EP1066602B1 - Verfahren und vorrichtung zur überwachung von artikeln - Google Patents

Verfahren und vorrichtung zur überwachung von artikeln Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1066602B1
EP1066602B1 EP99910562A EP99910562A EP1066602B1 EP 1066602 B1 EP1066602 B1 EP 1066602B1 EP 99910562 A EP99910562 A EP 99910562A EP 99910562 A EP99910562 A EP 99910562A EP 1066602 B1 EP1066602 B1 EP 1066602B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
radiation
article
waveband
detected
indicating characteristic
Prior art date
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Expired - Lifetime
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EP99910562A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP1066602A1 (de
Inventor
Michael Potter
David Charles Reeves
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De la Rue International Ltd
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De la Rue International Ltd
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07D—HANDLING OF COINS OR VALUABLE PAPERS, e.g. TESTING, SORTING BY DENOMINATIONS, COUNTING, DISPENSING, CHANGING OR DEPOSITING
    • G07D7/00—Testing specially adapted to determine the identity or genuineness of valuable papers or for segregating those which are unacceptable, e.g. banknotes that are alien to a currency
    • G07D7/06—Testing specially adapted to determine the identity or genuineness of valuable papers or for segregating those which are unacceptable, e.g. banknotes that are alien to a currency using wave or particle radiation
    • G07D7/12—Visible light, infrared or ultraviolet radiation
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07D—HANDLING OF COINS OR VALUABLE PAPERS, e.g. TESTING, SORTING BY DENOMINATIONS, COUNTING, DISPENSING, CHANGING OR DEPOSITING
    • G07D7/00—Testing specially adapted to determine the identity or genuineness of valuable papers or for segregating those which are unacceptable, e.g. banknotes that are alien to a currency
    • G07D7/181—Testing mechanical properties or condition, e.g. wear or tear
    • G07D7/187—Detecting defacement or contamination, e.g. dirt

Definitions

  • the invention relates to methods and apparatus for monitoring articles, for example documents of value such as banknotes.
  • a simple authentication system can be produced by illuminating a document with UV light and measuring the intensity of the reflections. If this intensity exceeds a predetermined threshold level, the document is deemed to be authentic. (Note, however, that in specific situations, it may be the counterfeit document that has the higher reflectivity.) It is possible to carry out a measurement of the natural UV-excited fluorescence of the paper at the same time: most security papers have a low level of natural fluorescence. This "UV Bright" measurement technique is also well known.
  • Changes in the sensitivity of the measurement system may be reduced with an automatic calibration system that continually monitors the signal level measured on a reference surface, but there are difficulties and costs in providing a continuously clean reference surface. Such a system cannot, of course, compensate any soiling of the documents.
  • the combined effect is to reduce the discrimination of the detection system. If the detection threshold is set sufficiently high to detect the cleanest counterfeit with a new, clean (high sensitivity) system, a relatively large fraction of dirty, genuine notes will be falsely deemed counterfeit; this fraction will increase as the detection system ages or becomes dirty. If the threshold is decreased so that only a small fraction of genuine notes is falsely deemed counterfeit by an old, dirty (low sensitivity) system, an unacceptably large fraction of counterfeits will be deemed to be genuine by a clean system.
  • US-A-4723072 describes apparatus for measuring the soiling of banknotes, using one or more sensors working in the same optical waveband.
  • the present invention is not concerned with measuring soiling.
  • US-A-3679314 describes apparatus for optically testing the genuineness of banknotes by successively illuminating a selected portion of a note with lightbeams having different spectral distributions and then detecting the light transmitted through or effected by the illuminated portion.
  • the problem with this approach is the need to scan a pair of filters mechanically across the illumination beam in order to control the illumination of the banknote.
  • a method of monitoring articles to determine the presence of an authenticity indicating characteristic comprises irradiating an article with radiation in at least first and second wavebands; detecting first radiation generated by the article in response to irradiation at the first waveband, the first waveband being chosen such that the first radiation generated varies in accordance with the presence or absence of the authenticity indicating characteristic and in response to the presence of obscuring material on the article; detecting second radiation generated by the article in response to irradiation at the second waveband, the second waveband being chosen such that the second radiation generated by the article varies with the degree of obscuring material on the article but is substantially independent of the presence of the authenticity indicating characteristic; and comparing the detected first and second radiation to determine whether or not the authenticity indicating characteristic is present.
  • apparatus for monitoring articles to determine the presence of an authenticity indicating characteristic comprises at least one source for irradiating an article with radiation in at least first and second wavebands; a first detector for detecting first radiation generated by the article in response to irradiation at the first waveband, the first waveband being chosen such that the first radiation generated varies in accordance with the presence or absence of the authenticity indicating characteristic and in response to the presence of obscuring material on the article; a second detector for detecting second radiation generated by the article in response to irradiation at the second waveband, the second waveband being chosen such that the second radiation generated by the article varies with the degree of obscuring material on the article but is substantially independent of the presence of the authenticity indicating characteristic; and comparison means for comparing the detected first and second radiation to determine whether or not the authenticity indicating characteristic is present.
  • the first waveband will lie outside the visible wavelength range, for example in the ultraviolet or infrared range.
  • the illumination could be anywhere in the electro-magnetic spectrum. This is often important since the authenticity characteristic will not generally be visible within the visible wavelength range as it is a covert feature.
  • the second waveband will often be in the visible wavelength range since in this range it will not be substantially affected by the authenticity characteristic. In some cases, however, both wavebands can lie in or outside the visible wavelength band.
  • first and second wavebands are close together, soiling has substantially the same effect on radiation in both wavebands.
  • the relationship between the first and second detected radiation will be substantially the same irrespective of the degree of soiling (at least up to some limit). This then provides a very convenient way of distinguishing between genuine and counterfeit banknotes, for example, where the relationship between the first and second radiation will differ depending upon the authenticity and not on the amount of soiling.
  • UV sources could be used, a particularly convenient aspect of the invention is that it enables a single source to be used which generates radiation in both or all wavebands.
  • some conventional UV sources generate radiation in the UV waveband and also in the visible region.
  • the irradiation at all wavebands and selective detection, rather than irradiating at selected wavebands, avoids the need for mechanical scanning, reduces the susceptibility to stray light, and simplifies processing. Conveniently, this is achieved by positioning filters in front of the detectors.
  • two of the three wavebands are normally selected so that they are at regions where the generated radiations varies with the presence or otherwise of a respective one of two authenticity indicating characteristics and with the degree of obscuring material.
  • the third waveband is at a region where the generated radiation varies with the degree of obscuring material, but does not vary substantially with the presence or otherwise of the two authenticity indicating characteristics.
  • the first and second detected radiation generated by the article will comprise reflected radiation, the wavelengths of the reflected radiation depending on the characteristics (print, paper, etc.) of the article.
  • the irradiation will also cause the print or the paper of the article to luminesce. It would be possible to distinguish between fluorescence and phosphorescence by suitably modulating the irradiation in known manner. Modulation can also be used to eliminate the affects of ambient light.
  • the first and second detected radiation will typically lie within the first and second wavebands respectively. However, in some cases, one or both of the first and second detected radiation may be offset in wavelength from the corresponding irradiation.
  • the relationship between the first and second detected radiation can be determined in a variety of ways.
  • the ratio of the intensity of the first and second detected radiation is determined. That ratio can then be compared with a predetermined threshold to determine whether or not the article is genuine.
  • a number of different characteristics of the first and second detected radiation can be determined from which a measurement vector is constructed for comparison with one or more measurement vectors corresponding to a genuine and/or known counterfeit article.
  • the apparatus shown in Figure 1 comprises a pair of UV lamps 1,2 mounted at an angle so that radiation generated by the lamps is directed to a region 3.
  • the region 3 is located in the path of banknotes 4 which are carried through the region 3 on a moving conveyor 5 such as a belt.
  • Each lamp generates a range of wavelengths typically as shown in Figure 4.
  • a relatively high intensity radiation is generated within a first waveband - the UV band (wavelengths less than about 380nm) and within a second waveband - the visible range (380-700nm).
  • the overall shape of this spectrum will not change significantly with temperature, or as the lamp ages, even if the total integrated output changes.
  • Radiation generated by the lamps 1,2 will be reflected by the banknote, the (first and second) wavelengths of the reflected radiation being dependent on the inks on the banknote and the banknote paper.
  • the intensity of the reflected UV radiation responds to the authenticity of the inks or the banknote paper, and to the degree of soiling.
  • the intensity of the reflected visible radiation is dependent substantially solely on the degree of soiling.
  • the radiation may also stimulate inks on the banknote 4 to luminesce.
  • the reflected radiation and luminescence is received by a focusing and detection system 6.
  • the system 6 includes a tubular housing 7 at the leading end of which is mounted an infrared stop filter 8 and a focusing lens 9 which focuses the incoming radiation onto a UV pass filter 10 and a visible pass filter 11 whose characteristics are shown in Figure 5.
  • Respective sensors 12,13 are mounted behind the filters 10,11. The sensor 12 thus provides an output indicative of the intensity of incident UV light while the sensor 13 provides an output indicative of the intensity of incident visible light.
  • the intensities of the detected radiation are simply compared, for example by taking their ratio, and this ratio is then compared with a predetermined threshold to determine whether or not the banknote is genuine.
  • a genuine banknote may have a visible reflection which is high compared with the UV reflection in contrast to a counterfeit in which the intensities at the two wavebands are similar. If the ratio exceeds the threshold then this will be indicative of a genuine note, i.e. a relatively large difference in intensity of reflection at the two wavebands.
  • the sensors may receive and respond to ambient light.
  • the lamps 1,2 are modulated so that a distinction can be made between ambient light on the one hand and light received in response to irradiation on the other hand, although this is not an essential part of the invention.
  • Figure 2 illustrates a simple circuit for modulating the lamp output, the circuit comprising a clock generator 20 which is connected to a lamp control circuit 21 which in turn is connected to the lamps 1,2.
  • Each sensor 12,13 is coupled to a respective amplifier 30.
  • the outputs of the two amplifiers are fed to respective Signal Processing Circuits 31,32. These process the signals to produce a number of Signal Measures, quantities related to different characteristics of the amplifier outputs.
  • the Signal Processing Circuits may include low-pass filters, high-pass filters, demodulators, integrators, and other techniques well known to those skilled in the art.
  • the measures include differently filtered versions of the amplifier outputs, etc. and combinations of these (sums, differences, quotients, etc.). In general, these Signal Processing Circuits will have no storage capability, and the measures will vary as the amplifier outputs vary, apart from the relatively short delays inherent in the processing.
  • Such signal processing may be carried out using analogue or digital electronic hardware 33, or using software techniques, as is convenient.
  • Typical information which can be obtained from the sensors 12,13 includes:
  • the output (b) can contain a contribution from any "long” UV wavelength phosphorescence induced by the "short” UV wavelength illumination.
  • the measure of this "UV phosphorescence” is given by the difference between output (b) and output (a).
  • the difference between outputs (d) and (c) is a measure of any visible phosphorescence.
  • the measures are fed to the Measure Analysis Circuitry 33, which also may have other external signal inputs (threshold levels, positional information from the document transport system, etc.).
  • This circuitry processes the measurements individually or in combination to produce a single output signal that indicates whether or not the banknote is genuine.
  • the processing may be relatively simple, comprising comparisons of signal levels with threshold levels, and a comparison of the measures representative of reflections in the two second wavebands, as discussed above.
  • more complex techniques such as processing several measures together, treating them as a single measurement vector rather than independent measurements, and using multi-dimensional clustering techniques to define the characteristics of genuine and known counterfeit notes can allow a high proportion of counterfeits to be identified.
  • Such processing is normally carried out using standard mathematical and software techniques, including the use of Artificial Neural Nets.
  • the response of the UV pass filter 10 is chosen so that measurements are made at part of the UV spectrum where the difference of the reflectivities of genuine and counterfeit documents are greatest.
  • the response of the visible pass filter 11 is chosen so that measurements are made at a region where there is a significant visible output.
  • Figure 6 illustrates apparatus in which radiation from the document in three wavebands is detected.
  • the circuit shown in Figure 6 is very similar to that shown in Figures 2 and 3 and this circuit would be used with an arrangement similar to that shown in Figure 1.
  • a pair of lamps 101,102 typically in the form of discharge lamps containing gas such as neon are used to irradiate the document.
  • Each lamp generates radiation in a number of narrow peaks at wavelengths from below 330nm to above 800nm although other wide band sources could be used.
  • the lamps are controlled by a lamp control circuit 103 coupled with a clock 104. Radiation from the document is passed to three photodiodes 105-107 via respective filters 108-110.
  • the pass bands of these filters are shown in Figure 7 where it will be seen that these pass bands are non-overlapping.
  • the pass band for the filter 108 is shown at 111
  • the pass band for the filter 109 is shown at 112
  • the pass band for the filter 110 is shown at 113.
  • the output signals from the photodiodes 105-107 are amplified by respective amplifiers 114-116 and passed to respective signal processing circuitry 117-119.
  • the signals are then passed to analysis circuitry 120 similar to the circuitry 33 shown in Figure 3.
  • the simplest form of processing is to calculate the ratios of the intensities in each of the wavebands 111-113 where the generated radiation varies with the presence or otherwise of authenticity indicating characteristics to the intensity in the waveband where the generated radiation varies with the degree of obscuring material, but not substantially with the presence or otherwise of the authenticity indicating characteristics. These ratios are then compared to predetermined threshold values to determine whether the article is genuine. However, it is usually more advantageous in this case to use a technique in which a measurement vector is constructed from several different characteristics of the detected radiations, and then this measurement vector is compared with one or more measurement vectors corresponding to genuine and/or counterfeit articles.
  • the invention is applicable to many different forms of article monitoring system including document sorters and acceptors, and cash handling equipment such as counters, sorters, dispensers and acceptors.
  • the invention is particularly suited to the monitoring of banknotes.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Inspection Of Paper Currency And Valuable Securities (AREA)
  • Analysing Materials By The Use Of Radiation (AREA)
  • Geophysics And Detection Of Objects (AREA)
  • Vending Machines For Individual Products (AREA)

Claims (19)

  1. Verfahren zur Überwachung von Artikeln (4), um das Vorhandensein eines die Authentizität anzeigenden Zeichens festzustellen, bei dem ein Artikel mit einer in wenigstens einem ersten und einem zweiten Wellenlängenbereich liegenden Strahlung bestrahlt wird; eine erste Strahlung, die durch den Artikel als Antwort auf die Bestrahlung in dem ersten Wellenlängenbereich erzeugt wird, detektiert wird; der erste Wellenlängenbereich so gewählt wird, daß sich die erzeugte erste Strahlung in Abhängigkeit vom Vorhandensein oder Fehlen des die Authentizität anzeigenden Zeichens und als Antwort auf das Vorhandensein eines Abdeckmateriäls auf dem Artikel ändert; die durch den Artikel als Antwort auf die Bestrahlung in dem zweiten Wellenlängenbereich erzeugte zweite Strahlung detektiert wird und die detektierte erste und zweite Strahlung verglichen werden, um festzustellen, ob das die Authentizität anzeigende Zeichen vorhanden ist oder nicht, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der zweite Wellenlängenbereich so gewählt wird, daß sich die durch den Artikel erzeugte zweite Strahlung mit dem Ausmaß des Abdeckmaterials auf dem Artikel ändert, jedoch weitgehend unabhängig vom Vorhandensein des die Authentizität anzeigenden Zeichens ist.
  2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, bei dem der erste Wellenlängenbereich außerhalb des sichtbaren Wellenlängenbereichs liegt.
  3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 oder Anspruch 2, bei dem der zweite Wellenlängenbereich im sichtbaren Wellenlängenbereich liegt.
  4. Verfahren nach einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche, bei dem die erste detektierte Strahlung außerhalb des sichtbaren Wellenlängenbereichs liegt.
  5. Verfahren nach einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche, bei dem der zweite Wellenlängenbereich im sichtbaren Wellenlängenbereich liegt.
  6. Verfahren nach einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche, bei dem die erste Strahlung weitgehend im ersten Wellenlängenbereich liegt.
  7. Verfahren nach einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche, bei dem die zweite Strahlung weitgehend im zweiten Wellenlängenbereich liegt.
  8. Verfahren nach einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche,. bei dem die in wenigstens dem ersten oder zweiten Wellenlängenbereich liegende Strahlung durch den Artikel reflektiert wird, um jeweils wenigstens einen Teil der ersten und zweiten detektierten Strahlung zu bilden.
  9. Verfahren nach einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche, bei dem die detektierte Strahlung eine Lumineszenz einschließt.
  10. Verfahren nach einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche, das ferner das Modulieren der abgestrahlten Strahlung und das Detektieren einer empfangenen Strahlung, die im wesentlichen keine Modulation und/oder eine ähnliche Modulation aufweist, umfaßt.
  11. Verfahren nach einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche, bei dem das Vergleichen das Ermitteln des Verhältnisses der Intensitäten der ersten und zweiten detektierten Strahlung umfaßt.
  12. Verfahren nach einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche, das ferner das Ermitteln der Beziehung des Ergebnisses des Vergleichs mit einer erwarteten Beziehung, die einer Akzeptanzbedingung entspricht, umfaßt.
  13. Verfahren nach Anspruch 12, zurückbezogen auf Anspruch 11, bei dem die Ermittlung der Beziehung das Vergleichen des Verhältnisses mit-einem Schwellwert umfaßt.
  14. Verfahren nach einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche, bei dem die Strahlung aus einer einzigen Quelle stammt.
  15. Verfahren nach einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche, bei dem die Strahlung in wenigstens drei Wellenlängenbereichen detektiert wird.
  16. Verfahren nach einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche, bei dem der Artikel ein Blatt, z.B. ein Wertdokument, z.B. eine Banknote, aufweist.
  17. Vorrichtung zur Überwachung von Artikeln (4), um das Vorhandensein eines die Authentizität des Artikels anzeigenden Zeichens festzustellen, die wenigstens eine Quelle (1, 2) zum Bestrahlen eines Artikels mit einer in wenigstens einem ersten und einem zweiten Wellenlängenbereich liegenden Strahlung; einen ersten Detektor (12) zum Detektieren einer ersten Strahlung, die durch den Artikel als Antwort auf die Bestrahlung in dem.ersten Wellenlängenbereich erzeugt wird, wobei der erste Wellenlängenbereich so gewählt ist, daß sich die erzeugte erste Strahlung in Abhängigkeit von dem Vorhandensein oder dem Fehlen des die Authentizität anzeigenden Zeichens und als Antwort auf das Vorhandensein eines Abdeckmaterials auf dem Artikel ändert; einen zweiten Detektor (13) zum Detektieren einer zweiten Strahlung, die durch den Artikel in Abhängigkeit von der Bestrahlung in dem zweiten Wellenlängenbereich erzeugt wird; und ein Vergleichsmittel (33) zum Vergleichen der detektierten ersten und zweiten Strahlung aufweist, um festzustellen, ob das die Authentizität anzeigende Zeichen vorhanden ist oder nicht, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der zweite Wellenlängenbereich so gewählt ist, daß die durch den Artikel erzeugte zweite Strahlung sich entsprechend dem Ausmaß des Abdeckmaterials auf dem Artikel ändert, jedoch weitgehend unabhängig von dem Vorhandensein des die Authentizität anzeigenden Zeichens ist.
  18. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 17, bei der eine erste und eine zweite Quelle (1, 2) durch eine gemeinsame Quelle gebildet sind.
  19. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 17 oder Anspruch 18, die zur Durchführung des Verfahrens nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 16 geeignet ist.
EP99910562A 1998-03-31 1999-03-19 Verfahren und vorrichtung zur überwachung von artikeln Expired - Lifetime EP1066602B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB9806914 1998-03-31
GBGB9806914.9A GB9806914D0 (en) 1998-03-31 1998-03-31 Methods and apparatus for monitoring articles
PCT/GB1999/000877 WO1999050796A1 (en) 1998-03-31 1999-03-19 Methods and apparatus for monitoring articles

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EP1066602A1 EP1066602A1 (de) 2001-01-10
EP1066602B1 true EP1066602B1 (de) 2003-08-20

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EP (1) EP1066602B1 (de)
JP (1) JP2002510102A (de)
CN (1) CN1295698A (de)
AT (1) ATE247854T1 (de)
AU (1) AU2948899A (de)
BR (1) BR9909298A (de)
DE (1) DE69910550T2 (de)
GB (1) GB9806914D0 (de)
WO (1) WO1999050796A1 (de)

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US8417017B1 (en) 2007-03-09 2013-04-09 Cummins-Allison Corp. Apparatus and system for imaging currency bills and financial documents and method for using the same
US8538123B1 (en) 2007-03-09 2013-09-17 Cummins-Allison Corp. Apparatus and system for imaging currency bills and financial documents and method for using the same
US8391583B1 (en) 2009-04-15 2013-03-05 Cummins-Allison Corp. Apparatus and system for imaging currency bills and financial documents and method for using the same
US8929640B1 (en) 2009-04-15 2015-01-06 Cummins-Allison Corp. Apparatus and system for imaging currency bills and financial documents and method for using the same
US8467591B1 (en) 2009-04-15 2013-06-18 Cummins-Allison Corp. Apparatus and system for imaging currency bills and financial documents and method for using the same
RU2444064C1 (ru) * 2011-02-04 2012-02-27 Общество С Ограниченной Ответственностью "Конструкторское Бюро "Дорс" (Ооо "Кб "Дорс") Устройство для визуализации защитных меток на документе
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WO1999050796A1 (en) 1999-10-07
GB9806914D0 (en) 1998-05-27
CN1295698A (zh) 2001-05-16
JP2002510102A (ja) 2002-04-02
DE69910550T2 (de) 2004-04-01
DE69910550D1 (de) 2003-09-25
BR9909298A (pt) 2000-11-21
AU2948899A (en) 1999-10-18
ATE247854T1 (de) 2003-09-15
EP1066602A1 (de) 2001-01-10

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