EP1140391A1 - Method and device for controlling and/or maintaining the temperature of a melt, preferably of a steel melt during continuous casting - Google Patents

Method and device for controlling and/or maintaining the temperature of a melt, preferably of a steel melt during continuous casting

Info

Publication number
EP1140391A1
EP1140391A1 EP00901067A EP00901067A EP1140391A1 EP 1140391 A1 EP1140391 A1 EP 1140391A1 EP 00901067 A EP00901067 A EP 00901067A EP 00901067 A EP00901067 A EP 00901067A EP 1140391 A1 EP1140391 A1 EP 1140391A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
melt
temperature
heat
induction coil
molded part
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP00901067A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP1140391B1 (en
Inventor
Horst Grothe
Markus Reifferscheid
Raimund Brückner
Karl-Heinz Schmitt
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
SMS Siemag AG
Original Assignee
SMS Schloemann Siemag AG
Didier Werke AG
Schloemann Siemag AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by SMS Schloemann Siemag AG, Didier Werke AG, Schloemann Siemag AG filed Critical SMS Schloemann Siemag AG
Publication of EP1140391A1 publication Critical patent/EP1140391A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1140391B1 publication Critical patent/EP1140391B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
    • B22D11/10—Supplying or treating molten metal
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D41/00—Casting melt-holding vessels, e.g. ladles, tundishes, cups or the like
    • B22D41/005—Casting melt-holding vessels, e.g. ladles, tundishes, cups or the like with heating or cooling means
    • B22D41/01—Heating means
    • B22D41/015—Heating means with external heating, i.e. the heat source not being a part of the ladle
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
    • B22D11/10—Supplying or treating molten metal
    • B22D11/11—Treating the molten metal
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
    • B22D11/16—Controlling or regulating processes or operations
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D41/00—Casting melt-holding vessels, e.g. ladles, tundishes, cups or the like
    • B22D41/005—Casting melt-holding vessels, e.g. ladles, tundishes, cups or the like with heating or cooling means

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for setting and / or maintaining the temperature of a melt, preferably a steel melt, in a vessel, the temperature of the melt being measured, the measurement result being compared with a predeterminable temperature range in the form of target values and the heat of the melt is supplied or withdrawn that the temperature is within the range.
  • the quality of the melt is as uniform as possible for reasons of quality and operation, or the maintenance of a narrow temperature window. Due to the temperature loss of the melt in the pan, when transferring from the pan to the distributor and in the distributor itself, the casting time is limited in time.
  • Known devices for adjusting the temperature in the distributor are, for example, plasma heaters, which are usually positioned above the distributor.
  • the principle of plasma heating is to transfer an arc to a free metal surface in a chamber with electrodes that vertically follows the level of the dish.
  • the arc is stabilized with argon - hence the term plasma.
  • a hot spot forms in the area of the chamber which the steel either over dams and weirs or additional flushing devices to be attached, e.g. B. porous, gas-permeable floor purging stones must be passed.
  • a disadvantage of this process variant is the necessary free surface of the melt inside the chamber, so that physical and chemical interactions between the chamber atmosphere and the melt can be expected. Due to the very high temperatures in the arc, steam and dust build up inside the chamber.
  • inductive tundish heaters are known, in which a distinction is made between so-called crucible inductors and channel or channel inductors, which are mostly connected to the construction of the distributor by means of fixed flanges.
  • the channel inductors are comparatively complex to manufacture and maintain compared to the crucible inductors.
  • inductive heating result from a lack of contact with the melt, as well as from the force generation in the melt associated with the induced electromagnetic alternating field, which causes a stirring movement of the melt and thus a faster heat distribution within the distribution vessel.
  • Disadvantages of the previously implemented inductive tundish heaters result from the fixed attachment to the tundish, which has a negative effect on the flexibility. The necessary maintenance and repair work is also considerable.
  • the unpublished patent application DE 197 52 548 A1 relates to a method for setting and maintaining the temperature, in particular a molten steel, within narrow temperature limits over the casting time during continuous casting, the drop in temperature being compensated for by heating.
  • the process is improved by measuring the temperature of the melt at the outlet of the distribution vessel, comparing the measurement result with the predetermined lower temperature limit and heating the melt when the temperature reaches or falls below the limit value until the temperature again lies within the setpoint range.
  • Heating of the melt by an inductively operating heating device is also mentioned, without the means or a corresponding device required for this being described.
  • Document EP 0 657 236 A1 describes a tiltable casting container designed for batch operation for casting a molten metal with an inductive heater.
  • This comprises a flat circular induction coil, which can be adjusted in the vertical direction and is arranged at an adjustable distance parallel to the metal mirror, by means of which the melt is heated without contact by directly coupling the induced electromagnetic alternating field. Since the efficiency of the inductive field decreases sharply with increasing distance between the induction coil and the melt, the distance should be kept as small as possible. This requires operation without cover slag, which creates a direct contact between the melt and the atmosphere.
  • the device described is unsuitable for the continuous operation of a distributor vessel during continuous casting due to its design as a batch reactor.
  • operation under atmospheric conditions with steel is not possible due to the immediate physical and chemical reactions between the molten steel and the atmosphere.
  • the invention has for its object to provide a method of the type mentioned in the preamble of claim 1 and a device suitable for carrying it out, which is technically uncomplicated, flexible and, while avoiding the disadvantages and difficulties existing in the prior art thus economical allows advantageous temperature control of a molten metal in a distribution vessel.
  • the invention proposes that in a method of the type of melt mentioned in the preamble of claim 1, so much heat is added or removed that the temperature thereof is within the range.
  • a fireproof molded part which is inert towards the steel and closed on the bottom with an induction coil inside, is immersed in the melt.
  • the heating power of the device also referred to below as the heating element, is regulated by the current strength of the current flowing through the induction coil.
  • the induction coil is cooled from the inside and / or outside by a cooling fluid, preferably air.
  • the method provides that heat is transferred to the melt by heat conduction from the wall of the molded part, which in turn couples to the induced alternating electromagnetic field.
  • heat can be supplied to the melt by coupling the alternating electromagnetic field. Heat can also be removed from the melt by means of heat conduction through the wall of the molded part.
  • the invention further comprises a device for carrying out the method according to the invention, wherein a bottom-side, inductively connectable, refractory molded part interchangeably receives an internal induction coil and at the upper end outlets for carrying out the fluid-cooled current conductors and connections for supplying and discharging has additional cooling fluid.
  • FIG. 1 A heating rod according to the invention, in longitudinal section
  • Figure 2a shows the heating rod in side view in cooperation with a manipulator
  • FIG. 2b the heating rod in side view with another manipulator
  • 3a shows a section in side view through a distributor with heating rods immersed in the melt and with a temperature sensor in cooperation with a device for regulating the temperature of the melt
  • Figure 3b shows a distributor according to Figure 3a in plan view
  • Figure 4a shows a section in side view through a differently designed distributor
  • Figure 4b shows an arrangement according to Figure 4a in plan view
  • FIG. 5a shows an arrangement in section through V-V in FIG. 5b with an alternative distributor shape with immersed heating rods in the guide by means of a stand installed on the casting platform
  • Figure 5b shows an arrangement according to Figure 5a in plan view.
  • the heating rod 20 shown in FIG. 1 for carrying out the method according to the invention comprises an induction coil 1 of a current-carrying conductor 2, cooled internally with fluid 45, 45 ′, with a number of turns 3 along one vertical axis yy with a relatively small turn diameter D in comparison to the coil length L in a refractory molded part 24.
  • the molded part 24 has a closed bottom 15 and interchangeably receives the induction coil 1 by forming a tubular cavity in the form of a sleeve 24 and leaving vertical cooling channels 9 open.
  • the sleeve or wall 24 of the heating element 20 consists of a refractory material which can be coupled to the alternating electromagnetic field of the induction coils 1 (cf. e.g. EP 0 526 718 B1).
  • the heat transfer takes place via heat conduction from the wall 20 into the melt 10.
  • the melt 10 can be supplied with heat by changing the induced alternating field by coupling directly. Due to the special properties of the sleeve material 24, it can be heated inductively without external heating and without the presence of surrounding material which can be coupled on.
  • FIG. 1 further shows a section of a distributor 11 with a liquid steel melt 10 contained therein and a slag layer 22 floating thereon.
  • the material of the sleeve 24 is largely inert towards the steel melt 10, but is in the area of the slag layer 22 with an additional slag protection jacket 25 reinforced against mechanical and chemical wear.
  • the bottom of the distributor 11 is formed by a steel jacket 19 with a refractory lining 21.
  • the controllable supply of alternating current to the induction coil 1 is symbolically identified by 33.
  • FIG. 2a shows the heating element 20 with a slag protection jacket 25 and media connections 18 and 33 in connection with a manipulator 16.
  • the manipulator 16 comprises a guide column 34 on a steel frame 32 with a rotatable and liftable sleeve 43 and is articulated to the heating rod 20 via the link arms 23.
  • the manipulator 16 has, on the one hand, a lifting and lowering device 26 in the form of a hydraulic element, and, on the other hand, a hydraulically operated device 27 for pivoting the boom arms 23.
  • An alternative device has a fixed guide 35 on a steel frame 32, which receives a support element 36 which is movable and also pivotable between guide rollers in the vertical direction.
  • Numbers 26 and 27 indicate the required lifting, lowering and swiveling devices.
  • a temperature sensor 28 is assigned to the heating rod 20 or heating rod groups immersed in the melt 10 according to FIGS. 3 to 5 and can be connected with a signal line 29 to an arithmetic unit 30, which controls the movements of the manipulator 16 and the current 33 to regulate the electromagnetic via control lines 31 Alternating field controls or regulates according to the temperature measurements of the melt 10. This is indicated in principle in the corresponding control scheme in FIG. 3a.
  • the arithmetic unit 30 compares the measured values with the target values and, if there are corresponding deviations, the heating power of the heating rods 20 is controlled.
  • the computing unit 30 can be monitored and controlled by the computing unit 30 with control lines 31, the cooling fluid supply for the internal cooling of the current conductors and the fluid cooling of the heating rods 20 through the cooling fluid supply line 39 and the cooling fluid connection 18, as a result of which heat can be withdrawn from the heating rods 20 and the melt 10 in the event of overheating .
  • FIG. 3a also shows an elongated type of distributor 11 with an inlet 12 for liquid steel and a controllable outlet 13. At least one temperature sensor 28 is arranged between inlet 12 and outlet 13 and connected to the computing unit via signal line 29. To the preferred stream Mung Arthur of the molten metal is arranged in the distributor or tundish 11, an intermediate wall 37 with openings through which flow, whereby a better flow distribution around the heating rods 20 for more uniform heat removal or supply is achieved according to the plan view in Fig. 3b.
  • FIGS. 4a and 4b show another embodiment of the distributor 11 with a central inlet 12 for the melt and two controllable outlets 13 arranged on the side. Due to the multiple arrangement of individual controllable heating elements 20 or heating element groups and the associated temperature sensors 28, an even more precise monitoring of the melt temperature in the distributor 11 is possible.
  • an embodiment of the distributor 11 is shown in an L-shape.
  • An arrangement of two heating elements 20 is provided between the inlets 12 and the outlets 13 between two temperature sensors 28 each. These are connected to the manipulator 16 via articulated linkage arms 23 and are thus arranged to be liftable and rotatable both in the vertical and in the horizontal direction.
  • the manipulator 16 is fixedly connected to the casting platform 40 of the continuous casting installation by a frame 41.
  • the arrangement also shows, similarly to FIGS. 2a and 2b, lifting devices 26 and swiveling devices 27 for positioning the heating rods 20 within the melt 10 in the distributor 11.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Casting Support Devices, Ladles, And Melt Control Thereby (AREA)
  • General Induction Heating (AREA)
  • Continuous Casting (AREA)
  • Furnace Details (AREA)
  • Noodles (AREA)
  • Manufacturing And Processing Devices For Dough (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for controlling the temperature of a melt (10), preferably of a steel melt, in a distributing vessel (11), whereby the temperature of the melt is measured, the measured result is compared with a predetermined temperature range in the form of specified values, and as much heat is supplied or withdrawn from the melt such that the temperature remains inside said range. In order to control the melt temperature, a fireproof shaped part (20) which is closed on both sides and which is provided for accommodating a liquid cooled induction coil (1) is immersed in the melt (10). The transmission of heat is carried out by means of thermal conduction out of the wall of the shaped part (20) which is coupled to the induced electromagnetic field and/or by means of a direct coupling to the liquid melt (10). The shaped part (20) accommodates the induction coil (1) in an interhangeable manner while leaving cooling channels (9) open and is positioned from the outside by a manipulator (16) which can be lifted, lowered and tuned.

Description

Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Einstellen und/oder Halten der Temperatur einer Schmelze, bevorzugt einer Stahlschmelze beim StranggießenMethod and device for setting and / or maintaining the temperature of a melt, preferably a steel melt during continuous casting
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zum Einstellen und/oder Halten der Temperatur einer Schmelze, bevorzugt einer Stahlschmelze, in einem Gefäß, wobei die Temperatur der Schmelze gemessen, das Meßergebnis mit einem vorgebbaren Temperaturbereich in Form von Soll-Werten verglichen und der Schmelze so viel Wärme zugeführt bzw. entzogen wird, daß die Temperatur innerhalb des Bereiches liegt.The invention relates to a method for setting and / or maintaining the temperature of a melt, preferably a steel melt, in a vessel, the temperature of the melt being measured, the measurement result being compared with a predeterminable temperature range in the form of target values and the heat of the melt is supplied or withdrawn that the temperature is within the range.
Beim Stranggießen, insbesondere von Stahl, wird im Verteilergefäß, im folgenden auch als Tundish bezeichnet, aus Qualitäts- und Betriebsgründen eine möglichst gleichmäßige Temperatur der Schmelze, bzw. die Einhaltung eines engen Temperaturfensters, angestrebt. Aufgrund der Temperaturverluste der Schmelze in der Pfanne, beim Überführen aus der Pfanne in den Verteiler und im Verteiler selbst, ist die Gießdauer zeitlich beschränkt.In continuous casting, in particular of steel, in the distribution vessel (hereinafter also referred to as tundish), the quality of the melt is as uniform as possible for reasons of quality and operation, or the maintenance of a narrow temperature window. Due to the temperature loss of the melt in the pan, when transferring from the pan to the distributor and in the distributor itself, the casting time is limited in time.
Durch den Einbau einer Vorrichtung zur Temperaturregelung der Schmelze im Verteilergefäß, können unterschiedliche Schmelzentemperaturen in den Pfannen im Verteiler ausgeglichen und die mögliche Gießzeit verlängert werden. Die Vorteile einer solchen Vorrichtung liegen weiterhin in einer größeren Flexibilität bei Gießstörungen und vor allem in der Vergleichsmäßigung des Temperaturniveaus im Tundish. Hiervon werden Qualitätsvorteile beim Stranggießprodukt erwartet. Auch ein Gießen näher am Liquidus wird möglich.By installing a device for regulating the temperature of the melt in the distributor vessel, different melt temperatures in the pans in the distributor can be compensated and the possible casting time can be extended. The advantages of such a device are furthermore greater flexibility in the event of casting disturbances and, above all, the equalization of the temperature level in the tundish. Quality advantages of the continuous casting product are expected from this. Pouring closer to the liquidus is also possible.
Bekannte Vorrichtungen zum Einstellen der Temperatur im Verteiler sind bspw. Plasmaheizungen, die üblicherweise oberhalb des Verteilers positioniert werden. Das Prinzip der Plasmaheizung besteht darin, in einer vertikal dem Tun- dish-Füllstand folgenden Kammer mit Elektroden einen Lichtbogen auf eine freie Metallfläche zu übertragen. Der Lichtbogen wird mit Argon stabilisiert - daher der Begriff Plasma. Im Bereich der Kammer entsteht ein heißer Fleck an dem der Stahl entweder über Dämme und Wehre oder zusätzliche anzubringende Spülvorrichtungen, z. B. poröse, für Gas durchlässige Bodenspülsteine, vorbeigeführt werden muß.Known devices for adjusting the temperature in the distributor are, for example, plasma heaters, which are usually positioned above the distributor. The principle of plasma heating is to transfer an arc to a free metal surface in a chamber with electrodes that vertically follows the level of the dish. The arc is stabilized with argon - hence the term plasma. A hot spot forms in the area of the chamber which the steel either over dams and weirs or additional flushing devices to be attached, e.g. B. porous, gas-permeable floor purging stones must be passed.
Nachteilig bei dieser Verfahrensvariante ist die notwendige freie Oberfläche der Schmelze innerhalb der Kammer, so daß mit physikalischen und chemischen Wechselwirkungen zwischen Kammeratmosphäre und Schmelze zu rechnen ist. Aufgrund der sehr hohen Temperaturen im Lichtbogen setzt innerhalb der Kammer Dampf- und Staubbildung ein.A disadvantage of this process variant is the necessary free surface of the melt inside the chamber, so that physical and chemical interactions between the chamber atmosphere and the melt can be expected. Due to the very high temperatures in the arc, steam and dust build up inside the chamber.
Weiterhin sind induktive Tundish-Heizungen bekannt, bei welchen zwischen sogenannten Tiegelinduktoren und Rinnen- bzw. Kanalinduktoren unterschieden wird, die zumeist fest angeflanscht mit der Konstruktion des Verteilers verbunden sind. Dabei sind die Rinneninduktoren gegenüber den Tiegelinduktoren vergleichsweise aufwendig in Fertigung und Wartung.Furthermore, inductive tundish heaters are known, in which a distinction is made between so-called crucible inductors and channel or channel inductors, which are mostly connected to the construction of the distributor by means of fixed flanges. The channel inductors are comparatively complex to manufacture and maintain compared to the crucible inductors.
Vorteile der induktiven Heizung ergeben sich durch fehlenden Kontakt mit der Schmelze, sowie durch die mit dem induzierten elektromagnetischen Wechselfeld einhergehende Krafterzeugung in der Schmelze, die zu einer Rührbewegung der Schmelze und damit zu einer schnelleren Wärmeverteilung innerhalb des Verteilergefäßes sorgt. Nachteile der bisher ausgeführten induktiven Tundish-Heizungen ergeben sich aus dem festen Anbringen an den Tundish, die sich negativ auf die Flexibilität auswirkt. Auch der notwendige Wartungs- und Instandhaltungsaufwand ist erheblich.Advantages of inductive heating result from a lack of contact with the melt, as well as from the force generation in the melt associated with the induced electromagnetic alternating field, which causes a stirring movement of the melt and thus a faster heat distribution within the distribution vessel. Disadvantages of the previously implemented inductive tundish heaters result from the fixed attachment to the tundish, which has a negative effect on the flexibility. The necessary maintenance and repair work is also considerable.
Die nicht vorveröffentlichte Patentanmeldung DE 197 52 548 A1 betrifft ein Verfahren zum Einstellen und Halten der Temperatur, insbesondere einer Stahlschmelze, in engen Temperaturgrenzen über die Gießzeit beim Stranggießen, wobei das Absinken der Temperatur durch Erwärmen kompensiert wird. Verbessert wird das Verfahren dadurch, daß die Temperatur der Schmelze am Auslauf des Verteilergefäßes gemessen, das Meßergebnis mit der vorgegebenen unteren Temperaturgrenze verglichen und die Schmelze bei Erreichen oder Unterschreiten des Grenzwertes so lange erwärmt wird, bis die Temperatur wieder innerhalb des Sollwert-Bereiches liegt. Dabei wird auch eine Erwärmung der Schmelze durch eine induktiv arbeitende Heizvorrichtung erwähnt, ohne daß die hierfür erforderlichen Mittel bzw. eine entsprechende Vorrichtung beschrieben sind.The unpublished patent application DE 197 52 548 A1 relates to a method for setting and maintaining the temperature, in particular a molten steel, within narrow temperature limits over the casting time during continuous casting, the drop in temperature being compensated for by heating. The process is improved by measuring the temperature of the melt at the outlet of the distribution vessel, comparing the measurement result with the predetermined lower temperature limit and heating the melt when the temperature reaches or falls below the limit value until the temperature again lies within the setpoint range. Heating of the melt by an inductively operating heating device is also mentioned, without the means or a corresponding device required for this being described.
Das Dokument EP 0 657 236 A1 beschreibt eine für einen Chargenbetrieb ausgelegten, kippbaren Gießbehälter zum Gießen einer Metallschmelze mit einer induktiven Heizung. Diese umfaßt eine mit einem einstellbaren Abstand, parallel zum Metallspiegel angeordnete, in vertikaler Richtung nachführbare, flache kreisförmige Induktionsspule, durch welche die Schmelze durch direktes Ankoppeln des induzierten elektromagnetischen Wecheselfeldes berührungslos beheizt wird. Da der Wirkungsgrad des induktiven Feldes mit zunehmendem Abstand der Induktionsspule zur Schmelze stark abnimmt, ist der Abstand möglichst gering zu halten. Dazu ist ein Betrieb ohne Abdeckschlacke notwendig, wodurch ein direkter Kontakt zwischen Schmelze und Atmosphäre entsteht.Document EP 0 657 236 A1 describes a tiltable casting container designed for batch operation for casting a molten metal with an inductive heater. This comprises a flat circular induction coil, which can be adjusted in the vertical direction and is arranged at an adjustable distance parallel to the metal mirror, by means of which the melt is heated without contact by directly coupling the induced electromagnetic alternating field. Since the efficiency of the inductive field decreases sharply with increasing distance between the induction coil and the melt, the distance should be kept as small as possible. This requires operation without cover slag, which creates a direct contact between the melt and the atmosphere.
Die beschriebene Vorrichtung ist schon aufgrund der Auslegung als Chargenreaktor für den kontinuierlichen Betrieb eines Verteilergefäßes beim Stranggießen ungeeignet. Außerdem ist ein Betrieb unter Atmosphärenzutritt bei Stahl wegen der sofort einsetzenden physikalischen und chemischen Reaktionen zwischen Stahlschmelze und Atmosphäre nicht möglich.The device described is unsuitable for the continuous operation of a distributor vessel during continuous casting due to its design as a batch reactor. In addition, operation under atmospheric conditions with steel is not possible due to the immediate physical and chemical reactions between the molten steel and the atmosphere.
Beide Vorveröffentlichungen beschreiben nur Vorrichtungen bzw. Verfahren zum Aufheizen der Metallschmelze, wodurch einer Regelung der Schmelzentemperatur enge Grenzen gesetzt sind.Both prior publications only describe devices or methods for heating the molten metal, as a result of which narrow limits are set for regulating the melt temperature.
Ausgehend vom vorgenannten Stand der Technik liegt der Erfindung die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein Verfahren der im Oberbegriff von Anspruch 1 genannten Art sowie eine zu dessen Durchführung geeignete Vorrichtung anzugeben, welche unter Vermeidung der beim Stand der Technik bestehenden Nachteile und Schwierigkeiten eine technisch unkomplizierte, flexible und damit wirtschaftlich vorteilhafte Temperaturregelung einer Metallschmelze in einem Verteilergefäß ermöglicht.Starting from the aforementioned prior art, the invention has for its object to provide a method of the type mentioned in the preamble of claim 1 and a device suitable for carrying it out, which is technically uncomplicated, flexible and, while avoiding the disadvantages and difficulties existing in the prior art thus economical allows advantageous temperature control of a molten metal in a distribution vessel.
Zur Lösung der Aufgabe wird mit der Erfindung vorgeschlagen, daß bei einem Verfahren der im Oberbegriff von Anspruch 1 genannten Art der Schmelze so viel Wärme zugeführt bzw. entzogen wird, daß die Temperatur derselben innerhalb des Bereichs liegt. Zur Regelung der Schmelzentemperatur wird ein feuerfestes, sich gegenüber dem Stahl inert verhaltendes, bodenseitig geschlossenes Formteil mit innen liegender Induktionsspule in die Schmelze eingetaucht. Die Heizleistung der Vorrichtung, im folgenden auch als Heizstab bezeichnet, wird durch die Stromstärke des die Induktionsspule durchfließenden Stromes geregelt. Die Induktionsspule wird durch eine Kühlfluid, bevorzugt Luft, von innen und/oder außen gekühlt.To achieve the object, the invention proposes that in a method of the type of melt mentioned in the preamble of claim 1, so much heat is added or removed that the temperature thereof is within the range. To regulate the melt temperature, a fireproof molded part, which is inert towards the steel and closed on the bottom with an induction coil inside, is immersed in the melt. The heating power of the device, also referred to below as the heating element, is regulated by the current strength of the current flowing through the induction coil. The induction coil is cooled from the inside and / or outside by a cooling fluid, preferably air.
Dabei sieht das Verfahren vor, daß der Schmelze Wärme durch Wärmeleitung von der Wandung des Formteils übertragen wird, das seinerseits an das induzierte elektromagnetische Wechselfeld ankoppelt.The method provides that heat is transferred to the melt by heat conduction from the wall of the molded part, which in turn couples to the induced alternating electromagnetic field.
Alternativ kann der Schmelze Wärme durch Ankoppeln des elektromagnetischen Wechselfeldes zugeführt werden. Auch kann der Schmelze mittels Wärmeleitung durch die Wandung des Formteils Wärme entzogen werden.Alternatively, heat can be supplied to the melt by coupling the alternating electromagnetic field. Heat can also be removed from the melt by means of heat conduction through the wall of the molded part.
Die Erfindung umfaßt weiterhin eine Vorrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens nach der Erfindung, wobei ein bodenseitig geschlossenes, induktiv ankoppelbares, feuerfestes Formteil eine innen liegende Induktionsspule austauschbar aufnimmt und am oberen Ende Auslässe zur Durchführung der fluidgekühl- ten Stromleiter sowie Anschlüsse zum Zu- und Abführen von zusätzlichem Kühlfluid aufweist.The invention further comprises a device for carrying out the method according to the invention, wherein a bottom-side, inductively connectable, refractory molded part interchangeably receives an internal induction coil and at the upper end outlets for carrying out the fluid-cooled current conductors and connections for supplying and discharging has additional cooling fluid.
Ausgestaltungen der Vorrichtung mit weiteren Einzelheiten und Merkmalen der Erfindung ergeben sich aus der nachstehenden Erläuterung eines in den Zeichnungen schematisch dargestellten Ausführungsbeispieles. Es zeigen:Embodiments of the device with further details and features of the invention result from the following explanation of an exemplary embodiment shown schematically in the drawings. Show it:
Figur 1 Einen Heizstab nach der Erfindung, im LängsschnittFigure 1 A heating rod according to the invention, in longitudinal section
Figur 2a den Heizstab in Seitenansicht im Zusammenwirken mit einem ManipulatorFigure 2a shows the heating rod in side view in cooperation with a manipulator
Figur 2b den Heizstab in Seitenansicht mit einem anderen ManipulatorFigure 2b the heating rod in side view with another manipulator
Figur 3a einen Schnitt in Seitenansicht durch einen Verteiler mit in die Schmelze eingetauchten Heizstäben sowie mit einem Temperaturfühler im Zusammenwirken mit einer Einrichtung zur Regelung der Temperatur der Schmelze3a shows a section in side view through a distributor with heating rods immersed in the melt and with a temperature sensor in cooperation with a device for regulating the temperature of the melt
Figur 3b einen Verteiler gemäß Figur 3a in DraufsichtFigure 3b shows a distributor according to Figure 3a in plan view
Figur 4a einen Schnitt in Seitenansicht durch einen anders ausgestalteten VerteilerFigure 4a shows a section in side view through a differently designed distributor
Figur 4b eine Anordnung gemäß Figur 4a in DraufsichtFigure 4b shows an arrangement according to Figure 4a in plan view
Figur 5a eine Anordnung im Schnitt durch V-V in Figur 5b bei alternativer Verteilerform mit eingetauchten Heizstäben in Führung mittels eines auf der Gießbühne installierten Ständers5a shows an arrangement in section through V-V in FIG. 5b with an alternative distributor shape with immersed heating rods in the guide by means of a stand installed on the casting platform
Figur 5b eine Anordnung gemäß Figur 5a in Draufsicht.Figure 5b shows an arrangement according to Figure 5a in plan view.
Der in Fig. 1 gezeigte Heizstab 20 zur Durchführung des Verfahrens nach der Erfindung umfaßt eine Induktionsspule 1 eines innen mit Fluid 45, 45' gekühlten, stromdurchflossenen Leiters 2 mit einer Anzahl Windungen 3 entlang einer vertikalen Achse y-y mit im Vergleich zur Spulenlänge L relativ kleinem Windungsdurchmesser D in einem feuerfesten Formteil 24. Das Formteil 24 besitzt einen geschlossenen Boden 15 und nimmt unter Ausbildung eines rohrförmigen Hohlraums in Form einer Hülse 24 und Freilassung vertikaler Kühlkanäle 9 die Induktionsspule 1 austauschbar auf. Am oberen Ende sind Auslässe 17 zur Durchführung der innen gekühlten Stromleiter 2 sowie Anschlüsse 18 zum Zu- und Abführen von zusätzlichem Kühlfluid und Halteelemente 14 zur Anlenkung von Gestängearmen 23 eines Manipulators 16 vorgesehen.The heating rod 20 shown in FIG. 1 for carrying out the method according to the invention comprises an induction coil 1 of a current-carrying conductor 2, cooled internally with fluid 45, 45 ′, with a number of turns 3 along one vertical axis yy with a relatively small turn diameter D in comparison to the coil length L in a refractory molded part 24. The molded part 24 has a closed bottom 15 and interchangeably receives the induction coil 1 by forming a tubular cavity in the form of a sleeve 24 and leaving vertical cooling channels 9 open. At the upper end there are outlets 17 for the passage of the internally cooled current conductors 2 as well as connections 18 for the supply and discharge of additional cooling fluid and holding elements 14 for the articulation of link arms 23 of a manipulator 16.
Die Hülse bzw. Wandung 24 des Heizstabes 20 besteht aus einem an das elektromagnetische Wechselfeld der Induktionsspulen 1 ankoppelbaren Feuerfestmaterial (vgl. z.B. EP 0 526 718 B1). Der Wärmeübergang erfolgt über Wärmeleitung von der Wandung 20 in die Schmelze 10. Zudem kann der Schmelze 10 über eine Veränderung des induzierten Wechselfeldes durch direktes Ankoppeln Wärme zugeführt werden. Aufgrund besonderer Eigenschaften des Hülsenmaterials 24 kann dieses ohne Fremdheizung und ohne Vorhandensein von umgebendem ankoppelbarem Material induktiv geheizt werden.The sleeve or wall 24 of the heating element 20 consists of a refractory material which can be coupled to the alternating electromagnetic field of the induction coils 1 (cf. e.g. EP 0 526 718 B1). The heat transfer takes place via heat conduction from the wall 20 into the melt 10. In addition, the melt 10 can be supplied with heat by changing the induced alternating field by coupling directly. Due to the special properties of the sleeve material 24, it can be heated inductively without external heating and without the presence of surrounding material which can be coupled on.
Fig. 1 zeigt weiter einen Ausschnitt aus einem Verteiler 11 mit darin enthaltener flüssiger Stahlschmelze 10 und einer darauf schwimmenden Schlackenschicht 22. Das Material der Hülse 24 verhält sich gegenüber der Stahlschmelze 10 weitgehend inert, ist jedoch im Bereich der Schlackenschicht 22 mit einem zusätzlichen Schlackenschutzmantel 25 gegen mechanischen und chemischen Verschleiß verstärkt. Der Boden des Verteilers 11 wird von einem Stahlmantel 19 mit einer Feuerfestauskleidung 21 gebildet. Die regelbare Zuführung von Wechselstrom zur Induktionsspule 1 ist symbolisch mit 33 gekennzeichnet.1 further shows a section of a distributor 11 with a liquid steel melt 10 contained therein and a slag layer 22 floating thereon. The material of the sleeve 24 is largely inert towards the steel melt 10, but is in the area of the slag layer 22 with an additional slag protection jacket 25 reinforced against mechanical and chemical wear. The bottom of the distributor 11 is formed by a steel jacket 19 with a refractory lining 21. The controllable supply of alternating current to the induction coil 1 is symbolically identified by 33.
In den weiteren Figuren 2a, 2b bis 5a, 5b sind jeweils gleiche Elemente mit gleichen Bezugsziffern gekennzeichnet.In the further FIGS. 2a, 2b to 5a, 5b, the same elements are identified with the same reference numbers.
Figur 2a zeigt den Heizstab 20 mit Schlackenschutzmantel 25 und Medienanschlüssen 18 und 33 in Verbindung mit einem Manipulator 16. Der Manipulator 16 umfaßt eine Führungssäule 34 auf einem Stahlgerüst 32 mit einer dreh- und hebbaren Hülse 43 und ist über die Gestängearme 23 mit dem Heizstab 20 gelenkig verbunden. Der Manipulator 16 besitzt zum einen eine Hub- und Senkvorrichtung 26 in Form eines Hydraulikelements, und zum anderen eine hydraulisch betreibbare Vorrichtung 27 zum Schwenken der Gestängearme 23.FIG. 2a shows the heating element 20 with a slag protection jacket 25 and media connections 18 and 33 in connection with a manipulator 16. The manipulator 16 comprises a guide column 34 on a steel frame 32 with a rotatable and liftable sleeve 43 and is articulated to the heating rod 20 via the link arms 23. The manipulator 16 has, on the one hand, a lifting and lowering device 26 in the form of a hydraulic element, and, on the other hand, a hydraulically operated device 27 for pivoting the boom arms 23.
Eine alternative Vorrichtung gemäß Fig. 2b weist eine feststehende Führung 35 auf einem Stahlgerüst 32 auf, die ein zwischen Führungsrollen in vertikaler Richtung bewegliches sowie ebenfalls schwenkbares Tragelement 36 aufnimmt. Die Ziffern 26 und 27 kennzeichnen die erforderlichen Hub- bzw. Senk- und Schwenkvorrichtungen.An alternative device according to FIG. 2b has a fixed guide 35 on a steel frame 32, which receives a support element 36 which is movable and also pivotable between guide rollers in the vertical direction. Numbers 26 and 27 indicate the required lifting, lowering and swiveling devices.
Dem in die Schmelze 10 eintauchenden Heizstab 20 bzw. Heizstabgruppen gemäß den Figuren 3 bis 5 ist je ein Temperaturfühler 28 zugeordnet und mit einer Signalleitung 29 einer Recheneinheit 30 aufschaltbar, die über Steuerleitungen 31 die Bewegungsabläufe des Manipulators 16 und die Stromstärke 33 zur Regelung des elektromagnetischen Wechselfeldes nach Maßgabe der Temperaturmeßwerte der Schmelze 10 steuert bzw. regelt. Dies ist in dem entsprechenden Regelschema in Fig. 3a prinzipiell angedeutet. Die Recheneinheit 30 vergleicht die Meßwerte mit den Soll-Wertvorgaben und bei entsprechenden Abweichungen wird die Heizleistung der Heizstäbe 20 gesteuert. Darüber hinaus kann durch die Recheneinheit 30 mit Steuerleitungen 31 die Kühlfluidzufuhr für die Innenkühlung der Stromleiter und die Fluidkühlung der Heizstäbe 20 durch die Kühlfluidzuleitung 39 und den Kühlfluidanschluß 18 überwacht und angesteuert werden, wodurch den Heizstäben 20 und der Schmelze 10 bei Überhitzung Wärme entzogen werden kann.A temperature sensor 28 is assigned to the heating rod 20 or heating rod groups immersed in the melt 10 according to FIGS. 3 to 5 and can be connected with a signal line 29 to an arithmetic unit 30, which controls the movements of the manipulator 16 and the current 33 to regulate the electromagnetic via control lines 31 Alternating field controls or regulates according to the temperature measurements of the melt 10. This is indicated in principle in the corresponding control scheme in FIG. 3a. The arithmetic unit 30 compares the measured values with the target values and, if there are corresponding deviations, the heating power of the heating rods 20 is controlled. In addition, can be monitored and controlled by the computing unit 30 with control lines 31, the cooling fluid supply for the internal cooling of the current conductors and the fluid cooling of the heating rods 20 through the cooling fluid supply line 39 and the cooling fluid connection 18, as a result of which heat can be withdrawn from the heating rods 20 and the melt 10 in the event of overheating .
Fig. 3a zeigt weiter eine langgestreckte Bauart des Verteilers 11 mit einem Zulauf 12 für flüssigen Stahl und einem regelbaren Ablauf 13. Zwischen Zulauf 12 und Ablauf 13 ist wenigstens ein Temperaturfühler 28 angeordnet und über die Signalleitung 29 mit der Recheneinheit verbunden. Zur bevorzugten Strö- mungsleitung der Metallschmelze ist im Verteiler bzw. Tundish 11 eine Zwischenwand 37 mit durchströmbaren Öffnungen angeordnet, wodurch eine bessere Strömungsverteilung um die Heizstäbe 20 zur gleichmäßigeren Wärmeab- bzw. -zufuhr entsprechend der Draufsicht in Fig. 3b erzielt wird.3a also shows an elongated type of distributor 11 with an inlet 12 for liquid steel and a controllable outlet 13. At least one temperature sensor 28 is arranged between inlet 12 and outlet 13 and connected to the computing unit via signal line 29. To the preferred stream Mungleitung of the molten metal is arranged in the distributor or tundish 11, an intermediate wall 37 with openings through which flow, whereby a better flow distribution around the heating rods 20 for more uniform heat removal or supply is achieved according to the plan view in Fig. 3b.
In den Fig. 4a und 4b ist eine andere Ausgestaltung des Verteilers 11 mit mit- telseitigem Zulauf 12 für die Schmelze und zwei seitlich angeordneten regelbaren Ausläufen 13 dargestellt. Durch die Mehrfachanordnung von einzelnen steuerbaren Heizstäben 20 bzw. Heizstabgruppen und den zugeordneten Temperaturfühlern 28, ist eine noch exaktere Überwachung der Schmelzentemperatur im Verteiler 11 möglich.4a and 4b show another embodiment of the distributor 11 with a central inlet 12 for the melt and two controllable outlets 13 arranged on the side. Due to the multiple arrangement of individual controllable heating elements 20 or heating element groups and the associated temperature sensors 28, an even more precise monitoring of the melt temperature in the distributor 11 is possible.
In den Fig. 5a und 5b ist eine Ausgestaltung des Verteilers 11 in L-Form dargestellt. Zwischen den Zuläufen 12 und den Abläufen 13 ist zwischen jeweils zwei Temperaturfühlern 28 eine Anordnung von zwei Heizstäben 20 vorgesehen. Diese sind über gelenkig anlenkbare Gestängearme 23 mit dem Manipulator 16 verbunden und damit sowohl in vertikaler als auch in horizontaler Richtung hub- und drehbeweglich angeordnet. Der Manipulator 16 ist durch ein Gestell 41 mit der Gießbühne 40 der Stranggießanlage fest verbunden. Die Anordnung zeigt im übrigen, ähnlich wie in den Fig. 2a und 2b, Hub- 26 und Schwenkvorrichtungen 27 zur Positionierung der Heizstäbe 20 innerhalb der Schmelze 10 im Verteiler 11.5a and 5b, an embodiment of the distributor 11 is shown in an L-shape. An arrangement of two heating elements 20 is provided between the inlets 12 and the outlets 13 between two temperature sensors 28 each. These are connected to the manipulator 16 via articulated linkage arms 23 and are thus arranged to be liftable and rotatable both in the vertical and in the horizontal direction. The manipulator 16 is fixedly connected to the casting platform 40 of the continuous casting installation by a frame 41. The arrangement also shows, similarly to FIGS. 2a and 2b, lifting devices 26 and swiveling devices 27 for positioning the heating rods 20 within the melt 10 in the distributor 11.
Das Verfahren nach der Erfindung und die zu dessen Durchführung ausgebildete Vorrichtung entsprechend den Fig. 1 bis 5 paßt sich optimal den konstruktiven Gegebenheiten entsprechender Verteilerformen und anderer Gießbühnenaufbauten an. Damit ist ein einfaches Nachrüsten bereits bestehender Anlagen mit der Vorrichtung möglich. BezugszeicheniisteThe method according to the invention and the device designed for carrying it out according to FIGS. 1 to 5 optimally adapts to the structural conditions of corresponding manifold shapes and other casting platform structures. This makes it easy to retrofit existing systems with the device. Reference number list
1 Induktionsspule1 induction coil
2 Leiter2 conductors
3 Windung3 turn
9 Kühlkanäle9 cooling channels
10 Schmelze10 melt
11 Verteiler11 distributors
12 Zulauf für Stahlschmelze12 Inlet for molten steel
13 Auslauf für Stahlschmelze13 outlet for molten steel
14 Halteelement14 holding element
15 Boden15 floor
16 Manipulator16 manipulator
17 Auslaß Stromleiter17 outlet current conductor
18 Anschluß Kühlluft18 Cooling air connection
19 Stahlmantel (Verteiler)19 steel jacket (distributor)
20 Heizstab20 heating element
21 Wandung / Feuerfestauskleidung21 wall / refractory lining
22 Schlackenschicht22 slag layer
23 Gestängearm / Verstellmittel23 Link arm / adjustment means
24 Hülse24 sleeve
25 Schlackenschutzmantel25 slag protective jacket
26 Hubmittel26 lifting devices
27 Schwenkmittel27 swiveling means
28 Temperaturfühler28 temperature sensors
29 Signalleitung29 signal line
30 Recheneinheit30 computing unit
31 Steuerleitung31 control line
32 Stahlgerüst32 steel frame
33 Zuführung von Wechselstrom33 AC supply
34 Führungssäule34 guide pillar
35 Führung 135 leadership 1
TragelementSupport element
ZwischenwandPartition
Kühlluft-PumpenaggregaCooling air pump unit
Kühlluft-LeitungCooling air line
Bühnestage
Gestell ManipulatorFrame manipulator
Soll-Wert-EingabeEntry of target value
HülseSleeve
Armpoor
Kühlfluid Cooling fluid

Claims

Patentansprüche claims
1. Verfahren zum Einstellen und/oder Halten der Temperatur eine Schmelze (10), bevorzugt einer Stahlschmelze, wobei die Temperatur der Schmelze (10) in einem Gefäß gemessen, das Meßergebnis mit einem vorgebbaren Temperaturbereich in Form von Soll-Werten verglichen wird, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Schmelze (10) so viel Wärme zugeführt bzw. entzogen wird, daß die Temperatur derselben innerhalb des Bereiches liegt.1. A method for setting and / or maintaining the temperature of a melt (10), preferably a steel melt, the temperature of the melt (10) being measured in a vessel, the measurement result being compared with a predeterminable temperature range in the form of target values, thereby characterized in that the melt (10) is supplied or removed with sufficient heat that the temperature thereof is within the range.
2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß zur Regulierung der Schmelzentemperatur ein feuerfestes, rohrför- miges, bodenseitig geschlossenes Formteil (24) für die Aufnahme einer Induktionsspule (1) in die Schmelze (10) eingetaucht wird.2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that to regulate the melt temperature, a fireproof, tubular, bottom-closed molded part (24) for receiving an induction coil (1) is immersed in the melt (10).
3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 und 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Schmelze (10) Wärme direkt durch Ankoppeln des induzierten elektromagnetischen Wechselfeldes zugeführt wird.3. The method according to claim 1 and 2, characterized in that the melt (10) heat is supplied directly by coupling the induced electromagnetic alternating field.
4. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Schmelze (10) Wärme von der Wandung des rohrförmigen Formteils (24) zugeführt wird, das seinerseits an das induzierte elektromagnetische Wechselfeld ankoppelt. 4. The method according to claim 1 to 3, characterized in that the melt (10) heat from the wall of the tubular molded part (24) is supplied, which in turn couples to the induced electromagnetic alternating field.
5. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1 und 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Schmelze (10) Wärme durch Wärmeleitung bzw. Wärmetransport von der Wandung des rohrförmigen Formteils (24) entzogen wird.5. Apparatus according to claim 1 and 2, characterized in that the melt (10) heat is removed by heat conduction or heat transfer from the wall of the tubular molded part (24).
6. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Induktionsspule (1) durch ein Kühlfluid (45), bevorzugt Luft, von innen und/oder von außen gekühlt wird.6. The method according to claim 1 to 5, characterized in that the induction coil (1) by a cooling fluid (45), preferably air, is cooled from the inside and / or from the outside.
7. Vorrichtung zur Regelung der Temperatur einer Schmelze (10), bevorzugt einer Stahlschmelze, zur Durchführung des Verfahrens nach den Ansprüchen 1 bis 6, umfassend eine fluidgekühlte, insbesondere luftgekühlte Induktionsspule (1) mit einer Anzahl von Windungen (3) in einem feuerfesten Formteil (24), dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Formteil (24) als induktiv ankoppelbares, feuerfestes, bodenseitig geschlossenes Rohr (20) ausgebildet ist, das die Induktionsspule (1) austauschbar aufnimmt und am oberen Ende Auslässe (17) zur Durchführung derfluidgekühlten Stromleiter (2) sowie Anschlüsse (18) zum Zu- und Abführen von gegebenenfalls zusätzlichem Kühlfluid aufweist. 7. Device for controlling the temperature of a melt (10), preferably a steel melt, for carrying out the method according to claims 1 to 6, comprising a fluid-cooled, in particular air-cooled induction coil (1) with a number of turns (3) in a refractory molded part (24), characterized in that the molded part (24) is designed as an inductively connectable, refractory, bottom-side closed tube (20) which receives the induction coil (1) interchangeably and at the upper end outlets (17) for carrying out the fluid-cooled current conductor (2 ) and connections (18) for supplying and removing any additional cooling fluid.
EP00901067A 1999-01-13 2000-01-07 Method and device for controlling and/or maintaining the temperature of a melt, preferably of a steel melt during continuous casting Expired - Lifetime EP1140391B1 (en)

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DE19900915 1999-01-13
DE19900915A DE19900915A1 (en) 1999-01-13 1999-01-13 Method and device for setting and / or maintaining the temperature of a melt, preferably a steel melt during continuous casting
PCT/EP2000/000058 WO2000041829A1 (en) 1999-01-13 2000-01-07 Method and device for controlling and/or maintaining the temperature of a melt, preferably of a steel melt during continuous casting

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JP2002534271A (en) 2002-10-15
BR0007512A (en) 2001-11-20
KR100653556B1 (en) 2006-12-04
DE19900915A1 (en) 2000-07-20
EA003040B1 (en) 2002-12-26
EA200100769A1 (en) 2002-04-25
CN1352582A (en) 2002-06-05
DE50002580D1 (en) 2003-07-24
AU2106100A (en) 2000-08-01
CN1227084C (en) 2005-11-16
KR20010101431A (en) 2001-11-14
MXPA01007179A (en) 2005-07-01
EP1140391B1 (en) 2003-06-18

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