Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
  • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
  • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
  • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
  • G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
  • G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
  • G02F1/1345—Conductors connecting electrodes to cell terminals
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
  • G02F2201/00—Constructional arrangements not provided for in groups G02F1/00 - G02F7/00
  • G02F2201/42—Arrangements for providing conduction through an insulating substrate

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a method of manufacturing a 5 substantially planar substrate with a predetermined substrate thickness, having a first substrate surface and a second substrate surface extending substantially in parallel to the first substrate surface, and being formed of at least a first and a second material having substantially different conductivities, such that conductive
• the present invention further relates to display devices using the
• the object of the present invention is to provide a method for manufacturing substrates with unidirectional conductivity characteristics, including a very thin insulation layer, which is more simple and cost-effective than separately applying insulation layers.
• the method according to the present invention has the advantage that a substrate with the required characteristics (unidirectional conductivity, very thin insulation layer) can be manufactured simply, requiring only a few production steps which are well known in the art.
• the further handling of these substrates is also simpler than the handling of both substrates with unidirectional conductivity and insulating layers in the same production process.
• the first material is an insulating material with a thickness equal to the substrate thickness and the cavities are manufactured to extend to a depth smaller than the thickness of the first material.
• the very thin insulating planar layer of the substrate is formed by the remaining material of the first layer after formation of the cavities.
• the second material is an insulating material and the method further comprises the steps of: - applying the first material on a supporting structure with a thickness of less than the substrate thickness;
• the insulating layer is formed by the application of the second material to an extent that not only the cavities are filled, but also a thin insulating layer is formed on top of the substrate.
• the present methods can also be used to manufacture substrates with optically active material, such as liquid crystal.
• substrates with optically active material such as liquid crystal.
• optically active material such as liquid crystal.
• the cavities in the layer of a first material are provided by etching techniques.
• laser beam evaporation or laser beam cutting can be used to provide the cavities in the first material.
• a further object of the invention is to provide a method for producing a substrate in a simple and cost effective manner, which substrate can be used to provide an electric field distribution on the first surface of the substrate by locally applying a voltage on the second surface of the substrate with a local maximum value directly opposite a the locally applied voltage and decreasing value with increasing distance from the local maximum.
• This object is obtained by the method of manufacturing a substantially planar substrate with a predetermined substrate thickness, having a first substrate surface and a second substrate surface extending substantially in parallel to the first substrate surface, characterised in that the method comprises the steps of:
• a still further object of the invention is to provide display devices using the substrate manufactured according to one of the embodiments of the present invention.
• a display device comprising at least a first substrate manufactured according the present invention and a layer of conductive material substantially parallel to the first substrate, the display device further comprising an optically active layer positioned between the first substrate and the conductive layer, and at least one control electrode electrically connected to a surface of the first substrate opposite the optically active layer, thereby enabling the provision of a local electrical field over the optically active layer.
• a display device in which the layer of conductive material is formed by a second substrate manufactured according to one of the methods according to the present invention.
• the display device is provided with a plurality of further control electrodes on a surface of the second substrate opposite the optically active layer.
• the optically active layer comprises dipole spheres with semispheres of a first and second colour, respectively, which dipole spheres can be aligned by the local electrical field, such that the semispheres of the first or second colour are aligned in the same direction.
• An alternative embodiment of the display device according to the present invention comprises a layer of microcontainers filled with charged particles, which particles are moveable by the local electrical field.
• a further alternative embodiment of the display device according to the present invention comprises an optically active layer formed by an electrocapillary sheet with electrocapillaries, in which a polarized fluid is contained in the electrocapillaries, which fluid can be displaced under the influence of an electric field.
• the optically active layer comprises double- funnel shaped pixels comprising two funnels, in which narrow parts of the funnels are connected to each other, in which the pixels are filled with a fluid, containing electrically charged particles, which can be displaced through the funnels under the influence of an electric field.
• a further aspect of the present invention concerns a display device comprising a first and a second substrate manufactured according to one of the claims 1 through 10, in which the first and second substrate are positioned substantially parallel to each other, an optically active layer is positioned between the first and second substrate, and a number of conductors are provided on the outside surfaces of the first and second substrate, thereby enabling the provision of a local electrical field in the optically active layer, characterised in that the optically active layer comprises a number of pixels comprising at least one flexible member of a first colour, at least one expandable member comprising at least an electrically driven chemomechanical polymer gel, and a fluid, which expandable member is arranged to press the flexible member against the second substrate under the influence of the local electrical field.
• the present invention also refers to the use of an electrically driven chemomechanical polymer gel to alter optical properties of a device provided with a flexible optical member, e.g. a flexible polymer lens , of which the optical properties may be altered by electrically driven chemomechanical polymer gel provided on the perimeter of the flexible lens.
• Fig. 1 shows a cross-sectional view of a substrate manufactured according to a preferred embodiment of the present
• Fig. 2 shows a phase of the production of a substrate with unidirectional conductivity according to a preferred method
• Fig. 3 shows the electrical equivalent of one conductive column, the insulation layer and a liquid crystal layer, driven by an electrical source
• Fig. 4 shows an assembly of a substrate manufactured according to the present invention, provided on a first side of an LC layer, with the insulating side of the substrate contacting the LC layer
• Fig. 5 shows an illustration of an alternative method for manufacturing the substrate according to an embodiment of the present invention
• Fig. 6 shows an alternative for the embodiment shown in Fig. ;
• Fig. 7 shows an LCD comprising a substrate with unidirectional conductivity and a substrate with optically active material;
• Fig. 8 shows a cross sectional view of a substrate manufactured according to a further embodiment of the present invention.
• Fig. 9 shows a cross sectional view of a sphere used in the manufacturing of a substrate as shown in Fig. 8;
• Fig. 10 shows a schematic cross sectional view of a substrate as shown in Fig. 8 applied on top of an LC layer;
• Fig. 11 shows a simplified electrical equivalent circuit for the assembly shown in Fig. 10
• Fig. 12 shows the electrical field distribution over the LC layer of Fig. 10 for variations in radius of the conductive spheres;
• Fig. 13 shows the electrical field distribution over the LC layer of Fig. 10 for variations in the thickness of the insulation layer
• Fig. 14 shows a cross sectional view of a display device with a structure similar to the LCD shown in Fig. , in which the LC layer is replaced by an optically active layer;
• Fig. 1 shows a cross sectional view of an alternative arrangement for the display device of Fig. 14;
• Fig. 16 shows a cross sectional view of alternative arrangement of the display device of Fig. 1 , using double funnel shaped pixels comprising a fluid with charged particles;
• Fig. 17a and 17b show a cross sectional view of one pixel of a display device according to a further embodiment of the present invention, in deactivated and activated situation, respectively;
• Fig. 18a and 18b show a cross sectional view of a pixel according to a further embodiment of the pixel shown in Fig. 17, in deactivated and activated situation, respectively; and
• Fig. 19 a and 19b show a cross sectional view of an alternative embodiment of the pixel shown in Fig. 18, in deactivated and activated situation, respectively.
• Fig. 1 shows a cross-sectional view of a substrate 1 manufactured according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
• the substrate 1 is a planar substrate, and comprises numerous conductive columns 2 embedded in an insulating material 3- Although it is preferred that the conductive columns 2 are distributed over the substrate 1 in a regular pattern, a regular pattern is not required to give the substrate 1 the required characteristics of unidirectional conductivity.
• the insulating material 3 is provided such that a thin insulating layer 7 is provided on top of each conductive column 2.
• the substrate 1 with unidirectional conductivity according to the present invention can be used in applications, in which no current is required to flow from a first surface of the substrate 1 to the opposite surface. For instance, the substrate 1 can be used in applications, in which an electrical field is used for control, as in controlling a liquid crystal layer.
• Fig. 2 shows a phase in the production of a substrate 1 with unidirectional conductivity according to a preferred method.
• a flat supporting structure 5 is provided, on which a foil from a first material 4, e.g. a conductive, UV sensitive material is produced.
• a first material 4 e.g. a conductive, UV sensitive material
• This can, e.g., be done by casting or spin coating the first material 4 onto the supporting structure 5-
• the first material 4 can be solidified, e.g. by thermal hardening or evaporation of solvents.
• the foil is subsequently exposed to UV radiation, using a mask 6 to provide a pattern on the foil.
• the unexposed parts of the foil can be removed by using suitable solvents.
• a pattern of the first material 4 corresponding to the mask will remain on the supporting structure 5.
• a second material 3. in this case an insulating material, is applied on top of the conductive columns 2.
• the insulating material will fill the spaces between the conducting columns 2, but according to the present invention, insulating material 3 is applied until a thin planar layer of the insulating material 3 is provided on top of the columns 2.
• the supporting structure 5 can be removed, resulting in the substrate 1.
• the substrate 1 has a certain rigidity enabling simple handling of the substrate 1 , without the need for a supporting layer during further processing of the substrate 1.
• the structure of the resulting substrate 1, as shown in Fig. 1, with conductive columns 2 extending perpendicularly from one surface of the substrate 1 almost to the other side of the substrate 1, with only a small insulating layer on the other side, is very well suited for application in liquid crystal displays (LCD) .
• LCD liquid crystal displays
• FIG. 4 an assembly 14 is shown of a substrate 1 manufactured according to the present invention, provided on a first side of an LC layer 8, with the insulating side of the substrate 1 contacting the LC layer 8.
• a number of control electrodes 10 may be provided, electrically connected to one or more of the conducting columns 2 of the substrate 1.
• a thin insulating layer 11 is applied, after which a conductive layer 12 is applied covering the thin insulating layer 11.
• an insulating layer 13 is applied to the top of the assembly 14 to provide protection for the layers of the assembly 14.
• the LC layer 8 can be controlled by providing a voltage to one of the control electrodes 10, forming an LC Display.
• the conductive columns 2 which are in electrical contact with the control electrode 10, will provide the voltage up to the thin insulation layer 7-
• the LC layer 8 will alter its light transmission characteristics in the area between these conductive columns 2 and the conductive layer 12.
• the control electrode 10 is in electrical contact with a large number of conductive columns 2. The larger the number of conductive columns 2 per control electrode 10 , the higher is the attainable resolution and the less vulnerable is the device for failing or missing conductive columns 2. This has the advantage that no alignment is required of the control electrodes 10 with respect to the other layers 1, 8 of the assembly. It also allows more margins as to the number of conductive columns 2 in the substrate 1 that actually conduct from the first surface to almost the second surface of the substrate 1. Finally, the distribution of the conductive columns may vary over the substrate 1, allowing more margins in the manufacturing of the substrate 1.
• the cavities are not provided by etching, but by laser beam evaporation.
• This method is illustrated in Fig. 5-
• a first layer 1 of insulating material is provided, onto which a laser beam 17 can be focused.
• the first material 15 can be evaporated to a predetermined depth of the layer, thereby forming cavities in the first material.
• the material is evaporated in such a way, that a predetermined thickness of the first material 15 is left, the first layer remains self supporting, thereby obviating the need for a supporting structure or layer as in the embodiment described above.
• a conductive material 18 e.g. a conductive polymer
• conductive columns 2 are formed extending from a first side of the substrate 1 to almost the opposite side of the substrate 1.
• the steps of producing a suitable mask, exposing the first layer through the mask, developing the layer and etching the layer are no longer needed, resulting in a more simple and precise production method of the substrate 1.
• the laser beam evaporation method can also be used to produce a substrate 1 in which the conductive columns 2 are formed extending completely from the first side to the second side of the substrate 1.
• This further embodiment of the present invention is shown diagrammatically in Fig. 6.
• the laser can be used as a laser beam cutter, locally evaporating all material of the first layer 15- After this laser beam cutting step, a layer of first, insulating material results in a certain pattern, provided with through-holes in a predetermined pattern. These through-holes can be filled with a second, conductive material 18, e.g. a conductive polymer, resulting in the substrate 1 with unidirectional conductivity.
• a supporting structure 5 is used to facilitate production of a flat first substrate surface.
• the second material 18 used to fill the cavities in the layer of first material 15 is an optically active material, such as a liquid crystal (LC) material.
• LC liquid crystal
• the number of conductive columns 2 per square unit in the substrate 1 is smaller than the number provided in the embodiments to provide a unidirectional conductive substrate 1.
• the optically active material is a photochargeable material , which converts light impinging on the photochargeable material into an electrical charge.
• An even further alternative uses photoconductive material, of which the resistance is locally reduced where light impinges.
• the substrate 1 with unidirectional conductivity and a substrate 1' with optically active material it is very simple to produce an LCD 14, as shown in Fig. 7-
• This figure also shows that it is preferred that the concentration of conductive columns 2 in the substrate 1 with unidirectional conductivity to be higher than the concentration of LC cells 2' in order to enable a proper control of the LCD by the associated control conductors 10.
• Both substrates 1, 1' can be provided with or without an insulating surface, i.e. all substrates can be manufactured according to any of the embodiments described above, as the LC material of the LC cells 2' is sensitive to the electric field across it. The use of the substrate 1' with the LC cells 2' will lead to a more precise definition of the display field associated with each control electrode 10, as compared to the LCD 14 shown in Fig. 4.
• the LCD 14 manufactured as described with reference to any of the above mentioned embodiments shows a large degree of flexibility with respect to display size, shape and pattern.
• the control electrodes 10 can be applied at a later production stage. Only at the final stage when the LCD 14 is completed, the control electrodes 10 have to be applied, defining the eventual appearance and characteristics of the LCD 14.
• a substrate 1 with unidirectional conductivity is made with a structure as shown in Fig. 8.
• the substrate 1 is formed by conductive spheres 20 suspended in an insulating material _ .
• This substrate 1 or foil can be used in applications, in which the resolution and sharpness of the unidirectional conductivity is less important, e.g. in larger scale applications. Also, this substrate 1 can not be utilised in applications requiring DC-conductance, but is well suited for applications in which an electrical field has to be applied locally.
• the first step of manufacturing the substrate 1 is the manufacturing of small spheres 20 from a conductive material 21, preferably a conductive polymer.
• the spheres 20 are coated with a thin layer of insulating material 22, as illustrated in Fig. 9-
• the thickness of the insulating layer 22 affects the characteristics of the substrate 1, as will be discussed below.
• the spheres 20 with the insulating layer 22 are, preferably, distributed homogeneously in a liquid polymer.
• a planar substrate 1 is formed, e.g. by casting, UV-hardening, thermal hardening or evaporating solvents .
• the substrate 1 can be used e.g. as an interface layer to control an optically active layer, such as an LC layer 8, in a manner comparable to the LCD-assembly 14 discussed above.
• Fig. 10 shows a simplified diagram of the structure of the substrate 1 manufactured according to this embodiment in combination with a liquid crystal layer 8.
• r is the thickness of the insulation layer 22 of each sphere 20
• R is the radius of the sphere 20
• D is the total thickness of the substrate 1
• d is the thickness of the liquid crystal layer 8.
• Fig. 11 shows a simplified electrical equivalent circuit of the substrate 1 and the LC layer 8.
• the voltage at various positions in the substrate 1 and over the LC layer 8 can be calculated, as well as the electrical field.
• the electrical field in the LC layer 8, which is important for controlling the optical characteristics of the LC layer 8, can be expressed as
• D4/(D1+D2+D3+D4) * u provided that the dielectric constant of the LC layer 8 and the insulating material 4 of the thin insulation layer 7 are substantially equal.
• D4 is equal to the thickness d of the LC layer 8
• Dl is the distance between the top two spheres 20 in the substrate 1 (equal to 2r)
• D2 is the distance between the middle and lower sphere 20 (equal to 2r)
• D3 is the distance between the lower sphere 20 and the top of the LC layer 8 (and equal to r) .
• D4 is large compared to D1...D3, i.e.
• M denotes the dimension of the conductive spheres 20, in which no electrical field is present.
• the substrate 1 manufactured according to this latter embodiment of the present invention can be used in applications in which the requirements with respect to the resolution and sharpness of the unidirectional conductivity may be less strict, e.g. applications of the substrate 1 in display devices with large dimensions.
• the substrate manufactured according to this embodiment of the present method can be used as dielectric layer to produce capacitors with a large capacity.
• Fig. 14 shows a cross sectional view of a display device 23 with a structure similar to the LCD 14 shown in Fig. 4, in which the LC layer 8 is replaced by an optically active layer 24.
• This display device may also be used as electric paper, as the different layers can be made very thin, resulting in a flexible paper-like display.
• the operation of the display device 23 is similar to the operation of the LCD 14, discussed with reference to Fig. 4.
• the optically active layer 24 is shown comprising numerous small dipole spheres 27.
• the optically active layer 24 comprising small dipole spheres 27 will be discussed in detail below.
• a display device 2 can be constructed as shown in Fig. 1 .
• the optically active layer 24 is sandwiched between two substrates 1, 1' according to the present invention, in which the insulating surfaces of the substrates 1, 1' are in contact with the optically active layer 24.
• a plurality of control electrodes 26, 26' can be electrically connected to the substrates 1, 1' in order to control the optical properties of the optically active layer 24.
• the optically active layer 24 is exposed to a local electrical field.
• the optically active layer 24 is shown comprising numerous microcontainers 29.
• the optically active layer 24 comprising microcontainers 29 will be discussed in detail below.
• the optically active layer 24 may consist of e.g. LC material, such that the electrical field applied is converted into optical transmission characteristics of the optically active layer 24.
• the optically active layer 24 may be provided as a layer of photochargeable material.
• the control electrodes 10, 26, 26' are used to pick up the electrical signal from the optically active material.
• the optically active layer 24 may be provided as a layer of photoconductive material, of which the resistance is reduced when light impinges on the display. This resistance change may be picked up by the control electrodes 10. 26, 26'.
• the optically active layer 24 comprises small spheres, indicated by reference numeral 27, of which the two halves have a different colour.
• the spheres 27 are constructed as electrical dipoles. Because of the unidirectional conductive properties of the substrates 1 , 1 ' , an electrical field can be generated locally in the optically active layer 24 by applying a voltage on the control electrode 10 in the embodiment in Fig. 14 or between two control electrodes 26, 26' on both sides of the substrates 1, 1' in the embodiment shown in Fig. 15. Because of the dipole character of the small spheres 27, the spheres 27 will align with the local electrical field, enabling the formation of an image in the display device 23, 25.
• the small spheres 27 may be given a preferential direction. Applying an electric field in one direction will then cause the spheres 27 to align in one direction, while without an electrical field the spheres 27 will be aligned in another direction.
• the small spheres 27 and the optically active layer 24 may be manufactured according to the method published in European patent EP 0 5 0 2 ⁇ l of Xerox, Fabrication of a display device 23, 25 as described above is greatly simplified by using the substrates 1 with unidirectional conductivity according to the present invention.
• the optically active layer 24 may comprise microcontainers 29 (dimensions in the order of ten microns) filled with a fluid of a first colour and charged particles with a second colour (dimensions in the order of microns) .
• the microcontainers 29 may be comprised in the optically active layer 24 in a similar arrangement as the small spheres 27, as described above. Because of the electrostatic charge of the particles, the particles will move to one side of the microcontainer 29 under the influence of an electric field. When the particles have moved to one side of the microcontainer 29, their electrostatic charge will result in a new steady state because the particles will stay on the same place against the wall of the microcontainer 29.
• the particles may be given a preferential position. Applying an electric field in one direction will then cause the particles to move to one side of the microcontainer 29, while without an electrical field the particles will remain in the other side.
• the operation and a manufacturing method for the microcontainers 29 and a layer containing microcontainers 29 is described in P. Drzaic et al., "A Printed and Rollable Bistable Electronic Display", SID 98 Digest, pp. II3I-H3 .
• the optically active layer 24 is formed by an electrocapillary sheet, containing numerous capillaries from one side of the sheet to the other, filled with a polar fluid. Under the influence of an electric field in the electrocapillary sheet, the fluid will move in a predetermined direction, thereby enabling the formation of an image on one side of the display device.
• the polar fluid may have different colours in separate capillaries to be able to form a coloured image.
• the electrocapillary sheet is described in e.g. EP-A-0806753 from Xerox.
• the structure of the display device 23, 25 is again identical to the previous embodiments.
• the optically active layer 24 is formed by a foil or plate provided with double funnel shaped pixels 28 perpendicular to the foil or plate, as indicated in Fig. 16.
• the two funnels forming a pixel 28 are connected to each other at the small ends and are filled with a fluid.
• electrically charged particles are dispersed. Under the influence of an applied local electrical field, the charged particles in the fluid are directed to one of the funnels of a pixel 28, thereby allowing the formation of an image.
• the foil or plate with double funnel shaped pixels 28, forming the optically active layer 24, is described in European patent EP-0783 163 from Xerox.
• a fifth embodiment of the display device 23, 25 uses electrically driven chemomechanical polymer gels. These polymer gels absorb or reject fluids when an electrical current flows through them and as a result the polymer gel will expand or diminish its volume.
• a cross sectional view of one pixel 30 of a plurality of pixels 30 forming a display device 23, 25 is shown in Fig. 17a and 17b. Examples of electrically driven chemomechanical gels are described in Y. Osada et al., "A polymer gel with electrically driven motility", Nature, Vol. 355, no. 6357, PP 242-244, 16 January 1992.
• electrically driven chemomechanical polymer gels can be used to alter the optical properties of a device provided with a flexible optical member, e.g. a flexible lens, of which the optical properties may be altered by electrically driven chemomechanical polymer gel provided on the perimeter of the flexible lens.
• a flexible optical member e.g. a flexible lens
• electrically driven chemomechanical polymer gel provided on the perimeter of the flexible lens.
• a small sphere 31 made of flexible, conductive material is positioned between and electrically connected to a first substrate 1 with conductive channels and a foil 32 coated with electrically driven chemomechanical polymer gel.
• the foil 3 coated with the gel is positioned a short distance from a second substrate 1' with conductive channels and a conductive fluid 33 is provided in the open space between the first substrate 1 and the second substrate 1'.
• respective control electrodes 26, 26' are electrically connected.
• an electrically driven chemomechanical polymer gel is used that rejects fluid when submitted to an electric current. The first situation, without an electrical current flowing through the pixel, is shown in Fig.
• a further embodiment of the display device 23, 25 according to the present invention also uses an electrically driven chemomechanical polymer gel.
• this embodiment uses cylinders 35 of electrically driven chemomechanical polymer gel in contact with the second substrate 1', as shown in Fig. 18a.
• an electrically driven chemomechanical polymer gel is used that can absorb fluid 33 when a current flows through the pixel. Consequently, when a current is applied to the control electrodes 26, 26' of the pixel 30, the polymer gel cylinder 35 expands and presses the flexible conductive sphere 31 against the first substrate 1, as shown in Fig. 18b.
• a seventh embodiment of a display device the flexible conductive spheres 31 of the sixth embodiment are replaced by a flexible conductive coating 37 on top of the polymer gel cylinder 35, as illustrated in a cross sectional schematic diagram in Fig. 19a and 19b.
• the operation of this embodiment corresponds to that of the sixth embodiment, as shown in Fig. 18a and l ⁇ b.
• the fluid 33 in the display device 23, 25 using the electrically driven chemomechanical polymer gel is an electrolytic fluid 3
• the currents are then generated by electron and ion movements in the electrolytic fluid 33 under the influence of the electrical field in the pixel 30.
• the electrically driven chemomechanical polymer gel will then expand or decrease under the influence of the induced current until a steady situation is reached.
• substrates 1, 1' of which one surface consists entirely of insulating material _ •

Landscapes

• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Nonlinear Science (AREA)
• Mathematical Physics (AREA)
• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
• General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Optics & Photonics (AREA)
• Devices For Indicating Variable Information By Combining Individual Elements (AREA)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Publications (1)

Family

ID=19866465

Family Applications (1)

Country Status (3)

Families Citing this family (9)

Family Cites Families (6)

• 1998
  • 1998-12-11 EP EP98962685A patent/EP1138079A1/de not_active Withdrawn
  • 1998-12-11 AU AU17860/99A patent/AU1786099A/en not_active Abandoned
  • 1998-12-11 WO PCT/NL1998/000712 patent/WO2000036649A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation

Non-Patent Citations (1)

Also Published As

Similar Documents

Legal Events