EP1138095A1 - Pile lectrochimique lectrodes additiv es - Google Patents

Pile lectrochimique lectrodes additiv es

Info

Publication number
EP1138095A1
EP1138095A1 EP99958931A EP99958931A EP1138095A1 EP 1138095 A1 EP1138095 A1 EP 1138095A1 EP 99958931 A EP99958931 A EP 99958931A EP 99958931 A EP99958931 A EP 99958931A EP 1138095 A1 EP1138095 A1 EP 1138095A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
anode
cathode
barium
active material
additive
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP99958931A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Wayne B. Bennett
Donna L. Lubin
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Edgewell Personal Care Brands LLC
Original Assignee
Eveready Battery Co Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US09/192,251 external-priority patent/US6203943B1/en
Application filed by Eveready Battery Co Inc filed Critical Eveready Battery Co Inc
Publication of EP1138095A1 publication Critical patent/EP1138095A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
    • H01M4/42—Alloys based on zinc
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
    • H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M6/00—Primary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M6/04—Cells with aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M6/06—Dry cells, i.e. cells wherein the electrolyte is rendered non-fluid

Definitions

  • This invention generally relates to electrochemical cells including electrode additives, such as alkaline electrochemical cells having cathodes formed of manganese dioxide and anodes formed of zinc.
  • the invention relates to electrochemical cells having electrode active material that includes barium compounds as additives.
  • Conventional alkaline cells generally include a steel cylindrical can having a cathode comprising manganese dioxide as the active material and formed on the interior surface of the steel can, an anode comprising zinc powder and located in the centre of the cell, a separator located between the anode and the cathode, and an alkaline electrolyte solution simultaneously contacting the anode, the cathode, and separator.
  • a conductive current collector is commonly inserted into the anode active material and a seal assembly provides closure to the open end of the steel can.
  • a primary goal in designing alkaline battery cells is to increase the service performance of the cell.
  • the service performance is the length of time for the cell to discharge under a given load to a specific voltage at which the cell is no longer useful for its intended purpose.
  • One approach taken to increase service performance has been to increase the interior volume of the cell in order to increase the amount of active materials within the cell.
  • the commercial external size of the cell is generally fixed, thereby limiting the ability to increase the amount of active materials within the cell.
  • the service performance of an alkaline electrochemical cell may be improved by the addition of a barium compound to the anode only, or to both the anode and the cathode.
  • a specific barium compound may be added to the cathode only.
  • the barium compound is preferably added by impregnating the electrode active material with the barium compound, for example by impregnating an anode active material such as zinc, or a cathode active material such as manganese dioxide, or both, with the barium compound.
  • the present invention provides an electrochemical cell having an anode, a cathode and an electrolyte, the anode comprising anode active material and a barium compound as an additive.
  • the additive is added to the anode active material before or during assembly of the cell.
  • the additive is preferably barium sulphate (BaSO ), more preferably barium hydroxide (Ba(OH) 2 ).
  • a barium compound is added only to the anode as an additive.
  • the cathode also comprises a barium compound added to the cathode as an additive.
  • the present invention provides an electrochemical cell having an anode, a cathode and an electrolyte, the cathode comprising cathode active material and barium hydroxide (Ba(OH) 2 ) as an additive.
  • the present invention provides a method of preparing an electrochemical cell having an anode, a cathode and an electrolyte, the anode comprising anode active material and a barium compound as an additive, comprising the steps of mixing the anode active material and the barium compound to form a mixture, and drying the mixture.
  • the mixture is prepared before being incorporated into the cell.
  • the present invention provides a method of preparing an electrochemical cell having an anode, a cathode and an electrolyte, the cathode comprising cathode active material and a barium compound as an additive, comprising the steps of mixing the cathode active material and the barium compound to form a first mixture, and drying the first mixture.
  • the dried first mixture is then mixed with a solution of a strong acid, preferably sulphuric acid, to form a second mixture, followed by drying of the second mixture.
  • at least the first mixture is prepared before being incorporated into the cell.
  • the present invention advantageously provides for enhanced service performance by employing an anode containing a barium compound, preferably barium sulphate, more preferably barium hydroxide, as an additive, in accordance with the first aspect.
  • a barium compound preferably barium sulphate, more preferably barium hydroxide
  • the anode active material comprises zinc and the barium compound is barium sulphate or barium hydroxide, preferably the barium sulphate or barium hydroxide additive is present in the anode in the amount of up to 8% by weight of zinc.
  • the present invention further advantageously provides for increased service performance by employing a barium compound, preferably barium sulphate, more preferably barium hydroxide, as an additive in both the anode and cathode of the cell, according to another embodiment of the first aspect.
  • a barium compound preferably barium sulphate, more preferably barium hydroxide
  • superior performance results may be achieved by employing the additive in an amount of approximately 2% by weight of active electrode materials in each of the anode and cathode.
  • the anode comprises an anode active material such as zinc, and is preferably formed of zinc powder, a gelling agent, and additives.
  • the cathode comprises a cathode active material such as manganese dioxide (Mn ⁇ 2), and preferably comprises electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD) as the electrochemically active material.
  • the cathode is preferably formed of a mixture of manganese dioxide, graphite, 45% potassium hydroxide solution, deionised water, and aqueous Teflon® solution comprising approximately 20% polytetrafluoroethylene, and additives.
  • the anode and cathode of the present invention are particularly adapted for use in an electrochemical cell having an alkaline electrolyte.
  • the electrolyte is preferably alkaline, and more preferably is formed of potassium hydroxide (KOH).
  • the cell is a cylindrical cell, more preferably a cylindrical cell that includes a steel can, although it should will be appreciated that other cell configurations may be used.
  • the electrochemical cell of the present invention has a barium compound such as barium sulphate or barium hydroxide employed in the anode according to one embodiment of the first aspect, contains a barium compound such as barium sulphate or barium hydroxide employed in both the anode and the cathode according to another embodiment of the first aspect, and contains barium hydroxide employed in the cathode according to the second aspect.
  • a barium compound such as barium sulphate or barium hydroxide employed in the anode according to one embodiment of the first aspect
  • contains a barium compound such as barium sulphate or barium hydroxide employed in both the anode and the cathode according to another embodiment of the first aspect and contains barium hydroxide employed in the cathode according to the second aspect.
  • an electrochemical cell having an anode comprising a zinc active material and, as an anode additive, barium sulphate or, more preferably, barium hydroxide, in an amount up to 8% by weight of zinc active material.
  • the cathode of the electrochemical cell comprises an active cathode material such as manganese dioxide, and also has a barium compound such as barium sulphate or barium hydroxide as an additive.
  • an electrochemical cell having an anode comprising a zinc active material and, as an anode additive, a barium compound, and further having a cathode comprising a manganese dioxide active material and, as a cathode additive, a barium compound.
  • the anode additive comprises approximately 2% by weight of the anode active material
  • the cathode additive comprises approximately 2% by weight of the cathode active material.
  • the barium additive is barium sulphate, more preferably barium hydroxide.
  • an electrochemical cell having an anode, a cathode and an electrolyte, the cathode comprising a manganese dioxide active material and a cathode additive, the cathode additive comprising approximately 2% barium sulphate or barium hydroxide by weight of the cathode active material, the anode comprising a zinc active material, and an anode additive, the anode additive comprising approximately 2% barium sulphate or barium hydroxide by weight of the anode active material.
  • a method of treating an active material of an anode of an electrochemical cell comprising the steps of mixing an anode active material, preferably comprising zinc, and a barium additive and drying the mixture.
  • the method further comprises the step of blending the dried mixture into a dry anode mix or, alternatively, into a gelled electrolyte.
  • the barium additive comprises preferably barium sulphate, more preferably barium hydroxide.
  • a method of treating an active material of a cathode of an electrochemical cell comprising the steps of mixing a cathode active material and a barium additive to form a first mixture and drying the first mixture.
  • the method further comprises the steps of mixing the first mixture with a solution of a strong acid, preferably comprising sulphuric acid (H 2 SO ), forming a second mixture and drying the second mixture.
  • the barium additive comprises preferably barium sulphate, more preferably barium hydroxide.
  • the cathode active material preferably comprises electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD).
  • the anode comprises zinc and the cathode comprises electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD), and the present invention employs methods for treating the zinc of the anode and impregnating the EMD of the cathode with the barium additive, preferably barium sulphate or barium hydroxide, and most preferably barium hydroxide.
  • EMD electrolytic manganese dioxide
  • Figure 1 is a cutaway perspective view of an example of an electrochemical cell constructed in accordance with the present invention
  • Figure 2 is a bar graph comparing the percent service performance measured for alkaline electrochemical cells having an anode with different amounts of barium sulphate additive
  • Figure 3 is a graph further illustrating measured service performance of the alkaline electrochemical cells having an anode with a barium sulphate additive
  • Figure 4 is a bar graph comparing the percent service performance of electrochemical cells having a cathode with different amounts of barium sulphate additive
  • Figure 5 is a graph further illustrating measured service performance of the alkaline electrochemical cells having a cathode with different amounts of barium sulphate additive
  • Figure 6 is a comparative graph illustrating service performance of a standard alkaline cell having no additives as compared to an electrochemical cell having an anode with barium sulphate additive, and an electrochemical cell having both the anode and cathode containing barium sulphate additive;
  • Figure 7 is a flowchart illustrating a method of treating zinc for use in the anode with a barium compound, specifically barium hydroxide, to increase anode performance;
  • Figure 8 is a flowchart illustrating a method of impregnating a barium compound, specifically barium hydroxide, into the pores of electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD) to increase performance of the cathode.
  • EMD electrolytic manganese dioxide
  • Alkaline cell 10 includes a steel can 12 having a cylindrical . shape with a closed bottom end and an open top end.
  • a metalised, plastic film label 14 is formed about the exterior surface of steel can 12, except for the ends of steel can 12.
  • At the closed end of steel can 12 is a positive cover preferably formed of plated steel.
  • Film label 14 is formed over the peripheral edge of positive cover 16.
  • a cathode 20 preferably formed of a mixture of manganese dioxide, graphite, 45 % potassium hydroxide solution, deionised water, and aqueous Teflon® solution comprising approximately 20% polytetrafluoroethylene, and additives, is formed about the interior surface of steel can 12.
  • Separator 22 which is preferably formed of a non- woven fabric that prevents migration of any solid particles in the cell, is disposed about the interior surface of cathode 20.
  • An electrolyte 24 formed of potassium hydroxide (KOH) is disposed in the can 12, preferably within the interior of separator 22.
  • An anode 18, preferably formed of zinc powder, a gelling agent, and additives is disposed within electrolyte 24 in contact with a current collector 26, which may include a brass nail. Accordingly, the cathode 20 is configured as the cell's positive electrode, and the anode 18 is configured as the cell's negative electrode.
  • Current collector 26 contacts a brass rivet 28 formed at the open end of steel can 12.
  • a nylon seal 30 is formed at the open end of steel can 12 to prevent leakage of the active ingredients contained in steel can 12.
  • Nylon seal 30 contacts a metal washer 28 and an inner cell cover 34, which is preferably formed of steel.
  • a negative cover 36 which is preferably formed of plated steel, is disposed in contact with current collector 26 via a weld. Negative cover 36 is electrically insulated from steel can 12 by nylon seal 30.
  • the anode 18 preferably contains zinc powder as the electrochemically active material.
  • the anode 18 contains an anode additive material that has a barium compound, and more preferably includes a barium sulphate (BaSO ) or, most preferably, a barium hydroxide (Ba(OH) 2 ) additive.
  • the cathode 20 preferably contains manganese dioxide (Mn ⁇ 2), more preferably electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD), as the electrochemically active material.
  • the cathode 20 also contains a barium compound, and more particularly has a barium sulphate (BaSO 4 ) or, most preferably, a barium hydroxide (Ba(OH) 2 ), as a cathode additive.
  • the cathode 20 contains barium hydroxide (Ba(OH) 2 ) as a cathode additive.
  • the anode of the electrochemical cell contains barium sulphate or barium hydroxide additive in the amount of 8% or less by weight of anode active materials. Accordingly, zinc cell 10 contains an amount of barium sulphate or barium hydroxide no greater than 8 % by weight of the amount of zinc employed in the anode 18.
  • Examples of D-size zinc/manganese dioxide alkaline electrochemical cells were assembled containing different amounts of barium sulphate or barium hydroxide additive in the anode 18.
  • the bar graph shown in Figure 2 illustrates examples of electrochemical cells and shows a conventional cell having no barium sulphate additive (0%) to those cells having barium sulphate additive to the anode 18 in the amounts of 1 %, 2%, 5%, and 8% by weight of total zinc in the anode.
  • the D-size cells were tested with an intermittent discharge of one hour per day at a resistance of 2.2 ohms, and the service performance cut-off was measured at 0.8 volts.
  • Barium hydroxide was also used as the additive to anode 18.
  • D-size cylindrical cells with the treated barium hydroxide additive were tested, an 8% increase in cell performance compared to the D-size cylindrical cells without the barium hydroxide on a 500 mA continuous discharge test to a 1.0 V cut-off.
  • a 0.9 V cut-off a 6% increase in performance was observed.
  • 3% and 2% respective increases in performance were observed.
  • the effect of adding barium sulphate additive to the cathode 20 was determined by evaluating different amounts of barium sulphate by weight percent of electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD) in the cathode 20.
  • the cells tested were D-size cylindrical cells, tested intermittently by discharging one hour per day at a resistance of 2.2 ohm to a voltage cut-off of 0.8 volts.
  • EMD electrolytic manganese dioxide
  • both the anode 18 and cathode 20 of electrochemical cell 10 contain barium sulphate or barium hydroxide additive to achieve enhanced service performance of the cell 10.
  • barium sulphate or barium hydroxide is added to the anode in the amount of approximately 2% by weight of active anode material (zinc), and barium sulphate is also added to the cathode in the amount of 2% by weight of active cathode material (manganese dioxide).
  • a D-size cylindrical cell was assembled and tested by being intermittently discharged one hour per day at a resistance to 2.2 ohms, and the voltage measurement is shown in Figure 6.
  • the service performance realised for the electrochemical cell containing barium sulphate in both the anode and cathode is represented by line 52.
  • the service performance realised with a similar cell having barium sulphate in the anode only is shown by line 54.
  • a control cell was constructed having no barium sulphate in either the anode or cathode, and its test results are shown by line 50.
  • the cell containing barium sulphate in both the anode and cathode realised an increase in the average service performance of D- sized cells, according to this test, by as much as 13% , as compared to the average performance of the control cell having no barium sulphate additive.
  • Figure 7 shows the process 300 for impregnating/coating zinc used in an anode of the present invention with barium additive, specifically ba ⁇ um hydroxide.
  • step 60 the type and amount of zinc to be treated is determined.
  • step 62 a solution of 0.2M ba ⁇ um hydroxide and deionised water is made by mixing 63.1 grams of Ba(OH) .8H 2 O with 950 ml of deionised water to make a 1000 ml solution.
  • step 64 1000 ml of the 0.2M ba ⁇ um hydroxide solution is added to 3150 grams of zinc 64.
  • the wetter mixture of ba ⁇ um hydroxide solution and zinc is mixed in step 66, allowed to air dry step 68 for two hours, and dried in a 71°C oven for 18 hours in step 70.
  • decision block 72 it is determined whether at this point the solution is dry and, if not, then the mixing and drying steps represented by steps 66, 68 and 70 are repeated. If the solution is dry, then the ba ⁇ um coated zinc is either dry blended or blended into the gelled electrolyte 74.
  • the barium coated zinc may be blended using a conventional multiple blade blender, while small anode mixes may be made by vigorously shaking the anode components in a polymeric container to achieve a homogenous mixture.
  • anode mix for example, add the treated zinc, Carbopol®, and indium hydroxide (In(OH) 3 ) to a suitable polymeric container. Next, seal the container and shake for at least two minutes until the dry components are uniformly mixed. Add the 0.1N KOH solution to the 40% KOH solution to form the total quantity of KOH solution. Next, add the total quantity of KOH solution, which may also contain conventional additives, and shake for one minute. Lastly, the solution is mixed for two minutes.
  • indium hydroxide In(OH) 3
  • FIG 8 illustrates a method according to an embodiment of the fourth aspect of the present invention, and shows a process 200 for impregnating the electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD) for use in a cathode with a barium additive, specifically barium hydroxide.
  • EMD electrolytic manganese dioxide
  • Step 80 the total amount of manganese dioxide needed is determined.
  • Step 82 involves mixing the MnO 2 with a 0.2M barium hydroxide solution.
  • the barium hydroxide solution may be prepared in the same manner as it was prepared in step 62 in the zinc treating process 300.
  • the mixture is allowed to air dry in step 84. After that, during step 86, the mixture is placed in a 71°C oven for a period of time sufficient to dry the mixture.
  • Decision block 88 involves determining whether there is a layer of barium hydroxide powder on the dried mixture. If there is a layer of barium hydroxide powder, then the barium hydroxide powder must be broken up and remixed with deionised water in step 91, and allowed to air dry in step 92. This process is repeated until there is no barium hydroxide powder on top of the hard crust of the manganese dioxide and barium hydroxide mixture indicating that a good mixture has been achieved. Once a good mixture is achieved, in step 94, the mixture is broken up into a loose powder. Optionally, a solution of 0.2M sulphuric acid is added to the dry mixture in step 96. Following step 96, the mixture is allowed to air dry in step 98.
  • step 100 the cathode mix is ready for use in electrochemical cells using normal techniques as are conventional and known to one of the ordinary skill in the art.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
  • Primary Cells (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne une pile électrochimique réunissant une anode, une cathode et un électrolyte. En l'espèce, l'anode, ainsi qu'éventuellement la cathode, comporte un additif à base de composé de baryum tel que le sulfate de baryum (BaSO4) ou l'hydroxyde de baryum (Ba(OH)2). Selon une autre réalisation, seule la cathode est additivée à l'hydroxyde de baryum (Ba(OH)2). L'anode comporte un matériau anodiquement actif tel que le zinc, la cathode comprenant un matériau cathodiquement actif tel que le dioxyde de manganèse, de préférence du dioxyde de manganèse électrolytique. L'invention concerne également le traitement du matériau actif, lequel traitement consiste à mélanger le matériau avec l'additif base de composé de baryum, puis à faire sécher le mélange. Cette anode et cette cathode conviennent particulièrement aux piles électrochimiques à électrolyte alcalin. Le composé au baryum confère à la pile un meilleur rendement en fonctionnement.
EP99958931A 1998-11-13 1999-11-12 Pile lectrochimique lectrodes additiv es Withdrawn EP1138095A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US192251 1998-11-13
US09/192,251 US6203943B1 (en) 1998-11-13 1998-11-13 Electrochemical cell having electrode additives
US41273599A 1999-10-04 1999-10-04
US412735 1999-10-04
PCT/US1999/026814 WO2000030198A1 (fr) 1998-11-13 1999-11-12 Pile électrochimique à électrodes additivées

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1138095A1 true EP1138095A1 (fr) 2001-10-04

Family

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP99958931A Withdrawn EP1138095A1 (fr) 1998-11-13 1999-11-12 Pile lectrochimique lectrodes additiv es

Country Status (6)

Country Link
EP (1) EP1138095A1 (fr)
JP (1) JP2002530815A (fr)
CN (1) CN1333930A (fr)
AU (1) AU1619900A (fr)
CA (1) CA2351089A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2000030198A1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP4137417B2 (ja) 2001-09-25 2008-08-20 松下電器産業株式会社 アルカリ乾電池
WO2003038932A1 (fr) 2001-11-01 2003-05-08 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Pile sèche alcaline
US7351499B2 (en) * 2004-01-28 2008-04-01 The Gillette Company Cathode material for battery
CN100349313C (zh) * 2005-09-28 2007-11-14 浙江工业大学 一种二次锌电极添加剂及其制备方法
CN102386417A (zh) * 2011-09-27 2012-03-21 余姚市中盛电子科技有限公司 碱锰电池正极添加剂及其添加方法
CN103078117B (zh) * 2012-12-28 2016-05-18 中银（宁波）电池有限公司 碱性电池正极添加剂
CN112582631A (zh) * 2020-12-14 2021-03-30 佛山市里昂贸易有限公司 一种干电池电极及其制备方法

Family Cites Families (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS56103864A (en) * 1980-01-21 1981-08-19 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd Battery
HU215866B (hu) * 1991-12-19 1999-03-29 Battery Technologies Inc. Katódszerkezet alkáli mangán-dioxid-cink cellákhoz megnövelt kapacitással
US5556720A (en) * 1994-08-18 1996-09-17 Energy Research Corporation Sealed zinc secondary battery and zinc electrode therefor

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
See references of WO0030198A1 *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO2000030198A1 (fr) 2000-05-25
JP2002530815A (ja) 2002-09-17
CA2351089A1 (fr) 2000-05-25
AU1619900A (en) 2000-06-05
CN1333930A (zh) 2002-01-30

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