EP1161008B1 - Codotierter optischer Hochleistungsverstärker mit Mehrfachabzweigern - Google Patents

Codotierter optischer Hochleistungsverstärker mit Mehrfachabzweigern Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1161008B1
EP1161008B1 EP01304459A EP01304459A EP1161008B1 EP 1161008 B1 EP1161008 B1 EP 1161008B1 EP 01304459 A EP01304459 A EP 01304459A EP 01304459 A EP01304459 A EP 01304459A EP 1161008 B1 EP1161008 B1 EP 1161008B1
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European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
optical
output
amplifier
signal
power
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Expired - Lifetime
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EP01304459A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP1161008A2 (de
EP1161008A3 (de
Inventor
Jean-Marc Pierre Delavaux
Aydin Yeniay
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Agere Systems LLC
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Agere Systems Optoelectronics Guardian Corp
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
    • H01S3/05—Construction or shape of optical resonators; Accommodation of active medium therein; Shape of active medium
    • H01S3/06—Construction or shape of active medium
    • H01S3/063—Waveguide lasers, i.e. whereby the dimensions of the waveguide are of the order of the light wavelength
    • H01S3/067—Fibre lasers
    • H01S3/06754—Fibre amplifiers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
    • H01S3/05—Construction or shape of optical resonators; Accommodation of active medium therein; Shape of active medium
    • H01S3/06—Construction or shape of active medium
    • H01S3/063—Waveguide lasers, i.e. whereby the dimensions of the waveguide are of the order of the light wavelength
    • H01S3/067—Fibre lasers
    • H01S3/06754—Fibre amplifiers
    • H01S3/06758—Tandem amplifiers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
    • H01S3/05—Construction or shape of optical resonators; Accommodation of active medium therein; Shape of active medium
    • H01S3/06—Construction or shape of active medium
    • H01S3/063—Waveguide lasers, i.e. whereby the dimensions of the waveguide are of the order of the light wavelength
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
    • H01S3/09—Processes or apparatus for excitation, e.g. pumping
    • H01S3/091—Processes or apparatus for excitation, e.g. pumping using optical pumping
    • H01S3/094—Processes or apparatus for excitation, e.g. pumping using optical pumping by coherent light
    • H01S3/094003—Processes or apparatus for excitation, e.g. pumping using optical pumping by coherent light the pumped medium being a fibre
    • H01S3/094011—Processes or apparatus for excitation, e.g. pumping using optical pumping by coherent light the pumped medium being a fibre with bidirectional pumping, i.e. with injection of the pump light from both two ends of the fibre
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
    • H01S3/14—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range characterised by the material used as the active medium
    • H01S3/16—Solid materials
    • H01S3/1601—Solid materials characterised by an active (lasing) ion
    • H01S3/1603—Solid materials characterised by an active (lasing) ion rare earth
    • H01S3/1608—Solid materials characterised by an active (lasing) ion rare earth erbium
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
    • H01S3/14—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range characterised by the material used as the active medium
    • H01S3/16—Solid materials
    • H01S3/1601—Solid materials characterised by an active (lasing) ion
    • H01S3/1603—Solid materials characterised by an active (lasing) ion rare earth
    • H01S3/1618—Solid materials characterised by an active (lasing) ion rare earth ytterbium
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
    • H01S3/23—Arrangements of two or more lasers not provided for in groups H01S3/02 - H01S3/22, e.g. tandem arrangements of separate active media
    • H01S3/2383—Parallel arrangements

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a high power doped fiber amplifier including an rare earth-doped fiber pre-amplifier (low noise) stage and a high power rare earth-ytterbium co-doped, multiple-tap output stage.
  • EDFAs erbium doped fiber amplifiers
  • Various designs of these amplifiers have been proposed to provide efficient performance, where efficiency is measured in terms of high optical gain, low noise figure, high output power and pump efficiency.
  • high optical power (along with low noise) has become essential in order to overcome the splitting losses and to have relatively high optical power at the receivers.
  • High power levels can be achieved by increasing the pump power near the 980nm or 1480nm wavelengths.
  • the semiconductor lasers conventionally used to emit at these wavelengths are problematic in terms of power scalability and overall lifetime.
  • co-doping of the fiber amplifier has been proposed, where in most cases a co-doping of Er +3 and Yb +3 is used.
  • a co-doping increases the amount of pump absorption and offers a flexibility in selection of the pump wavelength, owing to the broad absorption band of Yb +3 (from 800 to 1100nm) in glass.
  • ytterbium can absorb pump power available from diode-pumped Yb or Nd-doped laser sources near 1064nm and efficiently transfer the energy to erbium ions for power application near 1550nm.
  • EP-A-0989693 an optical amplification system is described in which the optical amplifier comprises a fiber that is co-doped with erbium and ytterbium, with a separate optical pump source applied as an input to the co-doped optical fiber through an associated optical coupler.
  • the present invention relates to a high power doped fiber amplifier including a rare earth-doped fiber pre-amplifier (low noise) stage and multiple-tap high power rare earth-ytterbium co-doped output stage.
  • the present invention provides an optical amplifier in accordance with claim 1.
  • the multiple-tap high power output amplifier stage comprises a plurality of concatenated sections of co-doped fiber, each separately amplified. An amplified output signal is thus tapped off of each region where two contiguous doped fibers are joined.
  • the concatenation region comprises a pair of multiplexers and an isolator, used to remove only the amplified information signal and allow most of the pump signal to remain within the doped fiber as it is coupled to the next stage.
  • both a co-propagating pump signal and counter-propagating pump signal are applied as inputs to the string of concatenated co-doped fiber sections.
  • a pre-amplifier stage 12 comprises a section of erbium-doped fiber 14 and an input isolator 16.
  • a pump signal at an appropriate wavelength to provide amplification (such as 980nm) is provided by a pump source 18 which is, in this example, applied as a co-propagating input to erbium-doped fiber 14.
  • the input optical signal P in (at a wavelength of 1550nm) is applied as an input to pre-amplifier stage 12 by first passing through isolator 16, then entering Er-doped fiber 14.
  • High power stage 22 includes a section of Er-Yb co-doped fiber 24, which is known to provide higher performance (in terms of output power scalability) due to the fact that ytterbium can absorb pump power available from neodymium-doped sources near 1064nm and efficiently transfer the power to erbium ions for power application near 1550nm.
  • a pump source 26 is illustrated as applying a counter-propagating pump signal at 1064nm to co-doped fiber 24.
  • the high power, amplified output signal P out is then applied as an input to a 1xM splitter 28, thus creating a plurality of M output signals, each destined for a separate receiver in the system.
  • 1xM splitter 28 provides equal power splitting, such that each output channel 30 carries a signal having a power of P out /M. Since each channel needs to obtain a certain amount of power in order to overcome the propagating losses, and must also exhibit a relatively high power at the receiver, the number of channels M associated with such a splitter is limited.
  • FIG. 2 is a graph of output power from a high power amplifier stage such as the prior art amplifier stage 22 of FIG. 1, in particular characterized for a 6.5m length of Er-Yb co-doped fiber amplifier, with an injected signal power (P' in ) at 1550nm and a pump signal at a wavelength of 1060nm having an input power of 350mW.
  • P' in injected signal power
  • the amplifier produces as much as 21 dBm output power for a 10dBm input power.
  • the amplifier output reaches a saturation point for input power greater than 5dBm, where in the saturation regime any change in input power results in negligible change in the output power.
  • FIGs. 3A and B A comparison of the noise figures and output power values for the prior art arrangement of FIG. 1 to both a single stage Er doped fiber amplifier and a single stage Er-Yb co-doped fiber amplifier is shown in FIGs. 3A and B.
  • an Er-Yb co-doped fiber amplifier produces higher power (21dBm), but with a relatively high noise figure (>10dB, external).
  • the Er doped fiber amplifier is the opposite: lower power (16dBm), but lower noise figure (>5dB, external). Combining these two separate amplifiers into an arrangement such as amplifier 10 of FIG. 1, however, yields a design with a relatively high power (21dBm) and relatively low noise figure ( ⁇ 5dB, external).
  • FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary two-stage, high power doped fiber amplifier 40 formed in accordance with the present invention.
  • amplifier 40 comprises a preamplifier stage 42 and a multiple-tap high power amplifier stage 44, disposed in series, as shown, so as to provide for the output stage amplification to be multiply-tapped off in series along the output signal path.
  • preamplifier stage 42 is essentially identical to preamplifier stage 12 discussed above with the prior art amplifier 10. That is, preamplifier stage 42 includes a section of Er-doped fiber 46 and a pump source 48 for supplying a co-propagating pump signal at 980nm to fiber 46.
  • An input isolator 50 is also included in preamplifier stage 42.
  • the output from preamplifier stage 42, denoted P' in thereafter passes through an intermediate isolator 52 and is applied as an input to multiple-tap output stage 44.
  • multiple-tap output stage 44 comprises a plurality of concatenated co-doped fiber sections 54 1 , 54 2 , ... 54 N , where in this case four separate sections of co-doped fiber are shown.
  • a first pump source 56 is used to provide a co-propagating pump signal to the plurality of concatenated co-doped fiber sections 54 and is particularly coupled as an input to first co-doped fiber section 54 1 .
  • a second pump source 58 is used to provide a counter-propagating pump signal to the plurality of concatenated co-doped fiber sections 54 and is particularly coupled as an input to the final co-doped fiber section 54 4 .
  • a set of power extractors 60 are disposed in multiple-tap power output amplifier such that a separate power extractor 60 i is disposed between adjacent sections of co-doped fiber. That is, a first power extractor 60 1 is disposed between co-doped fiber sections 54 1 and 54 2 , a second power extractor 60 2 is disposed between co-doped fiber sections 54 2 and 54 3 and, lastly a third power extractor 60 3 is disposed between co-doped fiber sections 54 3 and 54 4 .
  • Each power extractor functions to remove a predetermined percentage of the amplified output signal (the percentages denoted as K1%, K2%, K3% and K4% in FIG. 4).
  • FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary power extractor 60 that may be used as an optical tap in the multiple tap output amplifier stage of the present invention.
  • both a pump signal P and message signal S are applied as inputs to extractor 60, where the input path is one of the sections of doped fiber 54 as illustrated in FIG. 4.
  • a wavelength demultiplexer 62 is used to split these signals along separate paths, maintaining pump signal P along a pump path 64 and diverting message signal S onto a separate signal path 66.
  • An optical coupler 68 is then used to extract a certain percentage of the message signal (denoted K n % in FIG. 5).
  • An isolator 70 may be disposed between demultiplexer 62 and coupler 68 to prevent reflections of the message signal back into demultiplexer 62.
  • Output signal path 74 then either becomes the input signal path to a following amplifier stage or, if it is the last stage, becomes the final output signal from power amplifier 44.
  • the final output signal propagating along a signal path 74 such as that described above still includes both pump signal and message signal.
  • a final demultiplexer 76 is used to remove any residual pump signal P in the output signal.
  • each power extractor 60 i may be followed along its output signal path 74 i by a demultiplexer 80 i , as shown in FIG. 4.
  • the tap value K of each extractor increases with increasing distance from the input. That is, K1 ⁇ K2 ⁇ K3. In this manner, there will remain sufficient message signal strength at the final output such that various noise sources will not overwhelm the message signal and cause errors in the transmission.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Lasers (AREA)
  • Optical Communication System (AREA)
  • Amplifiers (AREA)

Claims (14)

  1. Optischer Verstärker (40), der folgendes umfaßt:
    eine Vorverstärkerstufe (42), die ein seltenerddotiertes Verstärkungsmedium (46) und
    eine optische Pumpquelle (48) enthält, wobei die Vorverstärkerstufe (42) bestimmt ist zum Empfangen mindestens eines optischen Eingangssignals und Erzeugen eines vorbestimmten Ausmaßes an optischer Verstärkung für das mindestens eine optische Eingangssignal und Bereitstellen mindestens eines vorverstärkten optischen Ausgangssignals als Ausgabe; und
    einen an den Vorverstärkerstufenausgang gekoppelten optischen Leistungsverstärker (44), wobei der optische Leistungsverstärker (44) mehrere N verkettete Ausgangsstufen (54, 60) und einen N-ten Ausgang jenseits der N-ten Ausgangsstufe umfaßt, wobei der Leistungsverstärker (44) weiterhin mindestens eine Pumpquelle (56, 58) umfaßt, die an einem des Leistungsverstärkereingangs und des N-ten Ausgangs gekoppelt ist, wobei jede Stufe folgendes umfaßt:
    ein mit Seltenerd-Ytterbium codotiertes Verstärkungsmedium (54) zum Empfangen des mindestens einen optischen Eingangssignals und eines Pumpsignals als Eingaben von der mindestens einen Pumpquelle, wobei das cododierte Verstärkungsmedium (54) bestimmt ist zum Verstärken des mindestens einen optischen Eingangssignals bei Vorliegen des mindestens einen optischen Pumpsignals und Ausbilden eines verstärkten Ausgangssignals, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß jede Stufe weiterhin folgendes umfaßt:
    einen an das codotierte Verstärkungsmedium (54) gekoppelten optischen Leistungsextrahierer (60) zum Entfernen eines vorbestimmten Prozentsatzes Kn% des verstärkten Ausgangssignals davon und zum Anlegen des etwaigen verbleibenden verstärkten Ausgangssignals an eine folgende Stufe der mehreren N verketteten Ausgangsstufen (54, 60), wobei jeder optische Leistungsextrahierer (60) einen Eingangsdemultiplexer (62) umfaßt zum Empfangen sowohl des mindestens einen Eingangssignals als auch des mindestens einen Pumpsignals auf einem einzelnen Eingangssignalweg und Trennen der Signale zum Bereitstellen des mindestens einen Pumpsignals als eine Ausgabe auf einem ersten Ausgabeweg und des mindestens einen Eingangssignals auf einem zweiten Ausgabeweg; einen entlang dem zweiten Ausgabeweg angeordneten optischen Abgriff (68) zum Koppeln des vorbestimmten Anteils Kn% des verstärkten Eingangssignals auf einem assoziierten Verstärkerausgabeweg; und einen Ausgabemultiplexer (72) zum Empfangen des Pumpsignals entlang des ersten Ausgabewegs und des verbleibenden verstärkten Eingangssignals als separate Eingaben und zum Koppeln beider Signale an einen Ausgangsverstärkersignalweg.
  2. Optischer Verstärker nach Anspruch 1, wobei der optische Leistungsverstärker (44) eine an den Eingang dazu gekoppelte einzelne Pumpquelle (56) umfaßt.
  3. Optischer Verstärker nach Anspruch 1, wobei der optische Leistungsverstärker (44) eine an den N-ten Ausgang der mehreren N verketteten Ausgangsstufen gekoppelte einzelne Pumpquelle (58) umfaßt.
  4. Optischer Verstärker nach Anspruch 1, wobei der optische Leistungsverstärker (44) eine an den Eingang dazu gekoppelte einzelne Pumpquelle (56) und eine an den N-ten Ausgang der mehreren N verketteten Ausgangsstufen gekoppelte zweite Pumpquelle (58) umfaßt.
  5. Optischer Verstärker nach Anspruch 1, wobei mindestens ein optischer Leistungsextrahierer (60) weiterhin einen zwischen dem Eingangsdemultiplexer (62) und dem optischen Abgriff (68) angeordneten optischen Isolator (70) umfaßt.
  6. Optischer Verstärker nach Anspruch 1, wobei der vorbestimmte extrahierte Anteil Kn% für jede nachfolgende Verstärkerstufe der mehreren N Ausgangsstufen (54, 60) zunimmt.
  7. Optischer Verstärker nach Anspruch 1, wobei die seltenerddotierte Vorverstärkerstufe (42) einen erbiumdotierten Vorverstärker umfaßt.
  8. Optischer Verstärker nach Anspruch 1, wobei die seltenerddotierte Vorverstärkerstufe (42) einen Faserverstärker umfaßt.
  9. Optischer Verstärker nach Anspruch 1, wobei die seltenerddotierte Vorverstärkerstufe (42) einen integrierten Wellenleiterverstärker umfaßt.
  10. Optischer Verstärker nach Anspruch 1, wobei jedes mit Seltenerd-Ytterbium cododierte Verstärkungsmedium (54) in jeder Stufe des optischen Leistungsverstärkers (44) ein mit Erbium-Ytterbium codotiertes Verstärkungsmedium umfaßt.
  11. Optischer Verstärker nach Anspruch 1, wobei jedes codotierte Verstärkungsmedium (54) eine optische Faser umfaßt.
  12. Optischer Verstärker nach Anspruch 1, wobei jedes codotierte Verstärkungsmedium (54) eine integrierte Wellenleiterstruktur umfaßt.
  13. Optischer Verstärker nach Anspruch 1, wobei das mindestens eine optische Eingangssignal mehrere m optische Signale umfaßt, die jeweils mit einer anderen Wellenlänge λ1-λm assoziiert sind.
  14. Optischer Verstärker nach Anspruch 13, wobei jeder Leistungsextrahierer (60) weiterhin einen Wellenlängendemultiplexer am Ausgang davon zum Trennen der mehreren m verstärkten optischen Signale umfaßt.
EP01304459A 2000-05-31 2001-05-21 Codotierter optischer Hochleistungsverstärker mit Mehrfachabzweigern Expired - Lifetime EP1161008B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US09/584,901 US6429964B1 (en) 1999-09-24 2000-05-31 High power, multiple-tap co-doped optical amplifier
US584901 2000-05-31

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Publication Number Publication Date
EP1161008A2 EP1161008A2 (de) 2001-12-05
EP1161008A3 EP1161008A3 (de) 2003-05-21
EP1161008B1 true EP1161008B1 (de) 2007-02-14

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US (1) US6429964B1 (de)
EP (1) EP1161008B1 (de)
JP (1) JP3952440B2 (de)
DE (1) DE60126531T2 (de)

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CA2365952A1 (en) * 2000-12-15 2002-06-15 Takeshi Aikiyo Semiconductor laser device for use in a semiconductor laser module and optical amplifier
CN1204662C (zh) * 2000-12-15 2005-06-01 古河电气工业株式会社 半导体激光器模块及其制造方法和光放大器
US20040013429A1 (en) * 2002-07-19 2004-01-22 Marcus Duelk Power equalization in optical switches
US7440171B2 (en) * 2002-10-31 2008-10-21 Finisar Corporation Staged amplifier for lower noise figure and higher saturation power
US7257302B2 (en) * 2003-06-03 2007-08-14 Imra America, Inc. In-line, high energy fiber chirped pulse amplification system
US20060274404A1 (en) * 2005-06-06 2006-12-07 Francois Brunet Optical fiber amplifier system and method
US7768064B2 (en) * 2006-01-05 2010-08-03 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation Structure and method for improving shielded gate field effect transistors
EP2074684B1 (de) * 2006-06-08 2016-03-23 Ramesh K. Shori Mehrwellenlängen-pumpverfahren zur verbesserung der leistungsfähigkeit von auf erbium basierenden lasern
JP5398804B2 (ja) * 2011-09-16 2014-01-29 株式会社東芝 ファイバレーザ装置
CN104247175A (zh) 2012-04-17 2014-12-24 罗伯特·博世有限公司 用于产生激光二极管控制信号的电路

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JP3670434B2 (ja) * 1996-04-22 2005-07-13 ルーセント テクノロジーズ インコーポレーテッド 多段光ファイバ増幅器を有するシステム
US5726788A (en) * 1996-09-30 1998-03-10 Mci Corporation Dynamically reconfigurable optical interface device using an optically switched backplane
EP0989693A1 (de) * 1998-09-22 2000-03-29 PIRELLI CAVI E SISTEMI S.p.A. Optisches Verstärkerssystem mit einem Erbium-Ytterbium co-dotierten faser
US6178276B1 (en) * 1999-04-05 2001-01-23 United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army End-pumped waveguide optical splitter-amplifiers based on self-imaging
US6282334B1 (en) * 1999-05-13 2001-08-28 Litton Systems, Inc. Large scale WDM/TDM sensor array employing erbium-doped fiber amplifiers

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DE60126531D1 (de) 2007-03-29
JP2002033541A (ja) 2002-01-31
JP3952440B2 (ja) 2007-08-01
US6429964B1 (en) 2002-08-06
DE60126531T2 (de) 2007-11-08
EP1161008A2 (de) 2001-12-05
EP1161008A3 (de) 2003-05-21

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