EP1154694A1 - Lutte contre la gale - Google Patents

Lutte contre la gale

Info

Publication number
EP1154694A1
EP1154694A1 EP00904684A EP00904684A EP1154694A1 EP 1154694 A1 EP1154694 A1 EP 1154694A1 EP 00904684 A EP00904684 A EP 00904684A EP 00904684 A EP00904684 A EP 00904684A EP 1154694 A1 EP1154694 A1 EP 1154694A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
mite
composition according
bacillus
bacterium
metabolite
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
EP00904684A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP1154694A4 (fr
Inventor
Dudley Edwin Pinnock
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Publication of EP1154694A1 publication Critical patent/EP1154694A1/fr
Publication of EP1154694A4 publication Critical patent/EP1154694A4/fr
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
    • A01N43/90—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having two or more relevant hetero rings, condensed among themselves or with a common carbocyclic ring system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N63/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi, animals or substances produced by, or obtained from, microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi or animals, e.g. enzymes or fermentates
    • A01N63/20—Bacteria; Substances produced thereby or obtained therefrom
    • A01N63/22—Bacillus
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N63/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi, animals or substances produced by, or obtained from, microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi or animals, e.g. enzymes or fermentates
    • A01N63/20—Bacteria; Substances produced thereby or obtained therefrom
    • A01N63/22—Bacillus
    • A01N63/23—B. thuringiensis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N63/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi, animals or substances produced by, or obtained from, microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi or animals, e.g. enzymes or fermentates
    • A01N63/50—Isolated enzymes; Isolated proteins

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a novel method of control of mange caused by parasitic mite populations, and in particular to the control of parasitic mites on birds and animals.
  • the method of the present application is applicable to Trombidiform and Sarcoptiform mange and scab mites, such as the scab mite Psoroptes ovis on sheep.
  • Some parasitic mites are disease-causing or -spreading and all are generally undesirable. For example, infestations of Psoroptes ovis mites on sheep (known to veterinary practitioners as cases of psoroptic mange and to sheep farmers as scab) are notifiable conditions that are responsible for huge financial losses to the wool and sheepmeat industries. Other species of pest mites are potential carriers of disease organisms, and remain a threat to livestock, especially in intensive animal production units such as lambing pens and poultry houses.
  • Mange, scab and other Sarcoptiform and Trombidiform parasitic mite diseases are the cause of suffering and even death of infested animals and birds, and cause heavy economic costs in the livestock industries.
  • Sarcoptiform sheep scab mites, Psoroptes ovis "puncture the epidermis to suck lymph and stimulate a local reaction in the form of a small inflammatory swelling richly infiltrated with serum. The latter exudes on to the surface and coagulates, thus forming a crust.
  • the altered conditions cause the wool to become loose and to fall out, or it is pulled out by the sheep in biting and scratching the lesion, which itches severely.
  • Bacillus thuringiensis is an aerobic Gram-positive spore-forming bacterium. It is distinguished from the closely related Bacillus cereus by the production during sporulation of one or more parasporal, crystalline protein inclusions 2 .
  • the methods of mite control used heretofore have proved only partially effective. At present, these consist of the application to the infested animal or bird of highly toxic organophosphate and other chemical pesticides. In addition to the direct toxic effects on the animal or bird on to which they are applied, these very toxic chemicals may create a very serious occupational health hazard to the keepers, farmers and pest control personnel using them and be the cause of environmental pollution.
  • the organophosphate pesticide Diazinon R - also known as Dimpylate R , Basudin R , Neocidol R ,Nucidol R ,Kayazinon R or Spectracide R - is used in plunge dips for control of scab mites, Psoroptes ovis, on sheep.
  • pesticides may cause undesirable residues in the treated animal and/ or environmental contamination caused, for example, by improper disposal of the sheep dip liquid after use.
  • chemical pesticides is generally unsound due to the short term protection which they provide and the evolution of resistance by the pests - e.g. the parasitic mites and/ or their nymphs - to the effects of these chemicals.
  • Asporogenous mutants of Bacillus thuringiensis also have been produced by treatment of the Bacillus thuringiensis cells with mutagenic chemicals and/ or radiation. In these mutants, spores are not produced, but the crystalline inclusion proteins may still be produced and used as above.
  • the Bacillus thuringiensis genes encoding these crystalline inclusion proteins have been isolated and sequenced. Using genetic engineering techniques, one or more of these Bacillus thuringiensis "cry” genes may be inserted into other, recipient bacteria, or into crop plants. In the recipient bacteria or plants, the Bacillus thuringiensis "cry” gene(s) then may be expressed so that the Bacillus thuringiensis pesticidal inclusion protein(s) are produced.
  • these bacteria after growth and expression of the protein, may be chemically fixed and processed to microencapsulate the Bacillus thuringiensis crystalline inclusion protein.
  • Biopesticides containing this microencapsulated inclusion protein have been formulated as sprays, powders or granules, and these have been claimed to have some pest control advantages over the native Bacillus thuringiensis product.
  • Bacillus thuringiensis inclusion protein(s) in a genetically modified plant, expression of the Bacillus thuringiensis inclusion protein(s) by and within the plant may confer a degree of protection of the plant against attack by certain insect pests. Cotton, corn, tobacco and several other crop plants have been genetically modified in this manner.
  • the main object of this invention is to provide a novel method which overcomes at least some of the prior art disadvantages, and which is effective in controlling pest parasitic mite populations, including those which cause mange, scab and other diseases of animals (including sheep, cattle and dogs) and birds.
  • the present invention provides a novel microbial treatment method for treating animals or birds (in particular, domestic animals or birds), which are either infested with, or likely to be infested with, mange, scab or other parasitic mites.
  • the microbial preparation used is harmless to man and other vertebrates and is therefore safe for the animals and birds under treatment and for the human operator. Because the parasitic mites are controlled by biological, i.e. microbial means, there is a smaller risk of resistance developing in the mite populations.
  • the method of the present invention is effective in the prevention or treatment of such conditions as sheep scab, mange and other diseases caused by parasitic mites.
  • the present invention relates to a novel method of control of mange and other ectoparasitic diseases of animals and birds caused by ectoparasites such as mites.
  • the method is applicable to the control of Sarcoptiform and Trombidiform mange and scab mites, such as the scab mite (Psoroptes ovis) on sheep.
  • the present invention stems from the applicant's discovery of the toxic effects of certain living organisms to mites.
  • the precise biochemical mode of action in killing the mites and their nymphs remains only partially known at the present time.
  • This novel method of control is by the use of selected strains (eg of Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus cereus or Bacillus moritai) which, placed on the animal or bird in the vicinity of the mange mites, produce, or have produced in their vegetative growth phase, diffusable, nucleotide and other low molecular weight, pesticidal metabolites.
  • selected strains eg of Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus cereus or Bacillus moritai
  • the vegatative cells of the selected strains of Bacillus are motile and, in an exemplified case, the control of the sheep scab mite Psoroptes ovis, are applied in liquid suspension and thus can move into, or in very close proximity to, the feeding sites of the mites.
  • the pesticidal metabolites diffuse into the feeding sites of the mites and, ingested with the cells, produce a lethal effect, killing the mites or preventing their reproduction so that the treated animal's mange or disease is mitigated and controlled.
  • the low molecular weight metabolites which are specified in this application are produced during the vegetative phase of growth of selected strains of Bacillus, and these are chemically distinct and entirely different from the crystalline inclusion protein also produced by Bacillus thuringiensis during the later sporulation stage.
  • the method of control using low molecular weight metabolites is clearly different and distinct from the prior art pre-existing technologies which rely for their pesticidal effect on the ingestion by the pest of the crystalline inclusion protein produced only in sporulated cultures of Bacillus thuringiensis, or in genetically modified bacteria, or in crop plants expressing a Bacillus thuringiensis gene. Furthermore, those pre-existing technologies have not been trialed against parasitic mites.
  • the population of the relevant parasitic mites is controlled by treating the infested animal or bird with an effective amount of a pesticidal preparation derived from a bacterium of the genus Bacillus or, more specifically, the species Bacillus thuringiensis (Author - Kirk 1915), Bacillus cereus (Author - Frankland and Frankland 1887) or Bacillus moritai (Author - Aizawa and Fujiyoshi 1968).
  • a method of preventing or controlling parasitic mite infestations on sheep, cattle, other animals (eg dogs) or birds comprising applying to the animal or bird an effective amount of a microbial preparation derived from or comprising a suitable bacterium of the genus Bacillus, or an acaricidal metabolite thereof.
  • preparation means material comprising or containing bacterial cells, spores, metabolites and/ or toxins, plus conventional excipients or additives, chemicals with a synergistic or additive effect (including other pesticides), plus any inert carriers or fillers.
  • microbial preparation pertains to cells, spores, metabolites (including both the prior-mentioned low molecular weight metabolites and crystalline inclusion proteins) or toxins derived from cultures of the bacteria, and which are instrumental in causing toxicity to, and death of, the parasitic mites.
  • Suitable bacteria are those having anti-mite activity.
  • the selection of candidate strains of the Bacillus species for anti-mite activity is made by employing appropriate bioassays and/ or tests, for example, as described hereinafter.
  • the microbial strains employed in this invention can be determined by bioassay. Serial concentrations or dilutions of microbial preparations and/ or formulations are administered to target mites in one or more appropriate bioassay systems, such as the examples described below.
  • the bioassays consist of treating or exposing replicated samples of the pest mites to a graded range of dilutions or doses of the microbial preparations or formulations derived from the candidate bacterial strains. In general, no less than sixty mites per replicate, per dose, are used, and no less than five graded dose levels are tested with a minimum of two, and preferably four, replicates of each dose.
  • the mortality response for example the corrected LD50, LC50 or LT50, is calculated, as required.
  • Such calculations are in general and widespread use and are well known to persons familiar with bioassays, who will have no difficulty in performing them.
  • the bacterial strain showing the highest potency, eg the lowest LD50 or LC50, and/ or most rapid mite mortality, eg the lowest LT50 is selected as the strain to be used for implementation of this invention for control of that mite species.
  • the bioassay procedures may involve a three step process. The first step is to bioassay on artificial or semi-natural diet, where one is available for that mite species. The second step is to follow up with bioassays on a simulated substrate, for example, sheepskin for sheep scab mites; the third and final step is, for this example, to bioassay on mite-infested sheep.
  • preliminary bioassays and subsequent bioassays are made along similar lines, but on different, appropriate substrates and on the appropriate hosts.
  • the doses derived from the candidate bacterial strains may be administered to the mites living on a substrate such as simulated pelage, fleece or plumage, skin, soiled wool and/ or skin scrapings of the host.
  • serum may be added to reduce mortality caused by starvation which could otherwise confound the results.
  • mite mortality is measured, the corrected LD50, LC50 or LT50 calculated and, in general, the most potent bacterial strain used for the implementation of this invention for control of that mite species on that host.
  • the microbial preparations are bioassay ed on the host animal or bird. This involves treatment of the mite-infested animal or bird with the microbial preparation. The numbers of mites are recorded before and after treatment of the animal or bird with the microbial preparation or formulation. The results are read subsequently as the LC50, LT50, the rate of mortality of the mites over time, or duration of prevention of re-establishment of infestation.
  • strains may be selected by appropriate tests for the metabolites, such as HPLC, LPLC or spectrographic analysis. In general, the strains yielding the highest levels of the metabolites will be selected.
  • the method of application used to effect the treatment may vary according to husbandry conditions or circumstances, the host species, the species and developmental stage of the mite being controlled, and the microbial preparation being employed.
  • the microbial preparations can be formulated as aqueous or non-aqueous concentrates, emulsifiable concentrates, wettable powders suitable for application with or without dilution as a spraying, jetting or dipping liquid or shampoo, or as a powder or dust.
  • the microbial preparation when controlling scab mites (Psoroptes ovis) on sheep, the microbial preparation can be formulated and applied in a plunge dip.
  • the microbial preparation may be incorporated in an inert carrier material and applied in the form of a powder or dust.
  • the microbial preparation may be formulated as a powder or dust, as a sprayable liquid or as a shampoo which is applied to the coat or pelage of the animal.
  • sheep with psoroptic mange are treated by a plunge dipping method with a liquid formulation containing a microbial preparation derived from one or more selected strains of bacteria of the genus Bacillus, specifically Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus cereus or Bacillus moritai.
  • the liquid formulations contain, or are derived wholly or in part from, one or more of the aforementioned microbial preparations derived from selected Bacillus strains, either alone or augmented by additives, excipients and/ or one or more chemical acaricides.
  • the sheep are plunged into a suitably large trough or vessel containing an effective concentration of the liquid formulation at such a depth that the sheep can be totally submerged.
  • a preferred method is to employ a sufficiently long dip so that the sheep have a minimum swim length of ten metres and are submerged three times, once when plunging into the dip, and twice more during their swim.
  • the sheep or animal is sprayed or jetted with the microbial formulation, which is pumped at approximately 560 kpa (70psi) through a hand wand to thoroughly wet the animal, so that the formulation penetrates to the skin.
  • the liquid microbial formulation is poured along the backline of the animal from a hand-held nozzle or applicator.
  • a spray dipping technique can be used, which is similar to the jetting technique, except that the whole animal is exposed to jets spraying the formulation.
  • spray nozzles are positioned so that the spray is directed from above, below and to the sides of the animal. Pressures are about the same as with jetting (560 kpa). Animals can be treated individually, as they are made to run through a race, or can be treated in batches in a larger enclosure. The run-off liquid may be recirculated by a pump.
  • dust or granules In another embodiment, which is especially suitable for use on birds, use is made of dust or granules.
  • the microbial preparations are dried and formulated into an inert carrier material, such as finely powdered talc, bentonite, kaolin, celite or similar inert dust material.
  • the dust formulation acts as a carrier for the preparations, and also acts as a screening agent to protect the preparations from degradation due to solar radiation and, in particular, ultra-violet radiation.
  • a granular formulation, consisting of the above materials may be compressed into small granules of a suitable size, or microencapsulated by biological or chemical means, to provide a gradual release of the active material in appropriate environments.
  • the bacterial cells, spores and/ or their metabolic products derived from the bacteria are incorporated in animal or bird feeds so that the effective acaricidal compound or compounds is or are passed systemically throughout the animal to control the mites.
  • the invention is directed to bacilli of the species Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus cereus and Bacillus moritai.
  • the invention relates generally to a method of control of parasitic mites on animals or birds, and is not limited to the control of Trombidiform and Sarcoptiform mites, nor of Psoroptes ovis scab mites on sheep.
  • the production of the microbial preparation may follow one of two pathways:-
  • Pathway 1 The fermentation broth or culture is harvested when the Bacillus cells are in the vegetative stage, prior to sporulation. The timing of this harvesting will depend on the Bacillus strain under culture and on the fermentation medium. In general, harvesting will occur when the cell population reaches the "plateau" stage of the fermentation - typically at 7 to 10 hours post-inoculation, if an inoculum of 10% of fermenter volume containing 5 x 10 9 cells per millilitre is used.
  • Harvesting may be accomplished by one or more standard procedures such as centrifugal separation, filtration, co-precipitation or membrane concentration.
  • the harvested material which includes the vegetative Bacillus cells and the fermentation broth metabolites, is then formulated with conventional excipients to produce a stabilised, aqueous, non-aqueous or emulsifiable liquid concentrate which maintains cell viability, or the material is dried by one or more conventional processes, such as by vacuum drying, spray drying or freeze-drying, or by air-drying the harvested material after addition of two volumes of acetone.
  • the material is then formulated with conventional excipients to form an aqueous, non-aqueous or emulsifiable concentrate, a dispersible suspension, a shampoo or a wettable powder.
  • the material may be thoroughly mixed, milled or blended with a carrier dust, such as finely powdered talc, bentonite, kaolin or celite, and other excipients or additives, to produce a dust or powder formulation.
  • the culture is harvested by one or more standard procedures, eg by centrifugal separation, filtration, co-precipitation or membrane concentration.
  • the harvested material which includes the sporulated Bacillus cells and/ or spores and fermentation broth metabolites, is then formulated with conventional excipients to produce a stabilised, aqueous, non-aqueous or emulsifiable liquid concentrate which maintains cell viability, or the material is dried by one or more conventional processes, such as by vacuum drying, spray drying or freeze-drying, or by air-drying the harvested material after addition of two volumes of acetone.
  • the material is then formulated with conventional excipients to form an aqueous, non-aqueous or emulsifiable concentrate, a dispersible suspension, a shampoo or a wettable powder.
  • the material may be thoroughly mixed, milled or blended with a carrier dust, such as finely powdered talc, bentonite, kaolin or celite, and other excipients or additives, to produce a dust or powder formulation.
  • a carrier dust such as finely powdered talc, bentonite, kaolin or celite, and other excipients or additives.
  • the resulting dust formulation contains about 2x10 10 viable spores per gram.
  • the selected strains of Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus cereus and Bacillus moritai produce a complex of metabolites, such as enzymes and nucleotides, in their vegetative growth stages 4 .
  • the most notable is the adenine nucleotide thuringiensin, and the molecular structure of this is shown in Figure 1.
  • Thuringiensin is a potent inhibitor of RNA polymerase, an essential enzyme in the mite, and this is a major contributor to the pesticidal effect of the microbial preparations.
  • the pesticidal effect of these metabolites causes the death or severe debilitation of the mites. In this way, the mite infestation is controlled, and thus the mange, scab or disease caused by the mites is controlled.
  • the microbial preparation or formulation applied to the animal or bird host contains a sufficient quantity of the active metabolites described above so that, when ingested by the parasitic mites, the mites are killed and/ or unable to reproduce.
  • These metabolites originate in the fermenter broth harvested with the selected Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus cereus or Bacillus moritai strain.
  • the pesticidal effect of the metabolites may be augmented by the invasion of the mites' alimentary canal by the Bacillus cells.
  • the elimination of the parasitic mites is the means whereby the disease, scab or mange is controlled.
  • the microbial preparation or formulation contains viable, vegetative cells of the selected Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus cereus or Bacillus moritai strain. After application onto the animal, these cells grow on the animal, with or without the aid of nutrients added in the formulation or to the tank mix. These cells are motile, and as they move and grow in, or in very close proximity to, the feeding sites of the parasitic mites, these vegetative cells produce the pesticidal metabolites in situ (ie the enzymes and other metabolites described above). These metabolites then diffuse or move into the feeding sites where they are ingested by, and kill, the parasitic mites.
  • the pesticidal effect of the metabolites may be augmented by the invasion of the mites' alimentary canal by the
  • Bacillus cells The elimination of the parasitic mites is the means whereby the disease, scab or mange is controlled.
  • the microbial preparation or formulation contains viable spores of the selected Bacillus thuringiensis Bacillus cereus or Bacillus moritai strain. These spores may be "potentiated” by heat treatment so that, when wetted, they will quickly germinate in the presence of an appropriate inducer.
  • a spore germination inducer such as L- alanine, adenosine, glucose or calcium dipicolinate, is added to the microbial preparation or formulation so that the spores rapidly germinate and produce vegetative cells on the treated animal.
  • these vegetative cells then grow, produce the pesticidal metabolites and so kill the parasitic mites.
  • the pesticidal effect of the metabolites may be augmented by the invasion of the mites' alimentary canal by the Bacillus cells.
  • the elimination of the parasitic mites is the means whereby the disease, scab or mange is controlled.
  • a further embodiment of this invention is the combination of one or more of the aforementioned implementation and/ or application methods and/ or one or more Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus cereus or Bacillus moritai strains. Such combinations may be advantageous when employing this invention for control of more than one parasitic mite species or stage and/or parasitic mites on more than one host species.

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé de prévention et de lutte contre les infestations d'acariens parasites chez les animaux ou les oiseaux, consistant à appliquer à l'animal ou oiseau une quantité efficace d'une préparation microbienne dérivée de ou comprenant une bactérie adéquate du genre Bacillus ou son métabolite araricide. La bactérie est de préférence de l'espèce Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus cereus ou Bacillus moritai. L'invention concerne aussi les préparation microbiennes utilisées dans ce procédé.
EP00904684A 1999-02-02 2000-01-31 Lutte contre la gale Ceased EP1154694A4 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AUPP8411A AUPP841199A0 (en) 1999-02-02 1999-02-02 Control of mange
AUPP841199 1999-02-02
PCT/AU2000/000041 WO2000045641A1 (fr) 1999-02-02 2000-01-31 Lutte contre la gale

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1154694A1 true EP1154694A1 (fr) 2001-11-21
EP1154694A4 EP1154694A4 (fr) 2002-01-23

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP00904684A Ceased EP1154694A4 (fr) 1999-02-02 2000-01-31 Lutte contre la gale

Country Status (3)

Country Link
EP (1) EP1154694A4 (fr)
AU (1) AUPP841199A0 (fr)
WO (1) WO2000045641A1 (fr)

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GB2422543B (en) * 2005-01-26 2007-01-10 David Richard Harper Louse-killing agents
JP2008533054A (ja) 2005-03-14 2008-08-21 マイクロビアル プロダクツ プロプライエタリー リミテッド 吸血シラミの駆除
AU2006225065B2 (en) * 2005-03-14 2012-08-16 Ectotec Pty Ltd Control of sucking lice
BE1018722A5 (nl) * 2009-04-17 2011-07-05 Cruysberghs Rudiger Een biologische samenstelling voor het behandelen van huisdieren en hun levensomgeving.
US20220249577A1 (en) * 2019-07-26 2022-08-11 Hipra Scientific, S.L.U. Methods and compositions for controlling or reducing pests
AU2021202114B2 (en) * 2020-04-08 2022-03-03 Microbial Screening Technologies Pty Ltd Probiotic compositions

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