EP1159392A1

EP1159392A1 - Moulded washing and cleaning agents with a surfactant/bleaching agent/builder combination

Info

Publication number: EP1159392A1
Application number: EP00912538A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Andreas Lietzmann; Gerhard Blasey; Markus Semrau; Birgit Burg; Hans-Friedrich Kruse
Original assignee: Henkel AG and Co KGaA
Current assignee: Henkel AG and Co KGaA
Priority date: 1999-03-11
Filing date: 2000-03-02
Publication date: 2001-12-05
Anticipated expiration: 2020-03-02
Also published as: DE50006819D1; EP1159392B1; ATE269395T1; CA2300616A1; ES2223479T5; EP1159392B2; DE19910819A1; AU3426600A; WO2000053717A1; ES2223479T3

Abstract

Disclosed are moulded washing and cleaning agents made of condensed particulate washing and cleaning agents. The moulded parts are characterised by high hardnesses and short disintegration times, can be washed into the household washing machine via the detergent compartment and have far less of a tendency to tear open in layers or to adhere. The washing and cleaning agents contain fatty alcohol sulfate(s), percarbonate and phosphate builders.

Description

"Detergent tablets with surfactant bleach

Builder combination "

The present invention relates to moldings which have washing and cleaning-active properties, such as, for example, detergent tablets, detergent tablets for machine dishwashing, bleach tablets, water softening tablets, etc. In particular, the invention relates to detergent tablets for textile laundry in a household washing machine, briefly as detergent tablets be designated.

The special advantages of the "tablet" supplementary form include simple and clean dosing and the high degree of compaction, which requires less packaging and transportation. Precisely because of these advantages, detergents and cleaning agents in tablet form have a high level of consumer acceptance. However, these advantages are offset by disadvantages. The tablets must be sufficiently stable to survive packaging, transport and handling, but on the other hand they should disintegrate quickly and be readily soluble in order to release the active substances quickly and to avoid residues or stains on the treated substrates. Ideally, the detergent tablets should disintegrate into their secondary particles so quickly that, for example, metering via the induction chamber of household washing machines is possible without any problems. Shaped bodies that are not suitable for this must be dosed via the drum, where direct contact of the agent with the laundry can lead to so-called spotting problems. This problem can be alleviated by using dosing aids or sachets, in which the tablets are placed before being added to the laundry, but on the one hand the problem is not completely solved, and on the other hand, this cumbersome procedure leads to significantly reduced Increased consumer acceptance, since the advantages of easy dosing and the possibility of dosing without skin contact with the agent are thereby nullified.

Accordingly, the patent literature contains a wide range of prior art, which provides solutions to overcome the dichotomy between hardness and decay time. Another problem also exists in the production of shaped articles that are active in washing and cleaning. The adhesion of the premix to be tabletted to the pressing tools can outweigh the interparticle adhesion, particularly in the case of harder pressing (in order to achieve stable tablets). This either leads to caking of premixed particles on the surfaces of the pressing tools or, in the worst case, to so-called "capping", i.e. tearing the tablet in layers or adhering a continuous and thick particle layer to a pressing tool, usually the upper punch. As a result, the molded body itself becomes unusable, it is "torn through" virtually horizontally. However, the layer adhering to the stamp also leads to problems during the next pressing process, so that machine downtimes have to be accepted for cleaning the stamp.

In the pharmaceutical industry, humectants are added to solve this problem, which slows down the tableting speeds in order to prevent air inclusions or auxiliary substances are added which prevent the molded articles from overstretching after pressing. Microcrystalline cellulose has proven itself here.

So far, there are hardly any solutions to the problem of covering in the prior art for detergent tablets. To avoid stamp caking, the coating of stamping tools with elastomers or stamps with elastomer inlays are described. Approaches that address the problem not from the machine-technical side, but from the recipe side, have not yet been described.

Detergent tablets which contain phosphates and bleach are described in the prior art. For example, the international tentanmeldung WO98 / 42816 (Unilever) detergent tablets which have a density of more than 1040 g / cm ³ and contain 5 to 50% by weight of surfactant and 8 to 30% by weight of bleach. In this document, sodium percarbonate or sodium perborate tetrahydrate are used as bleaching agents, which should have been found to be preferred over sodium perborate monohydrate in manual tests. Neither the use of fatty alcohol sulfates nor the problem of being covered are mentioned in this document.

Detergent tablets with sodium percarbonate and tripolyphosphate are also described in WO98 / 24817 (Unilever). In this document, too, the use of fatty alcohol sulfates is not described and the problem of being covered is also not recognized.

The present invention was based on the object of providing detergent tablets which have a recipe composition which minimizes the tendency of the tablets to cover. On the one hand, this should be achieved regardless of the tablet machine used and, on the other hand, without loss of other quality parameters of the tablets. In particular, high hardnesses with short disintegration times and thus the possibility of being able to meter the resulting shaped articles through the induction chamber are further properties which the shaped articles according to the invention are intended to have.

It has now been found that phosphate-based and percarbonate-containing detergent tablets with excellent application properties and significantly reduced lid tendency can be formulated if they contain fatty alcohol sulfate (s).

The present invention relates to detergent tablets made from compressed, particulate detergent and detergent containing surfactant (s), bleach, builders and optionally further ingredients of detergents and cleaning agents, characterized in that the tablets contain fatty alcohol sulfate (s), percarbo- nat and phosphate builders included. The moldings according to the invention contain surfactants, phosphate builders and bleaches. Here, the phosphates fulfill builder tasks, while fatty alcohol sulfates are contained as washing-active substances. The majority of the builder substance is usually made up of the phosphates.

Of the large number of commercially available phosphates, the alkali metal phosphates, with particular preference for pentasodium or pentapotassium triphosphate (sodium or potassium tripolyphosphate), are of the greatest importance in the detergent and cleaning agent industry.

Alkali metal phosphates is the general term for the alkali metal (especially sodium and potassium) salts of the various phosphoric acids, in which one can distinguish between metaphosphoric acids (HPO ₃ ) _n and orthophosphoric acid H ₃ PO _{4 in} addition to higher molecular weight representatives. The phosphates combine several advantages: They act as alkali carriers, prevent limescale deposits on machine parts and lime incrustations in tissues and also contribute to cleaning performance.

Sodium dihydrogen phosphate, NaH ₂ PO ₄ , exists as a dihydrate (density 1.91 like ^"3 , melting point 60 °) and as a monohydrate (density 2.04 like ^{" 3} ). Both salts are white, water-soluble powders, which lose water of crystallization when heated and at 200 ° C into the weakly acidic diphosphate (disodium hydrogen diphosphate, Na ₂ H ₂ P ₂ O ₇ ), at higher temperature in sodium trimetaphosphate (Na ₃ P ₃ O ₉ ) and Maddrell's salt (see below). NaH ₂ PO _{4 is} acidic; it occurs when phosphoric acid is adjusted to a pH of 4.5 with sodium hydroxide solution and the mash is sprayed. Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (primary or monobasic potassium phosphate, potassium biphosphate, KDP), KH ₂ PO ₄ , is a white salt with a density of 2.33 ^"3 , has a melting point of 253 ° [decomposition to form potassium polyphosphate (KPO ₃ ) and is light soluble in water.

Disodium hydrogen phosphate (secondary sodium phosphate), Na, HPO ₄ , is a colorless, very easily water-soluble crystalline salt. It exists anhydrous and with 2 moles (density 2.066 like ^"3 , water loss at 95 °), 7 mol. (Density 1.68 like ³ , melting point 48 ° with loss of 5 H ₂ O) and 12 mol. Water (density 1.52 like ^{" 3} , melting point 35 ° with the loss of 5 H ₂ O), becomes anhydrous at 100 ° and changes into the diphosphate Na ₄ P ₂ O ₇ when heated to a greater extent. Disodium hydrogen phosphate is prepared by neutralizing phosphoric acid with soda solution using phenolphthalein as an indicator. Dikaliuinhydrogenphosphat (secondary or dibasic potassium phosphate), K ₂ HPO ₄ , is an amorphous, white salt, which is easily soluble in water.

Trisodium phosphate, tertiary sodium phosphate, Na ₃ PO ₄ , are colorless crystals that like a dodecahydrate a density of 1.62 ^"3 and a melting point of 73-76 ° C (decomposition), as a decahydrate (corresponding to 19-20% P ₂ O ₅ ) have a melting point of 100 ° C. and, in anhydrous form (corresponding to 39-40% P ₂ O ₅ ), a density of 2.536 ^{″ 3} . Trisodium phosphate is readily soluble in water with an alkaline reaction and is produced by evaporating a solution of exactly 1 mol of disodium phosphate and 1 mol of NaOH. Tripotassium phosphate (tertiary or triphase potassium phosphate), K ₃ PO ₄ , is a white, deliquescent, granular powder with a density of 2.56 ^"3 , has a melting point of 1340 ° and is readily soluble in water with an alkaline reaction Heating of Thomas slag with coal and potassium sulfate Despite the higher price, the more soluble, therefore highly effective, potassium phosphates are often preferred over corresponding sodium compounds in the cleaning agent industry.

Tetrasodium diphosphate (sodium pyrophosphate), Na ₄ P ₂ O ₇ , exists in anhydrous form (density 2.534 like ^"3 , melting point 988 °, also given 880 °) and as decahydrate (density 1.815-1.836 like ^{" 3} , melting point 94 ° with loss of water) . Substances are colorless crystals that are soluble in water with an alkaline reaction. Na ₄ P ₂ O ₇ is formed by heating disodium phosphate to> 200 ° or by reacting phosphoric acid with soda in a stoichiometric ratio and dewatering the solution by spraying. The decahydrate complexes heavy metal salts and hardness formers and therefore reduces the hardness of the water. Potassium diphosphate (potassium pyrophosphate), K ₄ P ₂ O ₇ , exists in the form of the trihydrate and is a colorless, hygroscopic powder with a density of 2.33 ^"3 , which is soluble in water, the pH of which is 1% Solution at 25 ° is 10.4. Condensation of the NaH ₂ PO ₄ or the KH ₂ PO ₄ produces higher moles. Sodium and potassium phosphates, in which one can differentiate cyclic representatives, the sodium or potassium metaphosphates and chain-like types, the sodium or potassium polyphosphates. A large number of terms are used in particular for the latter: melt or glow phosphates, Graham's salt, Kurrol's and Maddrell's salt. All higher sodium and potassium phosphates are collectively referred to as condensed phosphates.

The technically important pentasodium triphosphate, Na ₅ P ₃ O ₁₀ (sodium tripolyphosphate), is an anhydrous or 6 H, O crystallizing, non-hygroscopic, white, water-soluble salt of the general formula NaO- [P (O) (ONa) -O] _n -Na with n = 3. Approx. 17 g of the salt free from water of crystallization dissolve in 100 g of water at room temperature, approx. 20 g at 60 ° and 32 g at 100 °; After heating the solution at 100 ° for two hours, hydrolysis produces about 8% orthophosphate and 15% diphosphate. In the production of pentasodium triphosphate, phosphoric acid is reacted with sodium carbonate solution or sodium hydroxide solution in a stoichiometric ratio and the solution is dewatered by spraying. Similar to Graham's salt and sodium diphosphate, pentasodium triphosphate dissolves many insoluble metal compounds (including lime soaps, etc.). Pentapotassium triphosphate, K ₅ P ₃ O ₁₀ (potassium tripolyphosphate), is commercially available, for example, in the form of a 50% strength by weight solution (> 23% P ₂ O ₅ , 25%) K ₂ O). The potassium polyphosphates are widely used in the detergent and cleaning agent industry. There are also sodium potassium tripolyphosphates which can also be used in the context of the present invention. These occur, for example, when hydrolyzing sodium trimetaphosphate with KOH:

(NaPO ₃ ) ₃ + 2 KOH ^■ Na ₃ K ₂ P ₃ O ₁₀ + H ₂ O

According to the invention, these can be used just like sodium tripolyphosphate, potassium tripolyphosphate or mixtures of these two; also mixtures of sodium tripolyphosphate and sodium potassium tripolyphosphate or mixtures of potassium tripolyphosphate and Sodium potassium tripolyphosphate or mixtures of sodium tripolyphosphate and potassium tripolyphosphate and sodium potassium tripolyphosphate can be used according to the invention.

Preferred detergent tablets within the scope of the present invention contain alkali metal phosphates, preferably pentasodium or pentapotassium triphosphate (sodium or potassium tripolyphosphate), in amounts of 1 to 60% by weight, preferably 5 to 50% by weight, as phosphates. , particularly preferably from 10 to 40% by weight and in particular from 15 to 35% by weight, in each case based on the weight of the shaped body.

In addition to the phosphates, the detergent tablets according to the invention can contain other customary builders which can be both water-soluble and water-insoluble. The detergent tablets according to the invention can contain all of the builders normally used in detergents and cleaning agents, in particular thus zeolites, silicates, carbonates and organic cobuilders. These builders can be added to the mixtures to be tabletted, but they can also be wholly or partly a component of surfactant granules.

Suitable as builders crystalline schichtf ^'-shaped sodium silicates have the general formula NaMSi _x O _{2x + 1} Η ₂ O, where M is sodium or hydrogen, x is a number from 1.9 to 4 and y is a number from 0 to 20, preferred Values for x are 2, 3 or 4. Such crystalline layered silicates are described, for example, in European patent application EP-A-0 164 514. Preferred crystalline layered silicates of the formula given are those in which M represents sodium and x assumes the values 2 or 3. In particular, both β- and δ-sodium disilicate Na ^ i ^ 'yH ₂ O are preferred, wherein β-sodium disilicate can be obtained, for example, by the method described in international patent application WO-A-91/08171. Amorphous sodium silicates with a modulus Na, O: SiO ₂ from 1: 2 to 1: 3.3, preferably from 1: 2 to 1: 2.8 and in particular from 1: 2 to 1: 2.6, can also be used are delayed in dissolving and have secondary washing properties. The dissolution delay compared to conventional amorphous sodium silicates can be done in various ways, for example by surface treatment, compounding, compacting / compression or caused by overdrying. In the context of this invention, the term “amorphous” is also understood to mean “X-ray amorphous”. This means that the silicates in X-ray diffraction experiments do not provide sharp X-ray reflections, as are typical for crystalline substances, but at most one or more maxima of the scattered X-rays, which have a width of several degree units of the diffraction angle. However, it can very well lead to particularly good builder properties if the silicate particles deliver washed-out or even sharp diffraction maxima in electron diffraction experiments. This is to be interpreted as meaning that the products have microcrystalline areas of size 10 to a few hundred nm, values up to max. 50 ran and especially up to max. 20 nm are preferred. Such so-called X-ray amorphous silicates, which also have a delay in dissolution compared to conventional water glasses, are described, for example, in German patent application DE-A-44 00 024. Compacted / compacted amorphous silicates, compounded amorphous silicates and over-dried X-ray amorphous silicates are particularly preferred.

The finely crystalline, synthetic and bound water-containing zeolite used is preferably zeolite A and / or P. As zeolite P, zeolite ^MAP® (commercial product from Crosfield) is particularly preferred. However, zeolite X and mixtures of A, X and / or P are also suitable. Commercially available and can preferably be used in the context of the present invention, for example a co-crystallizate of zeolite X and zeolite A (about 80% by weight of zeolite X) ), which is sold by CONDEA Augusta SpA under the brand name VEGOBOND AX ^® and by the formula

nNa-O ^• (ln) K ₂ O ^■ Al ₂ O ₃ ^• (2 - 2.5) SiO ₂ ^■ (3.5 - 5.5) H ₂ O

can be described. The zeolite can be used both as a builder in a granular compound and can also be used for a type of "powdering" of the entire mixture to be compressed, usually using both ways of incorporating the zeolite into the premix. Suitable zeolites have an average particle size of less than 10 μm (volume distribution; measurement method: Coulter Coun- ter) and preferably contain 18 to 22% by weight, in particular 20 to 22% by weight, of bound water.

Preferred detergent tablets in the context of the present invention additionally contain a zeolite of the faujasite type in amounts of 0.5 to 20% by weight, preferably 1 to 15% by weight, particularly preferably 2 to 10% by weight. % and in particular from 2.5 to 5% by weight, based in each case on the weight of the shaped body, zeolite X being preferred.

The amount of builders is usually between 10 and 70% by weight), preferably between 15 and 60% by weight and in particular between 20 and 50% by weight. Again, the amount of builders used depends on the intended use, so that bleach tablets can have higher amounts of builders (for example between 20 and 70% by weight, preferably between 25 and 65% by weight and in particular between 30 and 55% by weight) ), for example detergent tablets (usually 10 to 50% by weight, preferably 12.5 to 45% by weight and in particular between 17.5 and 37.5% by weight).

Organic cobuilders which can be used in the detergent tablets according to the invention are, in particular, polycarboxylates / polycarboxylic acids, polymeric polycarboxylates, aspartic acid, polyacetals, dextrins, other organic cobuilders (see below) and phosphonates. These classes of substances are described below.

Usable organic builders are, for example, the polycarboxylic acids which can be used in the form of their sodium salts, polycarboxylic acids being understood to mean those carboxylic acids which carry more than one acid function. For example, these are citric acid, adipic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, sugar acids, aminocarboxylic acids, nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), as long as such use is not objectionable for ecological reasons, and mixtures of these. Preferred salts are the salts of polycarboxylic acids such as citric acid, adi pinic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, tartaric acid, sugar acids and mixtures of these.

The acids themselves can also be used. In addition to their builder effect, the acids typically also have the property of an acidifying component and thus also serve to set a lower and milder pH of detergents or cleaning agents. Citric acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, gluconic acid and any mixtures thereof can be mentioned in particular.

Polymeric polycarboxylates are also suitable as builders, for example the alkali metal salts of polyacrylic acid or polymethacrylic acid, for example those with a relative molecular weight of 500 to 70,000 g / mol.

In the context of this document, the molecular weights given for polymeric polycarboxylates are weight-average molecular weights M _{w of} the respective acid form, which were determined in principle by means of gel permeation chromatography (GPC), a UN detector being used. The measurement was carried out against an external polyacrylic acid standard, which provides realistic molecular weight values due to its structural relationship with the investigated polymers. This information differs significantly from the molecular weight information for which polystyrene sulfonic acids are used as standard. The molecular weights measured against polystyrene sulfonic acids are generally significantly higher than the molecular weights given in this document.

Suitable polymers are, in particular, polyacrylates, which preferably have a molecular weight of 2,000 to 20,000 g / mol. Because of their superior solubility, the short-chain polyacrylates which have molar masses from 2000 to 10000 g / mol, and particularly preferably from 3000 to 5000 g / mol, can in turn be preferred from this group.

Also suitable are copolymeric polycarboxylates, in particular those of acrylic acid with methacrylic acid and of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid with maleic acid. As a special copolymers of acrylic acid with maleic acid which contain 50 to 90% by weight> acrylic acid and 50 to 10% by weight maleic acid have also proven suitable. Their relative molecular weight, based on free acids, is generally 2,000 to 70,000 g / mol, preferably 20,000 to 50,000 g / mol and in particular 30,000 to 40,000 g / mol.

The (co) polymeric polycarboxylates can be used either as a powder or as an aqueous solution. The content of (co) polymeric polycarboxylates in the agents is preferably 0.5 to 20% by weight, in particular 3 to 10% by weight.

To improve water solubility, the polymers can also contain AUylsulfonic acids, such as, for example, allyloxybenzenesulfonic acid and methallylsulfonic acid, as monomers.

Also particularly preferred are biodegradable polymers composed of more than two different monomer units, for example those which contain salts of acrylic acid and maleic acid as well as vinyl alcohol or vinyl alcohol derivatives as monomers or those which contain salts of acrylic acid and 2-alkylallylsulfonic acid and sugar derivatives as monomers .

Further preferred copolymers are those which are described in German patent applications DE-A-43 03 320 and DE-A-44 17 734 and which preferably contain acrolein and acrylic acid / acrylic acid salts or acrolein and vinyl acetate as monomers.

Also to be mentioned as further preferred builder substances are polymeric aminodicarboxylic acids, their salts or their precursor substances. Particularly preferred are polyaspartic acids or their salts and derivatives, of which it is disclosed in German patent application DE-A-195 40 086 that, in addition to cobuilder properties, they also have a bleach-stabilizing effect.

Other suitable builder substances are polyacetals, which can be obtained by reacting dialdehydes with polyolcarboxylic acids which have 5 to 7 carbon atoms and at least 3 hydroxyl groups. Preferred polyacetals are made from dialde hyden such as glyoxal, glutaraldehyde, terephthalaldehyde and mixtures thereof and obtained from polyol carboxylic acids such as gluconic acid and / or glucoheptonic acid.

Other suitable organic builder substances are dextrins, for example oligomers or polymers of carbohydrates, which can be obtained by partial hydrolysis of starches. The hydrolysis can be carried out by customary, for example acid or enzyme-catalyzed, processes. They are preferably hydrolysis products with average molar masses in the range from 400 to 500,000 g / mol. A polysaccharide with a dextrose equivalent (DE) in the range from 0.5 to 40, in particular from 2 to 30, is preferred, DE being a customary measure of the reducing action of a polysaccharide compared to dextrose, which has a DE of 100 owns. Both maltodextrins with a DE between 3 and 20 and dry glucose syrups with a DE between 20 and 37 as well as so-called yellow dextrins and white dextrins with higher molar masses in the range from 2000 to 30000 g / mol can be used.

The oxidized derivatives of such dextrins are their reaction products with oxidizing agents which are capable of oxidizing at least one alcohol function of the saccharide ring to the carboxylic acid function. Such oxidized dextrins and processes for their preparation are known, for example, from European patent applications EP-A-0 232 202, EP-A-0 427 349, EP-A-0 472 042 and EP-A-0 542 496 as well as international patent applications WO 92 / 18542, WO 93/08251, WO 93/16110, WO 94/28030, WO 95/07303, WO 95/12619 and WO 95/20608. An oxidized oligosaccharide according to German patent application DE-A-196 00 018 is also suitable. A product oxidized at C _{6 of} the saccharide ring can be particularly advantageous.

Oxydisuccinates and other derivatives of disuccinates, preferably ethylenediaminisisuccinate, are further suitable cobuilders. Ethylene diamine N, N'-disuccinate (EDDS) is preferably used in the form of its sodium or magnesium salts. Glycerol disuccinates and glycerol are also preferred in this context. cerintrisuccinate. Suitable amounts are 3 to 15% by weight in formulations containing zeolite and / or silicate.

Further usable organic cobuilders are, for example, acetylated hydroxycarboxylic acids or their salts, which may optionally also be in lactone form and which contain at least 4 carbon atoms and at least one hydroxyl group and a maximum of two acid groups. Such cobuilders are described, for example, in international patent application WO 95/20029.

Another class of substances with cobuilder properties are the phosphonates. These are, in particular, hydroxyalkane or aminoalkane phosphonates. Among the hydroxyalkane phosphonates, l-hydroxyethane-l, l-diphosphonate (HEDP) is of particular importance as a cobuilder. It is preferably used as the sodium salt, the disodium salt reacting neutrally and the tetrasodium salt in an alkaline manner (pH 9). Preferred aminoalkane phosphonates are ethylenediaminetetramethylenephosphonate (EDTMP), diethylenetriaminepentamethylenephosphonate (DTPMP) and their higher homologs. They are preferably in the form of the neutral sodium salts, e.g. B. as the hexasodium salt of EDTMP or as the hepta and octa sodium salt of DTPMP. HEDP is preferably used as the builder from the class of the phosphonates. The aminoalkanephosphonates also have a pronounced ability to bind heavy metals. Accordingly, it may be preferred, particularly if the agents also contain bleach, to use aminoalkanephosphonates, in particular DTPMP, or to use mixtures of the phosphonates mentioned.

In addition, all compounds that are able to form complexes with alkaline earth metal ions can be used as cobuilders.

The moldings according to the invention contain surfactants to develop the washing or cleaning performance. According to the invention, fatty alcohol sulfates are contained in the moldings, while other surfactants can optionally be used in addition. Fatty alcohol sulfates, the alkali metal, in particular sodium salts of the sulfuric acid half-esters of longer-chain alcohols, are commercially available from fatty alcohols which are reacted with sulfuric acid, chlorosulfonic acid, amidosulfonic acid or sulfur trioxide to give the alkyl sulfuric acids concerned and are subsequently neutralized. The fatty alcohols are obtained from the fatty acids or fatty acid mixtures concerned by high-pressure hydrogenation of the fatty acid methyl esters. In terms of quantity, the most important industrial process for the production of fatty alkyl sulfuric acids is the sulfonation of the alcohols with SO ₃ / air mixtures in special cascade, falling film or tube bundle reactors.

The fatty acids, the methyl esters of which are hydrogenated under high pressure to the fatty alcohols, are technically largely obtained from native fats and oils by hydrolysis. While the alkaline saponification which was carried out in the past century led directly to the alkali salts (soaps), only water is used on an industrial scale to split the fats into glycerol and the free fatty acids. Alternatively, the cleavage can be carried out with methanol, the methyl esters and glycerol being obtained directly. Large-scale processes are, for example, cleavage in an autoclave or continuous high-pressure cleavage. Carboxylic acids which can be used as the basis for the fatty alcohol sulfates in the context of the present invention are, for example, hexanoic acid (caproic acid), heptanoic acid (enanthic acid), octanoic acid (caprylic acid), nonanoic acid (pelargonic acid), decanoic acid (capric acid), undecanoic acid, etc. Preferred in the context of the present compound the use of fatty acids such as dodecanoic acid (lauric acid), tetradecanoic acid (myristic acid), hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid), octadecanoic acid (stearic acid), eicosanoic acid (arachic acid), docosanic acid (behenic acid), tetracosanoic acid (lignoceric acid), triacotonic acid (melotonic acid), triacotanoic acid (cerotonic acid) the unsaturated species 9c-hexadecenoic acid (palmitoleic acid), 6c-octadecenoic acid (petroselinic acid), 6t-octadecenoic acid (petroselaidic acid), 9c-octadecenoic acid (oleic acid), 9t-octadecenoic acid ((elaidic acid), 9c, 12c-linadol acid) 9t, 12t-octadecadienoic acid (linolaidic acid) and 9c, 12c, 15c-octadeca tartaric acid (linolenic acid). For reasons of cost, it is preferred not to use the pure species, but see mixtures of the individual acids, as they are accessible from fat cleavage. Such mixtures are for example, coconut oil fatty acid (about 6 wt .-% C _8, 6 wt .-% C ₁₀ 48 wt .-% C ₁₂ 18 wt .-% _C14, 10 wt .-% C _16, 2 wt .-% C _I8, 8 wt .-% C ₁₈ - 1 wt .-% C ₁₈ ..), palm kernel oil fatty acid (about 4 wt .-% C _8, 5 wt .-% C _10, 50 wt %> C ₁₂ , 15% by weight C, ₄ , 7% by weight C ₁₆ , 2% by weight C ₁₈ , 15% by weight C _18. , 1% by weight C _18. ), Tallow fatty acid (approx. 3 wt% C ₁₄ , 26 wt% C ₁₆ , 2 wt% C ₁₆ -, 2 wt% C ₁₇ , 17 wt% C ₁₈ , 44 wt% C ₁₈ -, 3% by weight> C _lg .., 1% by weight> C, _g ■■■), hardened tallow fatty acid (approx. 2% by weight> C ₁₄ , 28% by weight C ₁₆ , 2% by weight C, ₇ , 63% by weight C ₁₈ , 1% by weight> C, ₈ ), technical oleic acid (approx. 1% by weight C ₁₂ , 3% by weight C ₁₄ , 5 wt .-% C _16, 6 wt .-% C _16: 1 wt .-% C _17, 2 wt .-% C _18, 70% by weight C; 10 wt .-%> C ₁₈ -, 0th , 5% by weight C ₁₈ -), technical palmitin / stearic acid (approx. 1% by weight C ₁₂ , 2% by weight C ₁₄ , 45% by weight C ₁₆ , 2% by weight C, ₇ , 47% by weight C ₁₈ , 1% by weight C ₁₈ ) and soybean oil fatty acid (approx. 2% by weight C _{] 4} , 15% by weight> C ₁₆ , 5% by weight C ₁₈ , 25% by weight C ₁₈ -, 45% by weight> C ₁₈ , 7% by weight C _{] 8} -) . The alk (en) yl sulfates are preferably the alkali and in particular the sodium salts of the sulfuric acid half-esters of C ₁₂ -C ₈ fatty alcohols, for example from coconut oil alcohol, tallow fatty alcohol, lauryl, myristyl, cetyl or stearyl alcohol or C ₁₀ -C ₂₀ -Oxo alcohols and those half esters of secondary alcohols of this chain length are preferred. It is also possible to use alk (en) yl sulfates of the chain length mentioned which contain a synthetic, straight-chain alkyl radical prepared on a petrochemical basis and which have a degradation behavior analogous to that of the adequate compounds based on oleochemical raw materials. The C ₁₂ -C ₁₆ alkyl sulfates and C ₁₂ -C ₁₅ alkyl sulfates as well as C, ₄ -C ₁₅ alkyl sulfates are preferred from the point of view of washing technology.

As described above, technical mixtures of the fatty acids are preferably used to produce the fatty alcohol sulfates. Preferred detergent tablets in the context of the present invention contain the alkali metal, preferably sodium salts of C ₈ . ₂₂ -, preferably C, ₀ _ ₂₀ - and in particular C ₁₂ . ₁₈ - fatty alkyl sulfuric acids.

Regardless of the incorporation form of the fatty alcohol sulfates, detergent tablets are preferred which contain the alkali metal, preferably sodium, salts of C ₈ . ₂₂ -, preferably C, ₀ . ₂₀ - and especially C ₁₂ . ₁₈ -fatty alkyl sulfuric acids, preferably in amounts of 0.5 to 30% by weight>, particularly preferably 1 to 20% by weight> and in particular 2 to 10% by weight>, each based on the weight of the shaped body.

Other surfactants that can be used in addition to the fatty alcohol sulfates can come from the groups of anionic, nonionic, cationic or amphoteric surfactants. Because of their range of services and their availability, anionic and nonionic surfactants are preferred.

Other anionic surfactants used are, for example, those of the sulfonate and sulfate type. The surfactants of the sulfonate type include, for example, alkylbenzenesulfonates (ABS), olefin sulfonates, ie mixtures of alkene and hydroxyalkanesulfonates and disulfonates such as are obtained, for example, from C ₁₂ . _18- Monoolefmen with terminal or internal double bond by sulfonation with gaseous sulfur trioxide and subsequent alkaline or acidic hydrolysis of the sulfonation products. Also suitable are alkanesulfonates containing ₁₂ _ι ₈ alkanes chlorination or C for example, by sulfo sulfoxidation be recovered and subsequent hydrolysis or neutralization. The esters of α-sulfofatty acids (ester sulfonates), for example the α-sulfonated methyl esters of hydrogenated coconut, palm kernel or tallow fatty acids, are also suitable.

Other suitable anionic surfactants are sulfonated fatty acid glycerol esters. Fatty acid glycerol esters are to be understood as meaning the mono-, di- and triesters and their mixtures as obtained in the production by esterification of a monoglycerol with 1 to 3 moles of fatty acid or in the transesterification of triglycerides with 0.3 to 2 moles of glycerol become. Preferred sulfonated fatty acid glycerol esters are the sulfonation products of saturated fatty acids having 6 to 22 carbon atoms, for example caproic acid, caprylic acid, capric acid, myristic acid, lauric acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid or behenic acid.

In addition, 2,3-alkyl sulfates, which are produced for example in accordance with US Patent No. 3,234,258 or 5,075,041 and can be obtained as commercial products from Shell Oil Company under the name DAN ^®, are suitable anionic surfactants. The sulfuric acid monoesters of the straight-chain or branched C ₇ ethoxylated with 1 to 6 mol of ethylene oxide. _2r alcohols, such as 2-methyl-branched C ₉ . _π alcohols with an average of 3.5 moles of ethylene oxide (EO) or C ₁₂ . ₁₈ fatty alcohols with 1 to 4 EO are suitable. Because of their high foaming behavior, they are used in cleaning agents only in relatively small amounts, for example in amounts of 1 to 5% by weight.

Other suitable anionic surfactants are also the salts of alkylsulfosuccinic acid, which are also referred to as sulfosuccinates or as sulfosuccinic acid esters and which are monoesters and / or diesters of sulfosuccinic acid with alcohols, preferably fatty alcohols and especially ethoxylated fatty alcohols. Preferred sulfosuccinates contain C ₈ . ₁₈ fatty alcohol residues or mixtures thereof. Particularly preferred sulfosuccinates contain a fatty alcohol residue which is derived from ethoxylated fatty alcohols, which in themselves are nonionic surfactants (description see below). Again, sulfosuccinates whose fatty alcohol residues are derived from ethoxylated fatty alcohols with a narrow homolog distribution are particularly preferred. It is also possible to use alk (en) ylsuccinic acid with preferably 8 to 18 carbon atoms in the alk (en) yl chain or salts thereof.

Soaps are particularly suitable as further anionic surfactants. Saturated fatty acid soaps are suitable, such as the salts of lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, hydrogenated emcasic acid and behenic acid, and in particular from natural fatty acids, e.g. Coconut, palm kernel or tallow fatty acids, derived soap mixtures.

The anionic surfactants, including the soaps, can be in the form of their sodium, potassium or ammonium salts and also as soluble salts of organic bases, such as mono-, di- or triethanolamine. The anionic surfactants are preferably in the form of their sodium or potassium salts, in particular in the form of the sodium salts.

In the context of the present invention, detergent tablets are preferred whose total anionic surfactant content is above 5% by weight, is preferably above 7.5% by weight and in particular above 10% by weight, in each case based on the weight of the shaped body.

When selecting the anionic surfactants that are used in the detergent tablets according to the invention, there are no general conditions to be observed that prevent freedom of formulation. However, preferred detergent tablets have a soap content which exceeds 0.2% by weight, based on the total weight of the tablet.

The optionally used nonionic surfactants are preferably alkoxylated, advantageously ethoxylated, in particular primary alcohols with preferably 8 to 18 carbon atoms and an average of 1 to 12 moles of ethylene oxide (EO) per mole of alcohol, in which the alcohol radical branches linearly or preferably in the 2-position methyl may be or may contain linear and methyl-branched radicals in the mixture, as are usually present in oxo alcohol radicals. However, alcohol ethoxylates with linear residues of alcohols of native origin with 12 to 18 carbon atoms, for example from coconut, palm, tallow or oleyl alcohol, and an average of 2 to 8 EO per mole of alcohol are particularly preferred. The preferred ethoxylated alcohols include, for example, C _12-14 alcohols with 3 EO or 4 EO, C ₉ "alcohol with 7 EO, C ₁₃ . ₁₅ alcohols with 3 EO, 5 EO, 7 EO or 8 EO, C _12-18 alcohols with 3 EO, 5 EO or 7 EO and mixtures thereof, such as mixtures of C _12-14 alcohol with 3 EO and C. _12. , ₈ alcohol with 5 EO. The degrees of ethoxylation given represent statistical averages, which can be an integer or a fraction for a specific product. Preferred alcohol ethoxylates have a narrow homolog distribution (narrow range ethoxylates, NRE). In addition to these nonionic surfactants, fatty alcohols with more than 12 EO can also be used. Examples of this are tallow fatty alcohol with 14 EO, 25 EO, 30 EO or 40 EO.

Another class of preferably used nonionic surfactants, which are used either as the sole nonionic surfactant or in combination with other nonionic surfactants, are alkoxylated, preferably ethoxylated or ethoxylated and propoxylated fatty acid alkyl esters, preferably with 1 to 4 carbon atoms in the alkyl chain, in particular fatty acid methyl esters, as described, for example, in Japanese patent application JP 58/217598 or which are preferably prepared by the process described in international patent application WO-A-90/13533.

Another class of nonionic surfactants that can be used advantageously are the alkyl polyglycosides (APG). Alkypolyglycosides that can be used satisfy the general formula RO (G) _z , in which R denotes a linear or branched, in particular methyl-branched, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic radical having 8 to 22, preferably 12 to 18, C atoms and G is Is a symbol which stands for a glycose unit with 5 or 6 carbon atoms, preferably for glucose. The degree of glycosidation z is between 1.0 and 4.0, preferably between 1.0 and 2.0 and in particular between 1.1 and 1.4.

Linear alkyl polyglucosides, ie alkyl polyglycosides, in which the polyglycosyl radical is a glucose radical and the alkyl radical is an n-alkyl radical are preferably used.

The laundry detergent and cleaning product tablets according to the invention can preferably contain alkyl polyglycosides, with APG contents of the tablets more than 0.2% by weight, based on the total tablet, being preferred. Particularly preferred detergent tablets contain APG in amounts of 0.2 to 10% by weight, preferably 0.2 to 5% by weight and in particular 0.5 to 3% by weight.

Nonionic surfactants of the amine oxide type, for example N-coconut alkyl-N, N-dimethylamine oxide and N-tallow alkyl-N, N-dihydroxyethylamine oxide, and the fatty acid alkanolamides can also be suitable. The amount of these nonionic surfactants is preferably not more than that of the ethoxylated fatty alcohols, in particular not more than half of them.

Other suitable surfactants are polyhydroxy fatty acid amides of the formula (II), I

R-CO-N- [Z] (II)

in which RCO stands for an aliphatic acyl radical with 6 to 22 carbon atoms, R for hydrogen, an alkyl or hydroxyalkyl radical with 1 to 4 carbon atoms and [Z] for a linear or branched polyhydroxyalkyl radical with 3 to 10 carbon atoms and 3 to 10 hydroxyl groups. The polyhydroxy fatty acid amides are known substances which can usually be obtained by reductive amination of a reducing sugar with ammonia, an alkylamine or an alkanolamine and subsequent acylation with a fatty acid, a fatty acid alkyl ester or a fatty acid chloride.

The group of polyhydroxy fatty acid amides also includes compounds of the formula (III)

R ^Ϊ -OR ²

R-CO-N- [Z] (III)

in which R represents a linear or branched alkyl or alkenyl radical having 7 to 12 carbon atoms, R ^{1 represents} a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl radical or an aryl radical having 2 to 8 carbon atoms and R ^{2 represents} a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl radical or an aryl radical or an oxy-alkyl radical having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, C 1 -C 4 -alkyl or phenyl radicals being preferred and [Z] representing a linear polyhydroxyalkyl radical whose alkyl chain is substituted by at least two hydroxyl groups, or alkoxylated, preferably ethoxylated or propoxylated derivatives thereof Rest.

[Z] is preferably obtained by reductive amination of a reduced sugar, for example glucose, fructose, maltose, lactose, galactose, mannose or xylose. The N-alkoxy- or N-aryloxy-substituted compounds can then be converted, for example according to the teaching of international application WO-A-95/07331, into the desired polyhydroxyfatty acid amides by reaction with fatty acid methyl esters in the presence of an alkoxide as catalyst.

In the context of the present invention, detergent tablets are preferred which additionally contain nonionic surfactant (s) and in which the nonionic surfactant content of the tablets is above 2% by weight, preferably above 5% by weight > and in particular above 7.5% by weight>, in each case based on the weight of the shaped body.

In the context of the present invention, nonionic surfactants from all of the above-mentioned groups can be used. Regardless of the chemical nature of the nonionic surfactants used, detergent tablets are preferred which additionally contain nonionic surfactants with a melting point below 40 ° C., preferably below 30 ° C. and in particular below 25 ° C., in amounts of 0.5 to 20% by weight. -%>, preferably from 1 to 10 wt .-% and in particular from 1.5 to 5 wt .-%>, each based on the weight of the moldings.

The detergent tablets of the present invention contain sodium percarbonate to develop the desired bleaching performance. "Sodium percarbonate" is a non-specific term for sodium carbonate peroxohydrates which, strictly speaking, are not "percarbonates" (ie salts of percarbonic acid) but hydrogen peroxide adducts with sodium carbonate. The merchandise has the average composition 2 NajCOjθ H ₂ O ₂ and is therefore not peroxycarbonate. Sodium percarbonate often forms a white, water-soluble powder with a density of 2.14 ^"3 , which easily disintegrates into sodium carbonate and bleaching or oxidizing oxygen.

Sodium carbonate peroxohydrate was first obtained in 1899 by ethanol precipitation from a solution of sodium carbonate in hydrogen peroxide, but was erroneously viewed carbonate. It was not until 1909 that the compound was recognized as a hydrogen peroxide addition compound, but the historical name "sodium percarbonate" has become established in practice, which is why it is also used in the context of the present application.

The industrial production of sodium percarbonate is mainly produced by precipitation from an aqueous solution (so-called wet process). Here, aqueous solutions of sodium carbonate and hydrogen peroxide are combined and the sodium percarbonate is precipitated by salting-out agents (predominantly sodium chloride), crystallization aids (for example polyphosphates, polyacrylates) and stabilizers (for example Mg ²⁺ ions). The precipitated salt, which still contains 5 to 12% by weight> mother liquor, is then centrifuged off and dried in fluidized bed dryers at 90 ° C. The bulk density of the finished product can vary between 800 and 1200 g / 1 depending on the manufacturing process. As a rule, the percarbonate is stabilized by an additional coating. Coating processes and materials used for coating are widely described in the patent literature. In principle, according to the invention, all commercially available types of percarbonate can be used, such as those offered by Solvay Interox, Degussa, Kemira or Akzo. The advantageousness of the rapid disintegration of the shaped body results according to the invention from the defined particle size of the percarbonate.

Depending on the desired product, the sodium percarbonate bleaching agent is used in varying amounts in the detergent tablets according to the invention. Usual contents are between 5 and 50% by weight, preferably between 10 and 40% by weight and in particular between 15 and 35% by weight, in each case based on the entire molded body.

In the case of sodium percarbonate, the content of the shaped bodies in this substance also depends on the intended use of the shaped bodies. While conventional universal detergents in tablet form contain between 5 and 30% by weight, preferably between 7.5 and 25% by weight and in particular between 12.5 and 22.5% by weight sodium percarbonate, the contents are in the case of bleach or bleach booster tablets between 15 and 50% by weight>, preferably between 22.5 and 45% by weight and in particular between 30 and 40% by weight _> .

A preferred embodiment of the present invention provides detergent tablets for washing textiles in a household washing machine. These preferred laundry detergent and cleaning product tablets are characterized in that they, as the sole bleaching agent, contain sodium percarbonate in amounts of 1 to 40% by weight, preferably 2.5 to 35% by weight, particularly preferably 5 to 30% by weight. %> and in particular from 7.5 to 25 wt .-%, each based on the weight of the shaped body.

In addition to sodium percarbonate, the detergent tablets according to the invention can contain bleach activator (s), which is preferred in the context of the present invention. Bleach activators are incorporated into detergents and cleaning agents to achieve an improved bleaching effect when washing at temperatures of 60 ° C and below. Bleach activators which can be used are compounds which, under perhydrolysis conditions, give aliphatic peroxocarboxylic acids having preferably 1 to 10 C atoms, in particular 2 to 4 C atoms, and / or optionally substituted perbenzoic acid. Suitable substances are those which carry O- and / or N-acyl groups of the number of carbon atoms mentioned and / or optionally substituted benzoyl groups. Preferred are multiply acylated alkylenediamines, especially tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED), acylated triazine derivatives, especially 1,5-diacetyl-2,4-dioxohexahydro-1,3,5-triazine (DADHT), acylated glycolurils, especially tetraacetylglycoluril (TAGU ), N-acylimides, especially N-nonanoylsuccinimide (NOSI), acylated phenol sulfonates, especially n-nonanoyl- or isononanoyloxybenzenesulfonate (n- or iso-NOBS), carboxylic acid anhydrides, especially phthalic anhydride, acylated polyhydric alcohols, especially triacetyl alcohols, especially triac 5-diacetoxy-2,5-dihydrofuran.

In addition to the conventional bleach activators or in their place, so-called bleach catalysts can also be incorporated into the moldings. These substances are bleach-enhancing transition metal salts or transition metal complexes such as Mn, Fe, Co, Ru or Mo salt complexes or carbonyl complexes. Mn, Fe, Co, Ru, Mo, Ti, V and Cu complexes with N-containing tripod ligands as well as Co, Fe, Cu and Ru amine complexes can also be used as bleaching catalysts.

The moldings according to the invention each contain, based on the entire mold, between 0.5 and 30% by weight, preferably between 1 and 20% by weight and in particular between 2 and 15% by weight, of one or more bleach activators or bleach catalysts. These amounts can vary depending on the intended use of the moldings produced. For example, bleach activator contents of between 0.5 and 10% by weight, preferably between 2 and 8% by weight and in particular between 4 and 6% by weight, are common in typical universal detergent tablets, while bleach tablets contain higher amounts, for example can have between 5 and 30% by weight, preferably between 7.5 and 25% by weight and in particular between 10 and 20% by weight. The person skilled in the art is not restricted in its freedom of formulation and can thus produce more or less bleaching detergent tablets, detergent tablets or bleach tablets by varying the bleach activator and bleach content.

A particularly preferred bleach activator is N, N, N ', N'-tetraacetylethylenediamine, which is widely used in washing and cleaning agents. Accordingly, preferred shaped detergents and cleaning agents are characterized in that tetraacetylethylenediamine is used as the bleach activator in the amounts mentioned above.

Phosphate (s) and fatty alcohol sulfate (s) can be introduced into the detergent tablets according to the invention in any manner. It has proven to be advantageous if the premix to be molded contains phosphate (s) and fatty alcohol sulfate (s) in the form of a surfactant granulate. For this purpose, a surfactant granulate is first produced, which preferably contains the total amount of the phosphates and fatty alcohol sulfates contained in the moldings, and is subsequently mixed with further processing components, after which the premix is fed to a tableting unit becomes. It is further preferred that the above-mentioned surfactant granules contain the total amount of the nonionic surfactants contained in the shaped bodies, preferably even the total amount of the total surfactants contained in the shaped bodies. In summary, detergent tablets are preferred, which are characterized in that they contain the total amount of phosphates in the form of a surfactant granulate, which preferably also contains the total amount of the surfactants contained in the tablets.

Such preferred surfactant granules naturally have higher phosphate contents than the overall molded article. According to the invention, detergent tablets are preferred in which the surfactant granules are 5 to 70% by weight, preferably 10 to 65% by weight, particularly preferably 20 to 60% by weight and in particular 25 to 50% by weight Contains phosphate, each based on the weight of the surfactant granules.

Other ingredients of detergents and cleaning agents, in particular so-called small components such as optical brighteners, polymers, defoamers, phosphonates, colors and fragrances, can also be part of the surfactant granules. These substances are described below. The premix to be pressed can also contain one or more substances from the groups of bleaching agents, bleach activators, disintegration aids, etc. In specific embodiments of the present invention, the substances mentioned, which are described below, can also be part of the surfactant granules.

Another object of the present invention is a method for producing detergent tablets by mixing a surfactant-containing granulate with pulverulent preparation components and subsequent molding, the premix to be pressed containing fatty alcohol sulfate (s), percarbonate and phosphate builder.

With regard to preferred embodiments and quantitative proportions of individual components, the above applies analogously to the method according to the invention for the method according to the invention. moderate detergent and molded articles said. Preferred processes are therefore characterized, for example, in that the surfactant-containing granules contain the total amount of the phosphates contained in the molded bodies, granules which additionally contain the total amount of the nonionic surfactants, preferably the total amount of all surfactants, being preferred.

In preferred process variants according to the invention, the premix to be treated contains surfactant-containing granulate (s) and further processing components, phosphate (s) and preferably the surfactants being part of the granulate. The granules containing surfactant can be produced by conventional industrial granulation processes such as compacting, extrusion, mixer granulation, pelletization or fluidized bed granulation. It is advantageous for the later detergent tablets if the premix to be veφresses has a bulk density that comes close to the usual compact detergent. In particular, it is preferred that the premix to be pressed has a bulk density of at least 500 g / 1, preferably at least 600 g / 1 and in particular at least 700 g / 1.

In preferred process variants, the surfactant-containing granulate satisfies certain particle size criteria. Methods according to the invention are preferred in which the surfactant-containing granules have particle sizes between 100 and 2000 μm, preferably between 200 and 1800 μm, particularly preferably between 400 and 1600 μm and in particular between 600 and 1400 μm.

In addition to the active substances (anionic and / or nonionic and / or cationic and / or amphoteric surfactants), the surfactant granules preferably also contain carriers which particularly preferably come from the group of builders. Particularly advantageous processes are characterized in that the premix to be treated contains a surfactant-containing granulate which contains anionic and / or nonionic surfactants and builders and whose total surfactant content is 5 to 60% by weight, preferably 10 to 50% by weight and in particular 15 to 40% by weight, based in each case on the surfactant granules. In order to incorporate the desired amount of detergent substance into the detergent tablets, process variants are preferred in which the premix contains a surfactant-containing granulate which contains from 5 to 60% by weight, preferably from 10 to 50% by weight, and in particular from 15 to 40% by weight, based in each case on the weight of the surfactant granules (see above). In particular detergent tablets, in which the anionic surfactant content of the surfactant granules is 5 to 45% by weight, preferably 10 to 40% by weight and in particular 15 to 35% by weight, in each case based on the weight of the surfactant granules , and detergent tablets, in which the content of the surfactant granules of nonionic surfactants is 1 to 30% by weight, preferably 5 to 25% by weight and in particular 7.5 to 20% by weight, in each case based on the weight of the surfactant granules are preferred according to the invention. Particularly preferred variants of the process according to the invention are characterized in that the proportion of the surfactant-containing granules in the premix to be veφresses and thus in the detergent form 40 to 95 wt .-%>, preferably 45 to 85 wt .-%> and in particular 55 to 75% by weight, based in each case on the weight of the detergent tablets, is.

The production of surfactant-containing granules is widely described in the prior art, and in addition to extensive patent literature, numerous review articles and monographs can also be used. W.Hermann de Groot, I. Adami, G.F. Moretti "The Manufacture of Modern Detergent Powders", Hermann de Groot Academic Publisher, Wassenaar, 1995 various spray drying, mixing and granulating processes for the production of detergents and cleaning agents.

For energetic reasons, it is preferred in the context of the present invention if the granules containing surfactant are not produced by spray drying, but rather by means of a granulation process. In addition to the conventional granulation and agglomeration processes, which can be carried out in a wide variety of mixing granulators and mixing agglomerators, press agglomeration processes can also be used, for example. Procedure Ren, in which the surfactant-containing granules are produced by granulation, agglomeration, press agglomeration or a combination of these methods are therefore preferred.

The granulation can be carried out in a large number of apparatuses customarily used in the detergent and cleaning agent industry. For example, it is possible to use the rounding agents commonly used in pharmacy. In such turntable devices, the residence time of the granules is usually less than 20 seconds. Conventional mixers and mixing granulators are also suitable for granulation. Both high-intensity mixers ("high-shear mixers") and normal mixers with lower circulation speeds can be used as mixers. Suitable mixers are, for example Eirich ^® mixer Series R or RV (trademark of Maschinenfabrik Gustav Eirich, Hardheim), the Schugi ^® Flexomix, the Fukae ^® FS-G mixers (trade marks of Fukae Powtech, Kogyo Co., Japan), the Lödige ^® FM, KM and CB mixers (trademark of Lödige Maschinenbau GmbH, Paderborn) or the Drais ^® series T or KT (trademark of Drais- Werke GmbH, Mannheim). The residence times of the granules in the mixers are in the range of less than 60 seconds, the residence time also being dependent on the circulation speed of the mixer. The dwell times are reduced accordingly the faster the mixer runs. The residence times of the granules in the mixer / rounder are preferably less than one minute, preferably less than 15 seconds. Dwell times of up to 20 minutes are set in slow-running mixers, for example a Lödige KM, dwell times below 10 minutes being preferred because of the process economy.

In the process of press agglomeration, the surfactant-containing granules are compressed under pressure and under the action of shear forces, homogenized in the process and then discharged from the apparatus in a shaping manner. The technically most important press agglomeration processes are extrusion, roller compaction, pelleting and tableting. In the context of the present invention, preferred press agglomeration processes used to produce the surfactant-containing granules are extrusion, roller compaction and pelletization. In order to facilitate the disintegration of highly compressed moldings, it is possible to incorporate disintegration aids, so-called tablet disintegrants, in order to shorten the disintegration times. According to Römpp (9th edition, vol. 6, p. 4440) and Voigt "Textbook of Pharmaceutical Technology" (6th edition, 1987, p. 182-184), tablet explosives or disintegration accelerators are understood as auxiliary substances which are necessary for rapid disintegration of tablets in water or gastric juice and ensure the release of the pharmaceuticals in absorbable form.

These substances, which are also referred to as "explosives" due to their effect, increase their volume when water enters, whereby on the one hand the intrinsic volume increases (swelling) and on the other hand a pressure can be generated by the release of gases, which breaks the tablet into smaller particles disintegrates. Well-known disintegration aids are, for example, carbonate / citric acid systems, although other organic acids can also be used. Swelling disintegration aids are, for example, synthetic polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) or natural polymers or modified natural products such as cellulose and starch and their derivatives, alginates or casein derivatives.

Preferred detergent tablets contain 0.5 to 10% by weight, preferably 3 to 7% by weight and in particular 4 to 6% by weight of one or more disintegration auxiliaries, in each case based on the molded article weight.

Disintegrants based on cellulose are used as preferred disintegrants in the context of the present invention, so that preferred washing and cleaning agent shaped bodies such a disintegrant based on cellulose in amounts of 0.5 to 10% by weight o, preferably 3 to 7% by weight o and contain in particular 4 to 6 wt .-%. Pure cellulose has the formal gross composition (C ₆ H ₁₀ O ₅ ) _n and, formally speaking, represents a ß-1,4-polyacetal of cellobiose, which in turn is made up of two molecules of glucose. Suitable celluloses consist of approx. 500 to 5000 glucose units and consequently have an average molecular weight of 50,000 up to 500,000. Cellulose-based disintegrants which can be used in the context of the present invention are also cellulose derivatives which can be obtained from cellulose by polymer-analogous reactions. Such chemically modified celluloses include, for example, products from esterifications or etherifications in which hydroxyl hydrogen atoms have been substituted. However, celluloses in which the hydroxyl groups have been replaced by functional groups which are not bound via an oxygen atom can also be used as cellulose derivatives. The group of cellulose derivatives includes, for example, alkali celluloses, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), cellulose esters and ethers and aminocelluloses. The cellulose derivatives mentioned are preferably not used alone as a cellulose-based disintegrant, but are used in a mixture with cellulose. The cellulose derivative content of these mixtures is preferably below 50% by weight, particularly preferably below 20% by weight, based on the cellulose-based disintegrant. Pure cellulose which is free of cellulose derivatives is particularly preferably used as the disintegrant based on cellulose.

The cellulose used as disintegration aid is preferably not used in finely divided form, but is converted into a coarser form, for example granulated or compacted, before being added to the premixes to be treated. Detergent tablets, which contain disintegrants in granular or optionally granulated form, are described in German patent applications DE 197 09 991 (Stefan Herzog) and DE 197 10 254 (Henkel) and in international patent application WO98 / 40463 (Henkel). These documents can also be found in more detail on the production of granulated, compacted or cogranulated cellulose disintegrants. The particle sizes of such disintegrants are usually above 200 μm, preferably at least 90% by weight between 300 and 1600 μm and in particular at least 90% by weight between 400 and 1200 μm. The above and described in more detail in the documents cited coarser disintegration aids, are preferred as disintegration aids and are commercially available, for example under the name of Arbocel ^® TF-30-HG from Rettenmaier available in the present invention. Microcrystalline cellulose can be used as a further cellulose-based disintegrant or as a component of this component. This microcrystalline cellulose is obtained by partial hydrolysis of celluloses under conditions which only attack and completely dissolve the amorphous areas (approx. 30% of the total cellulose mass) of the celluloses, but leave the crystalline areas (approx. 70%>) undamaged. A subsequent disaggregation of the microfine celluloses resulting from the hydrolysis provides the microcrystalline celluloses, which have primary particle sizes of approximately 5 μm and can be compacted, for example, to granules with an average particle size of 200 μm.

Thus, processes are preferred in the context of the present invention in which the premix to be treated additionally contains a disintegration aid, preferably a cellulose-based disintegration aid, preferably in granular, cogranuhered or compacted form, in amounts of 0.5 to 10% by weight, preferably from 3 to 7% by weight and in particular from 4 to 6% by weight, based in each case on the weight of the premix.

In further preferred processes, the premix additionally contains one or more substances from the group of builders, bleach activators, enzymes, pH regulators, fragrances, perfume carriers, fluorescent agents, dyes, foam inhibitors, silicone oils, anti-redeposition agents, optical brighteners, graying inhibitors, color transfer inhibitors and corrosion inhibitors. These substances are described below. The most important representatives from the groups of builders and bleach activators were described above, followed by information on the other ingredients. Suitable enzymes are those from the class of proteases, lipases, amylases, cellulases or mixtures thereof. Enzymatic active ingredients obtained from bacterial strains or fungi such as Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis and Streptomyces griseus are particularly suitable. Proteases of the subtilisin type and in particular proteases which are obtained from Bacillus lentus are preferably used. Enzyme mixtures, for example of protease and amylase or protease and lipase or pro- tease and cellulase or from cellulase and lipase or from protease, amylase and lipase or protease, lipase and cellulase, but especially mixtures of cellulase of particular interest. Peroxidases or oxidases have also proven to be suitable in some cases. The enzymes can be adsorbed on carriers and / or embedded in coating substances in order to protect them against premature decomposition. The proportion of enzymes, enzyme mixtures or enzyme granules in the shaped bodies according to the invention can be, for example, about 0.1 to 5% by weight, preferably 0.1 to about 2% by weight.

In addition, the detergent tablets can also contain components that positively influence the oil and fat washability from textiles (so-called soil repellents). This effect becomes particularly clear when a textile is soiled that has already been washed several times beforehand with a detergent according to the invention which contains this oil and fat-dissolving component. The preferred oil- and fat-dissolving components include, for example, nonionic cellulose ethers such as methyl cellulose and methyl hydroxypropyl cellulose with a proportion of methoxyl groups of 15 to 30% by weight and of hydroxypropoxyl groups of 1 to 15% by weight, based in each case on the nonionic cellulose ether, and also the polymers of phthalic acid and / or terephthalic acid or their derivatives known from the prior art, in particular polymers of ethylene terephthalates and / or polyethylene glycol terephthalates or anionically and / or nonionically modified derivatives thereof. Of these, the sulfonated derivatives of phthalic acid and terephthalic acid polymers are particularly preferred.

The shaped bodies can contain derivatives of diaminostilbenedisulfonic acid or their alkali metal salts as optical brighteners. Suitable are, for example, salts of 4,4'-bis (2-anilino-4-moφholmo-l, 3,5-triazinyl-6-amino) stilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid or compounds of similar structure which instead of the Moφholino- Group carry a diethanolamino group, a methylamino group, an anilino group or a 2-methoxyethylamino group. Brighteners of the substituted diphenylstyryl type may also be present, for example the alkali salts of 4,4'-bis (2-sulfostyryl) diphenyl, 4,4'-bis (4-chloro-3-sulfostyryl) - diphenyls, or 4- (4-chlorostyryl) -4 '- (2-sulfostyryl) diphenyls. Mixtures of the aforementioned brighteners can also be used.

Dyes and fragrances are added to the detergent tablets according to the invention in order to improve the aesthetic impression of the products and, in addition to the washing or cleaning performance, to provide the consumer with a visually and sensorially "typical and unmistakable" product. As perfume oils or fragrances, individual fragrance compounds, e.g. the synthetic products of the ester, ether, aldehyde, ketone, alcohol and hydrocarbon type are used. Fragrance compounds of the ester type are e.g. Benzyl acetate, phenoxyethyl isobutyrate, p-tert-butylcyclohexyl acetate, linalyl acetate, dimethylbenzylcarbinyl acetate, phenylethyl acetate, linalyl benzoate, benzyl formate, ethyl methylphenyl glycinate, allylcyclohexyl propionate, styrallyl propalate and benzyl. The ethers include, for example, benzyl ethyl ether, the aldehydes e.g. the linear alkanals with 8-18 C atoms, citral, citronellal, citronellyloxyacetaldehyde, cyclamenaldehyde, hydroxycitronellal, lilial and bourgeonal, to the ketones e.g. the Jonone, o -Isomethylionon and Methyl-cedrylketon, to the alcohols Anethol, Citronellol, Eugenol, Geraniol, Linalool, Phenylethylalkohol and Teφineol, to the hydrocarbons belong mainly the Teφene like Limonen and Pinen. However, preference is given to using mixtures of different fragrances which together produce an appealing fragrance. Such perfume oils can also contain natural fragrance mixtures as are available from plant sources, e.g. Pine, citrus, jasmine, patchouly, rose or ylang-ylang oil. Also suitable are muscatel, sage oil, chamomile oil, clove oil, lemon balm oil, mint oil, cinnamon leaf oil, lentil flower oil, juniper berry oil, vetiver oil, olibanum oil, galbanum oil and labdanum oil as well as orange blossom oil, neroliol, orange peel oil and sandalwood oil.

The dye content of the detergent tablets according to the invention is usually less than 0.01% by weight, while fragrances can make up up to 2% by weight of the entire formulation. The fragrances can be incorporated directly into the agents according to the invention, but it can also be advantageous to apply the fragrances to carriers which increase the adhesion of the perfume to the laundry and ensure a long-lasting fragrance of the textiles by slower fragrance release. Cyclodextrins, for example, have proven useful as such carrier materials, and the cyclodextrin-perfume complexes can additionally be coated with further auxiliaries.

In order to improve the aesthetic impression of the detergent tablets according to the invention, they can be colored with suitable dyes. Preferred dyes, the selection of which does not pose any difficulty for the person skilled in the art, have a high storage stability and are not sensitive to the other ingredients of the compositions and to light, and have no pronounced substantivity towards textile fibers, in order not to dye them.

Before the particulate premix is pressed into detergent tablets, the premix can be "powdered" with finely divided surface treatment agents. This can be of advantage for the quality and physical properties of both the premix (storage, molding) as well as the finished detergent tablets. Finely divided powdering agents are well known in the art, mostly zeolites, silicates or other inorganic salts being used. However, the premix is preferably “powdered” with finely divided zeolite, zeolites of the faujasite type being preferred. In the context of the present invention, the term “faujasite-type zeolite” denotes all three zeolites which form the faujasite subgroup of the zeolite structure group 4 (compare Donald W. Breck: “Zeolite Molecular Sieves”, John Wiley & Sons, New York , London, Sydney, Toronto, 1974, page 92). In addition to the zeolite X, zeolite Y and faujasite and mixtures of these compounds can also be used, the pure zeolite X being preferred.

In the context of the present invention, processes for producing detergent tablets are preferred, in which the or one of the admixed processing components is a faujasite-type zeolite with particle sizes below 100 μm, is preferably below 10 μm and in particular below 5 μm and is at least 0.2% by weight, preferably at least 0.5% by weight and in particular more than 1% by weight of the premix to be treated.

The molded articles according to the invention are first produced by dry mixing the constituents, which can be wholly or partially pregranulated, and then providing information, in particular feeding them into tablets, whereby conventional methods can be used. To produce the shaped bodies according to the invention, the premix is compacted in a so-called die between two punches to form a solid compact. This process, which is briefly referred to below as tableting, is divided into four sections: metering, compression (elastic deformation), plastic deformation and ejection.

First, the premix is introduced into the die, the filling quantity and thus the weight and the shape of the molded body being formed being determined by the position of the lower punch and the shape of the pressing tool. The constant dosing, even at high mold throughputs, is preferably achieved by volumetric dosing of the premix. As the tableting continues, the upper punch touches the premix and lowers further in the direction of the lower punch. During this compression, the particles of the premix are pressed closer together, the void volume within the filling between the punches continuously decreasing. From a certain position of the upper punch (and thus from a certain pressure on the premix), the plastic deformation begins, in which the particles flow together and the molded body is formed. Depending on the physical properties of the premix, some of the premix particles are also crushed and sintering of the premix occurs at even higher pressures. With increasing pressing speed, that is to say high throughput quantities, the phase of elastic deformation is shortened further and further, so that the resulting shaped bodies can have more or less large cavities. In the last step of the tabletting process, the finished molded body is pressed out of the die by the lower punch and transported away by subsequent transport devices. At this point, it's just that Weight of the molded body is finally determined, since the compacts can still change their shape and size due to physical processes (stretching, crystallographic effects, cooling, etc.).

Tableting takes place in commercially available tablet presses, which can in principle be equipped with single or double punches. In the latter case, not only is the upper stamp used to build up pressure, the lower stamp also moves towards the upper stamp during the pressing process, while the upper stamp presses down. For small production quantities, eccentric tablet presses are preferably used, in which the punch or stamps are fastened to an eccentric disc, which in turn is mounted on an axis with a certain rotational speed. The movement of these rams is comparable to that of a conventional four-stroke engine. The pressing can take place with one upper and one lower punch, but several punches can also be attached to one eccentric disk, the number of die holes being increased accordingly. The throughputs of eccentric presses vary depending on the type from a few hundred to a maximum of 3000 tablets per hour.

For larger throughputs, rotary tablet presses are selected in which a larger number of dies is arranged in a circle on a so-called die table. The number of matrices varies between 6 and 55 depending on the model, although larger matrices are also commercially available. Each die on the die table is assigned an upper and lower punch, and again the pressure can be built up actively only by the upper or lower punch, but also by both stamps. The die table and the stamps move about a common vertical axis, the stamps being brought into the positions for filling, compaction, plastic deformation and ejection by means of rail-like cam tracks during the rotation. Wherever a particularly serious lifting or lowering of the punches is required (filling, compacting, ejecting), these cam tracks are supported by additional low-pressure pieces, low-tension rails and lifting tracks. The die is filled via a rigidly arranged feed device, the so-called filling shoe, which is connected to a storage container for the premix. The pressure the pre-mix can be individually adjusted via the press paths for the upper and lower punches, the pressure being built up by rolling the punch shaft heads past adjustable pressure rollers.

Rotary presses can also be provided with two filling shoes to increase the throughput, with only a semicircle having to be run through to produce a tablet. For the production of two-layer and multi-layer molded bodies, several filling shoes are arranged one behind the other without the slightly pressed first layer being ejected before further filling. With suitable process control, jacket and dot tablets can also be produced in this way, which have an onion-shell-like structure, the top side of the core or core layers not being covered in the case of the dot tablets and thus remaining visible. Rotary tablet presses can also be equipped with single or multiple tools, so that, for example, an outer circle with 50 and an inner circle with 35 holes can be used simultaneously for pressing. The throughputs of modern rotary tablet presses are over one million molded articles per hour.

When tableting with concentricity presses, it has proven to be advantageous to carry out the tableting with the smallest possible fluctuations in the weight of the tablet. The fluctuations in hardness of the tablet can also be reduced in this way. Small fluctuations in weight can be achieved in the following ways:

- Use of plastic inserts with small thickness tolerances

- Low number of revolutions of the rotor

- Big filling shoes

- Matching the filler paddle speed to the speed of the rotor

- Filling shoe with constant powder height

- Decoupling of filling shoe and powder feed

All non-stick coatings known from the art are suitable for reducing stamp caking. Plastic coatings are particularly advantageous, Plastic inlays or plastic stamps. Rotating punches have also proven to be advantageous, with the upper and lower punches being designed to be rotatable if possible. In the case of rotating stamps, a plastic insert can generally be dispensed with. The stamp surfaces should be electropolished here.

It was also shown that long pressing times are advantageous. These can be set with pressure rails, several drawer rollers or low rotor speeds. Since the fluctuations in the hardness of the tablet are caused by the fluctuations in the pressing forces, systems should be used which limit the pressing force. Here elastic stamps, pneumatic compensators or resilient elements can be used in the force path. The pressure roller can also be designed to be resilient.

Tableting machines suitable within the scope of the present invention are available, for example, from the companies Apparatebau Holzwarth GbR, Asperg, Wilhelm Fette GmbH, Schwarzenbek, Hofer GmbH, Weil, KILIAN, Cologne, KOMAGE, Kell am See, KORSCH Pressen GmbH, Berlin, Mapag Maschinenbau AG, Bern (CH) and Courtoy NV, Halle (BE / LU). For example, the hydraulic double pressure press HPF 630 from LAEIS, D. is particularly suitable.

The molded body can be manufactured in a predetermined spatial shape and a predetermined size. Practically all practical configurations can be considered as the spatial shape, for example, the design as a board, the bar or bar shape, cubes, cuboids and corresponding spatial elements with flat side surfaces, and in particular cylindrical configurations with a circular or oval cross section. This last embodiment covers the presentation form from the tablet to compact cylinder pieces with a ratio of height to diameter above 1.

The portioned compacts can each be designed as separate individual elements that correspond to the predetermined dosage of the detergents and / or cleaning agents. However, it is also possible to form compacts that have a plurality connect such mass units in a compact, the portioned smaller units being easy to separate, in particular by predetermined predetermined breaking points. For the use of laundry detergents in machines of the type customary in Europe with horizontally arranged mechanics, the portioned compacts as tablets, in cylinder or cuboid form can be expedient, with a diameter / height ratio in the range from about 0.5: 2 to 2: 0.5 is preferred. Commercial hydraulic presses, eccentric presses or rotary presses are suitable devices, in particular for the production of such pressed articles.

The spatial shape of another embodiment of the molded body is adapted in its dimensions to the detergent dispenser of commercially available household washing machines, so that the molded body can be metered directly into the dispenser without metering aid, where it dissolves during the dispensing process. However, it is of course also possible to use the detergent tablets without problems using a metering aid and is preferred in the context of the present invention.

Another preferred molded body that can be produced has a plate-like or plate-like structure with alternating thick long and thin short segments, so that individual segments of this "bolt" at the predetermined breaking points, which represent the short thin segments, broken off and into the Machine can be entered. This principle of the "bar-shaped" molded article washing agent can also be implemented in other geometric shapes, for example vertically standing triangles, which are connected to one another only on one of their sides along the side.

However, it is also possible that the various components are not pressed into a uniform tablet, but that shaped bodies are obtained which have several layers, that is to say at least two layers. It is also possible that these different layers have different dissolving speeds. This can result in advantageous application properties of the molded body. If, for example, components are contained in the molded body that mutually influence each other negatively, it is possible to have one component in the more rapidly soluble layer to integrate and incorporate the other component in a slower soluble layer so that the first component has already reacted when the second goes into solution. The layer structure of the molded body can take place in a stack-like manner, with the inner layer (s) already loosening at the edges of the molded body when the outer layers have not yet been completely removed, but it is also possible for the inner layer (s) to be completely encased ) can be achieved by the layer (s) lying further outwards, which leads to the premature dissolution of components of the inner layer (s).

In a further preferred embodiment of the invention, a molded body consists of at least three layers, i.e. two outer and at least one inner layer, at least one of the inner layers containing a peroxy bleaching agent, while in the case of the stacked molded body the two outer layers and in the case of the shell-shaped molded body the outermost layers, however, are free of peroxy bleach. Furthermore, it is also possible to spatially separate peroxy bleaching agents and any bleach activators and / or enzymes that may be present in a molded body. Such multilayer molded bodies have the advantage that they can be used not only via a dispensing chamber or via a metering device which is added to the washing liquor; rather, in such cases it is also possible to put the molded body into direct contact with the textiles in the machine without the risk of bleaching from bleaching agents and the like.

Similar effects can also be achieved by coating individual constituents of the detergent and cleaning agent composition to be treated or the entire molded article. For this purpose, the bodies to be coated can, for example, be sprayed with aqueous solutions or emulsions, or else they can be coated using the melt coating method.

After pressing, the detergent tablets have a high stability. The breaking strength of cylindrical shaped bodies can be determined via the measured variable of the diametrical breaking response. This can be determined according to 2R σ πDt

Herein σ stands for diametral fracture stress (DFS) in Pa, P is the force in N that leads to the pressure exerted on the molded body, which causes the molded body to break, D is the molded body diameter in meters and t the height of the molded body.

Another object of the present invention is the use of surfactant granules, which contain phosphate (s) and fatty alcohol sulfate (s), to improve the hardness and disintegration time and to minimize the tendency of the detergent tablets to cover the lid. This inventive use of the surfactant granules mentioned in the premix leads to molded articles with advantageous properties, as the examples below show. With regard to preferred embodiments of the use according to the invention (proportions of the phosphates and fatty alcohol sulfates, further ingredients, composition of the premix, etc.), what has been said above for the method according to the invention applies analogously.

The present invention also relates to the use of particulate premixes which contain phosphate (s) and fatty alcohol sulfate (s) for the preparation of detergent tablets having an improved hardness and disintegration time. As already mentioned above, it is not necessary for the surfactant granules to contain the total amount of phosphates and fatty alcohol sulfates - rather, the composition of the premix is important in order to largely prevent the problems of covering.

The approach according to the invention can also be implemented in low-phosphate detergent tablets, so that the use of particulate premixes which contain fatty alcohol sulfate (s) and percarbonate for the preparation of detergent tablets with improved hardness and disintegration time Cover inclination is another object of the present invention. Preferred quantities etc. can also be found here from the above text.

The incoφoration of all three constituents (phosphate, fatty alcohol sulfate and percarbonate) in a premix also leads to detergent and cleaning agent shaped bodies with advantageous properties, so that the use of particulate premixes which contain phosphate (s), fatty alcohol sulfate (s) and percarbonate for the preparation Another object of the present invention is hardness and disintegration time-improved laundry detergent and cleaning agent molded articles with reduced lid inclination.

Examples:

Wet granulation in a 20 liter ploughshare mixer from Lödige produced a surfactant granulate, the composition of which is given in Table 1. Following the granulation, the granules were dried in an Aeromatic fluidized bed apparatus at an inlet air temperature of 60 ° C. for 30 minutes. After drying, the granules were sieved to remove the fine particles <0.6 mm and coarse particles> 1.6 mm.

The surfactant granules were then processed with further components to form compressible premixes, the composition of which is given in Table 2. Premix E according to the invention contained sodium percarbonate, while the premixes of comparative examples VI and V2 contained sodium perborate. The premixes were pressed in a Korsch eccentric press into tablets (diameter: 44 mm, height: 22 mm, weight: 37.5 g). The measured values of the tablet hardness are in each case the mean values of a double determination, the individual values per molded body type varying by a maximum of 2 N.

Table 1: Composition of the surfactant granules [% by weight>]

Table 2: Composition of the premixes [% by weight]:

* Terephthalic acid-ethylene glycol-polyethylene glycol ester (Rhodia, Rhδne-Poulenc)

After two days of storage, the hardness of the tablets was measured by deforming the tablet until it broke, the force acting on the side surfaces of the tablet and the maximum force which the tablet withstood being determined.

To determine the inclination of the lid, series of several hundred molded articles were pressed at different press forces. If a tearing open of the molded bodies was observed, this was noted in Table 3. The experimental data are shown in Table 3: Table 3: Detergent tablets [physical data]

Table 3 shows that the molded bodies VI and V2 tend to cover even at tablet hardnesses above 40N, while the molded bodies E according to the invention can also be pressed to hardnesses of 60 N without a layer-wise tearing open of the molded bodies.

Claims

Claims:

1. Detergent and cleansing tablets made of compressed, particulate washing and cleaning agents, containing surfactant (s), bleach, builders and optionally further ingredients of washing and cleaning agents, characterized in that the molded articles contain fatty alcohol sulfate (s), percarbonate and phosphate builder.

2. Detergent and cleaning agent according to spoke 1, characterized in that they are alkali metal phosphates as phosphates, preferably pentasodium or pentapotassium triphosphate (sodium or potassium tripolyphosphate), in amounts of 1 to 60% by weight>, preferably 5 to 50 % By weight>, particularly preferably from 10 to 40% by weight and in particular from 15 to 35% by weight, in each case based on the molded body weight.

3. Detergent and shaped article according to one of claims 1 or 2, characterized in that it contains the alkali metal, preferably sodium salts of C ₈ . ₂₂ -, preferably C ₁₀ " ₂₀ - and in particular C _{] 2} . ₁₈ fatty alkyl sulfuric acids, preferably in amounts of 0.5 to 30 wt .-%, particularly preferably from 1 to 20 wt .-% and in particular from 2 to 10 wt .-%, each based on the molded body weight.

4. Detergent form according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that it is particularly preferred as the sole bleaching agent sodium percarbonate in amounts of 1 to 40% by weight>, preferably from 2.5 to 35% by weight> from 5 to 30% by weight and in particular from 7.5 to 25% by weight, each based on the weight of the molded article.

5. Detergent and Reimgmittelformköφer according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that it additionally contains a zeolite of the faujasite type in amounts of 0.5 to 20 wt .-%>, preferably from 1 to 15 wt .-%> , particularly preferably from 2 to 10% by weight and in particular from 2.5 to 5% by weight, in each case based on the molded body weight, zeolite X being preferred.

6. Detergent form according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that they additionally contain nonionic surfactants with a melting point below 40 ° C, preferably below 30 ° C and in particular below 25 ° C, in amounts of 0.5 to 20 % By weight>, preferably from 1 to 10% by weight> and in particular from 1.5 to 5% by weight>, in each case based on the molded body weight.

7. Detergent and molded article according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that they contain the total amount of phosphates in the form of a surfactant granulate, which preferably also contains the total amount of the surfactants contained in the molded article.

8. Detergent form according to spoke 7, characterized in that the surfactant granules 5 to 70 wt .-%, preferably 10 to 65 wt .-%, particularly preferably 20 to 60 wt .-% and in particular 25 to 50 wt .-% %> Phosphate, based in each case on the weight of the surfactant granules.

9. A process for the production of detergent tablets by mixing a surfactant-containing granulate with pulverulent preparation components and subsequent shaping, characterized in that the premix to be veφressing contains fatty alcohol sulfate (s), percarbonate and phosphate builder.

10. The method according to claim 9, characterized in that the surfactant-containing granules contain the total amount of the phosphate contained in the Formköφem, granules which additionally contain the total amount of nonionic surfactants, preferably the total amount of all surfactants, are preferred.

11. The method according to any one of claims 9 or 10, characterized in that the surfactant-containing granules contain anionic and / or nonionic surfactants and builders and a total surfactant content of 5 to 60 wt .-%, preferably from 10 to 50 Wt .-%> and in particular from 15 to 40 wt .-%, each based on the surfactant granules.

12. The method according to any one of claims 9 to 11, characterized in that the surfactant-containing granules have particle sizes between 100 and 2000 microns, preferably between 200 and 1800 microns, particularly preferably between 400 and 1600 microns and in particular between 600 and 1400 microns.

13. The method according to any one of claims 9 to 12, characterized in that the proportion of the surfactant-containing granules in the detergent form 40 to 95 wt .-%, preferably 45 to 85 wt .-%> and in particular 55 to 75 wt. -%>, in each case based on the weight of the detergent tablets.

14. The method according to any one of claims 9 to 13, characterized in that the premix to be veφressing additionally a disintegration aid, preferably a disintegration aid based on cellulose, preferably in granular, cogranuhered or compacted form, in amounts of 0.5 to 10 wt .-% >, preferably from 3 to 7 wt .-% and in particular from 4 to 6 wt .-%, each based on the weight of the premix.

15. The method according to any one of claims 9 to 14, characterized in that the premix to be veφress further one or more substances from the group of builders, bleach activators, enzymes, pH adjusters, fragrances, perfume carriers, fluorescent agents, dyes, foam inhibitors, silicone oils, Contains anti-deposition agents, optical brighteners, graying inhibitors, color transfer inhibitors and corrosion inhibitors.

16. Use of surfactant granules which contain phosphate (s) and fatty alcohol sulfate (s) to improve the hardness and disintegration time and to minimize the tendency of the detergent tablets to form a lid.

17. Use of particulate premixes, which contain phosphate (s) and fatty alcohol sulfate (s), for the production of hardness and disintegration time-improved detergent tablets with reduced lid tendency.

18. Use of particulate premixes, which contain fatty alcohol sulfate (s) and percarbonate, for the production of hardness and disintegration time-improved detergent tablets with reduced lid tendency.

19. Use of particulate premixes, which contain phosphate (s), fatty alcohol sulfate (s) and percarbonate, for the production of hardness and disintegration time-improved detergent tablets with reduced lid tendency.