EP1191497B1 - Device and method for checking a fire detector - Google Patents

Device and method for checking a fire detector Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1191497B1
EP1191497B1 EP01120069A EP01120069A EP1191497B1 EP 1191497 B1 EP1191497 B1 EP 1191497B1 EP 01120069 A EP01120069 A EP 01120069A EP 01120069 A EP01120069 A EP 01120069A EP 1191497 B1 EP1191497 B1 EP 1191497B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
gas
test
fire detector
testing
detector
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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EP01120069A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP1191497A2 (en
EP1191497A3 (en
Inventor
Joachim Schneider
Anton Pfefferseder
Bernd Siber
Andreas Hensel
Ulrich Oppelt
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Robert Bosch GmbH
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Robert Bosch GmbH
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Publication of EP1191497A3 publication Critical patent/EP1191497A3/en
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
    • G08B29/00—Checking or monitoring of signalling or alarm systems; Prevention or correction of operating errors, e.g. preventing unauthorised operation
    • G08B29/12—Checking intermittently signalling or alarm systems
    • G08B29/14—Checking intermittently signalling or alarm systems checking the detection circuits
    • G08B29/145—Checking intermittently signalling or alarm systems checking the detection circuits of fire detection circuits

Definitions

  • the invention is based on a device or a Method for testing a fire detector according to the species of the independent claims.
  • Fire alarms are cyclically on their Functionality checked.
  • US 5,670,946 discloses an apparatus for testing the Sensitivity of a smoke detector. From US 4,715,985 are known mixtures for testing of fire detectors.
  • the device according to the invention or the invention In contrast, methods for testing a fire detector have the advantage that for a fire alarm, the one Has smoke detector and at least one gas sensor, in One operation of the smoke detector and the at least one Gas sensor can be checked for their functionality. This simplifies the function test of the fire detector and accelerates. Furthermore, the invention provides Device a test device that provides all the stimuli for the existing sensors (smoke detector, gas sensor, Temperature sensor) of the fire detector provides.
  • the aerosol for the Smoke detector and the test gas for the at least one Gas sensor is located in separate gas cylinders in the inventive Device in front, so that individually the gases are interchangeable and storable.
  • Cross sensitivity of Gas sensors means that a gas sensor is not just for that Gas for which it is designed, a detection signal but also for other gases, with methanol, Ethanol and hydrogen are particularly suitable for this purpose. It is advantageous that hydrogen, which in the Generally hard to stock here for the Functional test by means of electrolysis from a Sodium sulfate solution is recovered to the hydrogen only to provide when needed.
  • the alcohols methanol and Ethanol also offers the possibility of being used as an aerosol too Act.
  • one Gas outlet opening on a temperature sensor of Fire detector is directed to the gas outlet a Lowering the temperature on the temperature sensor, which for a functional test of the temperature sensor can be used. This will then be three different measurement principles in one Operation on the fire alarm on their functionality checked out.
  • valves mechanically or electromechanically actuated wherein at an automatic operation temporal opening sequences are adjustable, for optimal simultaneous Check the smoke detector and the gas sensor as have proven advantageous. This can be especially the Optimize consumption of test gas and aerosol.
  • gas cylinders as Spray cans are formed, whereby the installation and the Use is greatly simplified.
  • a fire detector to be checked for its functionality, Has means to switch to a test mode and continue to have means to signal whether the Fire alarm works or not. It can in particular which sensor the smoke detector, the at least one gas sensor or the temperature sensor are functional or not. This is especially in To see a connection to a safety net by one Central is monitored and to which the to be checked Detectors are connected. The fire detector will then be in Test mode of the control panel signal whether the Functionality of existing sensors (smoke, gas, Temperature) is given or not.
  • the well-known LSN Local Safety network
  • FIG. 1 shows a first embodiment the device according to the invention
  • Figure 2 shows a second Embodiment of the device according to the invention
  • Figure 3 an example of a testing device
  • FIG. 4 shows the electrolysis unit
  • FIG. 1 shows a first embodiment of the invention Inventive device for checking a Fire detector.
  • a fire detector 2 is on a wall or ceiling 1 attached.
  • the fire detector 2 has a temperature sensor 25, a gas sensor 26 and a smoke detector 27.
  • the Smoke detector is here an optical measuring chamber, to the one labyrinthine corridor leads. That is a Scattered light smoke detector.
  • the fire detector 2 can also without Temperature sensor 25 and / or with multiple gas sensors be provided.
  • the temperature sensor 25, the gas sensor 26 and the smoke detector 27 are with the signal processing in Fire detector 2 connected so that detected detection signals and can be signaled.
  • the device according to the invention has a test pot 3, which is placed over the fire detector 2.
  • a housing 4 has gas cylinders 9 and 10 and valves 7 and 8 and On lines through which the aerosol and the at least one Test gas are passed into the test pot 3. Therefore, for the Gas bottle 9 a gas outlet opening 11 and for the Gas bottle 10, a gas outlet opening 12 is provided in protrude the test pot 3.
  • the gas cylinders 9 and 10 is the aerosol or the test gas under overpressure stored so that when you open the valves 7 and 8 the Aerosol or the test gas escape automatically.
  • the pressure in the gas cylinders 9 and 10 can also by the evaporation pressure of the aerosol or the Test gases arise.
  • the gas cylinders 9 and 10 are here as Spray cans executed.
  • the lines to the gas outlet openings 11 and 12 are each sealed at the holes through the test pot 3.
  • the housing 4 is attached to the test head 3.
  • the gas cylinder 9 in the housing 4 here has the aerosol, the Function test of the smoke detector 27 is used.
  • a valve 7 is attached, which determines the amount of outflowing aerosol through the gas outlet opening 11th certainly.
  • the valve 7 is via an electrical connection connected to a drive unit 6, which on the housing. 4 is appropriate.
  • the drive unit 6 controls the opening and Closing the valve 7.
  • the drive unit 6 is here programmable component, ie a processor, with corresponding signal processing for controlling the Valves and for the processing of control signals from sent to an operator of the device according to the invention become.
  • the gas cylinder 10 has a valve 8, which the escaping amount of the test gas that is in the gas cylinder 10, defined by the gas outlet opening 12. Also the valve 8 is connected to the drive unit 6 via a line electrically connected, so that the drive unit 6 the Opening the valve 8 regulates.
  • the inventive Device is fitted with a support rod 5 attached to the housing 4 is attached to the fire detector 2 held.
  • valves 7 and 8 via a mechanical Control to open and close. Can do this For example, corresponding mechanical tensile and Lever devices are used.
  • the drive unit 6 has an infrared receiver with an opto-electrical Transducer and receiver amplifier on to a remote control to be controlled. According to these Infrared signals are then controlled the valves 7 and 8. However, it is also a radio control of the drive unit 6 possible. Furthermore, it is possible that the drive unit 6 is mounted within the housing 4, wherein a Transmitting / receiving station for infrared signals outside the Housing 4 is located, or the drive unit 6 is through a window via the remote controllable.
  • the drive unit 6 is particularly suitable for the To control valves 7 and 8 in a timely manner. This is an advantage because those suitable for testing the smoke detector Aerosol density may be after a different period of time be reached, as it the appropriate gas concentration for the Gas sensor 26 is. In this case, the operator releases at the Control unit a program that opens and Closing the valves automatically controls. This also leads to a lower consumption of test gas and aerosol and thus increases the service life of a gas filling.
  • the aerosol has the effect of smoke, leaving one Smoke detector with the aerosol on its functionality can be checked. If the smoke detector 27 as with here a labyrinthine corridor through which the smoke passes must penetrate, then here is the aerosol through this penetrate labyrinth-like passage to enter the measuring chamber reach.
  • the functionality is the gas sensor 26 of the fire detector 2 checked.
  • the test gas can either be that of the gas sensor 26 to Detecting gas or another gas on the the gas sensor 26 also reacts with a detection signal. This behavior is called cross-sensitivity.
  • gases to which a gas sensor reacts cross-sensitively For example, gaseous methanol, ethanol, others Alcohols or hydrogen.
  • methanol and Ethanol should be noted that these alcohols are volatile are and thus relatively quickly in a gaseous state pass.
  • the outflowing Gas from the gas outlet openings 11 and 12 for Function test of the fire detector 2 located Temperature sensor 25 can be used.
  • FIG. 2 shows a second embodiment of the invention Inventive device for testing a fire alarm shown.
  • the fire detector 2 is attached to the wall 1.
  • the fire detector 2 has the temperature sensor 25, the Gas sensor 26 and the smoke detector 27.
  • Above that Fire detector 2 is the test head 3 of the invention Slipped device.
  • the test pot 3 protrudes the Gas outlet 11 in, now on both the Aerosol from the gas cylinder 9 and the test gas from the Gas cylinder 10 get into the test pot 3.
  • the gas cylinders 9 and 10 and the valves 7 and 8 are within the Housing 4, which is attached to the test head 3.
  • the housing 4 is still the drive unit 6, the Controls valves 7 and 8.
  • the housing 4 with the test head. 3 is held by the support rod 5, the self to the Housing 4 is attached.
  • the valves 7 and 8 leave so here both the test gas and the aerosol over a common lead to the gas outlet opening 11 arrive.
  • FIG 3 is a biespiel a Device for checking a Fire detector shown.
  • the fire detector 2 is turn on the wall 1 attached.
  • the fire detector 2 has the Temperature sensor 25, the gas sensor 26 and the smoke detector 27th on.
  • the test head 3 is slipped.
  • the housing 4 of the invention Device attached.
  • On the housing 4 is still the Holding rod 5 is fixed, with the inventive Device is held.
  • On the housing 4 is also the Evaluation unit 6 is mounted, the valve 7 within the Housing controls.
  • the valve 7 belongs to the gas cylinder 9, the includes both the aerosol and the test gas. These Gas mixture is then through the valve 7 to the Gas outlet opening 11 pass, in the test pot. 3 protrudes to the functional test of the fire detector 2 perform.
  • the aerosol can be a complex However, it is also possible an alcohol such as methanol, ethanol or propanol as Use aerosol and test gas simultaneously. It is then the rapid evaporation of these alcohols during the testing process note. It is important that enough alcohol is used as an aerosol in the measuring chamber of the fire detector 2 can get to a Cause detection signal.
  • an alcohol such as methanol, ethanol or propanol as Use aerosol and test gas simultaneously. It is then the rapid evaporation of these alcohols during the testing process note. It is important that enough alcohol is used as an aerosol in the measuring chamber of the fire detector 2 can get to a Cause detection signal.
  • FIG. 4 shows an electrolysis unit with which Hydrogen can be obtained as a test gas, which then as Test gas used for the gas sensor 26 of the fire detector 2 becomes.
  • a control unit 13 is provided with electrodes 16 and 17 respectively connected, which protrude into a vessel 18 and stand within a sodium sulfate solution 19.
  • the Control unit 13 is integrated here in the control 6. Alternatively, it is possible that the control 6 and Control unit 13 separate from each other, but electrically connected components are.
  • the electrolysis unit is instead of the gas bottle for the test gas in the housing 4th accommodated.
  • the positive pole and the other electrode is connected to the negative pole, so that a reduction or an oxidation can take place in each case which then on the one hand to a release of hydrogen in diatomic form and to oxygen also in diatomic form leads.
  • About the gas tubes 20 and 21 then get these gases from the vessel 18 to the outside, wherein on the gas pipe 20, a valve 15 is located, of the Control 13 is controlled and on the gas pipe 21 a Valve 14 is located, which is also from the controller 13th is controlled.
  • the released oxygen can be easily in the atmosphere will be spent while the released Hydrogen is passed as test gas in the test pot 3.
  • This device for electrolysis is in the housing. 4 housed instead of the gas cylinder 10. She has that Advantage that hydrogen does not have to be stored, but produced as needed.
  • the inventive method as Flowchart shown.
  • the Inventive device for checking the Fire detector slipped over the fire detector 2.
  • the Fire detector 2 is switched to a test mode, either by the tester, which has a magnetic Switch pressed when ejecting, or by the Central office, all for the inspection process to be checked Detector set to test mode.
  • the Fire detector 2 a communication block and a Processor to receive and access data from the control panel interpret.
  • the communication module then becomes too used to return the measurement results to the control center transfer.
  • process step 23 then the actual Functional test performed as shown above. It will both the aerosol for the function test of the smoke detector 27th as well as a test gas for the function test of the gas sensor 26 used and it will be the signaling signals of the Fire detector 2 checks whether the functionality is still given is.
  • an existing Temperature sensor 25 tested in the manner described above become.
  • the fire detector 2 can be with a center over be connected to this bus or a line Forward measuring results to the control panel.
  • the fire detector 2 means of signaling has, for example, a display or a speaker. About this means of signaling then the Functional capabilities of each sensor shown.
  • Process step 24 finally become these measurement results added.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Security & Cryptography (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fire-Detection Mechanisms (AREA)
  • Fire Alarms (AREA)
  • Emergency Alarm Devices (AREA)

Description

Stand der TechnikState of the art

Die Erfindung geht aus von einer Vorrichtung bzw. einem Verfahren zur Prüfung eines Brandmelders nach der Gattung der unabhängigen Patentansprüche.The invention is based on a device or a Method for testing a fire detector according to the species of the independent claims.

Brandmelder werden in zyklischen Zeitabständen auf ihre Funktionsfähigkeit überprüft. Fire alarms are cyclically on their Functionality checked.

Die US 5,670,946 offenbart eine Vorrichtung zum Test der Empfindlichkeit eines Rauchdetektors. Aus der US 4,715,985 sind Mischungen zur Prüfung von Brandmeldern bekannt. US 5,670,946 discloses an apparatus for testing the Sensitivity of a smoke detector. From US 4,715,985 are known mixtures for testing of fire detectors.

Vorteile der ErfindungAdvantages of the invention

Die erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung bzw. das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren zur Prüfung eines Brandmelders haben demgegenüber den Vorteil, dass für einen Brandmelder, der einen Rauchmelder und wenigstens einen Gassensor aufweist, in einem Arbeitsgang der Rauchmelder und der wenigstens eine Gassensor auf ihre Funktionsfähigkeit hin überprüfbar sind. Damit wird die Funktionsprüfung des Brandmelders vereinfacht und beschleunigt. Weiterhin schafft die erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung ein Prüfgerät, das alle Stimuli für die vorhandenen Sensoren (Rauchmelder, Gassensor, Temperatursensor) des Brandmelders bereitstellt. The device according to the invention or the invention In contrast, methods for testing a fire detector have the advantage that for a fire alarm, the one Has smoke detector and at least one gas sensor, in One operation of the smoke detector and the at least one Gas sensor can be checked for their functionality. This simplifies the function test of the fire detector and accelerates. Furthermore, the invention provides Device a test device that provides all the stimuli for the existing sensors (smoke detector, gas sensor, Temperature sensor) of the fire detector provides.

Das Aerosol für den Rauchmelder und das Prüfgas für den wenigstens einen Gassensor liegt in getrennten Gasflaschen in der erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung vor, so dass individuell die Gase austauschbar und lagerbar sind. The aerosol for the Smoke detector and the test gas for the at least one Gas sensor is located in separate gas cylinders in the inventive Device in front, so that individually the gases are interchangeable and storable.

Durch die in den abhängigen Ansprüchen aufgeführten Maßnahmen und Weiterbildungen sind vorteilhafte Verbesserungen der im unabhängigen Patentanspruch angegebenen Vorrichtung bzw. des im unabhängigen Patentanspruch angegebenen Verfahrens zur Prüfung eines Brandmelders möglich.By the listed in the dependent claims Measures and developments are advantageous Improvements in the independent claim specified device or in the independent Claim specified method for testing a Fire detector possible.

Desweiteren ist es von Vorteil, dass als die Prüfgase Methanol oder Ethanol oder Wasserstoff verwendbar sind, die aufgrund einer Querempfindlichkeit der Gassensoren für die Funktionsprüfung einsetzbar sind. Querempfindlichkeit von Gassensoren bedeutet, dass ein Gassensor nicht nur für das Gas, für das er konzipiert ist, ein Detektionssignal liefert, sondern auch für andere Gase, wobei Methanol, Ethanol und Wasserstoff hierfür besonders geeignet sind. Dabei ist es von Vorteil, dass Wasserstoff, der im Allgemeinen schwer zu bevorraten ist, hier für die Funktionsprüfung mittels Elektrolyse aus einer Natriumsulfatlösung gewonnen wird, um den Wasserstoff nur bei Bedarf bereitzustellen. Die Alkohole Methanol und Ethanol bieten zudem die Möglichkeit, auch als Aerosol zu wirken.Furthermore, it is advantageous that as the test gases Methanol or ethanol or hydrogen are used, the due to a cross-sensitivity of the gas sensors for the Function test can be used. Cross sensitivity of Gas sensors means that a gas sensor is not just for that Gas for which it is designed, a detection signal but also for other gases, with methanol, Ethanol and hydrogen are particularly suitable for this purpose. It is advantageous that hydrogen, which in the Generally hard to stock here for the Functional test by means of electrolysis from a Sodium sulfate solution is recovered to the hydrogen only to provide when needed. The alcohols methanol and Ethanol also offers the possibility of being used as an aerosol too Act.

Darüber hinaus ist es von Vorteil, dass eine Gasaustrittsöffnung auf einen Temperatursensor des Brandmelders gerichtet ist, um durch den Gasaustritt eine Temperatursenkung am Temperatursensor zu erzwingen, die für einen Funktionstest des Temperatursensors verwendbar ist. Damit werden dann drei verschiedene Meßprinzipien in einem Arbeitsgang an dem Brandmelder auf ihre Funktionsfähigkeit hin überprüft.In addition, it is beneficial that one Gas outlet opening on a temperature sensor of Fire detector is directed to the gas outlet a Lowering the temperature on the temperature sensor, which for a functional test of the temperature sensor can be used. This will then be three different measurement principles in one Operation on the fire alarm on their functionality checked out.

Darüber hinaus ist es von Vorteil, dass die Ventile mechanisch oder elektromechanisch betätigbar sind, wobei bei einer automatischen Betätigung zeitliche Öffnungsfolgen einstellbar sind, die für eine optimale gleichzeitige Prüfung des Rauchmelders und des Gassensors sich als vorteilhaft erwiesen haben. Damit läßt sich insbesondere der Verbrauch an Prüfgas und Aerosol optimieren.In addition, it is beneficial that the valves mechanically or electromechanically actuated, wherein at an automatic operation temporal opening sequences are adjustable, for optimal simultaneous Check the smoke detector and the gas sensor as have proven advantageous. This can be especially the Optimize consumption of test gas and aerosol.

Es ist weiterhin von Vorteil, dass die Gasflaschen als Spraydosen ausgebildet sind, womit der Einbau und die Benutzung erheblich vereinfacht wird.It is also advantageous that the gas cylinders as Spray cans are formed, whereby the installation and the Use is greatly simplified.

Beispiesweise ist es auch von Vorteil, dass ein Brandmelder, der auf seine Funktionsfähigkeit hin überprüft werden soll, Mittel aufweist, um in einen Prüfmodus zu schalten und weiterhin Mittel aufweist, um zu signalisieren, ob der Brandmelder funktioniert oder nicht. Dabei kann insbesondere angegeben werden, welcher Sensor der Rauchmelder, der wenigstens eine Gassensor oder der Temperatursensor funktionsfähig sind oder nicht. Dies ist vor allem in Verbindung mit einem Sicherheitsnetz zu sehen, das von einer Zentrale überwacht wird und an das die zu überprüfenden Melder angeschlossen sind. Der Brandmelder wird dann im Prüfmodus der Zentrale signalisieren, ob die Funktionsfähigkeit der vorhandenen Sensoren (Rauch, Gas, Temperatur) gegeben ist oder nicht. Als ein Sicherheitsnetz ist beispielsweise der bekannte LSN (Lokales Sicherheitsnetzwerk)- Bus verwendbar.For example, it is also an advantage that a fire detector, to be checked for its functionality, Has means to switch to a test mode and continue to have means to signal whether the Fire alarm works or not. It can in particular which sensor the smoke detector, the at least one gas sensor or the temperature sensor are functional or not. This is especially in To see a connection to a safety net by one Central is monitored and to which the to be checked Detectors are connected. The fire detector will then be in Test mode of the control panel signal whether the Functionality of existing sensors (smoke, gas, Temperature) is given or not. As a safety net For example, the well-known LSN (Local Safety network) - bus usable.

Zeichnungdrawing

Ausführungsbeispiele der Erfindung sind in der Zeichnung dargestellt und werden in der nachfolgenden Beschreibung näher erläutert. Es zeigt Figur 1 eine erste Ausführungsform der erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung, Figur 2 eine zweite Ausführungsform der erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung, Figur 3 ein beispiel einer Prüfvorrichtung, Figur 4 die Elektrolyseeinheit und Figur 5 ein Flußdiagramm des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens.Embodiments of the invention are in the drawing and are shown in the following description explained in more detail. FIG. 1 shows a first embodiment the device according to the invention, Figure 2 shows a second Embodiment of the device according to the invention, Figure 3 an example of a testing device, FIG. 4 shows the electrolysis unit and FIG Flowchart of the method according to the invention.

Beschreibungdescription

In Zukunft ist es zu erwarten, dass neben reinen Rauchmeldern für eine Branddetektion auch kombinierte Brandmelder eingesetzt werden, die neben dem Rauchmelder einen oder mehrere Gassensoren aufweisen, die auf die bei einem Brand entstehenden gasförmigen Verbrennungsprodukte reagieren. Zu solchen Verbrennungsprodukten gehören beispielsweise Kohlendioxid, Kohlenmonoxid oder Stickoxide. Der große Vorteil dieser kombinierten Brandmelder ist, dass durch die gewonnene Mehrinformation ein zuverlässigerer Melder vorliegt. Da jedoch auch solche Brandmelder in periodischen Zeitabständen auf ihre Funktionsfähigkeit hin überprüft werden, wird erfindungsgemäß eine Vorrichtung zur Überprüfung des Brandmelders bzw. ein Verfahren zur Überprüfung des Brandmelders angegeben, die es ermöglichen, dass die vorhandenen Sensoren in einem Brandmelder gleichzeitig auf ihre Funktionsfähigkeit hin überprüfbar sind.In the future, it is expected that in addition to pure Smoke detectors for fire detection also combined Fire detectors are used next to the smoke detector have one or more gas sensors that on the at a fire resulting gaseous combustion products react. Such combustion products include for example, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide or nitrogen oxides. The big advantage of this combined fire detector is that by the gained Mehrinformation a more reliable Detector is present. However, as such fire detectors in Periodic intervals on their functionality be checked, according to the invention a device for Checking the fire detector or a procedure for Checking the fire detector indicated, which make it possible that the existing sensors in a fire detector at the same time verifiable for their functionality are.

Figur 1 zeigt eine erste Ausführungsform der erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung zur Überprüfung eines Brandmelders. Ein Brandmelder 2 ist an einer Wand oder Decke 1 befestigt. Der Brandmelder 2 weist einen Temperatursensor 25, einen Gassensor 26 und einen Rauchmelder 27 auf. Der Rauchmelder ist hier eine optische Meßkammer, zu der ein labyrinthähnlicher Gang führt. Das ist ein Streulichtrauchmelder. Der Brandmelder 2 kann auch ohne Temperatursensor 25 und/oder mit mehreren Gassensoren versehen sein. Der Temperatursensor 25, der Gassensor 26 und der Rauchmelder 27 sind mit der Signalverarbeitung im Brandmelder 2 verbunden, so dass Detektionssignale erkannt und signalisiert werden können.FIG. 1 shows a first embodiment of the invention Inventive device for checking a Fire detector. A fire detector 2 is on a wall or ceiling 1 attached. The fire detector 2 has a temperature sensor 25, a gas sensor 26 and a smoke detector 27. Of the Smoke detector is here an optical measuring chamber, to the one labyrinthine corridor leads. That is a Scattered light smoke detector. The fire detector 2 can also without Temperature sensor 25 and / or with multiple gas sensors be provided. The temperature sensor 25, the gas sensor 26 and the smoke detector 27 are with the signal processing in Fire detector 2 connected so that detected detection signals and can be signaled.

Die erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung weist einen Prüftopf 3 auf, der über den Brandmelder 2 gestülpt wird. Ein Gehäuse 4 weist Gasflaschen 9 und 10 sowie Ventile 7 und 8 und Leitungen auf, über die das Aerosol und das wenigstens eine Prüfgas in den Prüftopf 3 geleitet werden. Daher ist für die Gasflasche 9 eine Gasaustrittsöffnung 11 und für die Gasflasche 10 eine Gasaustrittsöffnung 12 vorgesehen, die in den Prüftopf 3 hineinragen. In den Gasflaschen 9 und 10 ist das Aerosol beziehungsweise das Prüfgas unter Überdruck gelagert, so dass bei einem Öffnen der Ventile 7 und 8 das Aerosol beziehungsweise das Prüfgas automatisch entweichen. Der Überdruck in den Gasflaschen 9 und 10 kann auch durch den Verdampfungsdruck des Aerosol beziehungsweise des Prüfgases entstehen. Die Gasflaschen 9 und 10 sind hier als Spraydosen ausgeführt.The device according to the invention has a test pot 3, which is placed over the fire detector 2. A housing 4 has gas cylinders 9 and 10 and valves 7 and 8 and On lines through which the aerosol and the at least one Test gas are passed into the test pot 3. Therefore, for the Gas bottle 9 a gas outlet opening 11 and for the Gas bottle 10, a gas outlet opening 12 is provided in protrude the test pot 3. In the gas cylinders 9 and 10 is the aerosol or the test gas under overpressure stored so that when you open the valves 7 and 8 the Aerosol or the test gas escape automatically. The pressure in the gas cylinders 9 and 10 can also by the evaporation pressure of the aerosol or the Test gases arise. The gas cylinders 9 and 10 are here as Spray cans executed.

Die Leitungen zu den Gasaustrittsöffnungen 11 und 12 sind jeweils an den Bohrungen durch den Prüftopf 3 abgedichtet. The lines to the gas outlet openings 11 and 12 are each sealed at the holes through the test pot 3.

Das Gehäuse 4 ist am Prüftopf 3 befestigt. Die Gasflasche 9 in dem Gehäuse 4 weist hier das Aerosol auf, das zur Funktionsprüfung des Rauchmelders 27 verwendet wird. An der Gasflasche 9 ist ein Ventil 7 befestigt, das die Menge des ausströmenden Aerosols durch die Gasaustrittsöffnung 11 bestimmt. Das Ventil 7 ist über eine elektrische Verbindung mit einer Ansteuereinheit 6 verbunden, die am Gehäuse 4 angebracht ist. Die Ansteuereinheit 6 steuert das Öffnen und Schließen des Ventils 7. Die Ansteuereinheit 6 ist hier ein programmierbarer Baustein, also ein Prozessor, mit entsprechender Signalverarbeitung zur Ansteuerung der Ventile und zur Verarbeitung von Ansteuersignalen, die von einem Bediener der erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung gesendet werden.The housing 4 is attached to the test head 3. The gas cylinder 9 in the housing 4 here has the aerosol, the Function test of the smoke detector 27 is used. At the Gas bottle 9, a valve 7 is attached, which determines the amount of outflowing aerosol through the gas outlet opening 11th certainly. The valve 7 is via an electrical connection connected to a drive unit 6, which on the housing. 4 is appropriate. The drive unit 6 controls the opening and Closing the valve 7. The drive unit 6 is here programmable component, ie a processor, with corresponding signal processing for controlling the Valves and for the processing of control signals from sent to an operator of the device according to the invention become.

Die Gasflasche 10 weist ein Ventil 8 auf, das die ausströmende Menge des Prüfgases, das sich in der Gasflasche 10 befindet, durch die Gasaustrittsöffnung 12 festlegt. Auch das Ventil 8 ist mit der Ansteuereinheit 6 über eine Leitung elektrisch verbunden, so dass die Ansteuereinheit 6 das Öffnen des Ventils 8 regelt. Die erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung wird mit einer Haltestange 5, die an dem Gehäuse 4 befestigt ist, an den Brandmelder 2 gehalten.The gas cylinder 10 has a valve 8, which the escaping amount of the test gas that is in the gas cylinder 10, defined by the gas outlet opening 12. Also the valve 8 is connected to the drive unit 6 via a line electrically connected, so that the drive unit 6 the Opening the valve 8 regulates. The inventive Device is fitted with a support rod 5 attached to the housing 4 is attached to the fire detector 2 held.

Es ist möglich, die Ventile 7 und 8 über eine mechanische Steuerung zu öffnen und zu schließen. Dazu können beispielsweise entsprechende mechanische Zug- und Hebelvorrichtungen verwendet werden. Die Ansteuereinheit 6 weist hier jedoch einen Infrarotempfänger mit einem optischelektrischem Wandler und Empfangsverstärker auf, um mittels einer Fernbedienung steuerbar zu sein. Gemäß diesen Infrarotsignalen werden dann die Ventile 7 und 8 gesteuert. Es ist jedoch auch eine Funksteuerung der Ansteuereinheit 6 möglich. Weiterhin ist es möglich, dass die Ansteuereinheit 6 innerhalb des Gehäuses 4 angebracht ist, wobei sich eine Sende-/Emfpangsstation für Infrarotsignale außerhalb des Gehäuses 4 befindet, oder die Ansteuereinheit 6 ist durch ein Fenster über die Fernbedienung steuerbar.It is possible, the valves 7 and 8 via a mechanical Control to open and close. Can do this For example, corresponding mechanical tensile and Lever devices are used. The drive unit 6 However, here has an infrared receiver with an opto-electrical Transducer and receiver amplifier on to a remote control to be controlled. According to these Infrared signals are then controlled the valves 7 and 8. However, it is also a radio control of the drive unit 6 possible. Furthermore, it is possible that the drive unit 6 is mounted within the housing 4, wherein a Transmitting / receiving station for infrared signals outside the Housing 4 is located, or the drive unit 6 is through a window via the remote controllable.

Die Ansteuereinheit 6 ist insbesondere dafür geeignet, die Ventile 7 und 8 zeitgenau zu steuern. Dies ist von Vorteil, denn die für die Prüfung des Rauchmelders geeignete Aerosoldichte kann nach einer unterschiedlichen Zeitdauer erreicht sein, als es die geeignete Gaskonzentration für den Gassensor 26 ist. In diesem Fall löst der Bediener an der Ansteuereinheit ein Programm aus, das das Öffnen und Schließen der Ventile automatisch steuert. Dies führt auch zu einem geringeren Verbrauch an Prüfgas und Aerosol und erhöht somit die Standzeiten einer Gasfüllung.The drive unit 6 is particularly suitable for the To control valves 7 and 8 in a timely manner. This is an advantage because those suitable for testing the smoke detector Aerosol density may be after a different period of time be reached, as it the appropriate gas concentration for the Gas sensor 26 is. In this case, the operator releases at the Control unit a program that opens and Closing the valves automatically controls. This also leads to a lower consumption of test gas and aerosol and thus increases the service life of a gas filling.

Das Aerosol hat die Wirkung von Rauch, so dass ein Rauchmelder mit dem Aerosol auf seine Funktionsfähigkeit hin überprüft werden kann. Liegt der Rauchmelder 27 wie hier mit einem labyrinthähnlichen Gang vor, durch den der Rauch vordringen muß, dann wird hier das Aerosol durch diesen labyrinthähnlichen Gang eindringen, um in die Meßkammer zu gelangen. In der Meßkammer wird mit einer optischen Messung festgestellt, ob Rauch vorliegt oder nicht. Dazu wird beispielsweise eine Transmissionsmessung eingesetzt. Häufiger wird jedoch eine Streulichtmessung eingesetzt.The aerosol has the effect of smoke, leaving one Smoke detector with the aerosol on its functionality can be checked. If the smoke detector 27 as with here a labyrinthine corridor through which the smoke passes must penetrate, then here is the aerosol through this penetrate labyrinth-like passage to enter the measuring chamber reach. In the measuring chamber is with an optical measurement Determined whether smoke is present or not. This will be For example, a transmission measurement used. More often, however, a scattered light measurement is used.

Mit dem Prüfgas, das aus der Austrittsöffnung 12 kommt und in der Flasche 10 gelagert ist, wird die Funktionsfähigkeit des Gassensors 26 des Brandmelders 2 überprüft. Das Prüfgas kann dabei entweder das von dem Gassensor 26 zu detektierende Gas beinhalten oder ein weiteres Gas, auf das der Gassensor 26 auch mit einem Detektionssignal reagiert. Dieses Verhalten wird mit Querempfindlichkeit bezeichnet. Solche Gase, auf die ein Gassensor querempfindlich reagiert sind beispielsweise gasförmiges Methanol, Ethanol, andere Alkohole oder Wasserstoff. Bei den Alkoholen Methanol und Ethanol ist zu beachten, dass diese Alkohole leicht flüchtig sind und damit relativ schnell in einen gasförmigen Zustand übergehen. Weiterhin ist es möglich, dass das ausströmende Gas aus den Gasaustrittsöffnungen 11 bzw. 12 zur Funktionsprüfung des am Brandmelder 2 befindlichen Temperatursensors 25 verwendet werden kann. Strömt ein Gas aus einer Gasaustrittsöffnung auf den Temperatursensor 25, kommt es durch die Verdunstungs- oder Entspannungskälte, d.h. zu einer Abkühlung am Temperatursensor 25. Diese Abkühlung geschieht so schnell, dass sie sonst unter normalen Betriebsbedingungen nicht auftreten wird. Daher kann dieser schnelle Temperaturabfall für eine Funktionsüberprüfung des Temperatursensors 25 verwendet werden.With the test gas, which comes from the outlet opening 12 and is stored in the bottle 10, the functionality is the gas sensor 26 of the fire detector 2 checked. The test gas can either be that of the gas sensor 26 to Detecting gas or another gas on the the gas sensor 26 also reacts with a detection signal. This behavior is called cross-sensitivity. Such gases to which a gas sensor reacts cross-sensitively For example, gaseous methanol, ethanol, others Alcohols or hydrogen. For the alcohols methanol and Ethanol should be noted that these alcohols are volatile are and thus relatively quickly in a gaseous state pass. Furthermore, it is possible that the outflowing Gas from the gas outlet openings 11 and 12 for Function test of the fire detector 2 located Temperature sensor 25 can be used. A gas flows from a gas outlet opening to the temperature sensor 25, it comes through the evaporation or relaxation cold, i.e. to a cooling on the temperature sensor 25. This Cooling happens so fast that they are otherwise under normal operating conditions will not occur. Therefore This rapid drop in temperature can be for a Function check of the temperature sensor 25 is used become.

In Figur 2 ist eine zweite Ausführungsform der erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung zur Prüfung eines Brandmelders dargestellt. Der Brandmelder 2 ist an der Wand 1 angebracht. Der Brandmelder 2 weist den Temperatursensor 25, den Gassensor 26 und den Rauchmelder 27 auf. Über dem Brandmelder 2 ist der Prüftopf 3 der erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung gestülpt. In den Prüftopf 3 ragt die Gasaustrittsöffnung 11 hinein, über die nun sowohl das Aerosol aus der Gasflasche 9 als auch das Prüfgas aus der Gasflasche 10 in den Prüftopf 3 gelangen. Die Gasflaschen 9 und 10 sowie die Ventile 7 und 8 befinden sich innerhalb des Gehäuses 4, das an den Prüftopf 3 angebracht ist. Am Gehäuse 4 befindet sich weiterhin die Ansteuereinheit 6, die die Ventile 7 und 8 ansteuert. Das Gehäuse 4 mit dem Prüftopf 3 wird von der Haltestange 5 gehalten, die selbst an dem Gehäuse 4 angebracht ist. Die Ventile 7 und 8 lassen also hier sowohl das Prüfgas als auch das Aerosol über eine gemeinsame Leitung zu der Gasaustrittsöffnung 11 gelangen. FIG. 2 shows a second embodiment of the invention Inventive device for testing a fire alarm shown. The fire detector 2 is attached to the wall 1. The fire detector 2 has the temperature sensor 25, the Gas sensor 26 and the smoke detector 27. Above that Fire detector 2 is the test head 3 of the invention Slipped device. In the test pot 3 protrudes the Gas outlet 11 in, now on both the Aerosol from the gas cylinder 9 and the test gas from the Gas cylinder 10 get into the test pot 3. The gas cylinders 9 and 10 and the valves 7 and 8 are within the Housing 4, which is attached to the test head 3. At the housing 4 is still the drive unit 6, the Controls valves 7 and 8. The housing 4 with the test head. 3 is held by the support rod 5, the self to the Housing 4 is attached. The valves 7 and 8 leave so here both the test gas and the aerosol over a common lead to the gas outlet opening 11 arrive.

In Figur 3 ist ein biespiel einer Vorrichtung zur Überprüfung eines Brandmelders dargestellt. Der Brandmelder 2 ist wiederum an der Wand 1 angebracht. Der Brandmelder 2 weist den Temperatursensor 25, den Gassensor 26 und den Rauchmelder 27 auf. Über den Brandmelder 2 ist der Prüftopf 3 gestülpt. An den Prüftopf 3 ist das Gehäuse 4 der erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung angebracht. Am Gehäuse 4 ist weiterhin die Haltestange 5 befestigt, mit der die erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung gehalten wird. Am Gehäuse 4 ist auch die Auswerteeinheit 6 angebracht, die das Ventil 7 innerhalb des Gehäuses steuert. Das Ventil 7 gehört zur Gasflasche 9, die sowohl das Aerosol als auch das Prüfgas beinhaltet. Diese Gasmischung wird dann über das Ventil 7 zu der Gasaustrittsöffnung 11 gelangen, die in den Prüftopf 3 hineinragt, um den Funktionstest des Brandmelders 2 durchzuführen. Das Aerosol kann eine komplexe Kohlenwasserstoffverbindung sein, es ist jedoch möglich auch einen Alkohol wie Methanol, Ethanol oder Propanol als Aerosol und Prüfgas gleichzeitig einzusetzen. Dabei ist dann die rasche Verdampfung dieser Alkohole beim Prüfvorgang zu beachten. Wichtig ist, dass genügend Alkohol als Aerosol in die Meßkammer des Brandmelders 2 gelangen kann, um ein Detektionssignal hervorzurufen.In Figure 3 is a biespiel a Device for checking a Fire detector shown. The fire detector 2 is turn on the wall 1 attached. The fire detector 2 has the Temperature sensor 25, the gas sensor 26 and the smoke detector 27th on. About the fire detector 2, the test head 3 is slipped. At the test pot 3 is the housing 4 of the invention Device attached. On the housing 4 is still the Holding rod 5 is fixed, with the inventive Device is held. On the housing 4 is also the Evaluation unit 6 is mounted, the valve 7 within the Housing controls. The valve 7 belongs to the gas cylinder 9, the includes both the aerosol and the test gas. These Gas mixture is then through the valve 7 to the Gas outlet opening 11 pass, in the test pot. 3 protrudes to the functional test of the fire detector 2 perform. The aerosol can be a complex However, it is also possible an alcohol such as methanol, ethanol or propanol as Use aerosol and test gas simultaneously. It is then the rapid evaporation of these alcohols during the testing process note. It is important that enough alcohol is used as an aerosol in the measuring chamber of the fire detector 2 can get to a Cause detection signal.

In Figur 4 ist eine Elektrolyseeinheit dargestellt, mit der Wasserstoff als Prüfgas gewonnen werden kann, der dann als Prüfgas für den Gassensor 26 des Brandmelders 2 verwendet wird. eine Steuereinheit 13 ist mit Elektroden 16 und 17 jeweils verbunden, die in ein Gefäß 18 hineinragen und innerhalb einer Natriumsulfatlösung 19 stehen. Die Steuereinheit 13 ist hier in die Ansteuerung 6 integriert. Alternativ ist es möglich, dass die Ansteuerung 6 und Steuereinheit 13 voneinander getrennte, aber elektrisch verbundene Komponenten sind. Die Elektrolyseeinheit ist anstatt der Gasflasche für das Prüfgas im Gehäuse 4 untergebracht.FIG. 4 shows an electrolysis unit with which Hydrogen can be obtained as a test gas, which then as Test gas used for the gas sensor 26 of the fire detector 2 becomes. a control unit 13 is provided with electrodes 16 and 17 respectively connected, which protrude into a vessel 18 and stand within a sodium sulfate solution 19. The Control unit 13 is integrated here in the control 6. Alternatively, it is possible that the control 6 and Control unit 13 separate from each other, but electrically connected components are. The electrolysis unit is instead of the gas bottle for the test gas in the housing 4th accommodated.

An eine der Elektroden 16 oder 17 wird der Pluspol und an die andere Elektrode der Minuspol angeschlossen, so dass eine Reduktion bzw. eine Oxidation jeweils stattfinden kann, die dann einerseits zu einem Freiwerden von Wasserstoff in zweiatomiger Form und zu Sauerstoff ebenfalls in zweiatomiger Form führt. Über die Gasröhren 20 und 21 gelangen dann diese Gase aus dem Gefäß 18 nach außen, wobei am Gasrohr 20 sich ein Ventil 15 befindet, das von der Steuerung 13 gesteuert wird und an dem Gasrohr 21 sich ein Ventil 14 befindet, das ebenfalls von der Steuerung 13 gesteuert wird. Der freiwerdende Sauerstoff kann einfach in die Atmosphäre ausgegeben werden, während der freiwerdende Wasserstoff als Prüfgas in den Prüftopf 3 geleitet wird. Diese Vorrichtung zur Elektrolyse wird in dem Gehäuse 4 anstatt der Gasflasche 10 untergebracht. Sie hat den Vorteil, dass Wasserstoff nicht gelagert werden muß, sondern bei Bedarf produziert wird.To one of the electrodes 16 or 17, the positive pole and the other electrode is connected to the negative pole, so that a reduction or an oxidation can take place in each case which then on the one hand to a release of hydrogen in diatomic form and to oxygen also in diatomic form leads. About the gas tubes 20 and 21 then get these gases from the vessel 18 to the outside, wherein on the gas pipe 20, a valve 15 is located, of the Control 13 is controlled and on the gas pipe 21 a Valve 14 is located, which is also from the controller 13th is controlled. The released oxygen can be easily in the atmosphere will be spent while the released Hydrogen is passed as test gas in the test pot 3. This device for electrolysis is in the housing. 4 housed instead of the gas cylinder 10. She has that Advantage that hydrogen does not have to be stored, but produced as needed.

In Figur 5 ist das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren als Flußdiagramm dargestellt. In Verfahrensschritt 22 wird die erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung zur Überprüfung des Brandmelders über den Brandmelder 2 gestülpt. Der Brandmelder 2 wird dabei in einen Prüfmodus geschaltet, entweder durch die Prüfvorrichtung, die einen magnetischen Schalter beim Darüberstülpen betätigt, oder durch die Zentrale, die für den Prüfvorgang alle zu überprüfenden Melder in den Prüfmodus versetzt. Dafür weist der Brandmelder 2 einen Kommunikationsbaustein und einen Prozessor auf, um Daten von der Zentrale zu empfangen und zu interpretieren. Der Kommunikationsbaustein wird dann auch dazu verwendet, die Messergebnisse wieder zur Zentrale zu übertragen. In Figure 5, the inventive method as Flowchart shown. In method step 22, the Inventive device for checking the Fire detector slipped over the fire detector 2. Of the Fire detector 2 is switched to a test mode, either by the tester, which has a magnetic Switch pressed when ejecting, or by the Central office, all for the inspection process to be checked Detector set to test mode. For that, the Fire detector 2 a communication block and a Processor to receive and access data from the control panel interpret. The communication module then becomes too used to return the measurement results to the control center transfer.

In Verfahrensschritt 23 wird dann der eigentliche Funktionstest wie oben dargestellt durchgeführt. Dabei wird sowohl das Aerosol für den Funktionstest des Rauchmelders 27 als auch ein Prüfgas zum Funktionstest des Gassensors 26 eingesetzt und es werden die Signalisierungssignale des Brandmelders 2 überprüft, ob die Funktionsfähigkeit noch gegeben ist. Gegebenenfalls kann hier auch ein vorhandener Temperatursensor 25 in der oben beschriebenen Weise getestet werden. Der Brandmelder 2 kann dabei mit einer Zentrale über einen Bus oder eine Leitung verbunden sein, um diese Meßergebnisse an die Zentrale weiterzuleiten. Alternativ ist es möglich, dass der Brandmelder 2 Mittel zur Signalisierung hat, beipsielsweise eine Anzeige oder einen Lautsprecher. Über diese Mittel zur Signalisierung werden dann die Funktionsfähigkeiten der einzelnen Sensoren dargestellt. In Verfahrensschritt 24 werden schließlich diese Meßergebnisse aufgenommen.In process step 23 then the actual Functional test performed as shown above. It will both the aerosol for the function test of the smoke detector 27th as well as a test gas for the function test of the gas sensor 26 used and it will be the signaling signals of the Fire detector 2 checks whether the functionality is still given is. Optionally, here also an existing Temperature sensor 25 tested in the manner described above become. The fire detector 2 can be with a center over be connected to this bus or a line Forward measuring results to the control panel. Alternatively it is it is possible that the fire detector 2 means of signaling has, for example, a display or a speaker. About this means of signaling then the Functional capabilities of each sensor shown. In Process step 24 finally become these measurement results added.

Claims (15)

  1. Device for testing a fire detector, the fire detector (2) having a smoke detector (27) and at least one gas sensor (26), the device having a testing cup (3), which can be fitted over the fire detector (2), the device having a first gas cylinder (9) with aerosol for functionally testing the smoke detector (27), the first gas cylinder having a first valve and a first gas outlet opening (11), the first gas outlet opening (11) protruding into the testing cup (3), characterized in that the device provides at least one test gas for the at least one gas sensor (26) in the testing cup (3), the device having a second gas cylinder (10) for the at least one test gas, the second gas cylinder (10) having a second valve (8).
  2. Device according to Claim 1, characterized in that the second gas cylinder (10) is connected to the first gas outlet opening (11).
  3. Device according to Claim 1, characterized in that the second gas cylinder (10) has a second gas outlet opening (12).
  4. Device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the at least one test gas is methanol or ethanol.
  5. Device according to Claim 1, characterized in that the device has an electrolysis unit for producing hydrogen as the at least one test gas.
  6. Device according to Claim 5, characterized in that the electrolysis unit has an aqueous sodium sulphate solution.
  7. Device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the first gas outlet opening (11) is directed at a temperature sensor of the fire detector (2).
  8. Device according to one of Claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the first and second valves (7, 8) are mechanically or electromechanically controllable.
  9. Device according to Claim 8, characterized in that the device has an activating unit (6), which activates the first and/or second valve (7, 8).
  10. Device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the first and/or second gas cylinder (9, 10) is/are formed as a spray can.
  11. Method for testing a fire detector, a functional test of a smoke detector of the fire detector (2) being carried out with an aerosol, characterized in that, together with the functional testing of the smoke detector, a functional testing of at least one gas sensor of the fire detector (2) is carried out with at least one test gas, the aerosol for the smoke detector and the test gas for the at least one gas sensor being in separate gas cylinders in a device for testing the fire detector.
  12. Method according to Claim 11, characterized in that the aerosol and the at least one test gas are used on the fire detector (2) either simultaneously or one directly after the other.
  13. Method according to Claim 11 or 12, characterized in that hydrogen which is obtained by means of electrolysis is used for the testing of the at least one gas sensor (26).
  14. Method according to Claim 11 or 12, characterized in that methanol or ethanol is used for the testing of the at least one gas sensor.
  15. Method according to one of Claims 11 to 14, characterized in that a temperature sensor of the fire detector (2) is subjected to a functional test by a lowering of the temperature by the aerosol sprayed onto the temperature sensor and/or the at least one test gas.
EP01120069A 2000-09-23 2001-08-21 Device and method for checking a fire detector Expired - Lifetime EP1191497B1 (en)

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DE10047194A DE10047194C1 (en) 2000-09-23 2000-09-23 Device for testing fire alarm consisting of smoke detector and gas sensor comprises testing head holding alarm, first gas bottle having first gas outlet opening protruding into testing head, and gas bottle for process gas
DE10047194 2000-09-23

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EP1191497A3 EP1191497A3 (en) 2003-07-09
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US6769285B2 (en) 2004-08-03
DE50108373D1 (en) 2006-01-19
EP1191497A2 (en) 2002-03-27
EP1191497A3 (en) 2003-07-09
US20020047782A1 (en) 2002-04-25
DE10047194C1 (en) 2002-03-07

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