EP1135814A1

EP1135814A1 - Pasty materials comprising inorganic, fluid conductors and layers produced therefrom, and electrochemical components made from these layers

Info

Publication number: EP1135814A1
Application number: EP99952592A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Peter Birke; Gerold Neumann
Original assignee: LECLANCHE LITHIUM GmbH; Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Angewandten Forschung eV
Current assignee: Leclanche SA
Priority date: 1998-10-20
Filing date: 1999-10-15
Publication date: 2001-09-26
Also published as: CA2347177C; WO2000024068A1; BR9914619A; EP2317590A1; DE19964159B4; US8460831B2; EP2317590B1; AU6473299A; DE19964159A1; CA2347177A1; ID28768A; TW568931B; US20110266489A1; CN1324501A

Abstract

The invention relates to pasty materials which can be used in electrochemical components and which comprise a heterogeneous mixture made of (A) a matrix that either contains or consists of at least one organic polymer, the precursors thereof or the prepolymers thereof; (B) of an inorganic or essentially inorganic fluid which can be electrochemically activated and which does not or essentially does not dissolve the matrix, and optionally of; (C) a powdery solid which is essentially inert with regard to the fluid that can be electrochemically activated. The invention also relates to layers which are self-supporting or which rest on a substrate and which comprise a heterogeneous mixture (A) of a matrix as defined in one of the pending Claim Nos. 1 to 7 which either contains or consists of at least one organic polymer; (B) of an inorganic or essentially inorganic fluid which can be electrochemically activated and which does not or essentially does not dissolve the matrix, and optionally of; (C) a powdery solid which is essentially inert with regard to the fluid that can be electrochemically activated. In addition, the invention relates to layer assemblies which have electrochemical properties and which contain layers of the aforementioned type. The layers or the layer assemblies can be advantageously used in the production of batteries, low-temperature fuel cells, solar cells or electrochemical sensors.

Description

Pasty masses with inorganic, liquid conductors and layers and electrochemical components made from them

The present invention relates to novel materials with electrochemical properties, in particular pasty masses, self-supporting or flexible layers that can be produced from these masses, and possibly flexible layers and layer composites made therefrom, which can be used as primary batteries, accumulators, low-temperature fuel cells, solar cells or the like.

Since the beginning of the 1970s, attempts have been made to produce electrochemical components such as batteries or the like in the form of thin layers. The aim is to obtain film composites that have particularly favorable charging and discharging properties due to the extremely high contact area between the individual electrochemical components such as electrodes and electrolytes, based on the volume of electrochemically active material used. In special cases, you also need a high flexibility of such composites, so that they can be rolled up or adapted to another desired shape.

In order to produce such electrode materials, it has hitherto been assumed that solid or viscous Teflon, which contains a certain percentage

Carbon and the actual electrode material was mixed and then pressed or sprayed onto suitable lead electrodes. However, this creates layers of insufficient flexibility. Furthermore, it has been proposed to produce electrode layers which were produced with PVC and tetrahydrofuran or another polymer dissolved in a solvent, from which the solvent was subsequently expelled. However, the conductivity of the manufactured products is unfavorable.

The production of a layer, which can act as an electrolyte in a corresponding electrochemical composite, poses particular problems. US 5456 000 describes rechargeable battery cells which are produced by laminating electrode and electrolyte cells. A film or a membrane is used as the positive electrode, which was produced separately from LiMn2θ4 powder in a matrix of a polymer copolymer and then dried. The negative electrode consists of a dried coating of a powdered carbon dispersion in a matrix of a polymer copolymer. An electrolyte / separator membrane is arranged between the electrode layers. For this purpose, a poly (vinylidene fluoride) -hexafluoropropylene copolymer with an organic Plasticizers such as propylene carbonate or ethylene carbonate implemented. A film is produced from these components and the plasticizer is then removed from the layer. The battery cell is held in this "inactive" state until it is to be used. To activate it, it is immersed in a suitable electrolyte solution, the cavities formed by the expulsion of the plasticizer being filled with the liquid electrolyte. The battery is then ready for use.

A disadvantage of such a construction is that the battery must be activated shortly before the time at which it is to be put into use. In most cases, this is unacceptable.

The object of the present invention is to provide pasty compositions which already contain the corresponding conductor (ion or mixed conductor, in particular the electrolyte or at least one of the electrodes) in liquid form and for the production of electrochemically activatable layers with such a liquid conductor corresponding, immediately usable electrochemical components are suitable. These components are said to be suitable for a wide range of products such as primary batteries, rechargeable batteries (accumulators), low-temperature fuel cells, solar cells, electrochemical sensors or the like, which can be layered, in particular in the form of a film laminate, have very good conduction properties and, where appropriate, high flexibility and which, moreover, cannot leak and therefore do not necessarily have to be arranged in housings, in particular in sealing housings.

This object is achieved in that pasty compositions which can be used in electronic components are provided and which contain a mixture of (A) an at least one organic polymer, its precursors or its prepolymers, or a matrix thereof, (B) an electrochemically activatable matrix Matrix, or essentially non-solvent, inorganic liquid and optionally (C) a powdery solid which is inert to the electrochemically activatable liquid, or consist of. These pasty masses can be processed into corresponding self-supporting or overlying layers (eg foils, so-called "tapes"), which can be assembled into electrochemical components or combined with other components result in such components. In some cases alternatively, the masses are formed from the components (A) and optionally (C), then solidified into layers and only then provided with the component (B).

The term "usable in electrochemical components" implies that the electrochemically activatable inorganic liquid can be an ion-conducting or electron-conducting liquid which is suitable as a liquid electrode material or liquid electrolyte. This also includes electronically conductive liquids that can also change their stoichiometry - which is associated with a change in value and a charge transport. Such liquids can replace solid intercalation electrodes.

The mass obtains its pasty consistency through the use of a suitable matrix (A), preferably in conjunction with the powdery solid (C), which serves as a filling and supporting material. The term "pasty" is intended to mean that the mass can be processed after its production with the aid of common paste application methods, for example brushed on, spatulated, knife-coated or applied to a substrate using various printing methods or can be processed into a film. Depending on requirements, it can be kept relatively thin to very tough.

A variety of materials can be used for the matrix (A). You can work with solvent-free or solvent-based systems. Suitable solvent-free systems are, for example, crosslinkable, possibly liquid, but above all pasty resin systems. Examples of these are resins made from crosslinkable addition polymers or condensation resins. For example

Pre-condensates of phenoplasts (novolaks) or aminoplasts are used which, after the pasty mass has been shaped, are finally crosslinked to form an electrochemical layer composite. Further examples are unsaturated polyesters which can be crosslinked by graft copolymerization with styrene, epoxy resins curable by bifunctional reactants (example: bisphenol-A epoxy resin, cold-cured with polyamide), crosslinkable polycarbonates such as polyisocyanurate crosslinkable by a polyol, or binary polymethyl methacrylate, and the like can be polymerized with styrene. The pasty mass is in each case formed from the more or less viscous precondensate or uncrosslinked polymer as a matrix (A) or using essential constituents thereof, together with component (B). Another possibility is the use of polymers or polymer precursors together with a solvent or swelling agent for the organic polymer. In principle, there is no restriction with regard to the synthetic or natural polymers that can be used. Not only polymers with a carbon main chain are possible, but also polymers with heteroions in the main chain such as polyamides, polyesters, proteins or polysaccharides. The polymers can be homo- or copolymers; the copolymers can be random copolymers, graft copolymers, block copolymers or polyblends; there is no restriction here. Natural or synthetic rubbers, for example, can be used as polymers with a pure carbon main chain. Fluorinated hydrocarbon polymers such as Teflon, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) or polyvinyl chloride are particularly preferred, since particularly good water-repellent properties can be achieved with them in the films or layers formed from the pasty mass. This gives the electrochemical components produced in this way particularly good long-term stability. Other examples are polystyrene or polyurethane. Examples of copolymers are copolymers of Teflon and amorphous fluoropolymer and

Polyvinylidene fluoride / hexafluoropropylene (commercially available as Kynarflex). Examples of polymers with heteroatoms in the main chain are polyamides of the diamine-dicarboxylic acid type or of the amino acid type, polycarbonates, polyacetals, polyethers and acrylic resins. Other materials include natural and synthetic polysaccharides (homo- and heteroglycans), proteoglycans, for example starch, cellulose, methyl cellulose. Substances such as chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronic acid, chitin, natural or synthetic waxes and many other substances can also be used. In addition, the abovementioned resins (precondensates) can also be used in solvents or diluents.

Solvents or swelling agents for the abovementioned polymers are known to the person skilled in the art.

Regardless of whether the matrix (A) contains a solvent or swelling agent or not, a plasticizer (also plasticizer) for the polymer or polymers used can be present. “Plasticizers” or “plasticizers” are to be understood here as substances whose molecules are bound to the plastic molecules by secondary valences (Van der Waals forces). As a result, they reduce the interaction forces between the macromolecules and thus set the

Softening temperature and the brittleness and hardness of the plastics. This distinguishes them from swelling and solvents. Because of their higher volatility, they cannot usually be evaporated from the plastic remove, but may have to be extracted with an appropriate solvent. The incorporation of a plasticizer causes a high mechanical flexibility of the layer that can be produced from the pasty mass.

The person skilled in the art knows suitable plasticizers for the respective plastic groups. They must be compatible with the plastic in which they are to be incorporated. Common plasticizers are high-boiling esters of phthalic acid or phosphoric acid, for example dibutyl phthalate or dioctyl phthalate. Also suitable are, for example, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethoxyethane, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, butyrolactone, ethyl methyl sulfone, polyethylene glycol, tetraglyme, 1,3-dioxolane or S, S-dialkyldithiocarbonate.

The addition of solid (C) serves inter alia to improve the properties of the matrix (A), e.g. in terms of their support or behavior when pulling the tape. The solid (C) should be in a finely divided form (e.g. as

Powder) can be used. All substances are suitable which are not attacked by the liquid (B), in particular are not changed oxidatively / reductively. Since this is often chemically very aggressive, substances such as SiO ₂ , Si ₃ N ₄ , Al ₂ O ₃ , AIN, MgO and the like will predominantly be used. However, it is also possible to use all other substances which are inert to the electrolyte or electrode material used in each case.

The liquid to be used as an electrode, electrolyte or the like should be inorganic, at least in substantial parts. Vanadium oxychloride or bromide, for example, can be used as the electrode material, in which the oxidation state of the vanadium can increase from +111 to + V via VOX, VOX ₂ , VO ₂ X. With such materials, decomposition electrodes can be obtained which, compared to intercalation electrodes, have the advantage that they do not have the volume expansion typical of intercalation electrodes. This enables improved aging resistance to be achieved.

In principle, any liquid electrolyte suitable for the respective system can be used as the electrolyte material; a large number of such systems and corresponding electrolytes are known. Aqueous systems such as sulfuric acid or KOH can be used as proton-conducting electrolytes in systems such as lead-acid batteries or Ni-Pb batteries or nickel-cadmium or nickel-metal hydride batteries, which makes it possible to achieve advantageous packing densities. In order to facilitate the transport of the conductive liquid in the possibly water-repellent matrix, an alcohol or another polar, water-miscible organic solvent can optionally be added to the electrolyte. Straight or branched chain mono-, di- or trial alcohols with preferably 1-6 carbon atoms such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, glycol, glycerol or the like are particularly suitable here. Particularly when a polymer matrix with plasticizer is used, which has been removed from the polymer matrix again, such an aqueous mixture slightly wets the - possibly crosslinked - matrix in the finished layer, so that the transport is facilitated. However, it should be understood that the term "substantially inorganic liquid" is intended to preclude the electrolyte from consisting essentially or entirely of a salt and a purely organic solvent such as ethyl carbonate, diethoxyethane or the like. An organic solvent content which may be present should therefore not make up more than 70% by volume, preferably 50% by volume, of the total amount of solvent. Depending on the properties of the matrix and / or the organic solvent, max. 30 or 5 vol .-% of it is sufficient.

In an alternative, the matrix material can contain a plasticizer or plasticizer that is miscible with water. This increases the hydrophilicity of the matrix material with the same consequence. What has been said above applies here to the maximum amount of the organic additive. In a further variant, a hygroscopic salt, for example MgCl ₂ , can be added to the matrix material. This draws water into the matrix, with the same consequence that the transport of the electrolyte through the matrix is facilitated.

In addition to aqueous systems, the electrolytes can also be anhydrous, liquid inorganic electrolytes such as H ₂ SO ₄ or LiAICI ₄ / SO ₂ (the latter system is formed when gaseous sulfur dioxide acts on lithium aluminum chloride). Such systems also have a relatively high surface tension compared to more hydrophobic polymer matrices. In order to also facilitate their migration through the polymer matrix, a number of measures are again available, in particular the two variants mentioned first for aqueous electrolytes, namely the addition of alcohol or the like to the electrolyte and / or the addition of plasticizers to the polymer matrix. As already mentioned, the pasty compositions according to the invention and the layers produced therefrom are suitable for a large number of electrochemical components which are preferably designed as a film-layer composite. For this purpose, the person skilled in the art can select the same liquids (B) that he would use for classic electrochemical components, ie those without the addition of plastics.

Possible components of an accumulator in lithium technology are mentioned below by way of example:

- lower lead electrode AI, Cu, Pt, Au, C

- positive electrode LiF, Li _x NiVO ₄ , Li _x [Mn] ₂ O ₄ , LiCoO ₂ , LiNiO ₂ , LiNi _0j 5Cθo _ι5 θ2, LiNi _0ι8 Co _0ι2 O ₂ , V ₂ O _5> Li _x V ₆ O ₁₃ - Electrolyte LiAICI ₄ / SO ₂ (anhydrous)

- Negative electrode Li, Li _{4 + x} Ti ₅ O ₁₂ , Li _x MoO ₂ , Li _x WO ₂ , Li _x C _2> Li _x C ₆ , lithium alloys

- Upper lead electrode AI, Cu, Mo, W, Ti, V, Cr, Ni

While the electrolyte layer of this rechargeable battery can be formed from a pasty mass according to the present invention, the other layers can optionally also be produced with the aid of pasty masses, in which powdered electrode material is incorporated instead of a liquid (B). The electrode material is preferably not soluble in the polymer matrix. A ratio of electrode material to polymer matrix of approximately 70 to 30% by weight is particularly preferably maintained. The polymer matrix can have the same constituents as described above for the compositions according to the invention.

Of course, the present invention is not limited to accumulators in lithium technology. As mentioned above, a variety of applications are possible. Thus, the compositions according to the invention can be processed into self-supporting films or layers lying on substrates, which can be used in primary or secondary batteries, decomposition batteries, low-temperature fuel cells, solar cells or electrochemical sensors.

The constituents described above, from which the pasty mass according to the invention is produced, can be mixed in a conventional manner, preferably by vigorous stirring or kneading the constituents. Possibly the organic polymer or its precursors are pre-dissolved or pre-swollen in the solvent or swelling agent before components (B) and optionally (C) are added. Component (C), if provided, is processed with component (A) preferably before the matrix solidifies to form the pasty mass mentioned. Component (B) can also be added at this stage. Alternatives to this are described below.

The paste-like masses according to the invention are particularly suitable for the production of thin-film batteries and other corresponding electrochemical components such as e.g. electrochemical sensors. These are preferably components in the so-called "thick-film technology". The individual layers of these elements are also called "tapes". For this purpose, individual electrochemically active or activatable layers with a thickness of approximately 10 μm to approximately 1 to 2 mm are produced, placed on top of one another and brought into intimate contact. The person skilled in the art will select the thickness according to the application accordingly. Ranges from approximately 50 μm to 500 μm are preferred, very particularly preferably a range from approximately 100 μm. According to the invention, however, it is also possible to produce corresponding thin-film components (this term encompasses thicknesses of preferably 100 nm to a few μm). However, this application is likely to be limited, since corresponding components are common

Capacity requirements may not be sufficient in a large number of cases. However, the application for backup chips, for example, is conceivable.

In addition, the pasty compositions according to the invention can also be brought into other shapes. Thicker layers (for example in the range of about 1 to 10 mm) can be produced, from which shapes can also be punched or cut. The latter are suitable, for example, for batteries and accumulators in medical technology, which have to be very small and at the same time very safe. One example of an application is hearing aid batteries. These are either worn close to or in the ear or even implanted, so that in addition to the small size, particularly high requirements must be placed on leakage security. Of course, the shapes mentioned can also be created directly, e.g. by casting, injection molding or extrusion processes.

The present invention therefore further includes self-supporting or on a

Electrochemically active or activatable layers lying on the substrate, preferably in the indicated thicknesses, which can be produced from the pasty materials described above. The layers are preferably flexible. To produce both the self-supporting layers (foils, tapes) and the layers lying on a substrate, use can be made of the customary methods known in the prior art, which can be used for the corresponding polymer materials of the matrix. Depending on the material, the pasty masses are solidified, for example, by hardening (of resins or other precondensates), by crosslinking prepolymers or linear polymers, by evaporation of solvents (e.g. acetone or the like) or in a similar manner. If the polymer matrix contains a plasticizer, the paste-like mass can be kept sufficiently viscous during the escape of the solvent so that the homogeneous distribution of the components is maintained. If the invention is provided in an embodiment in which the plasticizer is not intended to perform any other tasks (such as increasing the hydrophilicity of the matrix material), it can, if necessary, be removed again after the pasty mass has solidified to form a self-supporting or overlying layer unless the polymer matrix tends to crystallize strongly, resulting in brittleness and lack of flexibility. An example of a sufficiently flexible polymer is the combination of polyvinylidene fluoride with hexafluoropropylene as the polymer / copolymer.

In a special embodiment of the invention, component (B) is not yet or only partially added during the preparation of the pasty mass. If, as described above, the plasticizer is removed from the resulting self-supporting or overlying layer after the mass has solidified (e.g. by being driven out after adding a solvent such as hexane), cavities comparable to one form in the solidified matrix Sponge. By immersing it in a liquid (B), it can then, with the help of capillary forces, be sucked into the cavities and remain stable therein.

In order to obtain films that are self-supporting, a suitable pasty mass can be formed on calenders in the appropriate thickness, for example. Reference can be made to standard technology here. Self-supporting layers can also be formed by applying the pasty mass to a substrate and peeling off the layer produced after it has solidified. The prerequisite for this is that the product has sufficient flexibility. The coating can be carried out using conventional paste application methods. Examples include brushing, knife coating, spraying, spin coating and the like. Printing techniques are also possible. The liquid (B) can either as described above are already incorporated into the pasty mass or, after solidification of a pasty mass consisting of at least the polymer matrix (A) and the filler (C) and removal of the plasticizer contained therein, are filled into the cavities formed.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, crosslinkable resin compositions (precondensates), as described above for the pasty compositions, are used and, after the layer has been formed, are cured by UV or electron radiation. Curing can of course also be effected thermally or chemically (for example by immersing the layer produced in a corresponding bath).

If appropriate, suitable initiators or accelerators or the like are added to the compositions for the particular crosslinking.

The present invention further relates to layer composites with electrochemical properties, such as in particular accumulators and other batteries or sensors, which are formed by a corresponding sequence of the layers mentioned above or comprise these.

Figure 1 shows a possible sequence of such an arrangement. The reference numbers mean: lead electrode 1, intermediate tape 2, electrode 3, electrolyte 4,

Electrode 5, intermediate tape 6 and lead electrode 7. Further details are explained in the text below.

For the production of layer composites, the individual pasty masses can be applied layer by layer to one another by means of paste application processes. Each individual layer can either be crosslinked by itself or freed from solvent or brought into the layer form in some other way; however, the individual matrices can also be solidified by crosslinking or evaporating off the solvent or swelling agent or the like after all the layers required have been applied. The latter is advantageous, for example, if the individual electrochemically activatable layers are applied using a printing process which is carried out analogously to multi-color printing. An example of this is the flexographic printing technique, which can be used to continuously print several meters / second of a substrate with the required electrochemically activatable layers.

Alternatively, each layer or film can be individually converted into its final solidified state. If the films are self-supporting, they can corresponding components of the component to be formed are then connected to one another by lamination. Conventional laminating techniques can be used for this. Examples include extrusion coating, in which the second layer is connected to a carrier layer by pressure rollers, calender coating with two or three nips, in which the carrier web runs in along with the pasty mass, or doubling (bonding under pressure and back pressure of preferably heated rollers). The person skilled in the art will readily find the corresponding techniques which result or are offered by the choice of the matrices for the respective pasty masses.

Pressing during the bonding (lamination) of the individual layers can often be desirable, e.g. to better connect (and thus achieve better conductivity) the individual layers. Common techniques can be used for this. Cold pressing (at temperatures below 60 ° C.) can advantageously be carried out, provided the materials used allow this. This ensures particularly good contact between the individual layers.

The advantage of using the pasty masses according to the invention or the self-supporting films produced therefrom or layers lying on a substrate is the cost-effectiveness, the high practical energy density due to the compact structure and high leak-proofness in all applications, since the liquid electrolyte or the liquid electrode in the polymer matrix is bound like a sponge.

The electrochemical components that can be produced with the paste-like materials according to the invention are not restricted. The configurations described below are therefore only to be understood as examples or particularly preferred configurations.

In this way, rechargeable electrochemical cells can be manufactured using thick-film technology, ie with individual, electrochemically activatable layers in a thickness of approximately 10 μm to approximately 1 to 2 mm and preferably approximately 100 μm. If the electrochemical cell is to be based on lithium technology, those substances which are already listed above are suitable as liquids for the electrolyte layers or solid substances for the electrode layers. At least three layers are to be provided, namely one that functions as a positive electrode, one that functions as a solid electrolyte and one that functions as a negative electrode, ie layers 3, 4 and 5 of FIG. 1. According to the invention, it has been found that particularly advantageous current densities are achieved in the accumulator if certain limit conditions are observed. As is known, the current density can be set by the resistance of the electrolyte. If it is too high, the electrodes can be destroyed in the long term by polarization; if it is too low, the performance of the battery produced is only sufficient for a few areas of application. The limit condition mentioned is preferably 1 mA / cm ² . If the electrolyte layer is approximately 100 μm thick, a current density of 1 mA / cm ² causes a negligible 0.1 V voltage drop due to the resistance. If, for example, an electrolyte has a conductivity of 10 ^* 1 S / cm, the micro-geometry in the layer (filler and channels) means that the conductivity related to the layer is approximately 10 ° S / cm. A highly recommended criterion is to choose the layer thickness d in relation to the conductivity σj _on and an ionic resistance (Ω) and in relation to the area A so that the following formula is fulfilled:

200 Ω <d / (σj _0n • A).

This criterion can be met in an outstanding manner when the "tapes" according to the invention are used.

Said three-layer cell (or any other electrochemical component consisting of a positive electrode / electrolyte / negative electrode) can additionally be provided with discharge electrodes (layers 1 and 7 of FIG. 1). These expediently consist of foils of the suitable materials (materials for lead electrodes that can be used in lithium technology are described above).

In a special embodiment of the invention, a further thin plastic layer ("intermediate tape", layers 2 and 6 of FIG. 1) is worked in between the lower lead electrode and the electrode adjacent to it and the upper lead electrode and the electrode adjacent to it, which is also made with the aid of a pasty one Mass can be made. This thin plastic layer should contain conductive, metallic elements or alloys of elements which are suitable for transporting electrons from the respective electrode material to the respective lead electrode. Examples of these are the elements gold, platinum, rhodium and carbon or alloys made from these elements if the plastic layer is to be arranged between the positive electrode and the associated discharge electrode. If it is to be arranged between the negative electrode and the discharge electrode, nickel, iron, chromium, titanium, molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium, manganese, niobium, tantalum, cobalt or carbon are to be mentioned as elements. Of course, what has been said above for the electrodes and electrolytes also applies to the concentration and structure of the pasty masses from which these layers are formed. A configuration with lead electrodes and intermediate tapes (see also FIG. 1) has charge and discharge curves, as shown in FIG. 3, when it is produced in the lithium technology mentioned with LiAICl4 / Sθ2 as the electrolyte.

In another special embodiment of the invention, an electrochemical cell is made up of at least three layers, both electrodes being designed as layers according to the invention and the positive side (electrode) representing a protic system, while the negative side (counter electrode) representing an aprotic system. "Protic" here means a system in which a salt, e.g. B. a lithium salt such as lithium nitrate or lithium perchlorate in one

"protic", i.e. H. proton-releasing system (H2O) is solved. Accordingly, a solid electrolyte is chosen for the intermediate layer, the cation (e.g. lithium) of which is a conduction ion. The water-repellent properties of the polymer matrix in this special embodiment prevent water from reaching the negative side and being decomposed there. The advantages are the increased kinetics in the positive electrode due to the liquid electrolyte as well as the wide selection of possible electrolytes (here the problem of the corrosion potential of the positive metallic lead electrode is avoided, for which aluminum is often chosen for cost reasons; e.g. electrolytes containing lithium perchlorate easily oxidize the lead electrode on the positive side).

The compositions according to the invention are suitable, inter alia. for use in primary batteries, where they are particularly suitable for the production of the electrolyte layers. Suitable electrode systems include: zinc-carbon, alkali-manganese (Zn-Mnθ2), zinc-mercury oxide (Zn-HgO), zinc-silver oxide (Zn-Ag2θ), zinc-atmospheric oxygen (Zn-02), magnesium-atmospheric oxygen ( Mg-02), aluminum atmospheric oxygen (AI-O2). Alcoholic solutions of alkali and ammonium bromides and chlorides or alkali hydroxides (especially the alkali metals sodium and potassium) are suitable electrolytes.

The compositions of the invention are also suitable for use in

Secondary batteries. Some such systems, such as the lead accumulator and the nickel metal hydride cell, have already been mentioned above; the systems are supplemented by nickel-cadmium, nickel-iron, zinc-silver oxide and the alkali-manganese secondary cell called. Suitable electrolytes for this are, for example, aqueous or anhydrous H2SO4 (e.g. for the lead battery) or potassium hydroxide solution.

The compositions according to the invention can also be used for a new type of battery, namely the so-called decomposition battery. Here, a salt in the positive electrode is decomposed, for example MgBr2, and the bromine formed is stored in a carbon film (“carbon tape”). The electrolyte of the pasty mass or the film or layer produced from it is in this case MgCl2, which is not decomposed because its decomposition voltage is higher than that of MgBr2. As a negative electrode, Mg is in situ in a metal foil or carbon film, which as

Sponge act, deposited. Alternatively, the magnesium can be deposited on the surface of the materials mentioned if they are in a closed form; however, the former variant is preferred because of the more favorable volume ratios. The cell voltage is equal to the decomposition voltage of MgBr2. It is particularly advantageous in such batteries that higher-quality ions can be used here, since the capacity is multiplied by the value. In particular, the light and inexpensive elements Mg and Al become accessible. Inorganic, aqueous or at least liquid electrolytes should be used in these systems because the mobility of higher-quality ions at room temperature in solid electrolytes is too low for battery and

Accumulator applications is. The electrodes can either be in the form of a metal or carbon film or else as a powdered electrode material which is embedded in a film-shaped polymer matrix, as already described above.

Another area of application for the paste-like compositions according to the invention is low-temperature fuel cells. So far, proton-conducting polymer electrolytes (PEM: Proton Exchange Membrane) like Nafion have been used here. However, this polymer electrolyte is expensive and sensitive to dehydration. In particular, there is no simple recharging of the fuel cell; As a rule, the hydrogen storage, which is available as a small and expensive steel bottle, must be completely replaced. The space requirement of such a hydrogen storage has hitherto kept the design of such cells as a structure of thin layers impossible. According to the invention, it is now provided to use an electrolyte layer using a polymer matrix, into which a hygroscopic salt is incorporated, and to keep this layer in a moisture-containing environment. When the salt flows away, this layer contains a liquid electrolyte (the salt mentioned in the absorbed water), and the water can be decomposed electrochemically. The resulting hydrogen is then stored in a further, laminated hydride storage (Y, Pt, Pd, or another hydrogen-absorbing material in foil form, preferably in an organic polymer matrix). The loss of water due to decomposition is always compensated for by trailing moisture through the hygroscopic salt.

In this embodiment of the invention, too, an electrolyte layer can be used which solidifies by mixing polymer, solvent and plasticizer for the polymer matrix (A) and solid substance (C) into a pasty mass, converting this mass into the desired "tape" form the shape and / or by removing the solvent, removing the plasticizer and "filling" the cavities formed with the alcoholic solution of the hygroscopic salt, whereupon the alcohol is evaporated. Alternatively, the salt, e.g. can be incorporated into the pasty mass together with alcohol as a solubilizer, dissolved in the solvent or plasticizer. In this case, the alcohol is preferably driven off together with the solvent. The filler (C) is preferably provided here in order to improve the mechanical stability of the resulting membrane-like tape. If necessary, it can be omitted.

The pasty compositions according to the invention and the films or layers produced therefrom can also be used for solar cells. The system on which these solar cells are based prefers not to use silicon technology, but rather the so-called Honda-Fujishima effect (1972). Oxides such as titanium dioxide or tungsten trioxide are able to decompose (electrolyze) water or other substances such as formic acid when irradiated with sunlight. The reason for this is that electrons are excited into the conduction band and the remaining holes have a highly oxidizing effect, since oxides already exist in the highest oxidation state known to chemistry. The solar cells comprise three layers ("tapes"), namely a hydrogen-storing layer, which can be constructed as described for the low-temperature fuel cell, an electrolyte layer, which contains water, which is decomposed during operation and is therefore also designed as described for the fuel cell can, as well as an additional TiO 2 or WO 3 and preferably a metal powder or carbon (to ensure sufficient electronic conductivity) containing tape, which is otherwise analogous to the electrolyte tape. In contrast to the fuel cell, the solar cell is "charged" with light. During the discharge, it works like a fuel cell.

The paste-like masses according to the invention and foils or layers produced therefrom are also suitable for electrochemical sensors. A For the application, the polymer matrix is mixed with a hygroscopic salt that draws water. The water content in a film made from the mass can be adjusted very finely via the salt concentration, the ambient humidity and the temperature. Compared to a reference electrode, which is designed as a laminated tape, different voltages occur as a function of the moisture content and thus allow moisture measurement.

The electrochemical components of the present invention can be sealed, for example, in a plastic-based housing. The weight is advantageously reduced compared to metal housings; There are still advantages for the energy density.

The electrochemical layer composite (the electrochemical component) can also be embedded between two or more foils made of a plastic coated with wax or paraffin. These materials act as a seal and, due to their inherent properties, can additionally exert mechanical pressure on the laminate, which advantageously improves the contact in the laminate by means of a pressing action.

If the electrochemical component is sealed as above or in another way, the interior can be subjected to a predetermined water / oxygen partial pressure, which brings about a high level of electrochemical stability. This can be achieved, for example, by sealing the electrochemical element in such an environment with appropriately set and selected parameters.

The layer sequences of the electrochemical components according to the invention can be arranged in any form. For example, the flexible layer composites can be rolled up, whereby a particularly advantageous geometry for compact accumulators is achieved. With a small construction volume of the accumulator, there is a very large battery-active area here. FIG. 2 shows such an embodiment, reference numerals 1 to 7 having the meanings given for FIG. 1 and reference numeral 8 denoting an insulator layer.

Non-self-supporting layer composites can also be applied to solid substrates such as walls for integrated energy storage (self-supporting film associations can of course also be applied or glued on). Large areas can be used here; a separate space requirement for the Accumulators are not available. A special example of such an embodiment is the integration of layer composites for accumulators in substrates for solar cells. In this way, self-sufficient energy supply units can be created. Layer sequences for rechargeable batteries can also be applied to solid or flexible substrates in order to serve the integrated energy storage in electronic structures.

The invention will be explained in more detail below with the aid of examples.

example 1

Manufacture of a primary battery

7g zinc powder for the anode, 5g SiO 2 for the electrolyte and 7 g MnO 2 for the cathode are mixed with 1g PVDF-HFP, 1.5 g dibutyl phthalate and 10 g acetone. The electrodes and the electrolyte are drawn out into tapes, the acetone is evaporated and the plasticizer is extracted with hexane. The tapes are filled with aqueous-alcoholic KOH solution (solvent: 50% water, 50% alcohol) and pressed between two stainless steel electrodes.

Example 2 Production of a secondary battery

7 g of Cd (OH) 2 for the anode, 5 g of SiO 2 for the electrolyte and 7 g of Ni (OH) 2 for the cathode are mixed with 1 g of PVDF-HFP, 1.5 g of dibutyl phthalate and 10 g of acetone. The electrodes and the electrolyte are drawn out into tapes, the acetone is evaporated and the plasticizer is extracted with hexane. The tapes are filled with aqueous alcoholic KOH solution (solvent: 70% water, 30% alcohol) and pressed between two stainless steel electrodes.

Claims

Expectations:

1. Pasty mass which can be used in electrochemical components and comprises a heterogeneous mixture of (A) an at least one organic polymer, its precursors or its

Prepolymers containing or consisting of prepolymers,

(B) an electrochemically activatable, inorganic or substantially inorganic liquid which does not or essentially does not dissolve the matrix, and

(C) optionally a powdery solid which is essentially inert to the electrochemically activatable liquid.

2. Pasty mass according to claim 1, characterized in that the matrix (A) additionally contains a plasticizer and / or a solvent or swelling agent.

3. Pasty mass according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the matrix (A) is a crosslinkable, liquid or soft resin or contains such.

4. Pasty composition according to claim 3, characterized in that the resin is selected from crosslinkable addition polymers and condensation resins, in particular aminoplasts, phenoplasts, epoxy resins, polyesters, polycarbamates and methyl methacrylate reactive resins.

5. Pasty mass according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the organic polymer of the matrix (A) is selected from natural polymers and synthetic polymers and mixtures thereof, in particular natural and synthetic polysaccharides, proteins, resins, waxes and halogenated and non-halogenated rubbers , Thermoplastics and

Thermoelastomers.

6. Pasty mass according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the matrix (A) contains or consists of at least one organic polymer at least partially dissolved or swollen in a solvent or swelling agent and the organic polymer is selected from synthetic polymers and natural ones Polymers and mixtures thereof.

7. Pasty mass according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a hygroscopic salt is also incorporated into the matrix material (A).

8. Pasty mass according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the electrochemically activatable liquid (B) is selected from substances which are suitable as positive electrode material or substances which are suitable as negative electrode material or substances which are suitable as electrolytes or Substances that act as ionic or electronic intermediate conductors between two in an electrochemical

Component such substances or materials can be arranged adjacent.

9. Pasty mass according to claim 8, wherein the liquid (B) is a water-containing or anhydrous, inorganic or substantially inorganic liquid and undissolved solid electrolytes and / or a mixed conductor and / or

Contains electrolyte material.

10. Pasty mass according to claim 8 or 9, wherein the inorganic liquid contains magnesium chloride.

11. Pasty mass according to claim 8, wherein the liquid is or essentially contains vanadium oxihalide, aqueous or anhydrous sulfuric acid, potassium hydroxide solution or LiAICl4 / Sθ2.

12. Pasty mass according to one of claims 8 to 11, wherein the inorganic liquid further contains a hydrophilic organic additive, preferably an alcohol.

13. Pasty mass according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the solid substance (C) is selected from Siθ2, Si3N4,

AI2O3, AIN, MgO or mixtures thereof.

14. Self-supporting layer or layer lying on a substrate, comprising a heterogeneous mixture of

(A) a matrix containing or consisting of at least one organic polymer as defined in one of the preceding claims 1 to 7,

(B) an electrochemically activatable, inorganic or essentially inorganic liquid which does not or does not substantially dissolve the matrix, and

15. Self-supporting or on a substrate layer according to claim 14, characterized in that the layer is a flexible layer.

16. Layer composite with electrochemical properties, comprising

(1.) a flexible layer containing an organic polymer, which contains a material suitable for positive electrodes, (2.) a layer according to one of claims 14 or 15, wherein the electrochemically activatable liquid (B) is selected from substances with electrolyte -Properties, and

(3.) a flexible layer containing an organic polymer containing a material suitable for negative electrodes.

17. Layered composite with electrochemical properties, comprising (1) a layer according to one of claims 14 or 15, wherein the inorganic liquid is a liquid material suitable for a cathode or for an anode,

(2) a flexible layer containing a solid electrolyte embedded in an organic polymer matrix, and

(3) a flexible layer which, embedded in an organic polymer matrix, contains liquid or solid electrode material which can be the counter electrode of the electrode material of the layer (1).

18 layer composite with electrochemical properties according to claim 16 or 17, characterized in that in addition to the layer with positive electrode material serving as a lower lead layer and on the layer with negative electrode material serving as an upper lead electrode layer is applied.

19. Layered composite with electrochemical properties according to claim 18, characterized in that a thin plastic layer is additionally present between the layer serving as the lower discharge electrode and the layer with positive electrode material and / or between the layer serving as the upper discharge electrode and the layer with negative electrode material. which contains conductive, metallic elements or alloys of these elements which are suitable for transporting electrons from the respective electrode material to the respective discharge electrode.

20. Laminate according to one of claims 17 to 19, characterized in that the cathode material is a salt dissolved in a proton-releasing solvent, preferably in H2O, preferably a lithium salt and the anode material is an aprotic material.

21. Use of the layer composite according to one of claims 16 to 20 in a primary battery, a secondary battery, or a decomposition battery.

22. Use of a layer composite according to claim 21, characterized in that the layers have a thickness of about 10 microns to about 2 mm.

23. Use of at least one layer according to one of claims 14 or 15 in a low-temperature fuel cell, in solar cells or in electrochemical sensors, in particular in an electrochemical sensor

Moisture measurement.

24. A method for producing a pasty mass according to any one of claims 1 to 13, characterized in that a crosslinkable prepolymer with the electrochemically activatable liquid (B) and possibly with the solid (C) are combined and intimately mixed with them.

25. A method for producing a pasty mass according to any one of claims 1 to 13, characterized in that the organic polymer, its precursors or its prepolymers are combined with a plasticizer and optionally with the solid (C) and mixed intimately, then a solvent is added, in which mainly the plasticizer dissolves, the plasticizer dissolved in the solvent is washed out of the mass again and the mass is optionally freed from the solvent, and finally the electrochemically activatable liquid (B) is added.

26. A method for producing a self-supporting or overlying layer according to one of claims 14 or 15, characterized in that the paste-like mass used is one whose matrix (A) consists of a crosslinkable polymer or prepolymer and the layer produced from this pasty mass is then subjected to crosslinking of the polymer component, which is effected photochemically, by electron beams or by heat or by immersing the layer in a chemical crosslinking agent.

27. A method for producing a self-supporting or overlying layer according to claim 26, wherein the matrix (A) consists of a resin and the formed

Layer is cured with the help of UV or electron radiation.

28. A method for producing a self-supporting or overlying layer according to one of claims 14 or 15, characterized in that a pasty mass is produced which consists of a heterogeneous mixture of (A) at least one organic polymer, its precursors or its prepolymers, a plasticizer and a solvent or swelling agent and (C) optionally a powdery solid or contains these components, the pasty mass is subsequently converted into the desired layer shape and is solidified in this form by evaporation of the solvent or swelling agent and, if appropriate, further measures that then with the aid of a solvent for the plasticizer, this is dissolved out of the solidified layer and finally the cavities resulting therefrom by immersion in (B) an electrochemically activatable, the matrix which does not or essentially does not dissolve, inorganic or essentially inorganic liquid with di be filled.

29. The method according to claim 28, characterized in that the inorganic or substantially inorganic liquid is a salt dissolved in an at least partially organic solvent, and that after filling the cavities, the organic component of the solvent is expelled and by an inorganic component, preferably H2O, is replaced.

30. A method for producing a layer composite according to one of claims 17 to 20, characterized in that the paste-like masses provided for each layer are successively applied to a substrate using a paste application method, particularly preferably using a printing method, and the layers are subsequently applied in brought to their final solidified state.