇ 2, CH ⁇ 3, and CH ⁇ 4. The heavy chain of IgE ( ⁇ ) also contains five domains.
• the subunit structures and three-dimensional configurations of different classes of immunoglobulms are well known.
• IgA and IgM are polymeric and each subunit contains two light and two heavy chains.
• the heavy chain of IgG (y) contains a length of polypeptide chain lying between the CH ⁇ l and CH ⁇ 2 domains known as the hmge region.
• the a chain of IgA has a hmge region containing an O-lmked glycosylation site and the ⁇ and ⁇ chains do not have a sequence analogous to the hmge region of the y and chains, however, they contain a fourth constant domain lacking in the others.
• the domain composition of immunoglobulin chains can be summarized as follows :
• the "CH2 domain" of a human IgG Fc region usually extends from about ammo acid 231 to about ammo acid 340.
• the CH2 domain is unique m that it is not closely paired with another domain. Rather, two N-lmked branched carbohydrate chains are interposed between the two CH2 domains of an intact native IgG molecule.
• the "CH3 domain” comprises the stretch of residues C-termmal to a CH2 domain in an Fc region ( .e. from about ammo acid residue 341 to about ammo acid residue 447 of an IgG) .
• Hmge region is generally defined as stretching from Glu216 to Pro230 of human IgGl (Burton, Molec . Immunol .22 :161-206 (1985)). Hmge regions of other IgG isotypes may be aligned with the IgGl sequence by placing the first and last cysteine residues forming inter-heavy chain S-S bonds m the same positions.
• the "lower hmge region" of an Fc region is normally defined as the stretch of residues immediately C-termmal to the hmge region, i.e. residues 233 to 239 of the Fc region.
• Papain digestion of antibodies produces two identical antigen-omdmg fragments, called “Fab” fragments or regions, each with a single an ⁇ gen- binding site, and a residual "Fc” fragment or region ( Figure 1).
• Fab antigen-omdmg fragments
• Figure 1 the boundaries of the Fc region of ar immunoglobulin heavy chain might vary, the human IgG heavy chain Fc region _s usually defined to stretch from an ammo acid residue at position Cys226, or from Pro230, to the carboxyl- terminus thereof.
• the Fc region of an immunoglobulin generally comprises two constant domains, CH2 and CH3, as shown, for example, m Fig. 1.
• a "native Fc region sequence" comprises an ammo acid sequence identical to the am o acid sequence of an Fc region found m nature.
• Native human Fc region sequences are shown Fig. 2 & 3 and include but are not limited to the human IgGl Fc region (non-A and A allotypes) ; human IgG2 Fc region; human IgG3 Fc region; and human IgG4 Fc region as well as naturally occurring variants thereof.
• Native irurine Fc regions sequences are shown in Fig. 2A.
• F(ab') 2 antibody fragments that has two antigen- combm g sites and is still capable of cross-linking antigen.
• the Fab fragment contains the constant domain of the light chain and the first constant domain (CHI) of the heavy chain.
• Fab' fragments differ from Fab fragments by the addition of a few residues at the carboxyl terminus of the heavy chain CHI domain including one or more cystemes from the antibody hmge region.
• Fab'-SH is the designation herein for Fab' n which the cysteme residue (s) of the constant domains bear a free thiol group.
• F(ab') 2 antibody fragments originally were produced as pairs of Fab' fragments which have hmge cystemes Oetween them. Other chemical couplings of antibody fragments are also known.
• a “functional Fc region” possesses an "effector function” of a native Fc region.
• effector functions include Clq binding; complement dependent cytotoxicity; Fc receptor binding; antibody-dependent cell- mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) ; phagocytosis; down regulation of cell surface receptors (e.g. B cell receptor; BCR) , etc.
• ADCC antibody-dependent cell- mediated cytotoxicity
• phagocytosis e.g. B cell receptor; BCR
• Such effector functions generally require the Fc region to be combined with a binding domain ⁇ i . e , a peptide ligand herein) and can be assessed using various assays known n the art .
• effector functions mediated by the antibody Fc region can De divided into two categories: (1) effector functions tnat operate after the binding of antibody to an antigen (tnese functions involve the participation of the complement cascade or Fc recepror (FcR) -bearing cells); and (2) effector functions that operate independently of antigen binding (tnese functions confer persistence the circulation and the ability to oe transferred across cellular barriers cy transcytosis ) .
• FcR complement cascade or Fc recepror
• a parent or native Fc region By introducing the appropriate ammo acid sequence mc ⁇ ificat-c: a parent or native Fc region, one can generate a variant Fc region w ⁇ c ⁇ (a) mediates antibody-dependent celi-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC in f-e presence of human effector cells more or less effectively and/or (o cmds an Fc gamma receptor (Fc ⁇ R) with greater or lesser affinity than f ⁇ e carent polypeptide.
• Such Fc region variants will generally comprise at ieas" one ammo acid modification in the Fc region.
• the variant Fc region ma_ include two, three, four, five, etc substitutions therein (J.S. Pate n t No. 5,648,260 issued on July 15, 1997, and U.S. Patent No. 5, 62-, 821 issued on April 29, 1997) .
• Fc receptors Fc receptors
• FcRs Fc receptors
• FcRs are defined b_ their specificity for immunoglobulin isotypes
• Fc receptors for IcG antiDoc.es are referred to as Fc ⁇ R, for IgE as Fc ⁇ R
• Fc ⁇ R II for IgA as Fc R
• Fc ⁇ R III Three subclasses of Fc ⁇ R have been identified: Fc ⁇ R I (CD64), Fc ⁇ R II (CD32 and Fc ⁇ R III (CD16) .
• Fc ⁇ RIIIB is four ⁇ only on neutrophils, whereas Fc ⁇ RIIIA is found on macrophages, monocytes, -atural killer (NK) cells, and a subpopulation of T-cells.
• Fc ⁇ RIII ⁇ 1 is the only FcR present on NK cells, one of the cell types implicated m ADCC.
• the binding site on human and mu ⁇ ne antibodies for Fc ⁇ R have been previously mapped to the lower hmge region (residues 233-239: EU ⁇ n ⁇ e ⁇ numbering as in Kabat et al . , Sequences of Proteins of Immurologica l In teres t, 5th Ed. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Healt", Bethesda, MD. (1991)). Woof et a l . Molec . Immunol . 23:319-330 (1986 , Duncan et al .
• Clq is a polypeptide that includes a binding site for the Fc region of an immunoglobulin. Clq together with two se ⁇ ne proteases, Clr ana Cls, forms the complex Cl, the first component of the complement oependert cytotoxicity (CDC) pathway.
• CDC complement oependert cytotoxicity
• Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and " ⁇ DCC” reter to a cell-mediated reaction in which nonspecific cytotoxic cells that express FcRs (e.g. Natural Killer (NK) cells, neutrophils, and macrcohages recognize bound antibody on a target cell and subsequently cause 1 ⁇ s_s of the target cell.
• FcRs e.g. Natural Killer (NK) cells, neutrophils, and macrcohages recognize bound antibody on a target cell and subsequently cause 1 ⁇ s_s of the target cell.
• the primary cells for mediating ADCC, NK cells express Fc ⁇ RIII only, whereas monocytes express Fc ⁇ RI, Fc ⁇ RII and Fc ⁇ RIII.
• FcR expression on hematopoietic cells in summarized is Table 3 c ⁇ page ⁇ - of Ravetch and Kmet, Ann u . ⁇ e . Immunol 9:457-92 (1991).
• the term "salvage receptor binding ligand” refers to an ligand of the Fc region of an IgG molecule (e.g., IgG x , IgG 2 , IgG 3 , or IgG 4 ) that is responsible for increasing the in vivo serum half-life of the IgG molecule.
• “Treatment” refers to both therapeutic treatment and prophylactic or preventative measures. Those m need of treatment include those already with the disorder as well as those m which the disorder is to be prevented.
• mammal for purposes of treatment refers to any animal classified as a mammal, including humans, domestic and farm animals, and zoo, sports, or pet animals, such as dogs, horses, cats, cows, etc. Preferably, the mammal is human.
• a “disorder” is any condition that would benefit from treatment with the compositions comprising the peptide ligands of the invention. This includes chronic and acute disorders or diseases including those pathological conditions which predispose the mammal to the disorder in question.
• Non-limitmg examples of disorders to be treated herein include benign and malignant tumors; leukemias and lymphoid malignancies; neuronal, glial, astrocytal, hypothalamic and other glandular, macrophagal, epithelial, stromal and blastocoelic disorders; and inflammatory, angiogemc and lmmunologic disorders.
• cancer refers to or describe the physiological condition m mammals that is typically characterized by unregulated cell growth.
• cancer include, but are not limited to, carcinoma, lymphoma, blastoma, sarcoma, and leukemia. More particular examples of such cancers include squamous cell cancer, small-cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, pancreatic cancer, glioblastoma, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, liver cancer, bladder cancer, hepatoma, breast cancer, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, endometrial carcinoma, salivary gland carcinoma, kidney cancer, liver cancer, prostate cancer, vulval cancer, thyroid cancer, hepatic carcinoma and various types of head and neck cancer.
• pulmonary administration refers to administration of a formulation of the invention through the lungs by inhalation.
• inhalation refers to intake of air to the alveoli. In specific examples, intake can occur by self- administration of a formulation of the invention while inhaling, or by administration via a respirator, e.g., to an patient on a respirator.
• respirator e.g., to an patient on a respirator.
• inhalation used with respect to a formulation of the invention is synonymous with "pulmonary administration.”
• parenteral refers to introduction of a compound of the invention into the body by other than the intestines, and in particular, intravenous ( ⁇ .v.), mtraarterial ( ⁇ .a.), mtraperitoneal ( ⁇ .p.), intramuscular (i.m.), mtraventricular, and subcutaneous (s.c.) routes .
• an aerosol formulation is a formulation comprising a compound of the present invention that is suitable for aerosolization, i.e., particlization and suspension m the air, for inhalation or pulmonary administration.
• the hybrid molecules of the present invention comprise at least two distinct domains.
• Each molecule of the present invention contains a peptide ligand domain and a multimerization domain.
• the peptide ligand domain is joined to a multimerization domain such as an immunoglobulin Fc region, optionally via a flexible ammo acid linker domain.
• the hybrid molecules of the present invention are constructed by combining the peptide ligands with a suitable multimerization domain.
• the peptide ligand may be joined via its - or C-termmus to the - or C-termmus of multimerization domain.
• nucleic acid encoding a peptide ligand will be operably linked to nucleic acid encoding the multimerization domain sequence, optionally via a linker domain.
• the construct encodes a fusion protein wherein the C-termmus of the peptide ligand is joined to the N-termmus of the multimerization domain.
• fusions where, for example, the N-termmus of the peptide ligand is joined to the N or C- termmus of the multimerization domain are also possible.
• Preferred multimerization domains are immunoglobulin constant region sequences .
• the encoded hybrid molecule will retain at least hmge, CH2 and CH3 domains of the constant region of an immunoglobulin neavy chain. Fusions are also made, for example, to the C- termmus of the Fc portion of a constant domain, or immediately N-termmal to the CHI of the heavy chain or the corresponding region of the light chain.
• ammo acid site at which the fusion of the peptide ligand to the immunoglobulin constant domain is made is not critical; particular sites are well known and may be selected order to optimize the biological activity, secretion, or binding characteristics.
• the skilled artisan may reference the construction of various lmmunoadhesms described the literature (U.S. Patent Nos. 5,116,964, 5,714,147 and 5,336,603; Capon et al . , (1989) Nature 337:525-531; Traunecker et al . , (1989) Nature 339:68-70; and Byrn et al . , (1990) Nature 344:667-670; Watson et al., (1990) J.
• an immunoglobulin type multimerization domain is selected to provide a multimer such as a dimer having a functional Fc.
• the multimerization domain is selected to provide an Fc domain having an effector function associated with a native immunoglobulin Fc region. Therefore, the peptide ligand is joined, in particular aspects, to an immunoglobulin heavy chain constant domain to provide a multimer comprising a functional Fc domain selected for a particular effector function or functions.
• DNA encoding an immunoglobulin cham-peptide ligand sequence is typically coexpressed with the DNA encoding a second peptide ligand-immunoglobulin heavy chain fusion protein.
• the hybrid heavy chain Upon secretion, the hybrid heavy chain will be covalently associated to provide an lmmunoglobulm-like structure comprising two disulflde-l ked immunoglobulin heavy chains.
• effector functions include, for example, Clq binding; complement dependent cytotoxicity; Fc receptor binding; antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC); phagocytosis; and down regulation of cell surface receptors (e.g. B cell receptor; BCR) and prolonging half-life through incorporation of the salvage receptor binding ligand as described in, for example, U.S. patent no. 5,739,277 issued April 14, 1998.
• the Fc region is a human Fc region, e.g. a native sequence human Fc region such as a human IgGl (A and non-A allotypes), IgG2, IgG3 or IgG4 Fc region.
• a human Fc region e.g. a native sequence human Fc region such as a human IgGl (A and non-A allotypes), IgG2, IgG3 or IgG4 Fc region.
• IgGl human IgGl
• IgG2 IgG2
• IgG4 Fc region IgG4 Fc region
• Fc region which (a) mediates antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) in the presence of human effector cells more or less effectively and/or (b) binds an Fc gamma receptor (Fc(R) with greater or lesser affinity than the native sequence.
• Fc(R) Fc gamma receptor
• Sucn Fc region variants will generally comprise at least one ammo acid mo ⁇ ification m the Fc region.
• the peptide ligand sequence is fused tc the N-termmus of the Fc region of immunoglobulin G and m certain aspects to IgGl. It is possible to fuse the entire heavy chain constant region to the peptide ligand sequence.
• a sequence beginning in the hmge region just upstream of the papain cleavage s te which defines IgG Fc chemically i.e. residue 216, taking the first residue of heav_ cnam constant region to be 114), or analogous sites of other lmrmoglobulms is used in the fusion.
• the pept. ⁇ e ligand ammo acid sequence is fused to (a) the hmge region and CH2 and CH3 or (b) the CHI, hmge, CH2 and CH3 domains, of an IgG heav_. chain.
• h ybrid molecules comprising a peptide ligand and a multimerization domain are assembled as multimers, for example homodimers, or heterodimers or even neterotetra ers .
• Homodimers result from the pairing or crosslinking of two monomers comprising a peptide ligand and a multimerization domain. r.owever, it is not essential that two identical monomers pair.
• a hybrid molecule as defined hereir comprising a peptide ligand and a multimerization domain such as an immunoglobulin constant domain may pair with a companion immunoglobulin chain comprising one arm of an immunoglobulin.
• Various exemplary assembled hybrid molecules within the scope of the present invention are schematically diagramme ⁇ below:
• each A represents identical or different peptide ligands
• VL is an immunoglobulin light chain variable domain
• VH is an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable domain
• CL is an immunoglobulin light chain constant domain
• CH is an immunoglobulin heavy chain constant domain.
• an immunoglobulin light chain might be present either covalently associated to a peptide ligand- lmmunoglobulm heavy chain fusion polypeptide, or directly fused to tne peptide ligand.
• DNA encoding an immunoglobulin li ⁇ h ⁇ chain is typically coexpressed with the DNA encoding the peptide ligand- lmmunoglobulm heavy cnam fusion protein.
• the hybrid heavy chain and the light chain will be covalently associated to provide an lmmunoglobulin-like structure comprising two d ⁇ su__ lde-lmked immunoglobulin heavy chain-light chain pairs.
• hybrid molecules described herein are most conveniently constructed by fusing tne cDNA sequence encoding tne peptide ligand portion -frame to an immunoglobulin cDNA sequence.
• fusion to genomic immunoglobulin fragments can also be used (see, e.g. Aruffo et al., (1990), Cell 61:1303-1313; ana Stamenkovic et al . (1991), Cell 66:1133-1144).
• the latter type of fusion requires the presence of Ig regulatory sequences for expression.
• cDNAs encoding IgG heavy-chain constant regions can be isolated based on published sequences from cDNA libraries derived from spleen or peripheral blood lymphocytes, by hybridization or by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques.
• the cDNAs encoding the peptide ligand and the immunoglobulin parts of the hybrid molecule are irserted m tandem into a plasmid vector that directs efficient expression in the chosen host cells.
• the peptide ligand may be linked to the multimerization domain by any of a variety of means familiar to those of skill m the art.
• Covalent attachment is typically the most convenient, but other forms of attachment may be employed depending upon the application.
• suitable forms of covalent attachment include the bonds resulting from the reaction of molecules bearing activated chemical groups with ammo acid side chains in the multimerization domain and can be made using a variety of bifunctional protein coupling agents such as N-succm ⁇ m ⁇ dyl-3- (2-pyr ⁇ dyld ⁇ th ⁇ ol) propionate (SPDP), lmmothiolane (IT), bifunctional derivatives of imidoesters (such as dimethyl adipimidate HCL) , active esters (such as disucc imidyl suberate), aldehydes (such as glutaraldehyde) , bis-azido compounds (such as bis (p-azidobenzoyl) hexanediamme) , bis-diazonium derivatives (such as bis- (p-diazoniumbenzoyl) -ethylenediamme) , dnsocyanates (such as tolyene 2, 6-d ⁇ socyanate) , and bis-active protein
• the peptide ligand domain is optionally linked to the multimerization domain via an optionally flexible peptide linker.
• the linker component of the hybrid molecule of the invention does not necessarily participate m but may contribute to the function of the hybrid molecule. Therefore, according to tne present invention, the linker domain, is any group of molecules that provides a spatial bridge between the multimerization domain and the peptide ligand domain.
• the linker domain can be of variable ⁇ ength and makeup, however, according to the present invention, it is tne length of the linker domain and not its structure that is important.
• the linker domain preferably allows for the peptide ligand domain of the hybrid molecule to bind, substantially free of spacial/ conformationai restrictions to the coordmant target molecule. Therefore, the length of the linker domain is dependent upon the character of the two "functional" domains of the hybrid molecule.
• the linker domain may be a polypeptide of variable length.
• the ammo acid composition of the polypeptide determines the character and length of the linker.
• the linker molecule comprises a flexible, hydrophilic polypeptide chain.
• Exemplary, linker domains comprises one or more Gly and or Ser residues, such as those described m the Example sections herein.
• bi- or dual-specific compositions comprising at least one peptide ligand domain are envisioned.
• bispecific antibody compositions have been produced using leucme zippers (Kostelny et al . , (1992) J. Immunol., 148 (5 ): 1547-1553) .
• the leucme zipper peptides from the Fos and Jun proteins are linked to the Fab' portions of two different antibodies by gene fusion.
• the antibody homodimers can be reduced at the hmge region to form monomers and then re- oxidized to form antibody heterodimers .
• This method can also be utilized for the production of peptide ligand homodimer and heterodimers utilizing the peptide ligands in place of the binding domains of the antibody heterodimers .
• the hybrid molecules comprising the peptide ligands and their functional derivatives of the present invention can be used in the same applications as, for example, a peptide ligand can be used.
• the function of the peptide ligand domain generally dictates its use.
• the peptide ligand may target the hybrid molecule as well as any optional additional functional moiety such as a cytotoxic moiety, to a particular cell type bearing the target molecule.
• tne peptide ligand can bind ErbB2 as described m the Example sections.
• the hybrid molecule homes to or targets ErbB2 bearing cell types in vivo.
• the hybrid molecule may be employed according to this aspect of the invention as a homodimer having a functional Fc domain.
• the ErbB2 specific hybrid molecule can further include an additional function moiety such as those described herein below.
• the peptide ligand may bind to and inhibit the activity associated with a particular target molecule.
• a peptide ligand may bind a serine protease such as Factor VII or Factor Vila involved in the coagulation cascade leading to a demonstraole decrease m the activity associated with Factor VII or Factor FVIIa such as the activation of Factor X.
• the effectiveness of the hybrid molecule which targets a tumor associated antigen may be enhanced by employing a functional Fc domain m, for example, treating cancer.
• cysteme residue (s) may be introduced m an immunoglobulin Fc region, thereby allowing interchain disulfide bond formation in this region.
• the homo- or heterodimeric hybrid molecule thus generated may have improved mternalization capability and/or increased complement-mediated cell killing and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). See Caron et al . , (1992) J. Exp Med. 176:1191-1195 and Shopes, B. (1992) J. Immunol. 148:2918- 2922.
• Homodimeric hybrid molecules with enhanced anti-tumor activity may also be prepared using heterobifunctional cross-linkers as described in Wolff et al. (1993) Cancer Research 53:2560-2565.
• a heterodimeric hybrid molecule can be engineered which has dual Fc regions and may thereby have enhanced complement lysis and ADCC capabilities. See Stevenson et al . (1989) Anti-Cancer Drug Design 3:219- 230.
• the invention also pertains to conjugates comprising any of the hybrid molecules described herein conjugated to a cytotoxic agent such as a chemotherapeutic agent, toxin (e.g. an enzymatically active toxin of bacterial, fungal, plant or animal origin, or fragments thereof) , or a radioactive isotope (i.e., a radioconjugate) .
• a chemotherapeutic agent such as an enzymatically active toxin of bacterial, fungal, plant or animal origin, or fragments thereof
• a radioactive isotope i.e., a radioconjugate
• Chemotherapeutic agents useful m the generation of such conjucates have been described.
• a chemotherapeutic agent is a chemical compound _seful n the treatment of cancer including carcinoma, lymphoma, blastoma, sarcoma, and leukemias .
• chemotherapeutic agents include, Adnamycm , Doxorubic , 5-Fluorourac ⁇ l, Cytos ne arabmoside, Cyclophophamide, thiotepa, Busulfan, Cytoxin, Taxol, Methotrexate, Cisplatin, Melphala- , Vmblast , Bleomycm, Etoposide, Ifosfamide, M tomycm C, Mitosantrcs, Vmcrist e, Vinorelbine, Carboplat , Teniposide, Daunomycm, Carmmomydcm, Ammopterin, Dactmomycm, a Mitomycm, Nicotmamide, a ⁇ Espeeramic , Melphalan and any related nitrogen mustard, and en ocri's therapeutics (such as diethylstilbestrol, Tamoxifen, LHRH-antagonizmo drugs, a progestm
• Enzymatically active toxins and fragments thereof which can be _sed include diphtheria A chain, nonbmdmg active fragments of diphtheria toxin, exotox A chain (from Pseudomonas aeruginosa ) , ric n A chain, ab ⁇ n .- chain, modecc A chain, alpha-sarcm, Aleu ⁇ tes fordn proteins, d ⁇ a _ thm proteins, Phytola ca americana proteins (PAPI, PAPII, and PAP-S) , momcr ⁇ ica charantia inhibitor, curcm, crotm, sapaona ⁇ a officinalis inhibitor, gelonin, itogellm, rest ⁇ ctocm, phenomycm, enomycin and the tricothecenes .
• radionuclides are available for the production of radioconjugated peptide ligands or hybrid molecules. Examples include ⁇ l B ⁇ , 131 I, 131 In, 90 Y and 186 Re. Carbon-14-labeled l- ⁇ soth ⁇ ocyanatobenzyl-3- methyldiethylene triammepentaacetic acid (MX-DTPA) is an exemplary chelating agent for conjugation of radionucleotide to the hybrid molec_ ⁇ es.
• MX-DTPA Carbon-14-labeled l- ⁇ soth ⁇ ocyanatobenzyl-3- methyldiethylene triammepentaacetic acid
• Conjugates of the peptide ligand or hybrid molecule and a cytotoxic agent are made using a variety of bifunctional protein coupling agents such as N-succ ⁇ n ⁇ m ⁇ dyl-3- (2-pyr ⁇ dyld ⁇ th ⁇ ol) propionate (SPDP), lminothiola's (IT), bifunctional derivatives of imidoesters (such as dimethyl ad ⁇ p ⁇ _date HCL) , active esters (such as disuccmimidyl suberate) , aldehydes (sue as glutaraldehyde) , bis-azido compounds (such as bis (p-azidobenzoyl) hexanediamme), bis-diazonium derivatives (such as bis- (p-d ⁇ azon ⁇ umbe-zoyl) - ethylenediam e) , dnsocyanates (such as tolyene 2, 6-d ⁇ socyanate) , a ⁇ bis-
• the peptide ligand or hybrid molecules ra_ be conjugated to a "receptor" (such as streptavidm) for utilization m t_mor pretargetmg wherein the peptide ligand or hybrid molecule-receptor conjugate is administered to a patient, followed by removal of unbourc conjugate from the circulation using a clearing agent and then administration of a "ligand” (e.g. biotm or av din) which is conjugated to a cytotoxic agent (e.g. a radionucleotide).
• a "ligand” e.g. biotm or av din
• cytotoxic agent e.g. a radionucleotide
• the hybrid molecules or peptide ligands disclosed herein may also be formulated as liposomes.
• Liposomes containing the hybrid molecules are prepared by methods known the art, such as described m Epstein et al . , (1985) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci . USA, 82:3688; Hwang et al., ⁇ 1980) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 77:4030; and U.S. Pat. Nos . 4,485,045 and 4,544,545. Liposomes with enhanced circulation time are disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,013,556.
• Particularly useful liposomes can be generated by the reverse phase evaporation method with a l pid composition comprising phosphatidylchol e, cholesterol and PEG-de ⁇ vatized phosphatidylethanolamme (PEG-PE) .
• Liposomes are extruded through filters of defined pore size to yield liposomes with the desired diameter.
• hybrid molecules comprising an immunoglobulin constant domain as described herein can be conjugated to the liposomes as described m Martin et al . J. Biol . Chem . 257: 286-288 (1982) via a disulfide interchange reaction.
• a chemotherapeutic agent is optionally contained itnin the liposome. See Gabizon et al . J. Na tional Cancer Ins t .81 ( 19) 1484 (1989).
• the peptide ligands or hybrid molecules of tne present invention may also be used to target an enzyme moiety linked to the hybrid molecule to a particular cell type bearing the appropriate target molecule by conjugating the peptide ligand or hybrid molecules to a prodrug-activatmg enzyme which converts a prodrug (e.g. a peptidyl chemotherapeutic agent, see WO81/01145) to an active anti-cancer drug. See, for example, WO 88/07378 and U.S. Patent No. 4, 975,278.
• a prodrug e.g. a peptidyl chemotherapeutic agent, see WO81/01145
• the enzyme component of the lmmunoconjugate useful for are those suitable for antibody dependent enzyme mediated prodrug therapy (ADEPT) and includes any enzyme capable of acting on a prodrug such a way so as to covert it into its more active, cytotoxic form.
• ADPT antibody dependent enzyme mediated prodrug therapy
• Enzymes that are useful m the method of this invention include, but are not limited to, alkaline phosphatase useful for converting phosphate-containing prodrugs into free drugs; arylsulfatase useful for converting sulfate-contammg prodrugs into free drugs; cytosme deammase useful for converting non-toxic 5- fluorocytosme into the anti-cancer drug, 5-fluorouracil; proteases, such as serratia protease, thermolysm, subtilism, carboxypeptidases and cathepsms (such as cathepsms B and L) , that are useful for converting peptide- contammg prodrugs into free orugs; D-alanylcarboxypeptidases, useful for converting prodrugs that contain D-ammo acid substituents; carbohydrate- cleaving enzymes such as ⁇ -galactosidase and neurammidase useful for converting glycosyl
• antibodies with enzymatic activity can be used to convert the prodrugs of the invention into free active drugs (see, e.g., Massey, (1987) Nature 328:457-458).
• Peptide ligand/hyb ⁇ d molecule-abzyme conjugates can be prepared as described herein for delivery of the abzyme to a tumor cell population.
• Enzymes can be covalently bound to the hybrid molecules by techniques well known in the art such as the use of the heterobifunctional crosslinking reagents discussed above.
• fusion proteins comprising at least the peptide ligand portion of the hybrid molecule of the invention linked to at least a functionally active portion of an enzyme of the invention can be constructed using recombmant DNA techniques well known n the art (see, e.g., Neuberger et al . , (1984) Nature, 312:604-608).
• compositions which comprise the hybrid molecules of the invention may be administered in any suitable manner, including parental, topical, oral, or local (such as aerosol or transdermal) or any combination thereof. Suitable regimens also include an initial administration by intravenous bolus injection followed by repeated doses at one or more intervals .
• compositions of the present invention comprise any of the above noted compositions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, the nature of the carrier differing with the mode of administration, for example, in oral administration, usually using a solid carrier and m l.v. administration, a liquid salt solution carrier.
• compositions of the present invention include pharmaceutically acceptable components that are compatible with the subject and the protein of the invention. These generally include suspensions, solutions and elixirs, and most especially biological buffers, such as phosphate buffered saline, saline, Dulbecco's Media, and the like. Aerosols may also be used, or carriers such as starches, sugars, microcrystallme cellulose, diluents, granulating agents, lubricants, binders, disintegrating agents, and the like (in the case of oral solid preparations, such as powders, capsules, and tablets) .
• the term "pharmaceutically acceptable” generally means approved by a regulatory agency of the Federal or a state government or listed in the U.S. Pharmacopeia or other generally recognized pharmacopeia for use m animals, and more particularly m humans.
• the formulation of choice can be accomplished using a variety of the aforementioned buffers, or even excipients including, for example, pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharin cellulose, magnesium carbonate, and the like.
• "PEGylation" of the compositions may be achieved using techniques known to the art (see for example International Patent Publication No. W092/16555, U.S. Patent No. 5,122,614 to Enzon, and International Patent Publication No. WO92/00748).
• a preferred route of administration of the present invention is m the aerosol or inhaled form.
• the compounds of the present invention, combined with a dispersing agent, or dispersant can be administered in an aerosol formulation as a dry powder or if a solution or suspension with a diluent.
• the term "dispersant” refers to a agent that assists aerosolization of the compound cr absorption of the protein in lung tissue, or both.
• the dispersant is pharmaceutically acceptable.
• pharmaceutically acceptable means approved by a regulatory agency of the Federal or a state government or listed m the U.S. Pharmacopeia or other generally recognized pharmacopeia for use m animals, and more particularly in humans.
• Suitable dispersing agents are well known n the art, and include but are not limited to surfactants and the like.
• surfactants that are generally used the art to reduce surface induced aggregation of tne compound, especially the peptide compound, caused by atomization of the solution forming the liquid aerosol may be used.
• Nonlimitmg examples of such surfactants are surfactants such as polyoxyethylene fatty acid esters and alcohols, and polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters. Amounts of surfactants used will vary, being generally within the range or 0.001 and 4% by weight of the formulation.
• the surfactant is polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate or sorbitan t ⁇ oleate.
• Suitable surfactants are well known m the art, and can be selected on the basis of desired properties, depending on the specific formulation, concentration of the compound, diluent (in a liquid formulation) or form of powder ( a dry powder formulation), etc.
• the liquid or dry formulations can comprise additional components, as discussed further below.
• the liquid aerosol formulations generally contain the peptide ligand and a dispersing agent in a physiologically acceptable diluent.
• the dry powder aerosol formulations of the present invention consist of a finely divided solid form of the pepti ⁇ e ligand and a dispersing agent.
• the formulation must be aerosolized. That is, it must be broken down into liquid or solid particles in order to ensure that the aerosolized dose actually reaches the alveoli.
• the mass median dynamic diameter will be 5 micrometers or less order to ensure that the drug particles reach the lung alveoli (Wearley, L.L., 1991, C ⁇ t. Rev. Ther. Drug Carrier Systems 8:333).
• aerosol particle is used herein to describe the liquid or solid particle suitable for pulmonary administration, i.e., that will reach the alveoli
• Other considerations such as construction of the delivery device, additional components the formulation and particle characteristics are important. These aspects of pulmonary administration of a drug are we_l known in the art, and manipulation of formulations, aerosolization means and construction of a delivery device require at most routine experimentation by one of ordinary skill m the art.
• any form of aerosolization known in the art including but not limited to nebulization, atomization or pump aerosolization of a liquid formulation, and aerosolization of a dry powder formulation, can be used m the practice of the invention.
• a delivery device tnat is uniquely designed for administration of solid formulations is envisioned.
• the aerosolization of a liquid or a dry powder formulation will require a propellent.
• the propellent may be any propellant generally used m tne art.
• the device for aerosolization is a metered dose inhaler.
• a metered dose inhaler provides a specific dosage when administered, rather than a variable dose depending on administration.
• Such a metered dose inhaler can be used with either a liquid or a dry powder aerosol formulation.
• Metered dose inhalers are well known m the art.
• a number of formulation-dependent factors effect the drug aosorption.
• factors such factors as aerosol particle size, aerosol particle shape, the presence or absence of infection, lung disease or emboli may affect the absorption of the compounds.
• certain lubricators, absorption enhancers, protein stabilizers or suspending agents may be appropriate. The choice of these additional agents will vary depending on the goal. It will be appreciated that in instances where local delivery of the compounds is desired or sought, such variables as absorption enhancement will be less critical.
• the liquid aerosol formulations of the present invention will typically be used with a nebulizer.
• the nebulizer can be either compresse ⁇ air driven or ultrasonic. Any nebulizer known m the art can be use ⁇ m conjunction with the present invention such as but not limited to: Ultravent, Mall ckrodt, Inc. (St. Louis, MO); the Acorn II nebulizer (Marquest Medical Products, Englewood CO) . Other nebulizers useful conjunction witn the present invention are described U.S. Patent Nos . 4,624,251 issued November 25, 1986; 3,703,173 issued November 21, 1972; 3,561,444 issued February 9, 1971 and 4,635,627 issued January 13, 1971.
• the formulation may include a carrier.
• the carrier is a macromolecule which is soluble m the circulatory system and which is physiologically acceptable where physiological acceptance means that those of skill in the art would accept injection of said carrier into a patient as part of a therapeutic regime.
• the carrier preferably is relatively stable in the circulatory system with an acceptable plasma half life for clearance.
• macromolecules include but are not limited to Soya lecithin, oleic acid and sorbetan t ⁇ oleate, with sorbitan t ⁇ oleate preferred.
• the formulations of the present embodiment may also include other agents useful for protein stabilization or for the regulation of osmotic pressure.
• agents include but are not limited to salts, such as sodium chloride, or potassium chloride, and carbohydrates, such as glucose, golactose or mannose, and the like. Aerosol Dry Powoer Formulations
• the present pharmaceutical formulation will be used as a dry powder inhaler formulation comprising a finely divided powder form of the peptide ligand and a dispersant.
• the form of the compound will generally be a lyophilized powder. Lyophilized forms of peptide compounds can be obtained through standard techniques.
• the dry powder formulation will comprise a finely divided dry powder containing one or more compounds of the present invention, a dispersing agent and also a bulking agent.
• Bulking agents useful m conjunction with the present formulation include such agents as lactose, sorbitol, sucrose, or mannitol, in amounts that facilitate the dispersal of the powder from the device.
• Research and Diagnostic Compositions In a preferred embodiment, the hybrid molecules of the invention are non-covalently adsorbed or covalently bound to a macromolecule, such as a solid support. It will be appreciated that the invention encompasses both macromolecules complexed with the hybrid molecules.
• the solid support is an inert matrix, such as a polymeric gel, comprising a three dimensional structure, lattice or network of a material.
• a polymeric gel comprising a three dimensional structure, lattice or network of a material.
• any macromolecule, synthetic or natural can form a gel in a suitable liquid when suitably cross-linked with a bifunctional reagent.
• the macromolecule selected is convenient for use in affinity chromatography.
• Most chromatographic matrices used for affinity chromatography are xerogels. Such gels shrink on drying to a compact solid comprising only the gel matrix. When the dried xerogel is resuspended in the liquid, the gel matrix imbibes liquid, swells and returns to the gel state.
• Xerogels suitable for use herein include polymeric gels, such as cellulose, cross-linked dextrans (e.g. Sepharose), agarose, cross-linked agarose, polyacrylamide gels, and polyacrylamide
• aerogels can be used for affinity chromatography. These gels do not shrink on drying but merely allow penetration of the surrounding air. When the dry gel is exposed to liquid, the latter displaces the air the gel. Aerogels suitable for use herein include porous glass and ceramic gels.
• hybrid molecules of the invention coupled to de ⁇ vatized gels wherein the derivative moieties facilitate the coupling of the hybrid molecules to the gel matrix and avoid stea ⁇ c hindrance of the peptide ligand-target molecule interaction n affinity chromatography.
• spacer arms can be interposed between the gel matrix and the hybrid molecules for similar benefits.
• Chemical Synthesis One method of producing the compounds of the invention involves chemical synthesis. This can be accomplished by using methodologies well known in the art (see Kelley, R.F. & Wmkler, M.E. in Genetic Engineering Principles and Methods, Setlow, J.K, ed., Plenum Press, N.Y., vol. 12, pp 1- 19 (1990), Stewart, J.M.
• Peptide ligands of the invention can be conveniently prepared using solid phase peptide synthesis (Memfield, (1964) J. Am. Chem. Soc, 85:2149; Houghten, (1985) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 82:5132.
• Solid phase synthesis begins at the carboxy terminus of the putative peptide by coupling a protected ammo acid to an inert solid support.
• the inert solid support can be any macromolecule capable of serving as an anchor for the C-termmus of the initial ammo acid.
• the macromolecular support is a cross-linked polymeric resm (e.g.
• the C-termmal ammo acid is coupled to a polystyrene resm to form a benzyl ester.
• a macromolecular support is selected such that the peptide anchor link is stable under the conditions used to deprotect the ⁇ -amino group of the blocked ammo acids m peptide synthesis. If a base-labile ⁇ -protecting group is used, then it is desirable to use an acid-labile link between the peptide and the solid support.
• an acid-labile ether resm is effective for base-labile Fmoc-ammo acid peptide synthesis as described on page 16 of Stewart and Young, supra.
• a peptide anchor link ana a-protect ng group that are differentially labile to acidolysis can be used.
• an ammomethyl resm such as the phenylacetamidomethyl (Pam) resm works well m conjunction with Boc-ammo acid peptide synthesis as described on pages 11-12 of Stewart and Young, supra.
• the -am no protecting group of the initial ammo acid is removed with, for example, trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in methylene chloride and neutralizing in, for example, t ⁇ ethylamme (TEA) .
• TFA trifluoroacetic acid
• TAA t ⁇ ethylamme
• the next ⁇ -ammo and sidecham protected ammo acid n the synthesis is added.
• the remaining ⁇ -amino and, if necessary, side chain protected ammo acids are then coupled sequentially n the desired order by condensation to obtain an intermediate compound connected to the solid support.
• some ammo acids may be coupled to one another to form a fragment of the desired peptide followed py addition of the peptide fragment to the growing solid phase peptide chain.
• the condensation reaction between two ammo acids, or an ammo acid and a peptide, or a peptide and a peptide can be carried out according to the usual condensation methods such as the axide method, mixed acid anhydride method, DCC (N, ' -dicyclohexylcarbodnmide) or DIC (N,N'- diisopropylcarbodnmide) methods, active ester method, p-nitrophenyl ester method, BOP (benzotr ⁇ azole-1-yl-oxy-tr ⁇ s [dimethylam o] phosphonium hexafluorophosphate) method, N-hydroxysuccinic acid imido ester method, etc, and Woodward reagent K method.
• the axide method mixed acid anhydride method
• DCC N, ' -dicyclohexylcarbodnmide
• DIC N,N'- diisopropylcarbodnmide
• active ester method
• Protective groups for the carboxy functional group are exempl ⁇ t_e ⁇ by benzyl ester (OBzl) , cyclohexyl ester (Chx) , 4-n ⁇ trobenzyl ester (ONc , t- butyl ester (Obut) , 4-pyr ⁇ dylmethyl ester (OP ⁇ c> , and the like. It _s often desirable that specific ammo acids such as arginine, cysteme, and ⁇ erme possessing a functional group other than ammo and carboxyl groups are protected by a suitable protective group.
• the guanidmc group of arginine may be protected with nitro, p-toluenesulfonyl, benzyloxycarbonyl, adamantyloxycarbonyl, p-methoxybenzesulfonyl, 4-methoxy- 2, 6-d ⁇ methylbenzenesulfonyl (Nds), 1, 3, 5-tr ⁇ methylphenysulfonyl (Mts , and the like.
• the thiol group of cysteme can be protected with p- methoxybenzyl, t ⁇ tyl, and the like.
• the peptide is removed from the solid support by a reagent capable of disrupting the peptide-solid phase link, and optionally deprotects blocked side chain functional groups on the peptide.
• the peptide is cleaved away from the solid phase by acidolysis with liquid hydrofluoric aci ⁇ (HF) , which also removes any remaining side chain protective groups.
• HF liquid hydrofluoric aci ⁇
• the acido ysis reaction mixture contains thio-cresol and cresol scavengers.
• some embodiments of the invention include cyclized peptide ligands.
• Peptide ligands may be cyclized by formation of a disulfide bond between cysteme residues.
• Such peptides can be made cy chemical synthesis as described above and then cyclized by any convergent method used n the formation of disulfide linkages.
• peotides can be recovered from solid phase synthesis with sulfhydryls n reduce ⁇ form, dissolved in a dilute solution wherein the intramolecular cysteme concentration exceeds the intermolecular cysteme concentration in or ⁇ er to optimize intramolecular disulfide bond formation, such as a peptide concentration of 25 mM to 1 ⁇ M, and preferably 500 ⁇ M to 1 ⁇ M, and mere preferably 25 ⁇ M to 1 ⁇ M, and then oxidized by exposing the free sulfhydryl groups to a mild oxidizing agent that is sufficient to generate intramolecular disulfide bonds, e.g.
• the peptides are cyclized as described Example 2 below.
• the peptides can be cyclized as described m Pelton et al . , (1986) J. Med. Chem., 29:2370-2375.
• Cyclization can be achieved by the formation for example of a disulfide bond or a lactam bond between first Cys and a second Cys .
• Residues capable of forming a disulfide bond include for example Cys, Pen,
• Residues capable of forming a lactam bridge include for example, asp Glu, Lys, Orn, ⁇ - diammobutyric acid, diammoacetic acid, ammobenzoic acid and mercaptobenzoic acid.
• the compounds herein can be cyclized for example via a lactam bond which can utilize the side chain group of a non-adjacent residue to form a covalent attachment to the N-termmus ammo group of Cysl or other ammo acid.
• Alternative bridge structures also can be used to cyclize the compounds of the invention, including for example, peptides and peptidomimetics, which can cyclize via S-S, CH2-S, CH2-0-CH2, lactam ester or other linkages.
• the present invention encompasses a composition of matter comprising isolated nucleic acid, preferably DNA, encoding a peptide described herein.
• DNAs encoding the peptides of the invention can be prepared by a variety of methods known m the art. These methods include, but are not limited to, chemical synthesis by any of the methods described in Engels et al., (1989) Agnew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl . , 28:716-734, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, such as the triester, phosphite, phosphoramidite and H- phosphonate methods.
• codons preferred by the expression host cell are used m the design of the encoding DNA.
• DNA encoding the peptide can be altered to encode one or more variants by using recombmant DNA techniques, such as site specific mutagenesis (Kunkel et al., (1991) Methods Enzymol. 204:125-139; Carter, P., et al., (186) Nucl . Acids. Res. 13:4331; Zoller, M. J. et al., (1982) Nucl. Acids Res. 10:6487), cassette mutagenesis (Wells, J. A., et al., (1985) Gene 34:315), restriction selection mutagenesis (Wells, J. A., et al . , (1986) Philos . Trans, R. Soc. London SerA 317, 415), and the like.
• the invention further comprises an expression control sequence operably linked to the DNA molecule encoding a peptide of the invention, and an expression vector, such as a plasmid, comprising the DNA molecule, wherein the control sequence is recognized by a host cell transformed with the vector.
• plasmid vectors contain replication and control sequences which are derived from species compatible with the host cell.
• the vector ordinarily carries a replication site, as well as sequences which encode proteins that are capable of providing phenotypic selection m transformed cells.
• suitable vectors include pBR322
• Prokaryotic host cells containing the expression vectors of the present invention include E. coll K12 strain 294 (ATCC NO. 31446), E coll strain
• JM101 (Messing et al., (1981) Nucl. Acid Res., 9:309), E . coli strain B, E . coli strain ⁇ l776 (ATCC No. 31537), E . coli c600 (Appleyard, Geneti cs , 39: 440 (1954)), E . coli W3110 (F-, gamma-, prototrophic, ATCC No. 27325), E . coli strain 27C7 (W3110, tonA, phoA E15 , (argF-lac) 1 69 , ptr3 , degP41 , ompT , kan r ) (U.S. Patent No. 5,288,931, ATCC No. 55,244), Ba cill us subtil s , Salmonella typhimu ⁇ um, Serra tia marcesans, and Pseudomonas species.
• eukaryotic organisms such as yeasts, or cells derived from multicellular organisms can be used as host cells.
• yeast host cells such as common baker's yeast or Sa ccharomyces cerevisiae
• suitable vectors include episomally replicating vectors based on the 2-m ⁇ cron plasmid, integration vectors, and yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) vectors.
• yeast artificial chromosome YAC
• suitable vectors include baculoviral vectors.
• suitable expression vectors include vectors derived from the Ti plasmid of Agroba cterium tumefa ciens .
• mammalian host cells include monkey kidney CV1 line transformed by SV40 (COS-7, ATCC CRL 1651); human embryonic kidney line (293 or 293 cells subcloned for growth in suspension culture, Graham et al.,
• monkey kidney cells (CV1 ATCC CCL 70); African green monkey kidney cells (VERO-76, ATCC CRL-1587); human cervical carcinoma cells (HELA, ATCC CCL 2); canine kidney cells (MDCK, ATCC CCL 34); buffalo rat liver cells (BRL 3A, ATCC CRL 1442 ; human lung cells (W138, ATCC CCL 75); human liver cells (Hep G2, HB 8065); mouse mammary tumor (MMT 060562, ATCC CCL51); TRI cells (Mather et al . , (1982) Annals N.Y. Acad.
• useful vectors include vectors derived from SV40, vectors derived from cytomegalovirus such as the pRK vectors, including pRK5 and pRK7 (Suva et al .
• the DNA encoding the peptide of interest is operably linked to a secretory leader sequence resulting in secretion of the expression product by the host cell into the culture medium.
• secretory leader sequences include stll, ecotin, lamB, herpes GD, lpp, alkaline phosphatase, mvertase, and alpha factor.
• secretory leader sequences include stll, ecotin, lamB, herpes GD, lpp, alkaline phosphatase, mvertase, and alpha factor.
• secretory leader sequences include stll, ecotin, lamB, herpes GD, lpp, alkaline phosphatase, mvertase, and alpha factor.
• 36 ammo acio leader sequence of protein A AJorahmsen et al., (1985) EMBO J., 4:3901).
• Host cells are transfected and preferably transformed with the above- described expression or cloning vectors of this invention and cultured in conventional nutrient media modified as appropriate for inducing promoters, selecting transformants, or amplifying the genes encoding the desired sequences.
• Transfection refers to the taking up of an expression vector by a host cell whether or not any coding sequences are in fact expressed. Numerous methods of transfection are known to the ordinarily skilled artisan, for example, CaP0 4 precipitation and electroporation . Successful transfection is generally recognized when any indication of the operation of this vector occurs within the host cell.
• Transformation means introducing DNA into an organism so that the DNA is replicable, either as an extrachromosomal element or by chromosomal integrant. Depending on the host cell used, transformation is done using standard techniques appropriate to such cells.
• the calcium treatment employing calcium chloride as described in section 1.82 of Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning (2nd ed. ) , Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, NY (1989), is generally used for prokaryotes or other cells that contain substantial cell- wall barriers.
• Infection with Agrobacte ⁇ um tumefaciens is used for transformation of certain plant cells, as described by Shaw et al., (1983) Gene, 23:315 and WO 89/05859 published 29 June 1989.
• Prokaryotic host cells used to produce the present peptides can be cultured as described generally in Sambrook et al . , supra .
• the mammalian host cells used to produce peptides of the invention can be cultured in a variety of media.
• Commercially available media such as Ham's F10 (Sigma), Minimal Essential Medium ((MEM), Sigma), RPMI-1640 (Sigma), and Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium ((DMEM), Sigma) are suitable for culturing the host cells.
• any of the media describee i
• any of these media may be supplemented as necessary with hormones and/or other growth factors (sucn as msulm, transferrm, or epidermal growth factor) , salts (such as sodium chloride, calcium, magnesium, and phosphate) , buffers (such as HEPES) , nucleosides (such as adenosine and thymidme) , antibiotics (such as GentamycmTM drug) , trace elements (defined as inorganic compounds usually present at final concentrations in the micromolar range) , and glucose or an equivalent energy source. Any other necessary supplements may also be included at appropriate concentrations tnat would be known to those skilled n the art.
• the culture conditions such as temperature, pH, and the like, are those previously used with the host cell selected for expression, and will be apparent to the ordinarily skilled artisan.
• the host cells referred to m this disclosure encompass cells in in vitro culture as well as cells that are within a host animal.
• TF151 -Fc and HER2-Fc (l . lFI-Fc) expression vectors Standard recombmant DNA techniques were used for the construction of recombmant transfer vectors based on the vector pVL1393 (Pharmigen) (Sambrook, J., F ⁇ tsch, E. F., and Maniatis, T. (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Labora tory Manual , second Ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York; O'Reilly, D. R., Miller, L. K., and Luckow, V. A. (1994) Ba culovirus Expression Vectors : A Labora tory Manual , Oxford University Press, New York) .
• the pVL1393 derived plasmid pbPH.His was linearized with Nco I and Sma I ano treated with shrimp alkaline phosphatase (Dwyer, M. A. et al. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274:9738-9743).
• the Fc portion of the human IgGl was obtained as a 700 base pair fragment by restriction digestion using Nde I and subsequent treatment with Klenow and Nco I of another pVLl393 derived plasmid pVL1393.IgG.
• the signal sequence for MIP.5 was introduced before the Fc sequence as a PCR fragment digested with £coR I, included within the fragment is an AS C I site.
• the Asc I site occurs following the putative signal sequence cleavage site.
• competent E . coli XL-1 Blue were transformed and bacteria were selected for the correct recombmant plasmid (pVL1393.MIP.5s ⁇ g. Fc) by DNA sequence analysis.
• pVL1393.MIP.5s ⁇ g. Fc was linearized with Asc I and Stu I and treated witn shrimp alkaline phosphatase. The linearized vector was then ligated with a synthetic piece of DNA with compatible ends.
• the synthetic DNA inserts were formed by annealing 2 oligos with the sequences: 5 ' -GCC GGA GCT CCC GCC TCC GCC CTC CAC GAA CTG GCA GTA CCA CCT GTC GAT TCT GGG GTT GTC GCA CAG GGC GCC CAC GG-3' (SEQ ID NO: 11) and 5 ' -CGC GCC GTG GGC GCC CTG TGC GAC AAC CCC AGA ATC GAC AGG TGG TAC TGC CAG TTC GTG GAG GGC GGA GGC GGG AGC TCC GGC-3' (SEQ ID NO: 12) coding for peptide sequence TF151 (Table 1) including a GGGSSG (SEQ ID NO:13) linker or by annealing 2 oligos with the sequences: 5 ' -CGC GCC CAG GTG TAC GAG TCC TGG GGA TGC ATC GGC CCC GCC TGC CTG CAG
• coli XL-1 Blue were transformed and bacteria were selected for the correct recombmant plasmid (termed pVL.1393.MIP5.TF151-Fc or pVL .1393.MIP5.1. lFI-Fc) by DNA sequence analysis using the dRhodamme dye-termmator method and an Applied Biosystems ABI Model 373 automated DNA sequencer. Recombmant transfer vector was purified using a Qiagen Mini-Prep and used for construction of recombmant baculovirus .
• Recombmant baculovirus AcNpV.TF151-Fc
• Subsequent plaque-purification and titermg of the viral stock was performed by plaque assays. Standard methods were utilized as previously described (O'Reilly, D. R. , Miller, L. K., and Luckow, V. A.
• High FiveTM cells (T ⁇ choplusia m, BT1.TN.SB1-4 ( Invitrogen) ) (500 ml at 2.0 x 10° cells/ml) were infected at a multiplicity of infection of 0.5 and harvested 60 h posttransfection . Suspension cultures were maintained m spinner flasks at 28 ° C using ESF-921 protein free insect cell culture medium (Expression Systems LLC, #96-001;. Cultures were passaged every 3 days to a starting cell density of 10 6 cells/ml.
• Protein Sequencing TF151-Fc and l.lFI-Fc purified from the infected Sf9 cell supernatants were subjected to SDS-PAGE, and then transferred to a PVDF membrane. Electroblottmg onto Millipore Immobilon-PSQ membranes was carried out for 1 h at 250 mA constant current in a BioRad Trans-Blot transfer cell (Matsudaira, P. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262: 10035-10038). The PVDF membrane was stained with 0.1% Coomassie Blue R-250 m 50% methanol, 0.5 mm and destained for 2-3 mm with 10% acetic acid in 50% methanol.
• the membrane was thoroughly washed with water and allowed to dry before storage at -20 °C.
• the TF151-FC and l.lFI-Fc bands at about 50 kD were each cut out and the first 11 residues were sequenced using a model 494A Applied
• the amount of HRP bound was measured using ABTS/H2O2 substrate (Kirkegaar ⁇ and Perr_ Laboratories) and monitoring the absorbance at 405 nm.
• the absorbance at 405 nm was plotted versus the concentration of peptide originally ade ⁇ to the well.
• Sigmoidal curves were fit to a four parameter equation by rcnlinear regression analysis (Marquardt, J. Soc. Indust. Appl . Math. 11 : 431-441 (1963); the concentration of TF151-Fc required to give a naif-maximal signal m the assay was calculated from the curves and is referred to as the IC50 value.
• FX Activa tion Assay Activation of FX by TF-FVIIa was monitored at room temperature as a function of TF151-Fc concentration.
• Each assay sample contained 100 ⁇ l of 460 pM relipidated TF ⁇ -243 (TF PC ) (Kel ey, R. F. et al . (1997) Blood 89:3219-3227) and 30 pM FVIIa in HBS/Ca buffer (20 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, 5 mM CaCl2, 150 mM NaCl, 0.1 % PEG 8000); after 20 m , 25 ⁇ l of peptide diluted in HBS/Ca Buffer was added.
• Clot ting Assays The prothrombm time (PT) clotting rime assay was performed in citrated pooled normal plasmas (human or various animal species). Clotting times were determined using an ACL 300 Automated
• Coagulation Analyzer (Coulter Corp., Miami, FL) and commercially available reagents as follows.
• aqueous solutions of (TF151-Fc) at various concentrations are added to citrated pooled normal plasma a ratio of 1 part inhibitor to 9 parts plasma. Following a 30 mm incubation, these mixtures were added to the sample cups of a ACL 300 Analyzer.
• Innovin® (Dade International Inc., Miami, FL) , a mixture of human relipidated tissue factor and Ca ⁇ "1- ions was added to the reagent cup. Precise volumes of sample and Innovin® (50 ⁇ l sample, 100 ⁇ l Innovin) were automatically transferred to cells of an acrylic rotor pre-equilibrated to 37 ° C .
• Biol. Chem. 266:24109-15 was monitored using a phage ELISA.
• HER2-ECD was immobilized directly to Maxisorp plates (Nunc) in 50 mM ammonium bicarbonate, pH 9.3, using 5 ⁇ g/ml, overnight at 4 °C.
• Wells were blocked using PBS containing 1% BSA (PBS-BSA) for 1 h at 25 °C .
• Dilutions of l.lFI-Fc in PBS-BSA were tested for their ability to block the binding of 1.1FI displaying phage to the immobilized HER2-ECD.
• the microtiter plate was washed with PBS containing 0.05 % Tween20 (PBS-Tween) and the phage bound to HER2-ECD were detected with an anti-gVIII/HRP monoclonal antibody conjugate (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) .
• the amount of HRP bound was measured using ABTS/H2O2 substrate and monitoring the change at 405 nm.
• HER2 Competition ELISA- l.lFI-Fc binding to HER2-ECD was monitored using a competition ELISA.
• Samples were titered in PBS-BSA and tested for their ability to block the binding of 40 nM biotmylated l.l.FI-Z (Table 1) to HER2-ECD immobilized on microtiter plates as described above. Following a 1 h incubation the plate was washed with PBS-Tween and Streptavidm/HRP conjugate (Streptavidm-POD, Roche Molecular Biochemicals) was added for 30 mm.
• TF151 -Fc Activi ty- The ability of TF151-FC to compete with TF147b a biotmylated version of TF76, for binding to FVIIa was monitored using a FVIIa Binding ELISA.
• the inhibition of TF147b binding to FVIIa was comparable to peptide TF151 (Table 1) and is shown in Figure 5; TF151 and the TF151-Fc fusion had IC50 values of 2 and 3 nM, respectively.
• the TF151- Fc fusion was also an effective inhibitor of FX activation by TF-FVIIa in a FX activation assay ( Figure 6); control-Fc and l.lFI-Fc had no effect in this assay.

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