Classifications

• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06P—DYEING OR PRINTING TEXTILES; DYEING LEATHER, FURS OR SOLID MACROMOLECULAR SUBSTANCES IN ANY FORM
  • D06P5/00—Other features in dyeing or printing textiles, or dyeing leather, furs, or solid macromolecular substances in any form
  • D06P5/15—Locally discharging the dyes
  • D06P5/158—Locally discharging the dyes with other compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
  • C11D3/16—Organic compounds
  • C11D3/38—Products with no well-defined composition, e.g. natural products
  • C11D3/386—Preparations containing enzymes, e.g. protease or amylase
  • C11D3/38636—Preparations containing enzymes, e.g. protease or amylase containing enzymes other than protease, amylase, lipase, cellulase, oxidase or reductase
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06P—DYEING OR PRINTING TEXTILES; DYEING LEATHER, FURS OR SOLID MACROMOLECULAR SUBSTANCES IN ANY FORM
  • D06P5/00—Other features in dyeing or printing textiles, or dyeing leather, furs, or solid macromolecular substances in any form
  • D06P5/02—After-treatment
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06P—DYEING OR PRINTING TEXTILES; DYEING LEATHER, FURS OR SOLID MACROMOLECULAR SUBSTANCES IN ANY FORM
  • D06P5/00—Other features in dyeing or printing textiles, or dyeing leather, furs, or solid macromolecular substances in any form
  • D06P5/13—Fugitive dyeing or stripping dyes
  • D06P5/137—Fugitive dyeing or stripping dyes with other compounds

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a method of treating denim fabric with a pectolytic enzyme, more specifically to a method of enzymatically introducing a stone-washed finish to the surface of denim fabric or garment, a method of improving the conventional enzymatic stone-washing of denim, and a method for removing bac stained dye from denim fabric during a conventional finishing process by using a pectolytic enzyme.
• Denim is most often cotton cloth.
• a conventional dyestuff for denim is the dye indigo having a characteristic blue colour, the indigo-dyed denim cloth having the desirable characteristic of alteration of dyed threads with white threads which upon normal wear and tear gives denim a white on blue appearance.
• a popular look for denim is the stone-washed or worn look. Stonewashing of denim jeans and other garment has been known for years (American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists : Garment Wet Processing Technical Manual, North Carolina, U.S.A (1994)), originally using laundering with abrasive stones to accelerate the aging process before selling the product in retail stores, later by introducing chlorine bleach into these wash techniques, and in the past years by using cellulolytic enzymes either alone or in combination with abrasive stones (WO 90/02790) .
• the invention relates to a method of introducing into the surface of dyed denim fabric or garment, localized areas of variations in colour density, which method comprises contacting the fabric or garment with an aqueous composition comprising an effective amount of a pectolytic enzyme.
• the pectolytic enzyme is preferably selected from the group consisting of pectate lyases, pectin lyases and polygalacturonases .
• the present invention provides a method for improved enzymatic stone-washing of dyed denim fabric or garment, which method comprises contacting the fabric or garment with an aqueous composition comprising a cellulolytic enzyme and a pectolytic enzyme in an amount efficient for providing enzymatic abrasion of the fabric or garment.
• the invention also provides a method for removing backstained dye from denim fabric or garment during finishing, the method comprising treating the garment with an aqueous composition comprising an effective amount of a pectolytic enzyme.
• the present invention relates to the treatment of denim fabric or garment, i.e. denim fabric made from cellulosic fibres, especially cotton.
• the cotton fiber is a single biological cell.
• the layers in the cell structure are, from the outside to the dinsede, cuticle, primary wall, seccondary wall, and lumen. These layers are different structurally and chemically.
• the primary and secondary walls have different degrees of crystallinity, as well as 3 different molecular chain orientations.
• the cuticle composed of wax, proteins, and pectins, is 2.5% of the fiber weight and is amorphous.
• the primary wall is 2.5% of the fiber weight, has a crystallinity index of 30%, and is composed of cellulose.
• the secondary wall is 91.5% of the fiber weight, has a crystallinity index of 70%, and is composed of cellulose.
• the lumen is composed of protoplasmic residues. It is known that waxy materials are mainly responsible for the non-absorbent characteristics of raw cotton. Pectins may also have an influence, since 85% of the carboxyl groups in the pectins are methylated (Li, Y. and Hardin, I.R. in Textile Chemist and Colorist, 1997, Vol. 29. No. 8. p. 71-76) .
• pectin denotes pectate, polygalacturonic acid, and pectin which may be esterified to a higher or lower degree .
• the dyeing of the denim yarn, fabric or garment is a ring-dyeing.
• a preferred embodiment of the invention is ring-dyeing of the yarn with a vat dye such as indigo, or an indigo-related dye such as thioindigo, or a sulfur dye, or a direct dye, or a reactive dye, or a naphthol .
• the yarn may also be dyed with more than one dye, e.g., first with a sulphur dye and then with a vat dye, or vice versa.
• the indigo may be derived from the indigo plant material, or synthetic, or the biosynthetic indigo available from Genencor International.
• the warp thread may be dyed according to methods known in the art, typically by using a continuously process in which the yarn is repeatedly dipped into dye-baths containing the dye in question (e.g. indigo in reduced (leuco) form) . Following each dip, the indigo is oxidized by exposing the thread to oxygen (a process known as skying) . Alternatively the indigo may be oxidized with other oxidizing agents as known in the art.
• the dyeing may be carried out in the following way: Initially the dry warp thread is pre-wetted, typically the wet out mix contains a wetting agent, a chelating agent and sodium hydroxide .
• the warp thread may then be dipped in the dye-bath for 5-60 sec, squeezed, and oxidized in the air for 1-3 min.
• the treatment may be performed as 4 -dip, 8 -dip, or other degrees of treatment as known in the art.
• the dye-bath comprises water, indigo dye, sodium hydroxide and optionally 4 hydrosulfite or other chelating or wetting agents.
• the dyed yarns are optionally sized before they are woven.
• a pectolytic enzyme to be used in the method of the present invention will vary depending upon a number of well understood parameters, including the purity and the specific activity of the pectinase, the contact time, the pH, the temperature of the aqueous process medium, the presence of abrasives (pumice, perlite, diatomaceous earth, ECO-balls) and the machinery used for fabric (e.g. denim) wet processing:
• Abrasion comes from fabric-to-fabric, fabric-to-metal or fabric-to- stone/abrasive contact.
• Washer Extractor and Barrel Machines.
• Washer extractors are characterized by having an internal rotating drum which makes extraction possible, and there are two basic designs of washer extractor: Front-loaded and side washers. Cylinder design vary widely. The diameter of the cylinder in a front load washer extractor is generally greater than the length of the cylinder. It rotates along its horizontal axis and is loaded through an opening in the end. Side-loading machines are similar to front loaders in the basic design principles, however, the cylinder is longer than its diameter, it rotates along its horizontal axis and is loaded through openings in the side.
• Baffles are protruding from the inside of the drum which help keep the garments moving for better abrasion. The garments are lifted with the help of the baffles to the top of the drum and then fall back into the wash liquor. 5
• Barrel (or hexagonal) washers are designed with only one drum.
• the machine is designed especially for stonewashing jeans.
• the mechanical effect, from both fabric-to-fabric and fabric-to- drum contact, is very high resulting in a very effective stonewash.
• a Barrel washer is preferred.
• pectolytic enzyme or "pectinase” as denoted herein, is intended to include any pectinase enzyme defined according to the art where pectinases are a group of enzymes that hydrolyse glycosidic linkages of pectic substances mainly poly-1, 4-a-D-galacturonide and its derivatives (see reference Sakai et al .
• Pectin, pectinase and propectinase production, properties and applications, pp 213-294 in: Advances in Applied Microbiology vol:39,1993) which enzyme is understood to include a mature protein or a precursor form thereof or a functional fragment thereof which essentially has the activity of the full- length enzyme.
• pectolytic enzyme is intended to include homologues or analogues of such enzymes .
• a pectolytic enzyme useful in the method of the invention is a pectinase enzyme which catalyzes the random cleavage of a-1 , 4-glycosidic linkages in pectic acid also called polygalacturonic acid by transelimination such as the enzyme class polygalacturonate lyase (EC 4.2.2.2) (PGL) also known as poly (1, 4-a-D-galacturonide) lyase also known as pectate lyase.
• PGL enzyme class polygalacturonate lyase
• poly (1, 4-a-D-galacturonide) lyase also known as pectate lyase.
• pectinase enzyme which catalyzes the random hydrolysis of a-1 , 4-glycosidic linkages in pectic acid
• PG enzyme class polygalacturonase
• endo-PG enzyme class polygalacturonase
• a pectinase enzyme such as polymethylgalcturonate lyase (EC 4.2.2.10) (PMGL) , also known as Endo-PMGL, also known as poly (methyoxygalacturonide) lyase also known as pectin lyase which catalyzes the random cleavage of a- 1, 4-glycosidic linkages of pectin.
• the enzyme preparation useful in the present invention is preferably derived from a microorganism, preferably from a 6 bacterium, an archea or a fungus, especially from a bacterium such as a bacterium belonging to Bacillus, preferably to an alkalophilic Bacillus strain which may be selected from the group consisting of the species Bacillus licheniformis and highly related Bacillus species in which all species are at least 90% homologous to Bacillus licheniformis based on aligned 16S rDNA sequences.
• Bacillus licheniformis is the species Bacillus alcalophilus , Bacillus pseudoalcalophilus, and Bacillus clarkii .
• a specific and highly preferred example is the species Bacillus licheniformis, ATCC 14580.
• pectate lyases are derivable from the species Bacillus agaradhaerens , especially from the strain deposited as NCIMB 40482; and from the species Aspergillus aculeatus, especially the strain and the enzyme disclosed in WO 94/14952 and WO 94/21786 which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety; and from the species Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus stearothermophilus , Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus cohnii , Bacillus pseudoalcalophilus, Erwinia sp. 9482, especially the strain FERM BP-5994, and Paenibacillus polymyxa .
• the pectolytic enzyme may be a component occurring in an enzyme system produced by a given microorganism, such an enzyme system mostly comprising several different pectolytic enzyme components including those identified above.
• the pectolytic enzyme may be a single com- ponent, i.e. a component essentially free of other pectinase enzymes which may occur in an enzyme system produced by a given microorganism, the single component typically being a recom- binant component, i.e. produced by cloning of a DNA sequence encoding the single component and subsequent cell transformed with the DNA sequence and expressed in a host.
• a recom- binant component i.e. produced by cloning of a DNA sequence encoding the single component and subsequent cell transformed with the DNA sequence and expressed in a host.
• PCT/DK98/00514 and PCT/DK98/00515 which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety including the sequence listings.
• the host is preferably a heterologous host, but the host may under certain conditions also be the homologous host .
• the pectinase to be used in the method of the present invention may be obtained or derived from a microorganism by use ⁇ tr pr ⁇ J O tr ri PJ ⁇ ! ⁇ tr ⁇ > n t ⁇ - tr ⁇ - ⁇ tr ft tr ⁇ J Hi Q ⁇ rt ⁇ ⁇ & ⁇ ⁇ J pr 0J rt Q 3 o
• Enzyme hybrids may be described by the following formula:
• CBD is the N-terminal or the C-terminal region of an amino acid sequence corresponding to at least the cellulose- binding domain
• MR is the middle region (the linker) , and may be a bond, or a short linking group preferably of from about 2 to about 100 carbon atoms, more preferably of from 2 to 40 carbon atoms; or is preferably from about 2 to to about 100 amino acids, more preferably of from 2 to 40 amino acids
• X is an N-terminal or C-terminal region of the pectin degrading enzyme of the invention.
• cellulase or “cellulolytic” enzyme refers to an enzyme which catalyses the degradation of cellulose to glucose, cellobiose, triose and other cello-oligosaccharides which enzyme is understood to include a mature protein or a precursor form thereof or a functional fragment thereof, e.g. a catalytic active domain, which essentially has the activity of the full-length enzyme.
• cellulolytic enzyme is intended to include homologues or analogues of said enzyme .
• the cellulolytic enzyme may be a component occurring in a cellulase system produced by a given microorganism, such a cellulase system mostly comprising several different cellulase enzyme components including those usually identified as e.g. cellobiohydrolases, exo-cellobiohydrolases, endoglucanases, b- glucosidases .
• the cellulolytic enzyme may be a single component, i.e. a component essentially free of other cellulase enzymes usually occurring in a cellulase system produced by a given microorganism, the single component typically being a recombinant component, i.e. produced by cloning of a DNA sequence encoding the single component and subsequent cell transformed with the DNA sequence and expressed in a host, for example as described e.g. International Patent Application WO 91/17243 and which is hereby incorporated by reference.
• the host is preferably a heterologous host, but the host may under cer- 9 tain conditions also be the homologous host.
• the cellulase to be used in the method of the present invention may be obtained or derived from a microorganism by use of any suitable technique.
• a cellulase preparation may be obtained by fermentation of a microorganism and subsequent isolation of a cellulase containing preparation from the fermented broth or microorganism by methods known in the art, but more preferably by use of recombinant DNA techniques as known in the art.
• Such method normally comprises cultivation of a host cell transformed with a recombinant DNA vector capable of expressing and carrying a DNA sequence encoding the cellulase component in question, in a culture medium under conditions permitting the expression of the enzyme and recovering the enzyme from the culture.
• the component comprised by the cellulase composition of the invention may also be produced by conventional techniques such as produced by a given microorganism as a part of a cellulase system.
• the cellulase to be used according to the present invention may be any cellulase component having cellulolytic activity either in the acid, the neutral or the alkaline pH- range .
• the component is a microbial endog- ⁇ -1,4- glucanase (EC 3.2.1.4), preferably of fungal or bacterial origin, which may be derived or isolated and purified from microorganisms which are known to be capable of producing cel- lulolytic enzymes, e.g. species of the genera mentioned below.
• the derived cellulases may be either homologous or heterologous cellulases.
• the cellulases are homologous.
• a heterologous component which is derived from a specific microorganism and is immunoreactive with an antibody raised against a highly purified cellulase component possessing the desired property or properties, is also preferred.
• Examples of specific endo- ⁇ -1, 4-glucanases useful according to the present invention are: cellulases derived from any of the fungal genera Acremonium, Ascobolus, Aspergillus, Chaetoir ⁇ um, Chaetostylum, Cladorrhinum, Colletotrichum,
• Microsphaeropsis Myceliophthora, Nectia, Neocallimastix, Nigrospora, Nodulisporum, Panaeolus, Penicillium, Phanerochaete, Phycomyces, Piromyces, Poronia, Rhizomucor, Rhizophyctis , Saccobolus, Schizophyllum, Scytalidium, Sordaria, Spongopellis , Systaspospora, Thermomyces , Thielavia, Trametes, Trichothecium, Trichoderma, Volutella, Ulospora, Ustilago, Xylaria; especially acid cellulases derived from the fungal species Trichoderma reesei , Trichoderma viride, Trichoderma longibrachiatum; cellulases from the fungal species Ascobolus stictoideus, Aspergillus aculeatus, Chaetomium cuniculorum, Chae
• cellulases from the bacterial genera Bacillus, Pseudomonas , Saccharothrix, Cellvibrio, Thermomonospora; especially from the species Bacillus lentus, Bacillus agaradhaerens , Bacillus licheniformis , Pseudomonas cellulosa, Saccharothrix australiensis , Saccharothrix texasensis, Saccharothrix waywayandensis, Saccharothrix cryophilis, Saccharothrix flava, Saccharothrix coeruleofusca, Saccharothrix longispora, Saccharothrix mutabilis ssp.
• Examples of commercially available cellulase enzyme products useful in the method of the present invention are: Cellusoft ® ' Celluclast ® , Denimax ® Acid, Denimax ® Ultra (all available from Novo Nordisk A/S, DK-2880 Bagsvaerd, Denmark) ; Indiage TM , Primafast TM (both from Genencor International Inc., U.S.A.); Powerstone TM (from Iogen, Canada); Ecostone TM (from Alko, Finland); Rocksoft TM (from CPN, U.S.A.), and Sanko Bio TM (from Meiji/Rakuto Kasei Ltd., Japan).
• the invention provides a method for introducing into the surface of dyed denim fabric or garment, localized variations in colour density which method comprises the step of contacting the fabric or garment with an aqueous composition comprising an effective amount of a pectolytic enzyme.
• the conventional enzymatic stonewashing process may be improved by treating the denim fabric or garment with an aqueous composition comprising a cellulase and a pectinase in an amount effective for providing abrasion of the fabric.
• the invention provides a method for removing backstained dye from denim fabric or garment during finishing by, in an aqueous medium, treating the fabric or garment with an effective amount of pectinase.
• backstaining is due to redeposition of insoluble dye, such as insoluble indigo dye, either in the pectin layer present as part of the cuticle of cotton fiber or trapped into the hydrophobic wax also present in the cuticle of cotton fiber.
• pectolytic enzymes are useful for removal of pectins present in the cuticle of cotton fiber prior to dyeing of warp yarns.
• a suitable liquor/textile ratio to be used in the present method may be in the range of from about 20:1 to about 1:1, preferably in the range of from about 15:1 to about 2:1.
• the reaction time is usually in the range of from about 10 min to about 8 hours. Preferably the reaction time is within the range of from about 10 to about 120 minutes.
• the pH of the reaction medium greatly depends on the enzyme (s) in question.
• the process of the invention is carried out at a pH in the range of from about pH 3 to about pH 11, preferably in the range of from about pH 4 to about pH 8, or within the range of from about pH 4.5 to about pH 5.5.
• the temperature of the reaction medium also greatly depends on the enzyme (s) in question. Normally a temperature in the range of from 10-90°C will be used, preferably a temperature below 90°C, more preferably below 75°C such as in the range of from 50-75°C will be used, more preferably a temperature below 65°C such as in the range of from 60-65°C will be used. Sometimes the temperature used for the desizing process and the abrasion process will be the same, but normally they will be different as shown in the examples below.
• the efficient amount of pectolytic enzyme to be used according to the method of the present invention depends on many factors, but according to the invention the concentration of the pectolytic enzyme in the aqueous medium may be from about 0.01 to 13 about 10000 microgram enzyme protein per g of fabric, preferably 0.1-10000 microgram of enzyme protein per g of fabric, more preferably 1-1000 microgram of enzyme protein per g of fabric.
• an efficient amount of cellulolytic enzyme to be used according to the method of the present invention depends on many factors, but according to the invention the concentration of the cellulolytic enzyme in the aqueous medium may be 0.001-50 mg of enzyme protein per g of fabric, preferably 0.005-25 mg of enzyme protein per g of fabric, more preferably 0.01-5 mg of enzyme protein per g of fabric.
• the aqueous composition used in the method of the invention may further comprise one or more enzymes selected from the group consisting of proteases, lipases, cutinases, cellulases, hemicellulases, pectinases, amylases, oxidoreductases, peroxidases, laccases, and transferases .
• Pumice may also be added to the aqeuous treatment composition in an amount of 0-80% relative to the amount which is conventionally used for stonewashing jeans with pumice in a conventional stonewashing process.
• a buffer may be included in the aqeuous composition to maintain a suitable pH for the enzyme (s) used.
• the buffer may suitably be a phosphate, borate, citrate, acetate, adipate, triethanolamine, monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, carbonate (especially alkali metal or alkaline earth metal, in particular sodium or potassium carbonate, or ammonium and HCI salts) , diamine, especially diaminoethane, imidazole, or amino acid buffer.
• the method of the invention may be carried out in the presence of conventional textile finishing agents, including wetting agents, polymeric agents, surfactants/dispersing agents, chelating agents etc.
• a conventional wetting agent may be used to improve the contact between the substrate and the enzymes used in the process.
• the wetting agent may be a nonionic surfactant, e.g. an ethoxylated fatty alcohol.
• a very useful wetting agent is an ethoxylated and propoxylated fatty acid ester such as Berol 087 (product of Akzo Nobel, Sweden) .
• suitable polymers include proteins (e.g. bovine serum albumin, whey, casein or legume proteins) , protein 14 hydrolysates (e.g. whey, casein or soy protein hydrolysate) , polypeptides, lignosulfonates, polysaccharides and derivatives thereof, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, ethylene diamine condensed with ethylene or propylene oxide, ethoxylated polyamines, or ethoxylated amine polymers .
• proteins e.g. bovine serum albumin, whey, casein or legume proteins
• protein 14 hydrolysates e.g. whey, casein or soy protein hydrolysate
• polypeptides e.g. whey, casein or soy protein hydrolysate
• polypeptides e.g. whey, casein or soy protein hydrolysate
• polypeptides e.g.
• the dispersing agent may suitably be selected from nonionic, anionic, cationic, ampholytic or zwitterionic surfactants. More specifically, the dispersing agent may be selected from carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, alkyl aryl sulphonates, long-chain alcohol sulphates (primary and secondary alkyl sulphates) , sulphonated olefins, sulphated monoglycerides, sulphated ethers, sulphosuccinates, sulphonated methyl ethers, alkane sulphonates, phosphate esters, alkyl isothionates, acylsarcosides, alkyltaurides, fluorosurfactants, fatty alcohol and alkylphenol condensates, fatty acid condensates, condensates of ethylene oxide with an amine, condensates of ethylene oxide with an amide, sucrose esters, sorbitan esters, alky
• a very useful dispersing agent is an alcohol ethoxylate such as Berol 08 (product of Akzo Nobel, Sweden) .
• the chelating agent may be one which is soluble and capable of forming complexes with di- or trivalent cations (such as calcium) at acid, neutral or alkaline pH values.
• di- or trivalent cations such as calcium
• the choice of chelating agent depends on the cellulase employed in the process. Thus, if an acid cellulase is included, the chelating agent should be one which is soluble and capable of forming a complex with di- or trivalent cations at an acid pH. If, on the other hand, the cellulase is neutral or alkaline, the chelating agent should be one which is soluble and capable of forming a complex with di- or trivalent cations at a neutral or alkaline pH. 15
• the chelating agent may suitably be selected from amino- carboxylic acids; hydroxyaminocarboxylic acids; hydroxy- carboxylic acids; phosphates, di-phosphates, tri-polyphosphates, higher poly-phosphates, pyrophosphates; zeolites; polycarboxylic acids; carbohydrates, including polysaccharides; hydroxypyridinones ; organic compounds comprising catechol groups; organic compounds comprising hydroxymate groups; silicates; or polyhydroxysulfonates .
• the chelating agent is a hydroxycarboxylic acid
• it may suitably be selected from gluconic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, oxalic acid, diglycolic acid, or glucoheptonate .
• the chelating agent is a polyamino- or polyhydroxy- phosphonate or -polyphosphonate
• it may suitably be selected from PBTC (phosphonobutantriacetat) , ATMP (amino- tri (methylenphosphonic acid) ) , DTPMP (diethylene triamin- penta (methylenphosphonic acid), EDTMP ethylene diamin- tetra (methylenphophonic acid)), HDTMP (hydroxyethyl -ethy- lendiamintri (methylenphosphonic acid) ) , HEDP (hydroxyethane diphosphonic acid) , or HMDTMP (hexamethylen-diamine tetra (methylene phosphonic acid)).
• PBTC phosphonobutantriacetat
• ATMP amino- tri (methylenphosphonic acid)
• DTPMP diethylene triamin- penta (methylenphosphonic acid)
• finishing agents that may be present in a method of the invention include, but are not limited to pumice stones and/or perlite.
• Perlite is a naturally occurring volcanic rock.
• heat expanded perlite may be used.
• the process is a combi-process, i.e. the process is a combined desizing and abrasion process.
• the APSU unit assay is a viscosity measurement using the substrate polygalacturonic acid with no added calcium.
• the substrate 5% polygalacturonic acid sodium salt (Sigma P-1879) is solubilised in 0.1 M Glycin buffer pH 10.
• the 4 ml substrate is preincubated for 5 min at 40 °C.
• the enzyme is added (in a volume of 250 ⁇ l) and mixed for 10 sec on a mixer at maximum speed, it is then incubated for 20 min at 40°C.
• the viscosity is measured using a MIVI 600 from the company Sofraser, 45700 Villemandeur, France. The viscosity is measured as mV after 10 sec.
• APSU units For calculation of APSU units a enzyme standard dilution as described above was used for obtaining a standard curve.
• the GrafPad Prism program using a non linear fit with a one phase exponential decay with a plateau, was used for calculations.
• the plateau plus span is the mV obtained without enzyme.
• the plateau is the mV of more than 100 APSU and the half reduction of viscosity in both examples was found to be 12 APSU units with a standard error of 1.5 APSU.
• the lyase assay (at 235 nm) For determination of the ⁇ -elimination an assay measuring the increase in absorbance at 235 nm was carried out using the substrate 0.1% polygalacturonic acid sodium salt (Sigma P-1879) solubilised in 0.1 M Glycin buffer pH 10. For calculation of the catalytic rate an increase of 5.2 Absorbency at 235 units per min corresponds to formation of 1 ⁇ mol of unsaturated product (Nasuna and Starr (1966) J. Biol. Chem. Vol 241 page 5298-5306; and Bartling, Wegener and Olsen (1995) Microbiology Vol 141 page 873-881) .
• the cellulolytic activity may be determined in endo- cellulase units (ECU) by measuring the ability of the enzyme to reduce the viscosity of a solution of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) . 17
• ECU endo- cellulase units
• the ECU assay quantifies the amount of catalytic activity present in the sample by measuring the ability of the sample to reduce the viscosity of a solution of carboxy-methylcellulose (CMC) .
• CMC carboxy-methylcellulose
• the assay is carried out in a vibration viscosimeter (e.g. MIVI 3000 from Sofraser, France) at 40°C; pH 7.5; 0.1M phosphate buffer; time 30 min; using a relative enzyme standard for reducing the viscosity of the CMC substrate (Hercules 7 LFD) , enzyme concentration approx. 0.15 ECU/ml .
• the arch standard is defined to 8200 ECU/g.
• One ECU is amount of enzyme that reduces the viscosity to one half under these conditions.
• the reflection measurements which define the look of the fabric according to the invention are performed at a wavelength of 420 nm using a reflectometer having a measuring diaphragm with a diametrical dimension of 27 mm (Texflash 2000 from Datacolor
• Backstaining is measured on the reverse side of the denim panels using a reflectometer having a measuring diaphragm with a diametrical dimension of 27 mm (Texflash 2000 from Datacolor International, light source D65) . Backstaining is expressed by using the CIELAB (-b*) coordinate.
• Rinse 1 20 1 tap water, 15 min., 80°C, 26.7 g Na 2 C0 3 .
• Rinse 2 5 min, 20 1 tap water, 55°C.
• the desized denim fabric is cut into 13 x 23 cm swatches, which are sown together to form a tube .
• the desized denim tube is placed in the Launder-O-meter beaker with the warp (front) facing the interior, 1 swatch per beaker. Approx. 14 g/swatch.
• Pectate lyase from Bacillus licheniformis, batch 9643.
• Cellulase Denimax Ultra (commercial product from Novo Nordisk A/S), batch ED-9713927.
• the enzymes are dosed according to the experimental outline.
• the swatches are transferred to 5 1 0.5 g LAS Nansa 1169 (Albright & Wilson) /l 5 min.; followed by a rinsing procedure in Wascator FL 120 (Electrolux) : A hot rinse in 32 1 55°C de- ionised water for 5 min. and two cold rinses in 32 1 15°C de- ionised water for 5 min. The swatches are tumble dried and cut open near the seam.
• Abrasion is measured on the fabric side facing the interior of the Launder-O-Meter beaker (determined as reflection as described above) with six determinations per swatch. 20
• Dosage ot cellulase Dosage ot pectate (ECU/g textile) lyase (mg enz . protein/beaker)
• This experiment illustrates the effect of using one of the enzymes according to the invention, a pectate lyase, alone and in combination with a cellulase.
• An increase in abrasion level is obtained when treating the fabric with the pectate lyase, substantiating that pectin is present on the denim fabric.
• a synergistic abrasion enhancement is seen, presumable the removal of pectin results in increased accessibility for the cellulase. 21
• Rinse 5 min, 20 1 tap water, 50 °C .
• Abrasion 20 1 de- ionized water, 2 hours , 50 °C , pH 6 . 5 : 12 g
• the enzymes are dosed according to the experimental outline.
• Rinse 1 20 1 tap water, 15 min., 80°C, 40 g Na 2 C0 3 .
• Rinse 2 & 3 Two rinse cycles of 5 min. in cold tap water. Evaluation :
• Abrasion determined as reflection using the mean value of 20 measurements
• warp and weft tear strength determined as backstaining.
• a pectin lyase was evaluated in combination with cellulase (Denimax Ultra) .
• the results clearly demonstrates an abrasion enhancement when combining a cellulase with a pectinase.
• Another scope of the invention is pectinases effect on backstaining of denim fabric and/or garment. Surprisingly, a significant reduction in backstaining is observed, when combining a pectin lyase with a cellulase.
• Abrasion 20 1 de-ionized water, 2 hours, 60°C, pH 7.5: 25 mM triethanol amine
• Rinse 1 20 1 tap water, 15 min., 80°C, 40 g Na 2 C0 3 .
• Rinse 2 & 3 Two rinse cycles of 5 min. in cold tap water.
• Abrasion (determined as reflection using the mean value of 20 measurements) .
• the pectate lyase evaluated in Launder-O-meter was evaluated in combination with cellulase (Denimax Ultra) in larger scale Wascator trials .

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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• Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
• Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Chemical Or Physical Treatment Of Fibers (AREA)
• Treatments For Attaching Organic Compounds To Fibrous Goods (AREA)
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• 1999
  • 1999-03-31 JP JP2000542517A patent/JP2002510756A/ja active Pending
  • 1999-03-31 EP EP99911646A patent/EP1066422B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1999-03-31 DE DE69932420T patent/DE69932420D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1999-03-31 AU AU30261/99A patent/AU3026199A/en not_active Abandoned
  • 1999-03-31 ES ES99911646T patent/ES2270589T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1999-03-31 WO PCT/DK1999/000198 patent/WO1999051808A1/en active IP Right Grant
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