Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
  • A61K31/35—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having six-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/351—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having six-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with another ring

Definitions

• This invention relates to the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). More specifically, this invention is directed to methods for treating or preventing IBD using furan nitrone compounds. This invention is also directed to pharmaceutical compositions containing furan nitrone compounds which are useful for the treatment or prophylaxis of IBD.
• IBD inflammatory bowel disease
• IBD inflammatory bowel disease
• GI tract gastrointestinal tract
• IBD chronic inflammatory disorders of unknown causes involving the gastrointestinal tract
• UC ulcerative colitis
• CD Crohn's disease
• CD differs from UC in that the inflammation extends through all layers of the intestinal wall and involves mesentery as well as lymph nodes.
• CD may affect any part of the alimentary canal from mouth to anus. The disease is often discontinuous, i.e., severely diseased segments of bowel are separated from apparently disease-free areas. In CD, the bowel wall also thickens which can lead to obstructions. In addition, fistulas and fissures are not uncommon.
• IBD is characterized by diverse manifestations often resulting in a chronic, unpredictable course. Bloody diarrhea and abdominal pain are often accompanied by fever and weight loss. Anemia is not uncommon, as is severe fatigue. Joint manifestations ranging from arthralgia to acute arthritis as well as abnormalities in liver function are commonly associated with IBD. Patients with IBD also have an increased risk of colon carcinomas compared to the general population. During acute "attacks" of IBD, work and other normal activity are usually impossible, and often a patient is hospitalized.
• IBD Inflammatory bowel syndrome
• the least toxic agents which patients are typically treated with are the aminosalicylates.
• Sulfasalazine (Azulfidine), typically administered four times a day, consists of an active molecule of aminosalicylate (5-ASA) which is linked by an azo bond to a sulfapyridine. Anaerobic bacteria in the colon split the azo bond to release active 5-ASA.
• 5-ASA aminosalicylate
• corticosteroids Patients who do not respond to 5-ASA therapy, or who have a more severe disease, are prescribed corticosteroids. However, this is a short term therapy and cannot be used as a maintenance therapy. Clinical remission is achieved with corticosteroids within 2-4 weeks, however the side effects are significant and include a Cushing goldface, facial hair, severe mood swings and sleeplessness. The response to sulfasalazine and 5-aminosalicylate preparations is poor in Crohn's disease, fair to mild in early ulcerative colitis and poor in severe ulcerative colitis.
• Oxygen-derived free radicals such as HO» the superoxide anion and other reactive oxygen species such as HOC1 have emerged as a common pathway of tissue injury in a wide variety of diseases whose underlying cause is an inappropriately vigorous and sustained immune response (failure to control or down regulate response to the initial, appropriate stimulus).
• diseases in addition to IBD and arthritis, where this mechanism appear to be the operative cause are ARDS, septic shock, asthma, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, uveitis, etc.
• both a cytokine-mediated immune response and a nonspecific inflammatory cascade are involved in the primary inappropriate response with both responses mediated through active oxygen species (oxidative stress).
• the inappropriate secondary response, also mediated through oxidative stress may involve tissue damaging oxidation by neutrophils and tissue macrophages.
• NRTs nitrone-related therapeutics
• PBN ⁇ -phenyl-t-butyl nitrone
• NRTs represent a new category of therapeutics with the inherent capacity to overcome the shortcomings of other previously studied compounds.
• NRTs such as PBN are believed to trap free radicals (R») by adding the radical to form a more unreactive nitroxyl free radical.
• Nitrones were first used as analytical tools capable of reacting with highly reactive radicals to yield free radical adducts that are much less reactive. In many cases, the free radical/nitrone adduct complex is stable enough to allow in vivo isolation and quantitation using electron spin resonance (ESR).
• ESR electron spin resonance
• the concept of using nitrones as therapeutics in, for example, neurodegenerative diseases resulted from the observations that nitrones, such as PBN, trap reactive oxygen species and/or secondary free radicals following ischemia. The therapeutic effects of nitrones may result because the nitrones convert highly reactive radicals into much less reactive products.
• Certain NRTs have been shown to protect experimental animals from ischemia/reperfusion injury (stroke). NRTs, administered chronically, reverse the age-associated increase in oxidatively damaged protein and the age-associated decrease in the activity of the oxidative- sensitive enzyme, glutamine synthetase, in the brain.
• NRT-mediated changes in oxidized protein and glutamine synthetase activity is a significant improvement in the performance of animals in behavioral tests measuring short-term spatial memory.
• prototype NRTs mitigate the effects of this inflammatory cascade in a number of in vivo models.
• PBN has also been shown to increase the life span of senescence-accelerated mice by one third, perhaps by mitigating free radical damage.
• PBN has also been shown to block inducible nitric oxide synthetase (“iNOS”), the enzyme responsible for producing large amounts of the highly damaging NO* .
• iNOS inducible nitric oxide synthetase
• PBN can both trap HO* and suppress formation of NO * , potentially neutralizing the effects of the two agents considered to be the most damaging to tissue.
• lipophilic analogues have been made with functional group substitutions on either the phenyl ring or the nitronyl nitrogen.
• the alkyl nitrogen substituent has also been varied through the standard straight chain and branched - substituents.
• Nitrone isosteres and related compounds have also targeted and examined for efficacy. This approach has led to various classes of compounds, such as substituted ureas, amides, thioamides, azoxy derivatives, sulphones, and hydroxamic acids.
• some benzamide compounds substantially similar in structure to some nitrones, such as PBN have been shown to have activity in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, HIV dementia, and related conditions.
• TNBS trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid
• NRTs Nitrone Radical Traps
• Trichinella Spiralis Peroxidase Activity in Isolated Cells from the Rat Intestine, Exp. Parasitol, 36: 307-315.
• this invention provides a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment or prophylaxis of inflammatory bowel disease comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and an effective inflammatory bowel disease-treating amount of a compound of formula I:
• R 1 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl of from 4 to 12 carbon atoms, and cycloalkyl of from 3 to 10 carbon atoms;
• Y is hydrogen or a pharmaceutically acceptable cation; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
• R 1 is an alkyl group having from 3 to 8 carbon atoms, or a cycloalkyl group having from 6 to 10 carbon atoms. More preferably, R 1 selected from the group consisting of «-butyl, tert-butyl, n-hexyl, cyclohexyl, and adamantyl.
• Y is hydrogen or a sodium cation.
• this invention provides a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment or prophylaxis of inflammatory bowel disease comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and an effective inflammatory bowel disease-treating amount of a compound selected from the group consisting of:
• Another aspect of this invention is directed to methods for treating a patient suffering from or susceptible to an inflammatory bowel condition. Accordingly, this invention provides a method for treating a patient suffering from or susceptible to an inflammatory bowel condition comprising administering to said patient a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and an effective inflammatory bowel condition-treating amount of a compound of formula I:
• R 1 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl of from 4 to 12 carbon atoms, and cycloalkyl of from 3 to 10 carbon atoms;
• Y is hydrogen or a pharmaceutically acceptable cation; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
• this invention provides a method for treating or preventing inflammatory bowel disease comprising:
• this invention provides a method for treating a patient suffering from or susceptible to an inflammatory bowel condition comprising administering to said patient a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and an effective inflammatory bowel condition-treating amount of a compound selected from the group consisting of:
• the pharmaceutical compositions may be administered orally, parenterally, or rectally.
• the methods of this invention are be effective where the inflammatory bowel condition is ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease.
• the pharmaceutical composition is preferably administered as an oral dose in an amount of from 0.1 to about 150 mg/kg of patient weight. In another embodiment of the above methods, the pharmaceutical composition is preferably administered intravenously in an amount of from about 0.01 mg/kg/hour to about 100 mg/kg/hour of patient weight for at least about 1 hour.
• the pharmaceutical composition is preferably administered rectally in an amount of from 1 to about 150 mg/kg of patient weight.
• this invention is also directed to novel amide compounds. Accordingly, this invention is directed to the following compound:
• the treatment methods and pharmaceutical compositions of this invention employ one or more furan nitrones as the active agent.
• N-cyclohexyl- ⁇ -(2-sulfofuran-5-yl)nitrone has the formula:
• the furan nitrones of this invention may contain one or more chiral centers.
• such compounds will be prepared as a racemic mixture.
• such compounds can be prepared or isolated as pure stereoisomers, i.e., as individual enantiomers or diastereomers, or as stereoisomer-enriched mixtures. All such stereoisomers (and enriched mixtures) of the furan nitrones of formula I are included within the scope of this invention.
• Pure stereoisomers (or enriched mixtures) may be prepared using, for example, optically active starting materials or stereoselective reagents well known in the art.
• racemic mixtures of such compounds can be separated using, for example, chiral column chromatography, chiral resolving agents and the like.
• all geometric isomers of the nitrone compounds of formula I are included within the scope of this invention including, for example, all isomers (i.e., E and Z isomers) of the carbon-nitrogen double bond of the nitrone functionality.
• Alkoxy refers to "alkyl-O-" groups preferably having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms in the alkyl group, more preferably, 1 to 8 carbon atoms.
• Preferred alkoxy groups include, by way of example, methoxy, ethoxy, n- propoxy, isopropoxy, rc-butoxy, tert-butoxy, sec-butoxy, n-pentoxy, n-hexoxy, 1,2-dimethylbutoxy, and the like.
• Alkoxy carbonyl refers to the group “-C(O)OR” where R is alkyl.
• Alkyl refers to monovalent alkyl groups preferably having from 1 to about 12 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 8 carbon atoms and still more preferably 1 to 6 carbon atoms. This term is exemplified by groups such as methyl, ethyl, z-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, n-hexyl, n-octyl, tert-octyl and the like.
• the term “lower alkyl” refers to alkyl groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
• Alkylene refers to divalent alkylene groups preferably having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms and more preferably 1 to 6 carbon atoms which can be straight chain or branched. This term is exemplified by groups such as methylene (-CH 2 -), ethylene (-CH 2 CH ), the propylene isomers (e.g., -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 - and -CH(CH 3 )CH ; -) and the like.
• Aminocarbonyl refers to the group “-C(O)NRR” where each R is independently hydrogen or alkyl, aralkyl or cycloalkyl.
• Alkyl refers to "aryl-alkylene-" groups preferably having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms in the alkylene moiety and from 6 to 14 carbon atoms in the aryl moiety. Such aralkyl groups are exemplified by benzyl, phenethyl, and the like.
• Aryl refers to an unsaturated aromatic carbocyclic group of from 6 to 14 carbon atoms having a single ring (e.g., phenyl) or multiple condensed rings (e.g., naphthyl or anthryl).
• Preferred aryls include phenyl, naphthyl and the like. Unless otherwise indicated, such aryl groups can optionally be substituted with from 1 to 5 substituents, preferably 1 to 3 substituents, selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, carboxyl, cyano, halo, hydroxy, nitro, thioalkoxy and the like.
• Carboxyl refers to the group “-C(O)OH” and salts thereof.
• Cyano refers to the group "-CN”.
• Cycloalkyl refers to cyclic alkyl groups of from 3 to 10 carbon atoms having a single cyclic ring or multiple condensed rings which can be optionally substituted with from 1 to 3 alkyl groups.
• Such cycloalkyl groups include, by way of example, single ring structures such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclooctyl, 1-methylcyclopropyl, 2-methylcyclopentyl, 2-methylcyclooctyl, and the like, or multiple ring structures such as adamantanyl, and the like.
• Halo or halogen refers to fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo.
• Niro refers to the group “-NO 2 ".
• Thioalkoxy or "alkylthioether” refers to "alkyl-S-" groups.
• Preferred thioalkoxy groups include, by way of example, thiomethoxy, thioethoxy, n- thiopropoxy, isothiopropoxy, H-thiobutoxy and the like.
• “Pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to salts which are acceptable for administration to mammals including, by way of illustration, alkali and alkaline earth metal salts and addition salts of free acids and amines. Such pharmaceutically acceptable salts may be derived from a variety of organic and inorganic counter-ions well known in the art and include, by way of example only, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, ammonium, tetraalkylammonium, and the like; and when the molecule contains a basic functionality, salts of organic or inorganic acids, such as hydrochloride, hydrobromide, tartrate, mesylate, acetate, maleate, oxalate and the like.
• pharmaceutically acceptable cation refers to a pharmaceutically acceptable cationic counterion of an acidic functional group. Such cations are exemplified by sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, ammonium, tetraalkylammonium cations, and the like.
• the furan nitrone compounds of this invention can be prepared from readily available starting materials using the following general methods and procedures. It will be appreciated that where typical or preferred process conditions (i.e., reaction temperatures, times, mole ratios of reactants, solvents, pressures, etc.) are given, other process conditions can also be used unless otherwise stated. Optimum reaction conditions may vary with the particular reactants or solvent used, but such conditions can be determined by one skilled in the art by routine optimization procedures.
• R 1 is as defined above, under conventional reaction conditions.
• the coupling reaction is typically conducted by contacting the sulfonated furan carboxaldehyde II with at least one equivalent, preferably about 1.1 to about 2 equivalents, of hydroxylamine III in an inert polar solvent such as methanol, ethanol, 1,4-dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, dimethylsulfoxide, dimethylformamide and the like.
• This reaction is preferably conducted at a temperature of from about 0°C to about 100°C for about 1 to about 48 hours.
• a catalytic amount of an acid such as acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, -toluenesulfonic acid and the like, may be employed in this reaction.
• the sulfonate group when conducting the coupling reaction, is preferably converted into a suitable salt, such as the lithium, sodium or potassium salt, prior to contacting the hydroxylamine with the sulfonated furan carboxaldehyde compound.
• a suitable salt such as the lithium, sodium or potassium salt
• the sulfonate group is readily converted into the corresponding salt by contacting the sulfonate with at least one equivalent of a suitable base, such as lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydride and the like.
• the furan nitrone of formula I is recovered by conventional methods including precipitation, chromatography, filtration, distillation and the like.
• 5-Formyl-2-furansulfonic acid employed in the coupling reaction is commercially available as the sodium salt hydrate from Aldrich Chemical Company, Milwaukee, WI 53233. Alternatively, this material can be prepared from commercially available starting materials using conventional procedures and reagents.
• the hydroxylamine compounds of formula III above are also known compounds or compounds which can be prepared from known compounds by conventional procedures.
• the hydroxylamine compounds of formula III are prepared by reducing the corresponding nitro compound (i.e., R 1 -NO 2 , wherein R 1 is as defined above) using a suitable catalyst such as an activated zinc/acetic acid catalyst, activated zinc/ammonium chloride or an aluminum/mercury amalgam catalyst.
• a suitable catalyst such as an activated zinc/acetic acid catalyst, activated zinc/ammonium chloride or an aluminum/mercury amalgam catalyst.
• This reaction is typically conducted at a temperature ranging from about 15 °C to about 100°C for about 0.5 to 12 hours, preferably about 2 to 6 hours, in an aqueous reaction media, such as an alcohol/water mixture in the case of the zinc catalyst or an ether/water mixture in the case of the aluminum amalgam catalyst.
• Aliphatic nitro compounds in the form of their salts
• hydroxylamines have limited stability, such compounds are generally prepared immediately prior to reaction with the sulfonated furan carboxaldehyde II.
• hydroxylamines can often be stored (or purchased commercially) as their hydrochloride salts.
• the free hydroxylamine is typically generated immediately prior to reaction with the furan carbonyl compound by reaction of the hydrochloride salt with a suitable base, such as sodium hydroxide, sodium methoxide and the like.
• Preferred hydroxylamines for use in this invention include, but are not limited to,, N- «-butylhydroxylamine, N-tert-butylhydroxylamine, N-n- hexylhydroxy lamine , N-cyclohexy lhydroxy lamine , N-adamanty lhydroxy lamine and the like.
• the furan nitrones employed in this invention are typically administered in the form of a pharmaceutical composition.
• Such compositions can be prepared using procedures well known in the pharmaceutical art and comprise at least one active compound.
• the compounds of this invention are administered in a pharmaceutically effective amount.
• the amount of the compound actually administered will typically be determined by a physician, in the light of the relevant circumstances, including the condition to be treated, the chosen route of administration, the actual compound administered, the age, weight, and response of the individual patient, the severity of the patient's symptoms, and the like.
• the furan nitrone compound(s) is typically formulated into a pharmaceutical composition suitable for oral, parenteral (e.g. intravenous or intramuscular injection), or rectal (e.g. suppository) administration.
• the compositions for oral administration can take the form of liquid solutions or suspensions, powders, tablets, capsules or the like.
• the furan nitrone of formula I is usually a minor component (0.1 to about 50% by weight) with the remainder being various vehicles or carriers and processing aids helpful for forming the desired dosing form.
• a liquid form may include a suitable aqueous or nonaqueous vehicle with buffers, suspending dispensing agents, colorants, flavors and the like.
• a solid form may include, for example, any of the following ingredients, or compounds of a similar nature: a binder such as microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin; an excipient such as starch or lactose; a disintegrating agent such as alginic acid, Primogel, or corn starch; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate; a glidant such as colloidal silicon dioxide; a sweetening agent such as sucrose or saccharin; or a flavoring agent such as peppermint, sugar, methyl salicylate, or orange flavoring.
• a binder such as microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin
• an excipient such as starch or lactose
• a disintegrating agent such as alginic acid, Primogel, or corn starch
• a lubricant such as magnesium stearate
• a glidant such as colloidal silicon dioxide
• a sweetening agent such as sucrose or saccharin
• Injectable compositions are commonly based upon injectable sterile saline or phosphate-buffered saline or other injectable carriers known in the art. Again, the active furan nitrone is typically a minor component, often being from about 0.05 to 10% by weight, with the remainder being the injectable carrier and the like.
• Rectal administration is usually by suppository.
• Suppositories are generally made with a base component of cocoa butter, glycerinated gelatin, hydrogenated vegetable oils, mixtures of polyethylene glycols of various molecular weights, or fatty acid esters of polyethylene glycol.
• the active furan nitrone is usually a minor component, often from about 0.05 to 20% by weight, with the remainder being the base component.
• the components for orally administrable, injectable compositions and suppositories are merely representative. Other materials as well as processing techniques and the like are set forth in Part 8 of Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. 18th edition, 1990, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pennsylvania, 18042, which is incorporated herein by reference.
• sustained release forms or from sustained release drug delivery systems.
• sustained release materials can be found in the incorporated materials in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences.
• the conditions treated with the furan nitrone-containing pharmaceutical compositions of this invention generally include IBD and the various symptoms which fall within a definition of IBD.
• the furan nitrone-containing formulations are administered to achieve a therapeutic effect.
• a once-a-day regimen is possible.
• multiple doses such as up to three doses per day, typically, may offer more effective therapy.
• a single dose or a multidose regimen may be used.
• the furan nitrone-containing pharmaceutical composition is administered in such a manner so that compound is delivered into the patient's bloodstream.
• One excellent mode for accomplishing this is intravenous administration.
• Intravenous dose levels for treating IBD range from about 0.01 mg/kg/hour of active furan nitrone to about 100 mg/kg/hour, all for from about 1 to about 120 hours and especially 1 to 96 hours.
• a preloading bolus of from about 50 to about 5000 mg may also be administered to achieve adequate steady state levels.
• Other forms of parenteral administration, such as intramuscular injection can be used, as well. In this case, similar dose levels are employed.
• oral dosing one to three oral doses per day, each from about 0.1 to about 150 mg/kg of active furan nitrone are employed, with preferred doses being from about 0.15 to about 100 mg/kg.
• rectal dosing With rectal dosing, one to three rectal doses per day, each from about 1 to about 150 mg/kg of active furan nitrone are employed, with preferred doses being from about 1 to about 100 mg/kg.
• the health care professional should assess the patient's condition and determine whether or not the patient would benefit from furan nitrone treatment. Some degree of routine dose optimization may be required to determine an optimal doing level and pattern.
• a compound of formula I is admixed as a dry powder with a dry gelatin binder in an approximate 1 :2 weight ratio.
• a minor amount of magnesium stearate is added as a lubricant.
• the mixture is formed into 240-270 mg tablets (80-90 mg of active nitrone compound per tablet) in a tablet press.
• a compound of formula I is admixed as a dry powder with a starch diluent in an approximate 1 :1 weight ratio. The mixture is filled into 250 mg capsules (125 mg of active nitrone compound per capsule).
• a compound of formula I (125 mg), sucrose (1.75 g) and xanthan gum (4 mg) are blended, passed through a No. 10 mesh U.S. sieve, and then mixed with a previously made solution of microcrystalline cellulose and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (11 :89, 50 mg) in water.
• Sodium benzoate (10 mg) flavor, and color are diluted with water and added with stirring. Sufficient water is then added to produce a total volume of 5 mL.
• Formulation 4 Injection
• the compound of formula I is dissolved in a buffered sterile saline injectable aqueous medium to a concentration of approximately 5 mg/mL.
• Example A and B describe the synthesis of intermediates useful for preparing nitrones of this invention; Examples 1-5 describe the synthesis of various nitrones; and the Bioassay Examples describe the testing of such compounds.
• ⁇ g microgram
• ⁇ L microliter
• Zinc dust (648 g) was added in portions to a cooled mixture of 2-methyl-2- nitropropane (503 g) and ammonium chloride (207 g) in deionized water (6 L) at such a rate so as to maintain the temperature below 18 °C.
• the reaction mixture was stirred mechanically for 15 hours and then filtered.
• the solid was washed with hot water (1.75 L).
• the combined filtrate was saturated with potassium carbonate (4.6 Kg) and extracted with ethyl acetate (2 x 1300 mL).
• the organic solution was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and rotary evaporated to give the title compound (329 g, 75.7% yield) as white crystals. This material was used without further purification.
• N-cyclohexylhydroxylamine hydrochloride may be purchased commercially from Aldrich Chemical Company,
• TNBS trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid
• the TNBS model is one of the standard IBD models used in IBD discovery research and it has been extensively evaluated in rodents. See, for example, C. O. Elson et al. (1995), Experimental Models of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Gastroenterology, 109: 1344-1367 and references cited therein.
• a single enema of TNBS induces a prolonged colonic inflammatory response (up to several weeks) that is transmural and is accompanied by oxidative damage as evidenced by an increase in myeloperoxidase (“MPO”) activity.
• MPO myeloperoxidase
• the inflammation is characterized by discrete areas of acute necrosis, inflammation and muscle thickening.
• Agents with anti-inflammatory effects in patients with IBD show efficacy in this model.
• the mechanism by which TNBS induces an inflammatory response is unknown, it is thought to have an immunological basis.
• mice Male Sprague-Dawley rats (200-250 g) were housed in standard cages (2 per cage) and fed rat chow and tap water ad libitum. After an overnight fast, rats were brought into the laboratory and randomized into treatment groups. Colitis was induced by intrarectal administration of 0.5 ml of TNBS solution (50 mg/kg in 50% ethanol) using a 1 mL syringe attached to a 5 cm polyethylene catheter. Control animals received saline (0.9%) or a 1 % methyl cellulose suspension at identical time points.
• TNBS solution 50 mg/kg in 50% ethanol
• the weights of each 5 cm colonic segment were also recorded to assess inflammatory induced edema.
• Each of the test compounds reduced TNBS-induced damage compared to the controls.
• the reduction in TNBS-induced damage ranged from about 25 % to about 44% .
• DSS Dextran Sulfate
• mice Individually housed 30-40 g male Swiss-Webster mice (B & K Universal, Fremont, CA) receive 3% DSS (Sigma Chemicals, St. Louis, MO) in their drinking water for 7 days. All animals receive food and water ad libitum.
• DSS Sigma Chemicals, St. Louis, MO
• mice Two groups of mice are dosed orally with either the test compound in a dosing vehicle (1 % methyl cellulose, dose range of 10 mg/kg to 30 mg/kg) or dosing vehicle alone (control).
• Clinical signs of colitis are assessed by a disease activity index ("DAI") consisting of changes in stool characteristics, fecal occult bleeding and body weight loss.
• DAI disease activity index
• the DAI is very similar to the Crohn's Disease Activity Index used in clinical trials to evaluate new agents to prevent/treat IBD.
• the DAI data are analyzed using Proc Anova in SAS with a Bonferoni post-hoc analysis, and Model 108 in WinNonlinTM (Professional Version 1.5, Scientific Consulting, Apex, NC) for the ED 50 and E max values.
• the wet weight and myeloperoxidase (“MPO”) data (collected only on Day 7) are analyzed by Proc TTest in SAS.
• MPO is a marker for neutrophil infiltration. The following
• mice 8-10/group mice. Animals are dosed orally with either test compound (3, 10 or 30 mg/kg) or vehicle alone. In addition, the following procedure is introduced to evaluate the histology in the animals:
• 0 intact crypt
• 1 loss of 1/3 crypt
• 2 loss of 2/3 crypt
• 3 loss of entire crypt with surface epithelium intact
• 4 loss of entire crypt and erosion of surface epithelium
• 0 normal
• 1 focal inflammatory cell infiltrate including PMNs
• 2 inflammatory cell infiltration
• 3 mucosal ulceration
• Oxidative stress agents are thought to be involved in cell death in IBD and are key initiator in the cascade of events leading to apoptosis.
• the purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of a test compound on cytokine- induced OSA flux.
• OSA Oxidative stress agents
• the dye dihydrodichlorofluorescein diacetate is used. This non-fluorescent dye is taken up by cells and deacetylated to its non- fluorescent congener dihydrodichlorofluorescein (H 2 DCF), which is trapped within cells.
• Reactive oxygen species ROS
• react with H 2 DCF react with H 2 DCF, converting it to the highly fluorescent DCF.
• DCF fluorescence can be measured spectrofluorometrically and can also be visualized in intact cells using fluorescent microscopy.
• SK-N-MC cells (American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, MD) are plated at 250,000 cells/well in 24-well Corning plates. Following plating, the cells are maintained in retinoic acid medium (5 ⁇ M) for five days and then treated with a test compound at 100 ⁇ M for 1 hour prior to TNF- ⁇ (3.0 ng/mL) treatment. TNF- ⁇ and H 2 DCF are added simultaneously and cultures are incubated for an additional 4 hours. Following incubation, cultures are read in a cytofluorometer at 485-530 nm wavelength to detect increased DCF formation. Relative fluorescence units (RFU) values for the respective treatment conditions are compared. In this assay, higher fluorescence readings indicate ROS production. Thus, reductions in fluorescence indicates reduction in ROS production.
• RNU Relative fluorescence units
• This test is used to evaluate the potential of a test compound to prevent TNF- ⁇ induced apoptosis.
• a test compound is evaluated in an in vitro model of TNF- ⁇ induced toxicity (see Pulliam et al. /. Neurosci. Res. 21:521-530 (1998)).
• human brain cell aggregates from fetal tissue are treated with TNF- ⁇ which caused an apoptotic cell death.
• Brain cell aggregates prepared from 1 brain were incubated for 10-12 days before experimentation. Aggregates are weighed out (100 mg/flask) and aliquoted into 10 mL flasks.
• TNF- ⁇ is used at a concentration of 1 ng. The test compound is added 1 hour prior to the TNF- ⁇ .
• Experiments include untreated brain aggregates, TNF- ⁇ -treated brain aggregates, TNF- ⁇ - + test compound treated aggregates and test compound treated aggregates. After TNF- ⁇ is added, aggregates are incubated for an additional 48 h. After this time, brain aggregates are centrifuged for 5 min at 500 rpm. The supernatant is removed and the pellet is lysed for determination of programmed cell death (Boeringer Mannheim Cell Death Kit ELISA) .
• programmed cell death Boeringer Mannheim Cell Death Kit ELISA
• Cytokine-mediated apoptosis or programmed cell death is believed to be involved in a number of diseases including IBD.
• Reductions in bcl-2 are a major signal in initiation of the apoptotic cascade (see Jourd'heuil et al. , J. Clin Gastroenterol. 25(Suppl):S61-S72 (1997)).
• the purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of a test compound on bcl-2 protein levels in a cellular model of cytokine mediated apoptosis.
• SK-N-MC cells (American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, MD) are plated at 500.000 cells/plate and treated with retinoic acid ("RA") (5 ⁇ M) for 5 days. Following RA treatment, the cells are incubated with a test compound (100 ⁇ M) for 1 hour. Cells are then treated with increasing concentrations of TNF- ⁇ (0, 0.3 and 3 ng/mL) for 6 h. The cells are harvested and lysed and bcl- 2 is measured in the lysate using an ELISA assay (Boehringer Manheim). Quantification of bcl-2 is based on a standard curve and results are expressed as units/mL of bcl-2 in the sample.
• RA retinoic acid

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