EP1109634A1 - Method for minimizing thickened ends during the rolling of pipes in a stretch reducing mill - Google Patents

Method for minimizing thickened ends during the rolling of pipes in a stretch reducing mill

Info

Publication number
EP1109634A1
EP1109634A1 EP99936250A EP99936250A EP1109634A1 EP 1109634 A1 EP1109634 A1 EP 1109634A1 EP 99936250 A EP99936250 A EP 99936250A EP 99936250 A EP99936250 A EP 99936250A EP 1109634 A1 EP1109634 A1 EP 1109634A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
pipe
reducing mill
stretch
rolling
stationary
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP99936250A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP1109634B1 (en
Inventor
Hans Joachim Pehle
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
SMS Siemag AG
Original Assignee
SMS Demag AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by SMS Demag AG filed Critical SMS Demag AG
Publication of EP1109634A1 publication Critical patent/EP1109634A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1109634B1 publication Critical patent/EP1109634B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
    • B21B37/00—Control devices or methods specially adapted for metal-rolling mills or the work produced thereby
    • B21B37/78—Control of tube rolling
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
    • B21B17/00—Tube-rolling by rollers of which the axes are arranged essentially perpendicular to the axis of the work, e.g. "axial" tube-rolling
    • B21B17/14—Tube-rolling by rollers of which the axes are arranged essentially perpendicular to the axis of the work, e.g. "axial" tube-rolling without mandrel, e.g. stretch-reducing mills

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for minimizing thickened ends when rolling pipes in a stretch-reducing mill by changing the torque of individual driven roll stands over time when the pipe start or end passes through the stretch-reducing mill, so that the pipe ends are rolled with greater than the stationary ratios of the roll speed become.
  • the reason for the lower stretching of the pipe ends compared to the pipe middle part is that the roller speed ratios designed for the stationary operating state are generally not large enough to build up physically maximum tensile stresses at the pipe ends.
  • the pipe ends have a larger wall thickness than the pipe middle part, which is rolled towards the end. If this wall thickness exceeds the permissible tolerance limit, these end sections must be scooped from the finished pipe.
  • a measure of the size of the increase in wall thickness at the pipe ends is the difference between those acting in the stationary and those in the non-steady state
  • end losses can be kept small if, by means of targeted changes in the drive motor speeds of the stretch-reducing mill, tension and deformation states are set at the pipe ends that are close to the stationary forming conditions. If in the run-in and run-out phase of the rolling process the tensile stress acting on the pipe ends is increased by increasing the speed ratios and thus counteracting the increase in the wall thickness beyond the tolerance measure, the material losses caused by end thickening can be reduced.
  • the tensile stress advances are calculated in such a way that a maximum possible tensile stress is determined, whereby care must be taken to ensure that a pipe section which has not yet thickened is not subjected to higher tensile stresses than the stationary ones, because otherwise the pipe wall thicknesses produced under stationary forming conditions fell below can be.
  • Speed ratios can be set.
  • the proposal of the invention sets a targeted thickening of the wall due to the reduced speed ratios compared to the stationary rolling condition, i.e. on the one hand the increase in tensile stress is localized and better adapted to the area of the wall thickening and on the other hand a possible inadmissible wall thinning in the area between the thickened pipe end and the good pipe is compensated again.
  • impermissible wall thinning can be avoided and thus even higher speed ratios can be set, so that the thickened ends can be shortened.
  • the method according to the invention can be used both for group superimposition drives and for individual drives, there is a particular advantage that the disadvantage of the electric single drive, that at the front end of the pipe due to a drop in speed due to shock loading, can cause an increased loss of ends, by means of the new speed control method being avoided with relatively simple means.
  • FIG. 1 shows the roll speed curve over the pipe length
  • FIG. 2 shows the tension curve over the pipe length
  • FIG. 3 shows the course of the pipe wall thickness in the transition area between the good pipe and the thickened end

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Control Of Metal Rolling (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for minimizing thickened ends during the rolling of tubes in a stretch-reducing mill by means of a change in time of the torque of individual driven roll stands when the tube front end and the tube rear end run through the stretch-reducing mill, so that the tube ends are rolled with higher roll speeds than the steady-state speeds. At the same time, lower roll speeds than the steady-state roll speeds are set between the steady-state and the increased roll speeds.

Description

Verfahren zur Minimierung verdickter Enden beim Walzen von Rohren in einem StreckreduzierwalzwerkProcess for minimizing thickened ends when rolling pipes in a stretch-reducing mill
Beschreibungdescription
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Minimierung verdickter Enden beim Walzen von Rohren in einem Streckreduzierwalzwerk durch eine zeitliche Änderung des Drehmomentes einzelner angetriebener Walzgerüste beim Durchlauf des Rohranfanges bzw. des Rohrendes durch das Streckreduzierwalzwerk, so daß die Rohrenden mit größeren als den stationären Verhältnissen der Walzendrehzahl gewalzt werden.The invention relates to a method for minimizing thickened ends when rolling pipes in a stretch-reducing mill by changing the torque of individual driven roll stands over time when the pipe start or end passes through the stretch-reducing mill, so that the pipe ends are rolled with greater than the stationary ratios of the roll speed become.
Die hohen Längszugspannungen beim Streckreduzieren von Rohren verstärken das Auftreten sogenannter "verdickter Enden", mit denen man die infolge verminderter wirksamer Streckung an den Rohrenden auftretenden Bereiche bezeichnet. DieThe high longitudinal tensile stresses when reducing the stretch of pipes increase the occurrence of so-called "thickened ends", which are used to denote the areas which occur at the pipe ends as a result of reduced effective stretching. The
Ursache für die gegenüber dem Rohrmittelteil geringere Streckung der Rohrenden besteht darin, daß die für den stationären- Betriebszustand ausgelegten Walzendrehzahlverhältnisse im allgemeinen nicht groß genug sind, um physikalisch maximale Zugspannungen an den Rohrenden aufzubauen. Die Rohrenden weisen gegenüber dem stationär gewalzten Rohrmittelteil eine größere, zum Rohrende hin zunehmende Wanddicke auf. Wenn diese Wanddicke die zulässige Toleranzgrenze überschreitet, müssen diese Endabschnitte vom Fertigrohr geschöpft werden.The reason for the lower stretching of the pipe ends compared to the pipe middle part is that the roller speed ratios designed for the stationary operating state are generally not large enough to build up physically maximum tensile stresses at the pipe ends. The pipe ends have a larger wall thickness than the pipe middle part, which is rolled towards the end. If this wall thickness exceeds the permissible tolerance limit, these end sections must be scooped from the finished pipe.
Ein Maß für die Größe der Wanddickenzunahme an den Rohrenden ist die Differenz zwischen den im stationären und den im instationären Zustand wirkendenA measure of the size of the increase in wall thickness at the pipe ends is the difference between those acting in the stationary and those in the non-steady state
Zugspannungen in jedem einzelnen Umformschritt, d.h. in jedem Gerüst. Aufgrund unterschiedlicher Entstehungsvorgänge unterscheiden sich die Wanddickenverläufe an dem - in Walzrichtung gesehen - vorderen und dem hinteren Rohrabschnitt; sie bestehen im wesentlichen in der Wanddicke, dem Wanddickenverlauf und der Länge des Bereichs mit erhöhter Wanddicke. Die verdickten, außerhalb der Toleranz liegenden Rohrenden werden abgetrennt, das bedeutet Ausschuß, der die Produktivität deutlich senken kann. Es mußten deshalb Methoden erarbeitet werden, mit denen das Entstehen der verdickten Rohrenden verhindert oder wenigstens so minimiert werden konnten, dass die Endenverluste so klein wie möglich blieben.Tensile stresses in every single forming step, ie in every stand. Due to different development processes, the wall thickness profiles at the front and the rear pipe section - seen in the rolling direction - differ; they consist essentially of the wall thickness, the course of the wall thickness and the length of the area with increased wall thickness. The thickened pipe ends outside the tolerance are cut off, which means rejects, which can significantly reduce productivity. Therefore, methods had to be developed with which the formation of the thickened pipe ends could be prevented or at least minimized so that the end losses remained as small as possible.
Es hat sich gezeigt, dass Endenverluste klein gehalten werden können, wenn durch gezielte Änderungen der Antriebsmotordrehzahlen des Streckreduzierwalzwerkes an den Rohrenden Spannungs- und Formänderungszustände eingestellt werden, die nah an den stationären Umformbedingungen liegen. Wenn in der Ein- und Auslaufphase des Walzprozesses die auf die Rohrenden wirkende Zugspannung durch Erhöhung der Drehzahlverhältnisse erhöht und so der Vergrößerung der Wanddicke über das Toleranzmaß hinaus entgegengewirkt wird, so können die durch Endenverdickungen bedingten Materialverluste vermindert werden. Die Zugspannungsvorläufe werden in bekannten Rohrendensteuerungen so berechnet, daß eine maximal mögliche Zugspannung ermittelt wird, wobei darauf zu achten ist, daß ein noch nicht verdickter Rohrabschnitt nicht unter höheren als den stationären Zugspannungen beaufschlagt wird, weil sonst am Fertigrohr die unter stationären Umformbedingungen erzeugten Rohrwanddicken unterschritten werden können.It has been shown that end losses can be kept small if, by means of targeted changes in the drive motor speeds of the stretch-reducing mill, tension and deformation states are set at the pipe ends that are close to the stationary forming conditions. If in the run-in and run-out phase of the rolling process the tensile stress acting on the pipe ends is increased by increasing the speed ratios and thus counteracting the increase in the wall thickness beyond the tolerance measure, the material losses caused by end thickening can be reduced. In known pipe end controls, the tensile stress advances are calculated in such a way that a maximum possible tensile stress is determined, whereby care must be taken to ensure that a pipe section which has not yet thickened is not subjected to higher tensile stresses than the stationary ones, because otherwise the pipe wall thicknesses produced under stationary forming conditions fell below can be.
Um eine Drehzahländerung durchführen zu können, ist allerdings ein schnelles, hinsichtlich der Walzendrehzahl individuell regelbares Antriebssystem erforderlich. Als Antrieb kommen sowohl Gruppenüberlagerungsantriebe mit geeigneter Gruppenaufteilung als auch Einzelantriebe in Frage.In order to be able to change the speed, however, a fast drive system that can be individually regulated with regard to the roller speed is required. Both group overlay drives with suitable group distribution and individual drives can be considered as drives.
Bei den bekannten Verfahren wird speziell am vorderen Rohrende, das verglichen mit dem hinteren Rohrende kurz ist, eine nur geringe Verkürzung der verdickten Enden erzielt; denn die Erhöhung der Drehzahlverhältnisse ist durch die auftretende unzulässige Wandverdünnungen zwischen dem Gutrohrbereich und den verdickten Enden begrenzt. Eine engere Lokalisierung der Zugspannungserhöhung durch eine geringere Anzahl der an der Drehzahlerhöhung beteiligten Gerüste wäre notwendig, zumal eine effektive Beeinflußung der Endverdickung während der Einlaufphasen nur in einer begrenzten Anzahl einlaufseitig angeordneter Gerüste möglich ist. Mit den bekannten Drehzahländerungsverfahren ist aber eine Reduzierung der beteiligten Gerüste nicht möglich, weil mit kleineren Gerüstanzahlen weniger Zugspannung aufgebracht werden kann.In the known methods, especially at the front tube end, which is short compared to the rear tube end, the thickened ends are only slightly shortened; because the increase in the speed ratio is limited by the impermissible wall thinning that occurs between the pipe section and the thickened ends. A closer localization of the tension increase by a smaller number of the stands involved in the speed increase would be necessary, especially since an effective influence on the final thickening during the running-in phases is only possible in a limited number of stands arranged on the entry side. With the known speed change methods, however, there is a reduction in those involved Scaffolding not possible because less tensile stress can be applied with smaller numbers of scaffolding.
Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung ist es, den Effekt der bekannten Rohrendensteuerung zu erhöhen und zu lokalisieren, um das Auftreten verdickterThe object of the present invention is to increase and localize the effect of the known pipe end control in order to thicken the occurrence
Rohrenden weiter zu minimieren oder zu verhindern.To further minimize or prevent pipe ends.
Zur Lösung der Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß eine Verbesserung des bekannten Verfahrens vorgeschlagen, das dadurch gekennzeichnet ist, daß zwischen den stationären und erhöhten Drehzahlverhältnissen kleinere als die stationärenTo solve the problem, an improvement of the known method is proposed according to the invention, which is characterized in that between the stationary and increased speed ratios smaller than the stationary
Drehzahlverhältnisse eingestellt werden. Durch den Vorschlag der Erfindung wird durch die gegenüber dem stationären Walzzustand verringerten Drehzahlverhältnisse eine gezielte Wandverdickung eingestellt, d.h. es wird einerseits die Zugspannungserhöhung lokalisiert und besser an den Bereich der Wandverdickung angepaßt und andererseits eine mögliche unzulässige Wandverdünnung im Bereich zwischen verdicktem Rohrende und Gutrohr wieder ausgeglichen. Mit Hilfe der erfindungsgemäßen Drehzahländerungsmethode können unzulässige Wandverdünnungen vermieden und damit noch größere Drehzahlverhältnisse eingestellt werden, so daß sich eine Verkürzung der verdickten Enden erreichen läßt.Speed ratios can be set. The proposal of the invention sets a targeted thickening of the wall due to the reduced speed ratios compared to the stationary rolling condition, i.e. on the one hand the increase in tensile stress is localized and better adapted to the area of the wall thickening and on the other hand a possible inadmissible wall thinning in the area between the thickened pipe end and the good pipe is compensated again. With the aid of the speed change method according to the invention, impermissible wall thinning can be avoided and thus even higher speed ratios can be set, so that the thickened ends can be shortened.
Obwohl das erfindunggemäße Verfahren sowohl bei Gruppenüberlagerungsantrieben als auch bei Einzelantrieben anwendbar ist, besteht ein besonderer Vorteil darin, daß der Nachteil des Elektroeinzelantriebes, am vorderen Rohrende wegen Drehzahleinbruchs infolge Stoßbelastung einen erhöhten Endenverlust hervorzurufen, durch die neue Drehzahlsteuerungsmethode mit relativ einfachen Mitteln vermieden werden kann.Although the method according to the invention can be used both for group superimposition drives and for individual drives, there is a particular advantage that the disadvantage of the electric single drive, that at the front end of the pipe due to a drop in speed due to shock loading, can cause an increased loss of ends, by means of the new speed control method being avoided with relatively simple means.
Die Erfindung wird anhand von drei Diagrammen grafisch dargestellt und erläutert. Es zeigt:The invention is illustrated and explained graphically using three diagrams. It shows:
Figur 1 den Walzendrehzahlverlauf über der Rohrlänge,FIG. 1 shows the roll speed curve over the pipe length,
Figur 2 den Zugspannungsverlauf über der Rohrlänge, und Figur 3 den Verlauf der Rohrwanddicke im Übergangsbereich zwischen Gutrohr und verdicktem Ende,Figure 2 shows the tension curve over the pipe length, and FIG. 3 shows the course of the pipe wall thickness in the transition area between the good pipe and the thickened end,
In allen drei Zeichnungsfiguren wird der Kurvenverlauf des Standes der Technik gestrichelt dargestellt, der der Erfindung ist in durchgezogener Linie gezeichnet. Der stationäre Zustand des Streckreduzierwalzwerkes ist gepunktet dargestellt.In all three drawing figures, the curve of the prior art is shown in dashed lines, that of the invention is drawn in a solid line. The steady state of the stretch-reducing mill is shown with dots.
In der Figur 1 ist zu erkennen, daß die Walzendrehzahlen des stationären Zustandes vereinfacht einer linear ansteigenden Geraden folgen und daß beim Einlaufen des Rohrendes die Drehzahlverhältnisse n1 erhöht werden. Gleichzeitig lokalisiert sich dieIn FIG. 1 it can be seen that the roller speeds of the stationary state follow a linearly increasing straight line in a simplified manner and that the speed ratios n1 are increased when the pipe end runs in. At the same time, the
Zugspannungserhöhung z1 in Figur 2 durch eine geringere Anzahl der an der Drehzahlerhöhung beteiligten Gerüste, woraus sich der Wanddickenverlauf ergibt, der in Figur 3 gestrichelt dargestellt ist. Erkennbar ist, daß im Bereich zwischen den verdickten Enden (rechts in Figur 3) und dem Bereich des Gutrohres (links in Figur 3) ein Rohrabschnitt entsteht, bei dem der Wanddickenverlauf unterhalb der Toleranzgrenze zu erkennen ist.The tensile stress increase z1 in FIG. 2 due to a smaller number of the stands involved in the speed increase, which results in the wall thickness profile, which is shown in dashed lines in FIG. 3. It can be seen that in the area between the thickened ends (on the right in FIG. 3) and the area of the gutter pipe (on the left in FIG. 3) a pipe section is formed in which the wall thickness curve below the tolerance limit can be seen.
Stellt man nun erfindungsgemäß zwischen den erhöhten Drehzahlverhältnissen und den stationären Drehzahlverhältnissen kleinere als die stationären Drehzahlverhältnisse ein, wie dies in der Zeichnungsfigur 1 mit der durchgezogenenIf, according to the invention, one now sets between the increased speed ratios and the stationary speed ratios smaller than the stationary speed ratios, as is shown in FIG. 1 with the solid one
Linie dargestellt ist, so wird einerseits die Zugspannungserhöhung lokalisiert, wie bei z2 in Figur 2 zu erkennen ist, und diese damit besser an den Bereich der Wandverdickung angepaßt. Gleichzeitig wird, wie die durchgezogene Kurve in Figur 3 zeigt, eine möglicherweise unzulässige Wandverdünnung im Bereich zwischen dem verdickten Rohrende und dem Gutrohr wieder ausgeglichen, so daß unzulässige Wandverdünnungen vermieden werden. Auf diese Weise können noch größere Drehzahlverhältnisse eingestellt werden, woraus sich eine Verkürzung der verdickten Rohrenden ergibt, wie in Figur 3 mit der Länge 11 und der Länge 12 sichtbar gemacht wurde, wobei 12 < 11 ist. Line is shown, on the one hand the increase in tensile stress is localized, as can be seen at z2 in FIG. 2, and thus better adapted to the area of the wall thickening. At the same time, as the solid curve in FIG. 3 shows, a possibly impermissible wall thinning in the area between the thickened pipe end and the good pipe is compensated for, so that impermissible wall thinning is avoided. In this way, even larger speed ratios can be set, which results in a shortening of the thickened pipe ends, as was made visible in FIG. 3 with the length 11 and the length 12, where 12 <11.

Claims

PatentanspruchClaim
Verfahren zur Minimierung verdickter Enden beim Walzen von Rohren in einem Streckreduzierwalzwerkes durch eine zeitliche Änderung des Drehmomentes einzelner angetriebener Walzgerüste beim Durchlauf des Rohranfanges bzw. des Rohrendes durch das Streckreduzierwalzwerk, so dass die Rohrenden mit größeren als den stationären Verhältnissen der Walzendrehzahlen gewalzt werden dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß zwischen den stationären und den erhöhten Drehzahlverhältnissen kleinere als die stationären Drehzahlverhältnisse eingestellt werden. Process for minimizing thickened ends when rolling pipes in a stretch-reducing mill by changing the torque of individual driven rolling stands over time as the pipe start or end passes through the stretch-reducing mill, so that the pipe ends are rolled with greater than the stationary ratios of the roll speeds, characterized in that that between the stationary and the increased speed ratios are set smaller than the stationary speed ratios.
EP99936250A 1998-08-31 1999-05-11 Method for minimizing thickened ends during the rolling of pipes in a stretch reducing mill Expired - Lifetime EP1109634B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19840864A DE19840864C1 (en) 1998-08-31 1998-08-31 Method for reducing the length of thickened ends when rolling pipes in a stretch reduction rolling mill
DE19840864 1998-08-31
PCT/DE1999/001459 WO2000012237A1 (en) 1998-08-31 1999-05-11 Method for minimizing thickened ends during the rolling of pipes in a stretch reducing mill

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1109634A1 true EP1109634A1 (en) 2001-06-27
EP1109634B1 EP1109634B1 (en) 2002-11-27

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EP99936250A Expired - Lifetime EP1109634B1 (en) 1998-08-31 1999-05-11 Method for minimizing thickened ends during the rolling of pipes in a stretch reducing mill

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US (1) US6526792B1 (en)
EP (1) EP1109634B1 (en)
JP (1) JP3794923B2 (en)
CN (1) CN1144630C (en)
AT (1) ATE228400T1 (en)
AU (1) AU5147599A (en)
CZ (1) CZ300083B6 (en)
DE (1) DE19840864C1 (en)
ES (1) ES2183589T3 (en)
RU (1) RU2224607C2 (en)
UA (1) UA67792C2 (en)
WO (1) WO2000012237A1 (en)

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DE10332221B4 (en) * 2003-07-16 2006-05-11 Benteler Stahl/Rohr Gmbh Method for minimizing thickened ends during rolling of rolled products
CN100455369C (en) * 2005-06-30 2009-01-28 宝山钢铁股份有限公司 Feed forward control method for wall thickness of tension reducing machine
DE102017220750A1 (en) 2017-11-21 2019-05-23 Sms Group Gmbh Device for controlling a draft-reducing mill
CN108555033B (en) * 2018-04-09 2019-11-12 北京科技大学 Steel pipe thickens the control method of segment length minimization when a kind of stretch-reducing mill rolls
CN109047335A (en) * 2018-06-11 2018-12-21 黑龙江建龙化工有限公司 Steel pipe sizes outer diameter control method

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DE1652543A1 (en) * 1968-03-02 1972-02-03 Demag Ag Stretch-reducing mill
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DE3028211C2 (en) * 1980-07-25 1986-10-16 Kocks Technik Gmbh & Co, 4010 Hilden Rolling mill for reducing the stretching of tubes
DE3601693A1 (en) * 1986-01-17 1987-07-23 Mannesmann Ag ROLLING MILL FOR TUBE REDUCTION
US4984444A (en) * 1989-04-26 1991-01-15 Franceschina Louis E Method of reducing tubular products
IT1237199B (en) * 1989-11-17 1993-05-26 Ettore Cernuschi STEEL REDUCER REDUCER FOR PIPES.
RU2015755C1 (en) * 1991-05-23 1994-07-15 Всероссийский научно-исследовательский, проектно-конструкторский и технологический институт кабельной промышленности Method for cold reduction in cross-sectional area of welded pipe products
JP3316979B2 (en) * 1992-11-30 2002-08-19 住友金属工業株式会社 Pipe rolling method and apparatus used for its implementation
DE4446659C1 (en) * 1994-12-16 1996-07-25 Mannesmann Ag Working method for producing pipe in drawing roller

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Title
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Publication number Publication date
WO2000012237A1 (en) 2000-03-09
CN1315887A (en) 2001-10-03
EP1109634B1 (en) 2002-11-27
JP2002523243A (en) 2002-07-30
UA67792C2 (en) 2004-07-15
RU2224607C2 (en) 2004-02-27
DE19840864C1 (en) 1999-07-29
AU5147599A (en) 2000-03-21
JP3794923B2 (en) 2006-07-12
CZ2001754A3 (en) 2001-09-12
US6526792B1 (en) 2003-03-04
ATE228400T1 (en) 2002-12-15
CN1144630C (en) 2004-04-07
ES2183589T3 (en) 2003-03-16
CZ300083B6 (en) 2009-01-28

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