EP1122700A1 - Verfahren und Einrichtung zur Konfiguration eines Detektionssystems für Tunnelbrände - Google Patents
Verfahren und Einrichtung zur Konfiguration eines Detektionssystems für Tunnelbrände Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1122700A1 EP1122700A1 EP00102318A EP00102318A EP1122700A1 EP 1122700 A1 EP1122700 A1 EP 1122700A1 EP 00102318 A EP00102318 A EP 00102318A EP 00102318 A EP00102318 A EP 00102318A EP 1122700 A1 EP1122700 A1 EP 1122700A1
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- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- fire
- tunnel
- parameters
- sensor cable
- model
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- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- G—PHYSICS
- G08—SIGNALLING
- G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
- G08B17/00—Fire alarms; Alarms responsive to explosion
Definitions
- the invention is in the field of fire detection in tunnels, for which detection systems with a linear heat sensor are used today.
- a detection system is sold under the name FibroLaser by Siemens Building Technologies AG, Cerberus Division, formerly Cerberus AG.
- This system contains a fiber optic cable mounted on the tunnel ceiling, a laser light source and an opto-electronic receiver.
- the light generated by the laser is coupled into the fiber optic cable and guided in the longitudinal direction.
- Density fluctuations in the quartz glass caused by the effect of heat cause continuous scattering (Rayleigh scattering), which in turn causes the laser light to be damped.
- further light scattering occurs through thermal lattice vibrations of the glass material, the so-called Raman scattering.
- a fraction of the scattered light falls within the aperture angle of the waveguide and spreads both forward and backward.
- the scattered light can be with the opto-electronic Prove recipient; by evaluating the intensity of certain backscatter frequencies the local glass fiber temperature can be determined.
- the local resolution of the The temperature profile along the fiber optic cable is measured by measuring the attenuation of the waveguide light.
- the size of the fire is a function of the heated cable route: a short, warmed distance corresponds to a small and a long, warmed distance corresponds to one big fire.
- the present invention relates to a method for configuring a linear heat sensor with a detection system for tunnel fires containing a sensor cable.
- the inventive The method is intended to enable detection systems for tunnel fires planning with high flexibility on the physical and local conditions of a To be able to adjust tunnels individually.
- the object is achieved according to the invention in that parameters of the Tunnels and the sensor cable as well as the fire development and a fire model the alarm time is calculated and the location of the sensor cable and the alarm limits of the detection system are optimized so that a possible fire is quick and safe is detected.
- the method according to the invention is essentially a model for the simulation of different ones Fires in a tunnel for the efficient and targeted planning of new plants and to determine the appropriate test fire for testing these systems.
- a first preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention is characterized in that that the parameters of the tunnel are data about the tunnel dimensions and the Wind conditions included in the tunnel.
- a second preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention is characterized in that that the parameters of the sensor cable by the physical properties of the cable, its position and routing geometry and determined by the physics of measurement technology are.
- a third preferred embodiment is characterized in that the fire model is made of Sub-models consists of those obtained from theoretical calculations and practical experience Contain parameter sets.
- the fire model preferably contains the two sub-models of fire development in the reaction zone and behavior of the combustion gases in the cooling zone above the reaction zone.
- the device according to the invention is a laptop or another portable computer with an input keyboard, a screen, a printer connection and a CD-ROM drive, the parameter sets of the fire model and the Programs for the calculation of fire development, heating of the sensor cable and the alarm times are saved on a CD-ROM and the parameters of the tunnel and the Sensor cables can be entered with the input keyboard.
- the configuration is to take all influencing factors into account to some extent a detection system with a linear heat sensor is extremely complex and time consuming and associated with many practical tests.
- the present procedure facilitates the configuration is very important, by giving the application engineer a try provides a simulation program confirmed on a laboratory and large scale, with which the alarm time resulting from the given system parameters is calculated and thus the system parameters can be adjusted to a given alarm time.
- the worst case scenario is always assumed.
- the distance between the sensor and the fire this is the length of the diagonal from the sensor cable to the edge of the road.
- a burning tarpaulin of a truck is much closer to the sensor cable, but this is not a problem because such a fire would be detected much earlier.
- the diameter of the fire that is the surface of the fire, is known for tunnels in cars and trucks, and is assumed to be 1 meter, for example, which corresponds to a fire surface of around 0.8 m 2 .
- FIG. 1 shows a flowchart of the main program for calculating the alarm times of the detection system according to the invention for tunnel fires.
- a first step entered the required parameters of the tunnel and the sensor cable; the parameter sets of the fire model are stored in the system.
- the calculation model is selected in the sensor cable.
- This consists of a with Thermal paste encased glass fiber, one surrounding the glass fiber with its cladding Steel capillary with a diameter of 1.6 mm, for example, and an outer jacket made of polyethylene with a diameter of about 8 mm.
- the sensor cable is both through flowing fire gases (convective heat exchange) as well as heated by radiation, both types of heat flows can occur separately or simultaneously.
- fire gases convective heat exchange
- both types of heat flows can occur separately or simultaneously.
- For the Heating the cable and fiber can use two different calculation models homogeneous model and the differential model, applied, which differ in accuracy and differentiate in the computing speed.
- the Full fire without the influence of wind according to the subroutine of Fig. 2.
- This provides the temperature in the reaction zone (flame zone) and in the plume, i.e. the two for heating sizes of the sensor cable. 2 are used to calculate the full fire the thermodynamic start values and the start values for the burn rate WSBR are entered, whereby the burn rate is the fire development until the full fire.
- the initial value for the burn rate is iterated in steps ⁇ W until the burn rate of the total mass balance corresponding value met.
- CO 2 , H 2 O and SO 2 are then formed in the reaction zone, with certain amounts of heat being released per mole. If there is a lack of oxygen, CO is increasingly formed and at the same time the water gas reaction plays an important role, this energy-consuming reduction being dependent on the supply of the starting materials and on the temperature in the reaction zone.
- the oxygen requirement for ideal, complete combustion can be determined stoichiometrically from the known reaction scheme, and from this, the fire mass and the mass fraction of the supply air, the stoichiometric air mass.
- k B factor is used to determine the minimum oxygen content from the guidelines for inert gas extinguishing systems.
- the minimum oxygen content is the O 2 concentration required to maintain the combustion reactions, which may be above the stoichiometric air requirement.
- the oxygen requirement is greater than the supply air can supply in the reaction zone. From the mass fractions of carbon, hydrogen, sulfur and oxygen in the combustion material and from the mass fractions of the supply air, the proportion of CO 2 in the fire gas and the other reaction products and the reaction enthalpies can be determined.
- the released heat of combustion or reaction enthalpy of the fuel can be also determine stoichiometrically.
- most are the enthalpies of combustion Substances in the fire regulations (sprinkler guidelines, DIN 4201, DIN 18232, etc.) have been determined experimentally and can be found in the corresponding tables.
- the heat output in the reaction zone becomes from the fire gas composition in the reaction zone is calculated and the resulting temperature is compared with the flame length and the enthalpy and mass balance iterates. Finally, the gas volume flow and the Gas velocity over the reaction zone the momentum balance in the area of the reaction zone determined and there is an iteration of the burn-up rate according to the total mass balance. As soon as the burn rate meets the value corresponding to the desired fire duration, the Plume development from the reaction zone to the ceiling in the momentum, mass and enthalpy balance and the air admixture and wind correction are taken into account.
- the hot combustion gases mix in one in the cooling zone above the reaction zone turbulent border zone with the surrounding gas, e.g. Air, causing it to move vertically gas stream flowing above expands.
- the surrounding gas e.g. Air
- the behavior of the rising combustion gases a turbulent free jet with the reaction zone as the jet core corresponds.
- the decrease in temperature as a function of height can be done with an energy balance recorded over the height layer and the average ascent rate can be determined by means of an impulse balance over the local plume cross-section, so that the local speed decrease in the plume results.
- the plume opens like a turbulent free jet with an opening angle of 8 ° to 15 °.
- This angle dependency can be determined from the pressure difference between the jet and the surroundings.
- a turbulent longitudinal flow forms in the tunnel cross-section, the turbulence balls of which are significantly smaller than the tunnel cross-section.
- this air flow can be described as laminar compared to the tunnel dimensions. From this point of view, it can be assumed that the impulse flow of the wind is superimposed on the impulse flow of the plume, so that the gases in the plume are carried away by the wind without the plume being whirled up completely.
- the influence of the wind gives the plume a certain angle of inclination, which can be determined from the ratio of the gas speed in the plume to the wind speed in the tunnel.
- the temperature is obtained as a result of the subroutine for calculating the fire development in the reaction zone and the temperature in the plume at full fire.
- thermodynamic states are calculated in time steps ⁇ t of 1 second, which enables a precise mapping of the fire development.
- the simulation runs for a certain maximum time t End of a few minutes and ends when t End is reached with the display and / or the printout of the alarm criteria.
- the current fire area is entered and the fire is then calculated without the influence of wind.
- the wind influence on the reaction zone and plume is entered, as well as the distance from the fire area to the detector cable.
- the temperature in the reaction zone and in the plume is then used to calculate the fire with wind, the temperature of the turbulent hot gas layer and the temperature in the case of complete turbulent mixing in the cross-section of the tunnel.
- the heat flow into the cable surface (convection or radiation) is determined and an estimate is made as to whether convection heat and radiation act together on the cable.
- the heat conduction through the sensor cable to the glass fiber is calculated according to the differential model shown in FIG. 3.
- the second order heat conduction equation is solved with the difference method and after the time t n the temperature profile in the cable is available.
- the temperature gradient in the main program is then formed with the temperature profile in the cable. Then it is checked whether the simulation of the plume reaches the cable within the radiation field; if so, there is a superposition of convection and radiation. A test is then carried out to determine whether two measuring locations of the cable lie within the radiation field; if not, the radiation surface temperature is damped. Finally, the alarm criteria are checked and the alarm time is printed out in time step t. After reaching the specified total duration of the simulation t End , the alarm criteria are printed out and the simulation is finished.
- the user now knows whether the target alarm time with the entered parameters can be achieved, or whether the or some of the parameters need to be changed.
Abstract
Description
- Fig. 1
- ein Flussdiagramm des Hauptprogramms zur Berechnung der Alarmierungszeiten eines einen Wärmesensor enthaltenden Detektionssystems für Tunnelbrände,
- Fig. 2
- ein Flussdiagramm des Unterprogramms zur Berechnung der Brandentwicklung; und
- Fig. 3
- ein Flussdiagramm des Unterprogramms zur Temperaturberechnung im Sensorkabel.
- Berechnung der Reaktionsenthalpie aufgrund einer Elementaranalyse der Brandstoffe
- Energiebilanz und Massenbilanz in der Reaktionszone
- Länge der Reaktionszone
- Energiebilanz im Plume (= Abkühlzone oberhalb der Reaktionszone)
- Strömungsmechanik im Plume unter Zugrundelegung eines Freistrahlmodells
- Einfluss des Windes im Tunnel auf Reaktionszone und Plume
- Brandentwicklung
- Wärmeaustausch durch Strahlung und Konvektion sowie Wärmeleitung im Sensorkabel
- Feuerdurchmesser: Durchmesser des mit der gesamten Oberfläche des Brennstoffs flächengleichen Kreises.
- Tunnelhöhe: Abstand zwischen Fahrbahn und Tunnelhöhe, wobei bei einem Tunnel mit gewölbter Decke in der Regel eine mittlere Deckenhöhe im Gewölbebereich angenommen wird, die aber in jedem Fall oberhalb des Sensorkabels liegen muss.
- Tunnelbreite: Kürzester Abstand der Tunnelwände auf halber Tunnelhöhe.
- Abstand Sensor - Boden: Kürzester Abstand zwischen Sensorkabel und Fahrbahn; dieser Abstand ist immer kleiner als die Tunnelhöhe.
- Abstand Sensor - Brand: Kürzester Abstand zwischen der Mitte der Brandoberfläche und dem Sensorkabel; dieser Abstand ist in der Regel grösser als der Abstand zwischen Sensor und Boden.
- Wind: Die Windgeschwindigkeit entspricht der über den Tunnelquerschnitt gemittelten Luftgeschwindigkeit entlang der Fahrbahn. Falls durch Ventilatoren eine starke Querströmung angeregt wird, die grösser ist als die Windgeschwindigkeit längs der Fahrbahn, wird die Quergeschwindigkeit eingesetzt.
- Wind im Bereich des Sensorkabels: Der Wind im Tunnel weist ein Profil auf, das in der Regel an den Wänden und an der Decke gegen null strebt. Falls das Sensorkabel nahe an der Decke oder einer Wand montiert ist, muss dieser Effekt berücksichtigt werden. Die Richwerte sind einer Tabelle entnehmbar.
- Tunneldruck: Umgebungsdruck im Brandbereich; hängt vor allem von der Meereshöhe ab.
- Tunneltemperatur: Umgebungstemperatur im Brandbereich; hat im Winter einen Einfluss auf die Auslösung der Alarmtemperatur im Detektionssystem.
- Sensordurchmesser: Aussendurchmesser des Sensorkabels.
- Alarmtemperatur: Temperaturschwellwert, bei dessen Erreichen/Überschreitung das Detektionssystem einen Brandalarm melden soll. Dieser Wert liegt in der Regel im Bereich von 50° bis 80°C. Alarmtemperaturen unter 50°C können im Ein- und Ausfahrtsbereich der Tunnel Fehlalarm auslösen.
- Gradient der Alarmtemperatur: Aus der Zunahme der Temperatur über die Zeit wir der Gradient bestimmt, der den Schwellwert für die Auslösung eines Brandalarms bildet. Falls die Temperatur pro Sekunde schneller als der Schwellwert ansteigt, wird Alarm ausgelöst. In der Regel beträgt dieser Schwellwert 0.1°C/sec, entsprechend 6°C pro Minute.
- Brandbeschleunigungsrate: Bei uneingeschränkter Luftzufuhr zum Brandherd wächst die Brandzuwachsrate linear mit der Zeit an. Für die Abbrandleistung Q* eines Feuers mit der Brandfläche A zum Zeitpunkt t gilt Q*=A.B.t2, wobei die sogenannte Brandbeschleunigungsrate B ein Mass für die Brandentwicklung bis zum Vollbrand ist. Für B existieren Erfahrungswerte, die in einer Tabelle gespeichert sind.
Claims (9)
- Verfahren zur Konfiguration eines einen linearen Wärmesensor mit einem Sensorkabel enthaltenden Detektionssystems für Tunnelbrände, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass anhand von Parametern des Tunnels und des Sensorkabels sowie anhand eines Brandmodells die Brandentwicklung und die Alarmierungszeit berechnet und der Installationsort des Sensorkabels und die Alarmgrenzwerte des Detektionssystems so optimiert werden, dass ein möglicher Brand rasch und sicher detektiert wird.
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Parameter des Tunnels Daten über die Tunnelabmessungen und die Windverhältnisse im Tunnel enthalten.
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Parameter des Sensorkabels durch die physikalischen Eigenschaften des Kabels, dessen Position und Verlegegeometrie und durch die Physik der Messtechnik bestimmt sind.
- Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Brandmodell aus Teilmodellen besteht, die aus theoretischen Berechnungen und praktischen Erfahrungen gewonnene Parametersätze enthalten.
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Brandmodell ein Teilmodell Brandentwicklung in der Reaktionszone und ein Teilmodell Verhalten der Brandgase in der Abkühlzone oberhalb der Reaktionszone enthält.
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass beim Teilmodell Brandentwicklung eine Berechnung der Reaktionsenthalpie, der Energiebilanz und des Auftriebs in der reaktionszone und der Brandentwicklung erfolgt.
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 5 oder 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass beim Teilmodell Verhalten der Brandgase in der Abkühlzone eine Berechnung des Verhaltens des Stroms der heissen Brandgase aufgrund der Vermischung mit dem umgebenden Gas in einer turbulenten Grenzzone erfolgt.
- Einrichtung zur Konfiguration eines einen linearen Wärmesensor mit einem Sensorkabel enthaltenden Detektionssystems für Tunnelbrände, gekennzeichnet durch folgende Komponenten:a. Speichermittel für die Speicherung von Parametern des Tunnels und des Sensorkabels und von Parametersätzen eines Brandmodells;b. Rechnermittel für die Berechnung der Brandentwicklung und der sich daraus ergebenden Erwärmung des Sensorkabels anhand der gespeicherten Parameter und Parametersätze;c. Eingabemittel für die Eingabe von Daten und Parametern;d. Anzeigemittel für die Anzeige und/oder Ausgabe der für bestimmte Parameter resultierenden Alarmierungszeiten oder der für vorgegebene Alarmgrenzwerte und Alarmierungszeiten anzuwendenden Parameter des Tunnels und des Sensorkabels.
- Einrichtung nach Anspruch 8, gekennzeichnet durch einen Laptop oder einen anderen transportablen Rechner mit einer Eingabetastatur, einem Bildschirm, einem Druckeranschluss und einem CD-ROM-Laufwerk, wobei die Parametersätze des Brandmodells und die Programme für die Berechnung der Brandentwicklung, der Erwärmung des Sensorkabels und der Alarmierungszeiten auf einer CD-ROM-gespeichert und die Parameter des Tunnels und des Sensorkabels mit der Eingabetastatur eingebbar sind.
Priority Applications (8)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AT00102318T ATE414967T1 (de) | 2000-02-03 | 2000-02-03 | Verfahren und einrichtung zur konfiguration eines detektionssystems für tunnelbrände |
ES00102318T ES2317823T3 (es) | 2000-02-03 | 2000-02-03 | Procedimiento y dispositivo para la configuracion de un sistema de deteccion para incendios en tuneles. |
EP00102318A EP1122700B1 (de) | 2000-02-03 | 2000-02-03 | Verfahren und Einrichtung zur Konfiguration eines Detektionssystems für Tunnelbrände |
DE50015457T DE50015457D1 (de) | 2000-02-03 | 2000-02-03 | Verfahren und Einrichtung zur Konfiguration eines Detektionssystems für Tunnelbrände |
AU11104/01A AU770822B2 (en) | 2000-02-03 | 2001-01-09 | Method and device for configuring a tunnel fire detection system |
SG200100294A SG94739A1 (en) | 2000-02-03 | 2001-01-19 | Method and device for configuring a tunnel fire detection system |
US09/773,991 US6507281B2 (en) | 2000-02-03 | 2001-02-01 | Method and device for configuring a tunnel fire detection system |
CNB011032154A CN1177302C (zh) | 2000-02-03 | 2001-02-05 | 用于配置探测隧道火的系统的方法和设备 |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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EP00102318A EP1122700B1 (de) | 2000-02-03 | 2000-02-03 | Verfahren und Einrichtung zur Konfiguration eines Detektionssystems für Tunnelbrände |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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EP1122700A1 true EP1122700A1 (de) | 2001-08-08 |
EP1122700B1 EP1122700B1 (de) | 2008-11-19 |
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Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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EP00102318A Expired - Lifetime EP1122700B1 (de) | 2000-02-03 | 2000-02-03 | Verfahren und Einrichtung zur Konfiguration eines Detektionssystems für Tunnelbrände |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US6507281B2 (de) |
EP (1) | EP1122700B1 (de) |
CN (1) | CN1177302C (de) |
AT (1) | ATE414967T1 (de) |
AU (1) | AU770822B2 (de) |
DE (1) | DE50015457D1 (de) |
ES (1) | ES2317823T3 (de) |
SG (1) | SG94739A1 (de) |
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- 2000-02-03 DE DE50015457T patent/DE50015457D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-02-03 ES ES00102318T patent/ES2317823T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-02-03 AT AT00102318T patent/ATE414967T1/de active
- 2000-02-03 EP EP00102318A patent/EP1122700B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2001
- 2001-01-09 AU AU11104/01A patent/AU770822B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2001-01-19 SG SG200100294A patent/SG94739A1/en unknown
- 2001-02-01 US US09/773,991 patent/US6507281B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-02-05 CN CNB011032154A patent/CN1177302C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
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Cited By (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1293945A1 (de) * | 2001-09-15 | 2003-03-19 | Siemens Building Technologies AG | Verfahren und Planungswerkzeug zur Durchführung von Projektierungsabläufen für Gefahrenmeldeanlagen sowie Rechnersystem zur Durchführung des Verfahrens |
DE102006024047A1 (de) * | 2006-05-21 | 2007-11-22 | Lios Technology Gmbh | Verfahren und System zur adaptiven Steuerung von Einrichtungen zur Brandunterdrückung und -löschung |
WO2015092693A1 (en) * | 2013-12-17 | 2015-06-25 | Tyco Fire & Security Gmbh | System and method for detecting and suppressing fire using wind information |
US9990825B2 (en) | 2013-12-17 | 2018-06-05 | Tyco Fire & Security Gmbh | System and method for detecting and suppressing fire using wind information |
US9990824B2 (en) | 2013-12-17 | 2018-06-05 | Tyco Fire & Security Gmbh | System and method for detecting fire location |
US10497243B2 (en) | 2013-12-17 | 2019-12-03 | Tyco Fire Products | System and method for detecting fire location |
US10573145B2 (en) | 2013-12-17 | 2020-02-25 | Tyco Fire Products | System and method for detecting and suppressing fire using wind information |
US11257341B2 (en) | 2013-12-17 | 2022-02-22 | Tyco Fire Products | System and method for monitoring and suppressing fire |
CN114943139A (zh) * | 2022-04-29 | 2022-08-26 | 三峡大学 | 一种电缆隧道防火隔板的侧板高度设计方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
SG94739A1 (en) | 2003-03-18 |
ES2317823T3 (es) | 2009-05-01 |
CN1307319A (zh) | 2001-08-08 |
US20010038334A1 (en) | 2001-11-08 |
AU770822B2 (en) | 2004-03-04 |
EP1122700B1 (de) | 2008-11-19 |
US6507281B2 (en) | 2003-01-14 |
ATE414967T1 (de) | 2008-12-15 |
CN1177302C (zh) | 2004-11-24 |
DE50015457D1 (de) | 2009-01-02 |
AU1110401A (en) | 2001-08-09 |
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