Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/02—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only
  • C10L1/023—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only for spark ignition
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/04—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons
  • C10L1/06—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons for spark ignition

Definitions

• FUEL COMPOSITION This invention relates to a fuel composition, in particular a gasoline composition for use in motor vehicles.
• the present invention provides an unleaded blend composition having a Motor Octane Number (MON) of at least 80 comprising component (a) at least 5% or preferably at least 8 or 10% (by volume of the total composition) of at least one hydrocarbon having the following formula I
• component (b) at least one saturated liquid aliphatic hydrocarbon having 4 to 12, 4-10 such as 5-10 e.g. 5 - 8 carbon atoms.
• component (b) is contained in at least one of isomerate, alkylate, straight run gasoline, light reformate, light hydrocrackate and aviation alkylate.
• the composition comprises at least one of an olefin (e.g. in amount of 1-30%) and/or at least one aromatic hydrocarbon (e.g. in amount of 1-50%, especially 3-28%) and/or less than 5% of benzene.
• the composition may preferably comprise 10-40% triptane, less
• the composition is usually an unleaded motor gasoline base blend composition.
• the present invention also provides an unleaded fo ⁇ nulated motor gasoline which comprises said base composition and at least one motor gasoline additive.
• R is hydrogen the hydrocarbon is triptane.
• R is methyl the hydrocarbon is 2,2,3 trimethylpentane.
• triptane is especially preferred.
• Triptane and 2,2,3 trimethylpentane may be used individually or in combination with each other, for example, in a weight ratio of 10:90 - 90:10, preferably, 30:70 - 70:30.
• the hydrocarbon of formula I, preferably triptane may be present in amount of 5-95% or 8-90% such as 10-90%, or 15-65% e.g.
• Triptane or 2,2,3 trimethylpentane may be used in a purity of at least 95% but is preferably used as part of a hydrocarbon mixture e.g. with at least 50% of the compound of formula I.
• This mixture may be obtained for example by alkylation of an iso alkane e.g. reaction of propene and iso butane or obtained via distillation of the product of a catalytic cracking reaction to give a C4 fraction containing olefin and hydrocarbon, alkylation to produce a 04.9 especially a Cg.o. fraction which is distilled to give a predominantly Cg fraction, which usually contains trimethyl pentanes including 2,2,3 trimethyl pentane and/or 2,3,3 trimethyl pentane.
• this fraction can be demethylated to give a crude product comprising at least 5% of triptane, which can be distilled to increase the triptane content in the mixture; such a distillate may comprise at least 10% or 20% of triptane and 2,2,3 trimethylpentane but especially at least 50% e.g. 50-90% the rest being predominantly of other aliphatic C7 and C8 hydrocarbons e.g. in amount 10-50% by volume.
• Triptane may be prepared generally as described in Rec. Trav. Chim. 1939, Nol.58 pp 347-348 by J.P.Wibaut et al, which involves reaction of pinacolone with methyl magnesium iodide followed by dehydration (e.g.
• triptene which is hydrogenated e.g. by catalytic hydrogenation to triptane.
• triptane and 2,2,3 trimethylpentane may be used in any commercially available form.
• the invention will be further described with triptane exemplifying the compound of formula I but 2,2,3 trimethylpentane may be used instead or as well.
• the gasoline composition also contains as component (b) at least one liquid saturated hydrocarbon of 5-10 carbons especially predominantly branched chain C 7 or C 8 compounds e.g. iso C 7 or iso C 8 .
• This hydrocarbon may be substantially pure e.g. n-heptane, isooctane or isopentane or a mixture e.g. a distillation product or a reaction product from a refinery reaction e.g. alkylate.
• the hydrocarbon may have a Motor Octane Number (MON) of 0-60 but preferably has a MON value of 60-96 such as isomerate (bp 25-80°C).
• Research Octane Number RON may be 80-105 e.g.
• Component (b) may comprise a hydrocarbon component having boiling point (preferably a final boiling point) higher than, preferably one boiling at least 20°C more than, the compound of formula I e.g. triptane such as 20-60°C more than triptane but less than 225°C e.g. less than 170°C and usually is of Motor Octane Number of at least 92 e.g.
• such components are usually alkanes of 7-10 carbons especially 7 or 8 carbons, and in particular have at least one branch in their alkyl chain, in particular 1-3 branches, and preferably on an internal carbon atom and especially contain at least one -C(CH 3 ) 2 - group.
• the volume amount of the component (b) in total (or the volume amount of mixtures comprising component (b), such as the total of each of the following (if present) (i)-(iv)) (i) catalytic reformate, (ii) heavy catalytic cracked spirit, (iii) light catalytic cracked spirit and (iv) straight run gasoline in the composition is usually 10-80% e.g. 25-70%, 40-65% or 20-40%, the higher percentages being usually used with lower percentages of component (a).
• Component (b) may be a mixture of the liquid saturated hydrocarbons e.g. a distillation product e.g. naphtha or straight run gasoline or a reaction product from a refinery reaction e.g.
• alkylate including aviation alkylate (bp 30-190°C) isomerate (bp 25-80°C), light reformate (bp 20-79°C) or light hydrocrackate.
• the mixture may contain at least 60% or ; at least 70% w/w e.g. 60-95 or 70-90% w/w liquid saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon.
• volume amounts in the composition of the invention of the component (b) mixtures may be 4-60%, such as 4-25% or preferably 10-55% such as 25-45%).
• Alkylate or straight run gasoline are preferably present, optionally together but preferably in the absence of the other, in particular in amount of 2- 50% such as 10-45 e.g. 10-25%, 25-45% or 25-40%.
• the compositions of the invention may also comprise naphtha e.g. in volume amount of 0-25% such as 2- 25%,10-25% or 2-10%.
• compositions may comprise a hydrocarbon component which is a saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon of 4-6 carbons and which is more volatile and has a lower boiling point (preferably a lower final boiling point) than the compound of Formula I in particular one boiling at least 30°C such as 30-60°C below that of triptane at atmospheric pressure, and especially is itself of Motor Octane Number greater than 88 in particular at least 90 e.g. 88-93 or 90-92.
• the hydrocarbon component include alkanes of 4 or 5 carbons in particular iso-pentane, which may be substantially pure or crude hydrocarbon fraction from alkylate or isomerate containing at least 30% e.g.
• the hydrocarbon component may be an alkane of boiling point (at atmospheric pressure) 60-100°C less than that of triptane e.g. n and/or iso butane optionally in blends with the C 5 alkane of 99.5:0.5 to 0.5:99.5, e.g. 88:12 to 75:25.
• n Butane alone or mixed with isopentane is preferred, especially in the above proportions, and in particular with a volume amount of butane in the composition of up to 20% such as 1-15% e.g. 1-8, 3-8 or 8-15%.
• Cycloaliphatic hydrocarbons e.g. of 5-7 carbons such as cyclopentane or cyclohexane may be present but usually in amounts of less than 15% of the total e.g. 1-10%.
• Volume amounts in the composition of the total of isomerate, alkylate, naphtha, straight run gasoline, 4-6 carbon liquid aliphatic hydrocarbon (as defined above) and cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon (in each case if present) may be 5-60%, such as 8-25%, 15-55% such as 30-50%.
• the gasoline compositions of the invention also preferably contain at least one olefin, (in particular with one double bond per molecule) which is a liquid alkene of 5-10 e.g. 6-8 carbons, such as a linear or branched alkene e.g. pentene, isopentene hexene, isohexene or heptene or 2 methyl 2 pentene, or a mixture comprising alkenes which may be made by cracking e.g. catalytically or thermally cracking a residue from crude oil, e.g. atmospheric or vacuum residue; the mixture may be heavy or light catalytically cracked spirit (or a mixture there of). The cracking may be steam assisted.
• olefin (in particular with one double bond per molecule) which is a liquid alkene of 5-10 e.g. 6-8 carbons, such as a linear or branched alkene e.g. pentene, isopentene hexene, isohe
• olefin containing mixtures are "C6 bisomer", catalytic polymerate, and dimate.
• the olefinic mixtures usually contain at least 10% w/w olefins, such as at least 40% such as 40-80% w/w.
• Preferred mixtures are (xi) steam cracked spirit (xii) catalytically cracked spirit (xiii) C6 bisomer and (xiv) catalytic polymerate, though the optionally cracked catalytically spirits are most advantageous.
• Amounts in the total composition of the olefinic mixtures especially the sum of (xi) - (xiv) (if any present) maybe 0-55, e.g.
• the olefin or mixture of olefins usually has an MON value of 70-90, usually a RON value of 85-95 and a ROAD value of 80-92.
• the volume amount of olefin(s) in total in the gasoline composition of the invention may be 0% or 0-30%, e.g. 0.1-30% such as 1-30% in particular 2-25, 5- 30, (especially 3-10), 5-18.5, 5-18 or 10-20%.
• the composition contains at least 1% olefin and a maximum of 18% or especially a maximum of 14%), but may be substantially free of olefin.
• compositions may also contain at least one aromatic compound, preferably an alkyl aromatic compound such as toluene or o, m, or p xylene or a mixture thereof or a trimethyl benzene.
• the aromatics may have been added as single compounds e.g. toluene, or may be added as an aromatics mixture containing at least 30% w/w aromatic compounds such as 30-100% especially 50- 90%.
• Such mixtures may be made from catalytically reformed or cracked gasoline obtained from heavy naphtha. Example of such mixtures are (xxi) catalytic reformate and (xxii) heavy reformate. .Amounts of the single compounds e.g.
• toluene in the composition may be 0-35%, such as 2-33% e.g. 10-33%, while amounts of the aromatics mixtures especially the total of the reformates (xxi) & (xxii) (if any) in the composition may be 0-50%, such as 1-33% e.g. 2-15% or 2- 10% or 15-32% v/v, and total amount of reformates (xxi), (xxii) and added single compounds (e.g. toluene) may be 0-50% e.g. 0.5-20% or 5-40, such as 15-35 or 5- 25% v/v.
• the aromatics usually have a MON value of 90-110 e.g. 100-110 and a RON value of 100-120 such as 110-120 and a ROAD value of 95-110.
• the volume amount of aromatic compounds in the composition is usually 0% or 0-50% such as less than 40% or less than 28% or less than 20% such as 1-50%, 2-40%, 3- 28%, 4-25%, 5-20% (especially 10-20%), 4-10% or 20-35% especially of toluene.
• the gasoline composition may also be substantially free of aromatic compound. Amounts of aromatic compounds of less than 42%, e.g. less than 35% or especially less than 30% are preferred.
• the amount of benzene is less than 5% preferably less than 1.5% or 1% e.g. 0.1-1% of the total volume or less than 0.1% of the total weight of the composition.
• compositions may also contain at least one oxygenate octane booster, usually an ether, usually of Motor Octane Number of at least 96-105 e.g. 98-103.
• the ether octane booster is usually a dialkyl ether, in particular an asymmetric one, preferably wherein each alkyl has 1-6 carbons, in particular one alkyl being a branched chain alkyl of 3-6 carbons in particular a tertiary alkyl especially of 4-6 carbons such as tert-butyl or tert-amyl, and with the other alkyl being of 1-6 e.g. 1- 3 carbons, especially linear, such as methyl or ethyl.
• oxygenates examples include methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE), ethyl tertiary butyl ether and methyl tertiary amyl ether.
• the oxygenate may also be an alcohol of 1-6 carbons e.g. ethanol.
• the volume amount of the oxygenate may be 0 or 0-25% such as 1-25%, 2-20% , 2-10% or 5-20% especially 5-15%, but advantageously less than 3% such as 1-3%) (especially of MTBE and/or ethanol).
• the oxygenate may also be substantially absent from the composition or gasoline of the invention.
• Aromatic amines e.g. liquid ones such as aniline may be present if at all in amount of less than 5% by volume, and are preferably substantially absent e.g. less than lOOppm.
• the relative volume ratio of the amine to triptane is usually less than 3:1 e.g. less than 1:2.
• the composition of the invention contains components (a) and (b), and the formulated unleaded gasoline also contains at least one motor gasoline additive, for example as listed in ASTM D-4814 the contents of which is herein incorporated by reference or specified by a regulatory body, e.g. US California .Air Resources Board (CARB) or Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
• CARB California .Air Resources Board
• EPA Environmental Protection Agency
• additives are distinct from the liquid fuel ingredients, such as MTBE.
• Such additives may be the lead free ones described in Gasoline and Diesel Fuel Additives, K Owen, Publ. By J.Wiley, Chichester, UK, 1989, Chapters 1 and 2, USP 3955938, EP 0233250 or EP 288296, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference.
• the additives maybe pre-combustion or combustion additives.
• additives are anti-oxidants, such as one of the amino or phenolic type, corrosion inhibitors, anti-icing additives e.g. glycol ethers or alcohols, engine detergent additives such as ones of the succinic acid imide, polyalkylene amine or polyether amine type and anti-static additives such as ampholytic surface active agents, metal deactivators, such as one of thioamide type, surface ignition inhibitors such as organic phosphorus compounds, combustion improvers such as alkali metal salts and alkaline earth metal salts of organic acids or sulphuric acid monoesters of higher alcohols, anti valve seat recession and additives such as alkali metal compounds, e.g.
• anti-oxidants such as one of the amino or phenolic type
• corrosion inhibitors such as one of the amino or phenolic type
• anti-icing additives e.g. glycol ethers or alcohols
• engine detergent additives such as ones of the succinic acid imide, polyalkylene amine or polyether
• additives such as borates or carboxylates and colouring agents, such as azodyes.
• One or more additives e.g. 2-4 of the same or different types may be used, especially combinations of at least one antioxidant and at least one detergent additive.
• Antioxidants such as one or more hindered phenols e.g. ones with a tertiary butyl group in one or both ortho positions to the phenolic hydroxyl group are preferred in particular as described in Ex.1 hereafter.
• the additives may be present in the composition in amounts of 0.1- lOOppm e.g. l-20ppm of each, usually of an antioxidant especially one or more hindered phenols. Total amounts of additive are usually not more than lOOOppm e.g. 1-lOOOppm.
• compositions and gasolines are free of organolead compounds, and usually of manganese additives such as manganese carbonyls.
• compositions and gasolines may contain up to 0.1% sulphur, e.g. 0.000-0.02% such as 0.002-0.01%w/w.
• the gasoline compositions of the invention usually have a MON value of at least 80 e.g. 80-110 or 80-105 such as 98-105 or preferably 80 to less than 98, such as 80-95, 83-93 or 93-98.
• the RON value is usually 90-120 e.g. 102-120 or preferably 90-102 preferably 90-100 e.g. 90-99, such as 90-93 e.g. 91, or 93-98 e.g. 94.5-97.5, or 97-101 while the ROAD value is usually 85-115 e.g. 98-115 or preferably 85-98 such as 85-95 e.g. 85-90, or 90-95 or 95-98.
• Prefeired gasoline compositions have MON 80-83, RON 90-93, and ROAD 85-90, or MON 83-93, RON 93-98 and ROAD 85-95 or MON 83-93, RON 97-101 and ROAD 90-95.
• the Net calorific value of the gasoline (also called the Specific Energy) is usually at least 18000 Btu/lb e.g. at least 18500, 18700 or 18,900 such as 18500-19500, such as 18700-19300 or 18900-19200; the calorific value may be at least 42MJ/kg e.g. at least 43.5 MJ/kg such as 42-45 or 43-45 such as 43.5-44.5MJ/kg.
• the gasoline usually has a boiling range (ASTM D86) of 20-225°C, in particular with at least 2% e.g. 2-15%) boiling in the range 171-225°C.
• the gasoline is usually such that at 70°C at least 10% is evaporated while 50% is evaporated on reaching a W y O 9 y 9w/490 ⁇ 0 ⁇ 3 PCT/GB99/00959
• the gasoline is also usually that 10-50% may be evaporated at 70°C, 40-74% at 100°C, 70-97% at 150°C and 90-99% may be evaporated at 180°C.
• the Reid Vapour Pressure of the gasoline at 37.8°C measured according to ASTM D323 is usually 30-120, e.g. 40-100 such as 61-80 or preferably 50-80, 40-65, e.g. 40-60 or 40-50Kpa.
• the gasoline compositions when free of any oxygenates usually have a H:C atom ratio of at least 1.8:1 e.g. at least 2.0:1 or at least 2.1 or 2.2:1, such as 1.8-2.3: 1 or 2.0-2.2: 1.
• the gasoline composition meets the following criteria.
• Atom H:C is the fraction of hydrogen to carbon in the hydrocarbons in the composition
• oxy means the molar fraction of oxygenate, if any in the composition
• Net Heat of Combustion is the energy derived from burning lib (454g) weight of fuel (in gaseous form) in oxygen to give gaseous water and carbon dioxide expressed in Btu/lb units [MJ/kg times 430.35]
• y is at least 350, 380, 410 or 430, in particular 350-440 e.g. 380-420 especially 400-420.
• the motor gasoline of this invention comprises 10-90% of triptane, 10-80% of component (b), 0-25% naphtha, 0-15% of butane, 5-20% of olefin, 3-28% aromatics and 0-25% oxygenate, in particular with 5-20% aromatics and 5-15% olefins.
• the motor gasoline of this invention contains 8-65% of triptane (especially 15-35%), 0.1-30% such as 2-25% olefins, especially 3-14% and 0-35% aromatics such as 0-30% e.g. 5-35, 5-20 (especially 5-15%) or 20-30%, and 5-50% component (b) mixtures e.g. 10-45% such as 20-40%.
• Such gasolines may also contain oxygenates, such as MTBE especially in amount of less than 3% e.g. 0.1-3% and especially contain less than 1.5% benzene e.g. 0.1-1%.
• Such gasolines preferably have RON of 97-99, MON 87-90 and ROAD values of 92-94.5.
• Examples of motor gasolines of the invention are ones with 5-25% triptane, 5-15% olefins, 15-35% aromatics and 40-65% component (b), in particular 15- 25% triptane, 7-15%, olefins 15-25% aromatics and 45-52%) component (b) mixture of RON value 96.5-97.5, or 5-15% triptane, 7-15% olefins, 15-25% aromatics and 55-65%) compound (b) of RON value 94.5-95.5.
• Examples of motor gasolines of the invention are ones having 1-15% e.g. 3-12% butane, 0-20% e.g. 5-15% ether e.g. MTBE, 20-80 e.g. 25-70% of refinery mixed liquid (usually C ⁇ -C ⁇ streams (apart from naphtha) (such as mixtures of (i)- (iv) above), 0-25% e.g. 2-25% naphtha, 5-70% e.g. 15-65% triptane, with RON 93-100 e.g. 94-98, MON 80-98 e.g. 83-93 or 93-98, and RVP 40-80 such as 40- 65Kpa.
• refinery mixed liquid usually C ⁇ -C ⁇ streams (apart from naphtha) (such as mixtures of (i)- (iv) above)
• 0-25% e.g. 2-25% naphtha 5-70% e.g. 15-65% triptan
• Such gasolines usually contain 1-30% e.g. 2-25% olefins and 2-30% e.g. 4-25%) aromatics. .Amounts of olefins of 15-25% are preferred for RON values of 94-98 e.g. 94-96 and 2-15% e.g. 2-7% for RON values of 96-100 such as 96-98.
• Other examples of fuel compositions of the invention contain 8-18% triptane, 10-50%) e.g. 25-40% of total component (b) mixture, 5-40% e.g. 20-35% of total aromatics mixture 15-60, e.g. 15-30% or 40-60% of total olefinic mixture and 0-15%) total oxygenate e.g.
• compositions have 8-18% triptane, 25-40% total mixed component (b) mixture, 20-35% total aromatics, and 15-30% total olefinics, or 8-18% triptane, 15-40% total mixed component (b) mixture, 3-25% total aromatics mixture, and 40-60% total olefinic mixture.
• fuel compositions contain 20-40% triptane, 8-55% of the total component (b) mixture, e.g. 5-25% or 35-55%, and 0 or 5-25%) e.g. 18- 25% total aromatics mixture, 0-55 especially 10-55 or 40-55% total olefin mixture, especially preferred compositions having 20-40% triptane, 5-25% total component (b) mixtures, 3-25% total aromatics mixture and 40-60% total olefinic mixture, or 20-40% triptane, 35-55% total component (b) mixture 15-30% total aromatics mixture and 0-15% e.g.
• total olefin mixture or in particular 20-40% triptane, 25-45%) or 30-50% total component (b) mixture, 2-15% total aromatics mixture 18-35% total olefins mixture, and especially 3-10% or 5-18% olefins, and 10-35%) such as 10-20% aromatics (e.g. 10-18%).
• Example of fuel compositions contain 30-55% e.g. 40-55% triptane, 5-30% total component (b) mixture 0-10% total aromatic mixture, 10-45% olefinic mixture and 0-15% oxygenates especially with the total of oxygenates and olefinic mixture of 20-45%.
• Other examples of fuel compositions contain 55-70% triptane, 10-45% total component b, e.g. 10-25% or 35-45%, and 0-10% e.g. 0 or 0.5-5% total aromatics Mixture, and 0-30% total olefinics mixtures, e.g.
• fuel composition comprise 15-35% e.g. 20-35% triptane, 0-18.5% e.g. 2-18.5% olefin, 5-40% e.g. 5-35% aromatics 25- 65% saturates and less than 1% benzene, and 18-65% e.g 40-65% triptane, 0-18-5% e.g. 5-18.5% olefins, 5-42% e.g. 5-28% aromatics, 35-55% saturates and less than 1% benzene.
• Another fuel composition may comprise 25-40% e.g. 30-40% such as 35% of alkylate, 10-25% e.g. 15-25%) such as 20% of isomerate, 10-25% e.g. 15-25% such as 20%) of light hydrocrackate and 20-35% e.g. 20-30% such as 25% of triptane and optionally 0-5% butane.
• Such a composition is preferably substantially paraffinic and is substantially free of olefins and aromatics.
• Other fuel compositions of the invention may have different ranges of the
• Antiknock Index also known as The ROAD Index
• the ROAD Index which is the average of MON and RON.
• the compositions may comprise 8-30% triptane e.g. 15-30%, and 10-50% e.g. 20-40% total component (b) mixture, 5- 30%., e.g. 5-20% total olefins and 10-40 e.g. 15-35% total aromatics, or 8-30% triptane, 10-50% total component (b) mixture, 5-40% total aromatic mixtures e.g. 20-30% and 10-60% e.g. 30-55% total olefinic mixtures.
• compositions may comprise 5-25% (or 5-15%)) triptane, 20-45% total component (b) mixture, 0-25% e.g. 1-10 or 10- 25%) total olefins, and 10-35% e.g. 10-20% or 20-35% total aromatics or 5-25% (5-15%) triptane, 20-45% total component (b) mixture, 0-35% total aromatic mixtures e.g. 1-15 or 15-35%, and 5-65% e.g. 5-30 or 30-65%) total olefinic mixtures.
• the fuel compositions of the invention may comprise 5-65% e.g. 5-20, 20-30, 30-65 or 40-65% triptane and 5-40% (5-35%) e.g. 5-12 or 12-40% (12-30%) total component (b) mixture 1-30% e.g. 1-10 or 10-25% total olefins and 5-55% e.g. 5-15 or 15-35 or 35-55% total aromatics, or the above amounts of triptane with 0-55 e.g. 0.5-25% e.g. 10-25% or 25-55% of aromatic fractions and 0 or 10-60% e.g. 10-30% or 35-60% total olefin fractions.
• the fuel compositions may comprise 20-65% triptane e.g. 40-65% triptane, 0-15% e.g. 5-15% total olefins, 0-20% e.g. 5-20% total aromatics and 5-50 e.g. 30-50% total component (b) mixture, or the above amounts of triptane and total component (b) mixture with 0-30% e.g. 10-30% aromatic fractions and 0-30 e.g. 5-30% olefinic fraction, or the above amounts of triptane e.g. 20-40% triptane, total component b mixture, total olefins and total
• the invention can provide motor gasolines, in particular of 91, 95, 97, 98 and 110 RON values, with desired high Octane Levels but low emission values on combustion in particular of at least one of total hydrocarbons, total air toxics, NOx, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide, especially of both total hydrocarbons and NOx.
• the invention also provides the use of a compound of formula I, in particular triptane, in unleaded motor gasoline of MON at least 80 e.g. 80 to less than 98, e.g. as an additive to or component therein, to reduce the emission levels on combustion, especially of at least one of total hydrocarbons, total air toxics NOx, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide especially both of total hydrocarbons and NOx.
• the invention also provides a method of reducing emissions of exhaust gases in the combustion of unleaded motor gasoline fuels of MON of at least 80 which comprises having a compound of formula I present in the fuel which is a gasoline of the invention.
• the invention also provides use of an unleaded gasoline of the invention in a spark ignition combustion engine to reduce emissions of exhaust gases. While the compositions of the invention may be used in supercharged or turbocharged engines, they are preferably not so used, but are used in normally aspirated ones.
• the compound of formula I e.g. triptane can reduce one or more of the above emission levels better than amounts of alkylate or a mixture of aromatics and oxygenate at similar Octane Number and usually decrease the fuel consumption as well.
• Formulated gasolines were made by mixing each blend with a phenolic antioxidant 55%> minimum 2,4 dimethyl-6-tertiary butyl phenol 15% minimum 4 methyl-2, 6-ditertiary-butyl phenol with the remainder as a mixture of monomethyl and dimethyl-tertiary butyl phenols.
• Olefins 23.5 3.2 11.7 21.4 18.5 3.8
• mixed fractions means a blend of refinery fractions in which HCC is heavy catalytically cracked spirit, LCC is light catalytically cracked spirit and SRG is straight run gasoline.
• the fuels were tested in a single cylinder research engine at a number of different engine settings.
• the speed/load was 20/7.2 rps/Nm , or 50/14.3 rps/Nm the LAMBDA setting was 1.01 or 0.95, and the ignition setting was set or optimized.
• the emissions of CO, C0 2 , total hydrocarbons, NOx, and total air toxics (benzene, butadiene, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde) were measured from the exhaust gases.
• the results from the different engine settings were averaged and showed that, compared to the base blend (Comp. Ex. A) the emissions with the
• compositions containing heavy reformate and MTBE (Comp. C), 25%) alkylate (Comp. B) and 25% triptane (Ex8) were reduced, the degrees of change being as follows.
• THC total hydrocarbons
• TAT total air toxics
• FC Fuel Consumption
• Olefins 14 13.9 7.3 6.1 0.2 7.8 7.8 10.2
• Emission characteristics were obtained as in Ex.8 (apart from Lamba settings of 1.00 and 0.95 set for the base fuel (Comp.D) on combustion of a series of gasoline fuels with different components namely reformate, (high aromatics), (Comp.D), triptane, Ex.24-27 and triptane/ethanol Ex.28. Fuel consumption was also measured in g/kWhr.
• Formulated gasolines were made by addition of the phenolic antioxidant in amount and nature as in Ex.1-7. The compositions were as shown in Table 3. The results were expressed in Table 4 as the percentage change in emissions or in fuel consumption compared to Ex.D.
• Example % CO % C02 % THC % NOx % TAT % Fuel Composition 5 -3.3 -2.1 -4.7 -4.0 -5.0 -1.4
• gasoline fuels (Ex.29, F and G) were compared for production of emissions on combustion in cars.
• the gasoline fuels had the compositions and properties as shown in Table 5 and the formulated gasolines included antioxidant as in Ex.1.
• the fuels met the requirements of 2005 Clean Fuel specification according to Directive 98/70 EC .Annexe 3.
• the cars were regular production models,
• Corsa had 3 cylinders, the rest 4 cylinders, while the 106 had single point injection; the Mitsubishi had direct injection and the rest multipoint injection for their combustion.
• the ECE tests simulates city driving and has 4 identical repeats of a specified speed profile, which profile has 3 progressively higher speed sections interspersed by zero speed sections (the average speed being 19km/hr).
• This period of cold start simulated as above may correspond in real life to a period of time or distance, which may vary, depending on how the car is driven and/or ambient conditions e.g. up to 1 km or 4 or 2 min, or a temperature of the engine coolant (e.g. radiator water temperature) of up to 50°C.
• the car engine may also be deemed cold if it has not been operated for the previous 4hr before start, usually at least 6hr before start.
• the present invention also provides of method of reducing emissions of exhaust gases in the combustion of unleaded gasoline fuels of MON of at least 80 e.g. 80 to less than 98 from cold start of a spark ignition combustion engine, which comprises having a compound of formula I present in the fuel which is a gasoline of the invention.

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