Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
  • C07D403/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing three or more hetero rings
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00

Definitions

• This invention relates to specific polyamides that bind to predetermined nucleotide sequences in the minor groove of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) located within the promoter region of a gene to prevent expression of endogenous oncogenes.
• dsDNA double-stranded DNA
• the tyrosine kinase membrane growth factor receptor HER2/neu also known as pl85HER2 ; [ s encoded by a cellular oncogene of the same name that is overexpressed and amplified in 20 to 30% of human breast cancers, among others, including human gynecologic adenocarcinomas, such as those of the ovary, endometrium, fallopian tube, and cervix. See Baert, J.-L. et al, Int. J. Cancer 70, 590-597 (1997); Benz, C, et al, Oncogene 15, 1513-1525 (1997); Chang, C.-H., et al, Oncogene 14, 1617-1622 (1997); Scott, G.
• the neu oncogene gene product was originally described in chemically-induced (ethylnitosourea) tumors in rodents. Subsequently, the human counterpart, c-erbB-2 or Her-2/neu, was found to be homologous to the EGF receptor, a 185 kDa transmembrane protein with protein tyrosine kinase activity. Overexpression of HER2/neu is also associated with the likelihood that tumors will metastasize. with a resulting poor prognosis for the patient. Mutation, amplification, and overexpression of the Her-2/neu oncogene has been reported to be associated with breast tumor progression, early metastasis and poor prognosis.
• Her-2/ncu gene amplification directly correlates with lymph node metastasis. Additionally, in an animal model, activating mutations lead to rapid tumor progression. As a result, it is believed that the Her-2/neu protein likely plays a role in cell motility and hence in metastasis. Thus, inhibition of Her-2/neu gene expression by direct interference at the DNA level may be a potent therapeutic approach for metastatic disease.
• transcription factors - such as ESX, AP-2, and TBP - play an important role in the regulation of the expression of this receptor. See Baert, et al, supra; Benz, et al, supra: Chang, et al, supra: Bosher, J. M.. et al , Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 92, 744- 747 (1995).
• These transcription factors activate the expression of pl 85 ⁇ ER2 U p 0n binding to sites within the HER2/neu promoter.
• the nucleotide sequence of the HER2/neu promoter and a schematic representation are shown in Figure 1. While the ESX binding site and the TBP binding site (TATA box) are close to each other, the OB2- 1 (a member of the AP-2 transcription factor family) site is located about 180 base pairs further upstream.
• ESX belongs to the Ets family of transcription factors. Ets proteins bind in a winged helix-turn-helix motif to the major groove of DNA contacting the minor groove on the flanking sides of the binding site.
• Karim. F. D.. et al Genes and Development 1990. 1451-1453 (1990); Donaldson, L. W., el al. EMBO Journal 15, 125-134 (1996); Graves, B.. et al , Nature 1996, 384, 322; Nye, J. A., et al , Genes and Development 1992, 975-990 (1992); Kodandapani, R.. el al. Nature 380, 456-460 (1996).
• AP-2 binds as a dimer to the major groove of DNA; its DNA binding region is organized in a manner similar to that of a leucine zipper protein. Williams, T. & Tjian, R. Science 251, 1067-1071 (1991).
• the structural element that is responsible for the DNA binding as well as for the protein/protein interaction (dimerization) is predicted to consist of a helix-span-helix motif. It is not clear if the span subunit that consists of about 80 amino acids contacts the minor groove of DNA.
• TBP is a ubiquitous transcription factor that is involved in the activation of most protein-encoding genes.
• TBP is a DNA-binding protein that interacts with the minor groove of double-stranded DNA ("dsDNA"). It should be noted that, apart from ESX,
• AP-2 AP-2, and TBP, there are other potential transcription factor binding sites within the HER2/neu and other oncogene promoters.
• the agent must not possess any general cell toxicity; second, the agent must be cell-permeable and, in the case of the DNA-binding agents, the compounds must transit to the nucleus and bind their target sequence with high affinity and specificity in the context of cellular chromatin; and, third, binding of the agent to its DNA target sequence must interfere with gene transcription.
• the potential approaches listed above has its own peculiar limitations. For example, while triple helix-forming oligonucleotides have the potential for sequence selectivity and can effectively inhibit transcription in vitro, these molecules suffer from poor cell permeability and permeabilized cells need to be used for effective gene inhibition.
• calicheamicin oligosaccharides are sufficiently hydrophobic to pass through cell membranes, but these molecules possess severely limited sequence specificity (4 bp) and bind DNA with very low affinities (100 ⁇ M or higher required for inhibition of protein-DNA interactions).
• sequence specificity 4 bp
• bind DNA with very low affinities 100 ⁇ M or higher required for inhibition of protein-DNA interactions.
• new classes of" cell- permeable molecules that possess higher degrees of DNA sequence specificity and affinity are needed for any human gene therapeutic approach to be feasible.
• Another approach utilizes cell-permeable small molecules that target particular DNA sequences. These molecules would be useful for the regulation of gene expression.
• polyamide molecules thus have the potential to act as inliibitors of protein-DNA interactions in the minor groove.
• pairing rules for minor groove binding polyamides derived from N-methylpyrrole (Py) and N-methylimidazole (Im) amino acids provides another means to confer sequence specificity.
• An Im/Py pair distinguishes G»C from C»G, and both of these from A-»T or T» A base pairs, while Py/Im targets a C-G basepair.
• a Py/Py pair specifies A»T from G»C but does not distinguish A»T from T»A.
• polyamides Since a six base-pair sequence would be highly redundant in the human genome (occurring at random once every 4 kilobases, or 500,000 times in the human genome), polyamides have been synthesized to recognize much longer sequences. For example, a twelve-ring double hairpin polyamide has been designed to target a 12 bp site and binding is again observed with nanomolar affinity. Such a sequence would be predicted to occur at random only once every 16 million base pairs, or only 125 times in the human genome. Such molecules thus have the potential to act as specific inhibitors of gene transcription in vivo and as human therapeutic agents if the conditions outlined above can be met.
• the present invention relates to and includes methods and compositions for the modulation, or regulation, of gene expression or overexpression by reducing the transcription of genes, particularly oncogenes.
• the transcription of specific individual target oncogenes is reduced or inhibited.
• Such reductions result from the application of polyamides that bind or interact with the minor groove of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) within the promoter region of a target gene.
• dsDNA double-stranded DNA
• the binding or interaction is with a predetermined target nucleic acid sequence within the promoter region to inhibit or down-regulate transcription.
• promoter refers to nucleic acid sequences needed for gene expression, and includes the region of DNA involved in binding RNA polymerase to initiate transcription of the gene associated with the promoter. It also includes sequences that bind other proteins that facilitate RNA polymerase's association with DNA in order to initiate transcription. Promoters can also include enhancer regions.
• the present invention reduces gene expression and overexpression by use of sequence-specific DNA-binding small molecules that are cell-permeable and capable of inhibiting oncogene transcription. Appropriate application of such molecules may inhibit aberrant expression or activation of endogenous oncogenes to provide a fundamentally new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of various diseases, including cancer.
• the small molecules of the invention are polyamides that bind to or interact with nucleic acid sequences within the promoter region of target genes. Preferably, these sequences are recognized, or proximal to those that are recognized, by one or more transcription factors.
• the polyamide compounds of the invention bind to dsDNA according to pairing rules for polyamide subunit recognition of nucleotide bases. More specifically, derivatives of pyrrole, imidazole, 3-hydroxypyrrole, and strategically positioned aliphatic amino acid residues form structures that recognize specific, targeted nucleotide base pairs in the minor groove of dsDNA. Selected aromatic and aliphatic amino acids may also be incorporated into polyamides, which residues remain unpaired with other amino acid residues. The polyamide molecules have a crescent-shaped form that allows them to complex with the minor groove of double-stranded DNA.
• polyamides can be covalently linked by a turn- unit such as ⁇ -aminobutyric acid. Mrksich, et al, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 116, 7983 (1994).
• Such polyamides are called "hairpin polyamides", as they adopt a hairpin-like conformation in the DNA complex.
• the sequence of the imidazole and the pyrrole carboxamides in the polyamide determines the DNA sequence specificity of the ligand, according to the scheme of carboxamide pairs that recognize nucleotide pairs described above.
• polyamides By using Hp together with Py and Im in four pairs of aromatic amino acid residues (I /Py, Py/Im, Hp/Py, and Py/Hp) polyamides can be designed and synthesized that selectively distinguish all four Watson-Crick base pairs in the minor groove of double stranded DNA.
• the invention encompasses improved polyamides for binding to the minor groove of DNA as well as methods for the design and synthesis of specific polyamides that correspond to and bind selectively to a nucleotide sequence of a desired target DNA.
• the preparation and use of polyamides for binding in the minor groove of DNA are extensively described in the art.
• improved polyamides are employed that utilize 3-hydroxy-N-methylpyrrole to provide Hp/Py carboxamides to bind to a T»A base pair in the minor groove of DNA or Py/Hp carboxamide binding pair in the polyamide to bind to an A»T base pair in the minor groove of DNA.
• this invention provides polyamides having three or more carboxamide binding pairs that will distinguish A»T, T»A, C»G, and G»C base pairs in the minor groove of dsDNA.
• the invention encompasses polyamides having ⁇ - aminobutyric acid to form a hairpin-loop with a member of each carboxamide pairing on each side of it.
• the ⁇ -aminobutyric acid is a chiral (R)-2,4-diaminobutyric acid.
• the invention also encompasses polyamides containing a ⁇ -alanine substituted for a Py that would ordinarily be used in a carboxamide binding pair to match a particular nucleotide pair.
• the ⁇ -alanine is referred to in formulas as ⁇ .
• the ⁇ becomes a member of a carboxamide binding pair, and serves to optimize hydrogen bonding of neighboring amino acid moieties to nucleotide base pairs.
• the invention further includes the substitution as a ⁇ » ⁇ binding pair for non-Hp containing binding pair.
• binding pairs in addition to the Hp/Py and Py/Hp are Py/Py, Im/Py, Py/Im, Im/ ⁇ , ⁇ /Im, Py/ ⁇ , ⁇ /Py, and ⁇ / ⁇ .
• the invention provides polyamides suitable for inhibiting the transcription of an endogenous oncogene, wherein the polyamides comprise at least tliree complementary pairs of aromatic carboxamide residues, the complementary pairs of aromatic carboxamide residues being selected to correspond to the nucleotide sequence of an identified dsDNA target, including at least two aliphatic amino acid residues chosen from the group consisting of glycine, ⁇ -alanine, ⁇ -aminobutyric acid, R 2,4- diaminobutyric acid, and 5-aminovaleric acid, and at least one terminal alkylamino residue.
• the complementary pairs of aromatic carboxamide residues selected to correspond to the nucleotide sequence of an identified dsDNA target are chosen from the group consisting of Im/Py to correspond to the nucleotide pair G/C, Py/Im to correspond to the nucleotide pair C/G, Py/Py to correspond to the nucleotide pair A/T, Py/Py to correspond to the nucleotide pair T/A, Hp/Py to correspond to the nucleotide pair T/A, and Py/Hp to correspond to the nucleotide pair A T, where Im is N-methyl imidazole, Py is N-methyl pyrrole and Hp is 3-hydroxy N-methyl pyrrole.
• the polyamides of the invention can also be used to prevent, inhibit, or reduce transcription from a viral oncogene.
• the polyamides bind to the minor groove of double-stranded DNA in a promoter region that controls the transcription and expression of an oncogene.
• the polyamides bind to the nucleotide sequence of an identified dsDNA target chosen from the group consisting of 5'-TGCTTGA-3', 5'-AGAATGA-3', 5'-TGAGGAA-3', 5'-TGCTTGA-3', 5'-TGAGGAA-3', 5'-AGGAAGT-3', 5'-ATGAAGT- 3', 5'-AGTATAA-3', 5'-AGTATAA-3', 5'-AGGAAGT-3', 5'-AGTATAA-3', 5'- AGTATAA-3', 5'-AACGGCT-3', 5'-TGCAGGCA-3', 5'-AACGGCT-3', 5'- TGCAGGCA-3', and 5'-AGGCAA-3 ⁇
• the transcription of the gene is inhibite
• Preferred polyamides comprise at least one aliphatic amino acid residue is ⁇ - alaninc.
• the terminal alkylamino residue is a N,N- dimethylaminopropyl residue.
• Suitable polyamides can contain at least two ⁇ -alanine residues aligned to form complementary paired residues corresponding to a nucleotide pair chosen from the group A/T and T/A. Alternatively, corresponding pairs can be formed between aliphatic amino acids and aromatic carboxamides, such as Im/ ⁇ , ⁇ /Im, Py/ ⁇ and ⁇ /Py.
• a hairpin molecule is formed by a an aliphatic amino acid residue such as ⁇ -aminobutyric acid or more preferably R 2,4-diaminobutyric acid.
• Suitable polyamides have a binding affinity at the dsDNA target sequence of at least 10 9 M "1 and a selectivity of at least about two, selectivity being defined as the ratio of the binding affinity for the identified dsDNA target sequence to the binding affinity for a single base-pair mismatch dsDNA sequence. In preferred embodiments, selectivity against at least 90% of single base mismatch sequences is greater than about 10.
• the present invention provides polyamides suitable for inhibiting the transcription of an oncogene comprising at least three complementary pairs of aromatic carboxamide residues, the complementary pairs of aromatic carboxamide residues being selected to correspond to the nucleotide sequence of an identified dsDNA target, at least two aliphatic amino acid residues chosen from the group consisting of glycine, ⁇ -alanine, ⁇ - aminobutyric acid, R 2,4-diaminobutyric acid, and 5-aminovaleric acid, and at least one terminal alkylamino residue, the polyamide having a binding affinity at the target dsDNA sequence of at least 10 9 M "1 and a selectivity of at least about two, selectivity being defined as the ratio of the binding affinity for the identified target dsDNA sequence to the binding affinity for a single base-pair mismatch dsDNA sequence.
• the invention concerns compositions comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and a transcription-inhibiting amount of at least one polyamide according to the invention.
• the polyamides bind to the minor groove of double-stranded DNA in a promoter region that controls the transcription and expression of a gene, particularly an oncogene.
• the transcription of a selected oncogene is inhibited by modulating the binding of a protein transcription factor to dsDNA, preferably in the gene's promoter region.
• the transcription factors are ESX, ETS, AP-2, OB2-l,and TBP.
• both classes of transcription factors can be inhibited by polyamides that contact or bind the minor groove of dsDNA.
• DNA complexation of proteins contacting the minor groove may be inhibited by direct steric hindrance, repulsion, or exclusion or, alternatively, by allosteric effects.
• the binding of major groove binding proteins may be suppressed by a polyamide-induced change of the DNA conformation.
• inhibition can also be achieved other ways, for example, by conjugating a DNA cleavage agent to a polyamide targeted to a desired site, or by chemically modifying DNA using a chemically reactive moiety attached to a polyamide.
• the expression or overexpression of oncogenes is reduced or inhibited by using a polyamide targeted to a specific nucleotide base sequence in dsDNA, particularly a target sequence in the promoter region of the particular oncogene.
• the oncogenes are viral or endogenous cellular oncogenes involved in cancer.
• One oncogene target of the invention is the HER-2/neu gene, which may be down-regulated or inhibited by the use of polyamides that bind to target sequences within the HER-2/neu promoter region.
• the sequences targeted by a polyamide are, or are proximal to, transcription factor binding sites within the oncogene promoter.
• the invention further encompasses application of polyamides for the treatment of various tumors or cancers (including breast cancer) associated with oncogene expression.
• Suitable polyamides most preferably have a binding affinity at the dsDNA target sequence of at least 10 9 M "1 and a selectivity of at least about two. Selectivity is defined as the ratio of the binding affinity for the identified dsDNA target sequence to the binding affinity for a single base-pair mismatch dsDNA sequence. In preferred embodiments, selectivity against at least 90% of single base mismatch sequences is greater than about 10.
• compositions that comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and a transcription-inhibiting amount of at least one polyamide of the invention.
• Each polyamide contains at least three complementary pairs of aromatic carboxamide residues, which pairs are selected to correspond to an identified nucleotide sequence of a dsDNA target.
• the polyamides additionally comprise at least two aliphatic amino acid residues chosen from the group consisting of glycine, ⁇ -alanine, ⁇ -aminobutyric acid, R-2,4-diaminobutyric acid, and 5-aminovaleric acid, and at least one terminal alkylamino residue, the polyamide having a binding affinity at the target dsDNA sequence of at least 10 9 M "1 and a selectivity of at least about two, selectivity being defined as the ratio of the binding affinity for the identified target dsDNA sequence to the binding affinity for a single base- pair mismatch dsDNA sequence.
• the invention further provides methods suitable for treating a subject having a condition associated with abnormal expression of a cellular oncogene.
• the subject is preferably a human patient and, more particularly, one afflicted with breast cancer or other diseases or conditions associated with aberrant Hcr-2/neu oncogene expression.
• Figure 1 depicts the HER2/neu promoter, showing the nucleotide sequence in A, including binding sites of ESX, AP-2, OB2-1. and TBP ("TATA") transcription factors, and in B, a schematic diagram, not to scale, showing the ESX, TBP, and OB2-1 binding sites.
• Figure 2 in A shows the nucleotide sequence of the ESX binding site, indicating four overlapping polyamide target sites
• B the schematic structure of eight polyamides (1-8) that have been designed to bind to the nucleotide sequences of these target sites 1-4, in which N-methylimidazole carboxamides are represented by filled circles, N-methylpyrrole carboxamides by empty circles, and ⁇ -alanine amino acids by unfilled diamonds.
• 4-diaminobutyric acid is represented by a curved line bearing an amino group and the N,N-dimcthylaminopropyl substituent (and the C-terminus) by a positively charged half-circle.
• Figure 3 illustrates a typical solid-phase synthesis scheme, using polyamide 1 as an example.
• Figure 4 shows the structural formulas of eight polyamides that have been designed to bind to the ESX binding site, as well as MALDI-MS data that characterize each compound.
• Figure 5 is a graphical representation of the results of a DNase I footprint titration of polyamide 1 on the 188 base-pair 5'-end-labeled DNA fragment, showing in A an autoradiogram: lane 1 , A reaction; lane 2 to 12, 20 pM, 40 pM.
• polyamide 1 80 pM, 100 pM, 200 pM, 400 pM, 1 nM, 2 nM, 4 nM 10 nM, 20 nM polyamide 1, all reactions containing 15 kcpm DNA fragment, 10 mM Tris HC1 (pH 7.0), 10 mM KC1, 10 mM MgCl2, and 5 mM CaCl2, the match- and the single base-pair mismatch site shown to the right side of the autoradiogram. and in B, the schematic structure of polyamide 1.
• Figure 6 summarizes the results of DNase I footprint titrations, showing in A, a portion of the nucleotide sequence of the HER2/neu promoter containing the ESX binding site with polyamide binding sites 1 -4 indicated, and in B, the four polyamide target sites with corresponding schematic representations of polyamides 1-8.
• Figure 7 in A shows the nucleotide sequence of a AP-2 binding site, indicating three overlapping polyamide target sites, and in B, the schematic structure of five polyamides (9-13) that were designed to bind to the nucleotide sequences of these target sites 1-3.
• Figure 8 shows the structural formulas of five polyamide compounds designed to bind to the nucleotide sequence of the AP-2 binding site, as well as MALDI-MS data that characterize each compound.
• Figure 9 is a graphical representation of the results of a DNase I footprint titration of polyamide 9 on the 188 base-pair 5 '-end-labeled DNA fragment, showing in A an autoradiogram: lane 1, A reaction; lane 2 to 12, 20 pM, 40 pM, 80 pM, 100 pM, 200 pM, 400 pM, 1 nM, 2 nM, 4 nM 10 nM, 20 nM polyamide 9, all reactions containing 15 kcpm DNA fragment, 10 mM Tris HC1 (pH 7.0), 10 mM KC1, 10 mM MgCl2, and 5 mM CaCl2, and in B, the schematic structure of polyamide 9.
• Figure 10 is a graphical representation of the results of a DNase I footprint titration of polyamide 10 on the 188 base-pair 5'-end-labeled DNA fragment, showing in A an autoradiogram: lane 1 , A reaction; lane 2 to 12, 20 pM, 40 pM, 80 pM, 100 pM, 200 pM, 400 pM, 1 nM, 2 nM, 4 nM 10 nM, 20 nM polyamide 10, all reactions containing 15 kcpm DNA fragment, 10 mM Tris HC1 (pH 7.0), 10 mM KC1, 10 mM MgCl2, and 5 mM CaCl2, the match site shown to the right side of the autoradiogram, and in B, the schematic structure of polyamide 10.
• lane 1 A reaction
• Figure 1 1 is a graphical representation of the results of a DNase I footprint titration of polyamide 13 on the 188 base-pair 5'-end-labeled DNA fragment, showing in A an autoradiogram: lane 1 , A reaction; lane 2 to 12, 20 pM, 40 pM, 80 pM, 100 pM, 200 pM, 400 pM, 1 nM, 2 nM, 4 nM 10 nM, 20 nM polyamide 13, all reactions containing 15 kcpm DNA fragment, 10 mM Tris HC1 (pH 7.0), 10 mM KC1, 10 mM MgC , and 5 mM CaCl2, the match site shown to the right side of the autoradiogram, and in B, the schematic structure of polyamide 13.
• Figure 12 summarizes the results of DNase I footprint titrations, showing in A a portion of the nucleotide sequence of the HER2/neu promoter containing the AP-2 binding site with polyamide binding sites 1 -3 indicated, and in B, the three polyamide target sites with corresponding schematic representations of polyamides 9-13.
• Figure 13 is a graphical representation of the results of a gel shift experiment showing the binding of an oligonucleotide containing the ESX binding site of the HER2/neu promoter and the ESX protein in the presence of various concentrations of polyamide 2 (“PA-2E”) or distamycin.
• PA-2E polyamide 2
• Figure 14 is a graphical representation of a quantitative comparison of the inhibition of the ESX/DNA complex by polyamide 1 (“PA-I E”) and polyamide 2 (“PA- 2E") presented before exposure to ESX (“Before”) or after the formation of the ESX DNA complex ("After”).
• PA-I E polyamide 1
• PA- 2E polyamide 2
• Figure 15 is a graphical representation of a quantitative comparison of the ability of polyamides 1 (A) and 2 (B) to inhibit in vitro transcription driven by the HER2/neu promoter when the respective polyamides were presented before exposure to ESX ("Before") or after the formation of the ESX/DNA complex ("After”).
• Figure 16 is a graphical representation of a quantitative comparison of the inhibition of the ESX DNA complex by polyamide 2 (“PA-2E”) or distamycin (“Dist”).
• Figure 17 is a graphical representation of a quantitative comparison of the inhibition of the formation of the ESX/DNA complex or the AP-2/DNA complex by polyamide 1 ("PA-IE”), polyamide 2 (“PA-2E”) or distamycin.
• PA-IE polyamide 1
• PA-2E polyamide 2
• distamycin distamycin
• Figure 18 is a graphical representation of a quantitative comparison of the inhibition of the formation of the ESX/DNA complex by polyamide 1 ("PA- IE”), polyamide 2 (“PA-2E”) or polyamide 3 (“PA-3E”).
• Figure 19 is a graphical representation of a quantitative comparison of the ability of polyamide 1 ("PA- IE”), polyamide 2 (“PA-2E”), polyamide 3 (“PA-3E”) or distamycin (Dist”)to inhibit in vitro transcription driven by the HER2/neu promoter when the respective polyamides were presented before exposure to ESX.
• PA- IE polyamide 1
• PA-2E polyamide 2
• PA-3E polyamide 3
• Dist distamycin
• the present invention is directed to methods and compositions for modulating or regulating oncogene expression or overexpression by reducing or inhibiting oncogene transcription, especially of oncogenes involved in cancer, particularly human cancer.
• the reduction in gene transcription results from binding or other interactions between polyamides and the minor groove of dsDNA within the promoter regions of target oncogenes.
• the polyamides bind or interact with specific target nucleic acid sequences within the promoter regions to inhibit or down-regulate oncogene transcription.
• the sequences are recognized, or proximal to those that arc recognized, by one or more transcription factors that bind to or otherwise functionally interact with the promoter region of the targeted oncogene.
• oncogene refers to a gene that causes transformation (i.e., conversion to a tumorigenic, or oncogenic, state) upon expression in a cell.
• Oncogenes can be viral in origin, or they may arise from a mutation (including point mutations (e.g. , substitutions, deletions, and insertions), chromosomal rearrangement (e.g., an insertion, translocation, and copy number amplification), or aberrant expression of an endogenous, cellular proto-oncogene.
• point mutations e.g. , substitutions, deletions, and insertions
• chromosomal rearrangement e.g., an insertion, translocation, and copy number amplification
• aberrant expression of an endogenous, cellular proto-oncogene At present, about 100 oncogenes have been identified. Oncogenes are classified based on activity, and include those that are transmembrane proteins (e.g.
• an oncogene from a proto- oncogene represents a change of function, more typically, a gain or loss of function, wherein the gene is inappropriately activated, as may be caused by a mutation, constitutive expression, over-expression, or inappropriate regulation of expression.
• src sarcoma
• H-ras sarcoma, erythroleukemia
• -ras sarcoma, erythroleukemia
• mos sarcoma
• fos chondrosarcoma
• sis sarcoma
• fms fibrosarcoma fes (fibrosarcoma)
• fun fibrosarcoma
• fps sinarcoma
• myc carcinoma, sarcoma, myelocytoma
• abl B cell leukemia), rel lymphatic leukemia
• erbA erythroleukemia, fibrosarcoma
• erbB erythroleukemia
• oncogenes include rel and N-r ⁇ .
• Representative examples of cellular oncogenes include c-myc, c- abl, c-myb, c-erbB. c-K-ras, and mdm2. all of which are amplified (in terms of gene copy number) in the various tumors with which they are associated.
• the expression of an oncogene may be elevated in certain tumors, although the gene's coding WO 00/15773 _ , 6 _ PCT/US99/20489
• c-myc expression of c- myc is known to be increased by several mechanisms, for example, by retroviral insertion in the gene's vicinity. Increased c-myc expression is believed to result by constitutive transcription initiated from the viral long terminal repeat (LTR) by virtue of its efficient promoter sequence or enhancer.
• LTR long terminal repeat
• Other cellular oncogenes activated by the integration of a retroviral genome include, without limitation, c-erbB, c-myb, c-mos, c-raf c-wntl, c- int2, and c-H-ras.
• c-myc expression is also known to be increased in some tumors, particularly those of the immune system, as a result of a translocation, as well as by gene amplification.
• the gene products encoded by oncogenes or proto-oncogenes have a variety of cellular functions. Some of these gene products are growth factors (e.g., c-sis, KS/HST, wntl, and int2), growth factor receptors (e.g., the viral, oncogenic counterparts of c-erbB, c-erbB-2 (also known as HER2/neu), erb2,3, c-fms, c-kit, and mas), signal transduction proteins (e.g.
• growth factors e.g., c-sis, KS/HST, wntl, and int2
• growth factor receptors e.g., the viral, oncogenic counterparts of c-erbB, c-erbB-2 (also known as HER2/neu), erb2,3, c-fms, c-kit, and mas
• signal transduction proteins e.g.
• c-ras intracellular tyrosine kinases (e.g., c-src, c-abl, c-fps, v-src, v-yes, v- fSfi v-fps/fes, v-abl, and v-ros), intracellular serine/threonine kinases (e.g. , c-raf and c- mos), signaling proteins (e.g., crk and vav), or transcription factors (e.g. , c-myc, c-myb, c- fos, c-fun, c-rel, and c-erbA).
• tyrosine kinases e.g., c-src, c-abl, c-fps, v-src, v-yes, v- fSfi v-fps/fes, v-abl, and
• a polyamide according to the invention can be applied to inhibit or otherwise down-regulate the expression of any oncogene, whether now known or later discovered.
• the recognition and/or binding sequences of DNA binding proteins that influence regulation of a particular oncogene are identified, polyamides targeted to these sequences are designed and synthesized, after which they can be incorporated into the disclosed compositions, if desired, and be used to inhibit transcription of the desired oncogene, be it in vivo or in vitro.
• the polyamides are preferably cell-permeable and capable of inhibiting gene transcription in vivo, in vitro, or in cell free systems. Appropriate application of such polyamide molecules may be used to inhibit expression or overexpression of viral or endogenous oncogenes as a treatment of various diseases, including cancer. WO 00/15773 .
• the polyamides bind to the minor groove of double stranded DNA in a promoter region that controls the transcription and expression of a target oncogene
• a target oncogene Prefened target oncogenes are endogenous oncogenes involved in cancer foimation or piogression
• the transcription of the oncogene is inhibited by modulating the binding of a protein, such a transcription factor, to the same promoter region with which the polyamide binds or interacts
• the transcription factors are one or more of the following ESX, ETS, AP-2, and TBP
• the present invention includes the use of polyamides that inhibit or modulate the activity of a transcription factor with its particular recognition and/or binding sequence
• the methods of the invention affect transcription factor activity bv use of one or more polyamides that contact or bind the minor groove of dsDNA Such contact or binding may inhibit formation of DNA-transc ⁇ ption factor complexes in the minor groove by direct ste ⁇ c lepulsion, alloste ⁇ c effects, or other mechanisms (e g , cleavage or chemical modification of the dsDNA)
• the binding of major groove DNA binding proteins, such as TBP may be inhibited b ⁇ a polyamide-induced change in DNA conformation through association with the neighboring minor groove
• the expression or overexpression of oncogenes is targeted
• the oncogenes are those implicated in cancer, and their expression or overexpression is inhibited by polyamides that contact or bind the minor groove in the region of the oncogene promotei
• the contacted or bound portions of the promoter region are, or are proximal to, transcription factor binding sites
• the degree of inhibition is preferably large and more preferably enough to inhibit e ⁇ en overexpression of the oncogene, in when the copy number of the gene increases
• One oncogene target of the invention is the HER-2/neu gene, which may be down-regulated or inhibited by the use of polyamides that bind to target sequences within the HER-2/neu promoter region.
• these sequences are, or are proximal to, transcription factor binding sites within the HER2/neu promoter.
• transcription factors include TBP, ESX, and AP-2. Interactions or binding between the polyamide and the target sequence result in inhibition of the HER2/neu gene transcription.
• the present invention includes compositions comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and a transcription-inhibiting amount of at least one polyamide for the inhibition of gene expression or overexpression. These compositions may also be used for the treatment of various tumors or cancers, including breast cancer.
• the invention further provides methods of administering such compositions to result in inhibition of gene expression or overexpression.
• the methods and compositions are preferably suited for treating a subject having a condition associated with abnormal expression of a cellular oncogene.
• the subject is preferably a human patient particularly one afflicted with cancer, especially breast cancer.
• the nucleotide sequence of the region of the HER2/neu promoter encompassing the ESX binding site is shown in Figure 2A. This region was divided into four overlapping target sites, each consisting of 7 base-pairs. Two polyamides consisting of N-methylimidazole carboxamide residues, N-methylpyrrole carboxamide residues, and none, one or two ⁇ -alanine aliphatic amino acid residues were designed to correspond to the DNA sequence of each of these target sites (Fig. 2B). The sequence of the N- methylimidazole carboxamide residues and N-methylpyrrole carboxamide residues was chosen according to the pairing rules described above.
• Polyamide 1 had the structure ImPy- ⁇ -PyIm-2,4DA-PyPy- ⁇ -ImPy- ⁇ -Dp.
• Polyamide 2 had the structure ImPyPyPyPy- 2,4DA-PyPyPyPy- ⁇ -Dp.
• Polyamide 3 had the structure ImPy- ⁇ -PyPy-2,4DA-PyPy- ⁇ - PyPy- ⁇ -Dp.
• Polyamide 4 had the structure ImPyPyPyIm-2,4DA-PyPyPyImPy- ⁇ -Dp.
• Polyamide 5 had the structure ImIm- ⁇ -PyIm-2,4DA-PyPy- ⁇ -PyPy- ⁇ -Dp.
• Polyamide 6 had the structure ImIm- ⁇ -PyIm-2,4DA-PyPyPyPyPy- ⁇ -Dp.
• Polyamide 7 had the structure Im- ⁇ -ImImPy-2,4DA-PyPyPy- ⁇ -Py- ⁇ -Dp.
• Polyamide 8 had the structure Im- ⁇ - ImImPy-2,4DA-PyPyPyPy- ⁇ -Dp.
• the building blocks that are required for the solid-phase synthesis of the polyamides were prepared on large scales (50 to 200 g) according to established procedures. All polyamides were prepared by solid-phase synthesis on a Boc- ⁇ -alanine- PAM resin which is commercially available in appropriate substitution levels (0.615 mmol/g). The synthesis of the polyamide 1 is depicted in Figure 3 as a representative example. All polyamides were characterized by MALDI-MS; the experimentally obtained data were in good agreement with the expected values.
• Figure 4 shows the structural formulas of eight polyamides that have been designed to bind to the ESX binding site, as well as MALDI-MS data that characterize each compound.
• the polyamides of the invention may be formulated into pharmaceutical or therapeutic compositions, formulations, or preparations.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the polyamide compounds of the invention are formed where appropriate with strong or moderately strong, non-toxic, organic, or inorganic acids or bases by methods known in the art.
• Exemplary of the salts that are included in this invention are maleate, fumarate, lactate, oxalate, methanesulfonate, ethanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, tartrate, citrate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, sulfate, phosphate, and nitrate salts.
• polyamide compounds of the invention possess the ability to inhibit oncogene expression or overexpression, properties that are exploited in the treatment of any of a number of diseases or conditions, most notably cancer.
• a composition of this invention may be active per se, or may act as a "pro-drug" that is converted in vivo to an active form.
• the compounds of the invention may be inco ⁇ orated into convenient dosage forms, such as capsules, impregnated wafers, tablets, or injectable preparations.
• Solid or liquid pharmaceutically acceptable carriers may be employed.
• Pharmaceutical compositions designed for timed release may also be formulated.
• the compounds of the invention are administered systemically, e.g., by injection.
• injection may be by any known route, preferably intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intracranial, or intraperitoneal.
• injectables can be prepared in conventional forms, either as solutions or suspensions, solid forms suitable for solution or suspension in liquid prior to injection, or as emulsions.
• Solid carriers include starch, lactose, calcium sulfate dihydrate, terra alba, sucrose, talc, gelatin, agar, pectin, acacia, magnesium stearate and stearic acid.
• Liquid carriers include syrup, peanut oil, olive oil, saline, water, dextrose, glycerol and the like.
• the carrier or diluent may include any prolonged release material, such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate, alone or with a wax.
• the preparation may be in the form of a syrup, elixir, emulsion, soft gelatin capsule, liquid containing capsule, sterile injectable liquid (e.g. , a solution), such as an ampoule, or an aqueous or nonaqueous liquid suspension.
• sterile injectable liquid e.g. , a solution
• an ampoule or an aqueous or nonaqueous liquid suspension.
• the pharmaceutical preparations are made following conventional techniques of pharmaceutical chemistry involving such steps as mixing, granulating and compressing, when necessary for tablet forms, or mixing, filling and dissolving the ingredients, as appropriate, to give the desired products for oral or parenteral, including topical, transdermal, intravaginal. intranasal, intrabronchial. intracranial. intraocular, intraaural and rectal administration.
• the pharmaceutical compositions may also contain minor amounts of nontoxic auxiliary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering agents and so forth.
• the pharmaceutical composition may be administered topically or transdermally, e.g. , as an ointment, cream or gel, orally, rectally, e.g., as a suppository, parenterally, by injection or continuously by infusion, intravaginally, intranasally, intrabronchially, intracranially intra-aurally, or intraocularly.
• the composition may be inco ⁇ orated into topically applied vehicles such as a salve or ointment.
• the carrier for the active ingredient may be WO 00/15773 . 2
• Non-sprayable forms can be semi-solid or solid forms comprising a carrier indigenous to topical application and having a dynamic viscosity preferably greater than that of water.
• Suitable formulations include, but are not limited to, solution, suspensions, emulsions, creams, ointments, powders, liniments, salves, and the like. If desired, these may be sterilized or mixed with auxiliary agents, e.g. , preservatives, stabilizers, wetting agents, buffers, or salts for influencing osmotic pressure and the like.
• Preferred vehicles for non-sprayable topical preparations include ointment bases, e.g. , polyethylene glycol- 1000 (PEG- 1000), conventional creams such as HEB cream, gels, as well as petroleum jelly and the like.
• sprayable aerosol preparations wherein the compound, preferably in combination with a solid or liquid inert carrier material, is packaged in a squeeze bottle or in admixture with a pressurized volatile, normally gaseous propellant.
• the aerosol preparations can contain solvents, buffers, surfactants, perfumes, and/or antioxidants in addition to the compounds of the invention.
• a target area e.g. , skin surface, mucous membrane, eyes, etc.
• This amount will generally range from about 0.001 mg to about 1 g per application, depending upon the area to be treated, the severity of the symptoms or disease, and the nature of the topical vehicle employed.
• compositions of the invention can also be administered in combination with one or more additional compounds that are used to treat the disease or condition.
• additional compounds that are used to treat the disease or condition.
• the polyamides and derivatives are given in combination with anti-tumor agents, such as mitotic inhibitors, e.g., vinblastine; alkylating agents, e.g., cyclophosphamide; folate inhibitors, e.g., methotrexate, pritrexim or trimetrexate, antimetabolites, e.g., 5-fluorouracil and cytosine arabinoside, intercalating antibiotics, e.g., adriamycin and bleomycin.
• anti-tumor agents such as mitotic inhibitors, e.g., vinblastine; alkylating agents, e.g., cyclophosphamide; folate inhibitors, e.g., methotrexate, pritrexim or trimetrexate, anti
• Typical single dosages of the compounds of this invention are between about 1 ng and about 10 g/kg body weight.
• the dose is preferably between about 0.0 lmg and about l g/kg body wt. and, most preferably, between about OJmg and about l OOmg/kg body wt.
• dosages in the range of about 0.01-20% concentration of the compound, preferably 1-5%, are suggested.
• a total daily dosage in the range of about 1-500 mg is preferred for oral administration.
• the foregoing ranges are, however, suggestive, as the number of variables in regard to an individual treatment regime is large, and considerable excursions from these recommended values are expected and may be routinely made by those skilled in the art.
• Effective amounts or doses of the compound for treating a disease or condition can be determined using recognized in vitro systems or in vivo animal models for the particular disease or condition.
• many art-recognized models are known and are representative of a broad spectrum of human tumors.
• the compositions may be tested for inhibition of tumor cell growth in culture using standard assays with any of a multitude of tumor cell lines of human or non-human animal origin. Many of these approaches, including animal models, are described in detail in Geran, R.I. et al , "Protocols for Screening Chemical Agents and Natural Products against Animal Tumors and Other Biological Systems (Third Edition)", Cane. Chemother. Reports, Part 3, 3: 1- 1 12.
• the treatment methods of the invention are directed to the administration of polyamide-containing compositions.
• the polyamide-containing preparations of the invention may be administered systemically or locally and may be used alone or as components of mixtures.
• the route of administration may be topical, intravenous, oral, or by use of an implant.
• polyamides may be administered by means including, but not limited to, topical preparations, intravenous injection or infusion, oral intake, or local administration in the form of intradermal injection or an implant. Additional routes of administration are subcutaneous, intramuscular, or intraperitoneal injections of the polyamides in conventional or convenient forms. Liposomal or lipophilic formulations may also be used when desired.
• the polyamides may be in standard topical formulations and compositions including lotions, suspensions or pastes. Oral administration of suitable formulations WO 00/15773 - ⁇ A ⁇ - PCT/US99/20489
• polyamides may be readily administered to the target cells or tissues via this route.
• the dose of polyamides may be optimized by the skilled artisan depending on factors such as, but not limited to, the polyamides chosen, the physical delivery system in which it is carried, the individual subject, .and the judgment of the skilled practitioner.
• a plasmid containing the HER2/neu promoter from which was prepared a 5'-32p end-labeled 188 base-pair DNA fragment containing the ESX binding site by PCR (polymerase chain reaction).
• Quantitative DNase I footprint titrations (lOmM Tris-HCl, 10 mM KC1, 10 mM MgCl2, and 5 mM CaCl2, pH 7.0 and 22-24 C) were performed to determine the equilibrium association constants (K a ) of each polyamide (1-8) to its respective match sequence.
• the autoradiogram of the titration of the polyamide 1 is shown as a representative example in Figure 5 A.
• polyamide 5 showed no significant binding at concentrations of less than 10 nM.
• polyamide 6 did not bind to its designated match site (5'- TGAGGAA-3') at concentrations smaller than 10 nM.
• 6 showed several footprints at other locations of the DNA fragment at concentrations higher than 1 nM.
• polyamide 7 bound to a single base-pair mismatch site (ATGAAGT) with an association constant K_ of ca. 10 ⁇ M " * ' .
• K_ association constant
• Polyamide 8 bound weakly to its match site (K a ⁇ 5 nM). However, it did not bind very selectively to the DNA fragment; among other sites it bound to the formal single base-pair mismatch site 5'-ATGAAGT-3' with an association constant 7v a of ca. 10 ⁇ M ⁇ l .
• the poor binding of polyamides 5 to 8 that were designed to bind to the sites 2 and 3 of the promoter, respectively, may be due to a deviation of the DNA conformation from the B-form in that region.
• Figure 7A As in the studies of the ESX binding site, this region was divided into tliree target sites, each consisting of 6 to 8 base-pairs. For each of these sites, two polyamides were prepared consisting of N-methylimidazole carboxamide residues, N-methylpyrrole carboxamide residues, and none, one or two ⁇ -alanine amino acid residues ( Figure 7B). The sequence of the N-methylimidazole carboxamide residues, N-methylpyrrole carboxamide residues, and ⁇ -alanine amino acid residues was chosen according to the pairing rules described above. Polyamide 9 had the structure ImPy- ⁇ -ImPy-2,4DA- PyPylmlmPy- ⁇ -Dp.
• Polyamide 10 had the structure ImPy- ⁇ -ImPy-2,4DA-Py- ⁇ - ImlmPy- ⁇ -Dp.
• Polyamide 11 had the structure ImPyPy- ⁇ -ImPy-2,4DA-ImPy- ⁇ - ImlmPy- ⁇ -Dp.
• Polyamide 12 had the structure ImPy- ⁇ -ImImPy-2,4DA-ImPyPy- ⁇ - ImPy- ⁇ -Dp.
• Polyamide 13 had the structure ImImPyPy-2,4DA-PyImPyPy- ⁇ -Dp.
• the polyamides were prepared by solid-phase synthesis. Their purity was confirmed by analytical HPLC and their structures confirmed by MALDI-MS. The structures are shown in Figure 8.
• polyamide 10 which contains
• Polyamides 1, 2 and 3 were studied in greater detail and compared to the known compound distamycin.
• SKBR-3 cells were purchased from ATCC (Rockville, MD). Cells were grown in McCoy's 5a medium (GIBCO, Grand Island, NY) with 10% fetal bovine serum and cultured at 37 °C with 5% C0 2 .
• SKBR-3 cells that were grown to subconfluence were rinsed twice with Phosphate-buffered saline, scraped, and collected by centrifugation at 1,200 rpm for 5 min., 4 °C (Sorvall RT6000, Newtown, CT). The following steps were performed at 4 °C.
• Cell pellets were suspended in five times the packed cell volume in buffer A (containing 10 mM Hepes-KOH [ph 7.9], 10 mM KC 1 , 0.1 mM EDTA, 0J mM EGTA.
• the pellet was resuspended in buffer B and 20 mM Hepes-KOH (ph 7.9), 20% glycerol, 0.2 mM EDTA, 2.0 mM EGTA, 0.75 mM spermidine, 0.15 mM spermine, 2 mM dithiothreitol, and 1 mM phenylmethylsufonyl fluoride followed by drop addition of an equal volume of buffer B that included 0.75 M NaCl. After rocking for 20 min.
• Bacterial-expressed ESX protein was prepared as described [Chang et al, 1997].
• ESX protein was processed by transformation of bacterial cells (BL21 [DE3] pLysS competent bacterial cells: Stratagene, La Jolla, CA), and induced by addition of IPTG. His-tagged ESX protein was purified using nickel-chelate affinity chromatography as recommended by the manufacturer (Quiagen, Inc., Chatsworth. CA).
• AP-2 protein was purchased from Promega Co. (Madison, WI).
• Antibodies against AP-2 were purchased from Santa Cruz Co. (La Jolla. CA), and antibodies against ESX were prepared as described previously.
• oligo oligonucleotide containing the ESX protein binding site (derived from HER2 gene promoter; TA5-oligo) and its complementary strand were synthesized from the Biopolymers facility (RPCI, Buffalo, NY) (sequence is shown in Fig. 1A). Oligos were gel-purified, annealed, and end-labeled with ⁇ J 2 P-[ATP] using T4- polynucleotide kinase (New England BioLabs, Beverly, MA) as described previously (10). 32 P-labeled 5' end-overhanging doubled-stranded oligo was used as the probe in gel mobility shift assays.
• the protein-DNA complex was quantitated using a computing laser densitometer (Molecular Dynamics, Sunnyvale, CA). The amount of protein which could complex with >90% of - 12 P-labeled oligo was used for most experiments. Identification of protein-DNA complexes was confirmed by adding specific antibodies against proteins to the reaction.
• polyamides The ability of polyamides to interfere with the formation of the ESX-DNA complex was examined by a gel mobility shift assay. Assays were performed to determine the ability of polyamides to inhibit ESX-DNA complex under equilibrium conditions. Experiments were set up to incubate polyamides with 32 P-labeled oligo at room temperature for 30 min. prior to the addition of ESX protein, or to complex ESX protein with the probe before adding polyamides. The inhibition of ESX-DNA complex formation by polyamides was measured by comparing drug-treated with non drug-treated samples. Investigation of the ability of polyamides to inhibit the AP-2-DNA complex was carried out in a similar manner. IC 50 (concentration of drug required for 50% inhibition of protein-DNA complex formation) was used to express the activity of polyamides. Drug concentrations for IC 50 were also expressed as r values (the molar ratio of drug to DNA base pairs).
• CsCl-purified plasmid DNA composed of an insert DNA fragment from the HER2 promoter in the vector pCDNA3-Lue (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), was linearized with restriction enzyme Spin (New England BioLabs, Beverly, MA) and used as a DNA template. In a 25 ⁇ l reaction.
• polyamides The ability of polyamides to inhibit in vitro transcription was analyzed in two ways, (i) DNA template was incubated with polyamides at the indicated concentrations in a total volume of 10 ⁇ L, for 30 min. prior to the addition of nuclear extracts and nucleotides. (ii) Pre-incubation of nuclear extracts and DNA template for 15 min. was followed by addition of polyamides for another 30 min. in a total volume of 10 ⁇ L and then nucleotides were added. All experiments were performed at 30 °C and the transcription reaction was allowed to proceed for 60 min. Percentage of inhibition of transcription was measured by comparing samples treated with polyamides to an untreated control. IC 50 and r values were used to express the activity of polyamides. T3 transcript (250 bases; Promega Co., Madison, WI) was used as an internal control.
• Figure 13 shows the results of gel experiments results that demonstrate the binding of an oligonucleotide containing the ESX binding site of the HER2/neu promoter and the ESX protein in the presence of various concentrations of polyamide 2 ("PA-2E") or distamycin.
• Polyamide 2 ImPyPyPyPy-R2,4D-PyPyPyPyPy- ⁇ -Dp, blocked the binding of ESX protein to DNA in the concentration range of about 1 nM to about 100 nM.
• distamycin blocked the binding of ESX protein to DNA in the concentration range of about 1 ⁇ M to about 10 ⁇ M.
• PA-2E and distamycin target a similar portion (site 2) of the ESX DNA binding domain.
• a gel mobility shift assay was utilized to examine the activities of drugs on the ESX-DNA complex. Incubation of PA-2E and DNA followed by the addition of ESX resulted in a concentration-dependent inhibition of formation or the ESX-DNA complex. Ten nM PA-2E inhibited complex formation up to 95% while as little as 1 nM resulted in a detectable decrease on the complex ( Figure 13 A, lanes 2-4).
• AP-2 binding of AP-2 to the GC-rich sequences in the TA5-oligo was confirmed using gel mobility shift assays in the absence or presence of antibodies.
• FIG 19 is a graphical representation of a quantitative comparison of the ability of polyamide 1 ("PA-IE”), polyamide 2 (“PA-2E"), polyamide 3 (“PA-3E") or distamycin ("Dist”) to inhibit in vitro transcription driven by the HER2/neu promoter when the respective polyamides were presented before exposure to ESX.
• the concentrations producing half-maximum inhibition were about 3 ⁇ M, about 1 ⁇ M, about 2.3 ⁇ M and about 1.3 ⁇ M, respectively.

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