EP1063666B1 - Déclencheur électromagnétique - Google Patents

Déclencheur électromagnétique Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1063666B1
EP1063666B1 EP00112184A EP00112184A EP1063666B1 EP 1063666 B1 EP1063666 B1 EP 1063666B1 EP 00112184 A EP00112184 A EP 00112184A EP 00112184 A EP00112184 A EP 00112184A EP 1063666 B1 EP1063666 B1 EP 1063666B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
permanent magnet
yoke
tappet
coil
pole shoe
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP00112184A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP1063666A3 (fr
EP1063666A2 (fr
Inventor
Andreas Dr.-Ing. Kahnert
Heinz-Erich Dr.-Ing. Popa
Hans-Joachim Dr. Rer. Nat. Krokoszinski
Patrick Dipl.-Ing. Claeys
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
ABB Patent GmbH
Original Assignee
ABB Patent GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by ABB Patent GmbH filed Critical ABB Patent GmbH
Publication of EP1063666A2 publication Critical patent/EP1063666A2/fr
Publication of EP1063666A3 publication Critical patent/EP1063666A3/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1063666B1 publication Critical patent/EP1063666B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H71/00—Details of the protective switches or relays covered by groups H01H73/00 - H01H83/00
    • H01H71/10—Operating or release mechanisms
    • H01H71/12—Automatic release mechanisms with or without manual release
    • H01H71/24—Electromagnetic mechanisms
    • H01H71/32—Electromagnetic mechanisms having permanently magnetised part
    • H01H71/321—Electromagnetic mechanisms having permanently magnetised part characterised by the magnetic circuit or active magnetic elements
    • H01H71/322—Electromagnetic mechanisms having permanently magnetised part characterised by the magnetic circuit or active magnetic elements with plunger type armature
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H71/00—Details of the protective switches or relays covered by groups H01H73/00 - H01H83/00
    • H01H71/10—Operating or release mechanisms
    • H01H71/12—Automatic release mechanisms with or without manual release
    • H01H71/24—Electromagnetic mechanisms
    • H01H71/32—Electromagnetic mechanisms having permanently magnetised part
    • H01H71/327—Manufacturing or calibrating methods, e.g. air gap treatments

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an electromagnetic trigger for a circuit breaker, in particular for a residual current circuit breaker according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • a magnetic yoke in U-shape is provided, around whose one leg a coil is wound around; At the yoke is a permanent magnet and the two yoke legs are covered by an armature which is resiliently loaded in the opening or release direction.
  • the permanent magnet acts so that the armature is attracted to the free ends of the yoke legs in the rest state; if a fault current occurs, then the magnetic flux generated thereby counteracts the flux generated by the permanent magnet, so that the spring overcomes the tightening force and pivots the hinged armature in the open position.
  • the coil winding is connected to a secondary winding of a summation current transformer whose primary winding is formed by the network conductor; as soon as a fault current occurs, the coil of the trigger is energized in a conventional manner, and the shutter is activated.
  • the geometry of the assembly greatly complicates automated manufacturing; The individual parts must be manufactured and controlled with high precision and put together with high personnel, ie manual use, under clean room conditions.
  • test button once a month to check the functionality of the trigger.
  • a fault current is simulated so that the trigger responds and opens the residual current circuit breaker.
  • the z. B. are designed as piezoelectric elements or as electromagnetic triggers.
  • the electromagnetic release should comprise fewer and simpler parts, so that the automatic production can be improved and the time and cost of manufacture can be reduced.
  • At least one permanent magnet and at least one pole piece are associated with the yoke and the trigger plunger in such a way that in a first position the plunger is within the effective range of the permanent magnet and the pole shoe and in another position only in the area of action of the pole shoe, so that in the first position both the magnetic flux of the coil and that of the permanent magnet, the latter at least partially, in the plunger and in the second position of the magnetic flux generated by the permanent magnet through the plunger, the permanent magnet and the yoke, so that in the latter position, a stable operating point of the permanent magnet is maintained.
  • An advantageous embodiment of the invention may consist in that the yoke has two mutually parallel yoke sections, to which the plunger axis is perpendicular; the plunger passes through one of the yoke sections (first yoke section) to form an air gap whose width remains constant during the entire movement of the plunger.
  • the plunger sets in its first position against the inner surface of the second yoke portion. Because of the design of the trigger, the release force is sufficiently large, bonding operations of the plunger on the second yoke portion, which could produce the inefficiency of the trigger avoided.
  • To support the plunger may be coated on its the second yoke portion facing the surface with an anti-adhesive layer, wherein the layer of highly corrosion resistant material, in particular nickel or a nickel alloy may consist.
  • the plunger may preferably have a bar; the spring is then inserted between the pole piece and the strip.
  • the yoke may comprise a pot into which the annular coil, the permanent magnet arrangement formed as an annular permanent magnet, the annular pole piece, the spring formed as a helical spring and the plunger of the type can be inserted.
  • the plunger is surrounded by both the permanent magnet and the pole piece and the spring, wherein the pot is closed by means of a lid, through which engages the plunger to form the trigger;
  • the lid serves as the first yoke portion and the bottom of the pot forms the second yoke portion.
  • the plunger end is in the region of the pole piece, when the trigger serving as a fault current release has reached its release position, then the operating point of the permanent magnet remains approximately constant in each possible position, because in each possible position, a magnetic flux through the permanent magnet, the pole piece, the plunger and the yoke is guaranteed.
  • a further advantageous embodiment of the invention according to claim 16 is that in the so-called tripped position of the coil, a flux can be generated by the permanent magnet, so that the permanent magnet can be magnetized by means of a pulse originating from the coil.
  • a flux can be generated by the permanent magnet, so that the permanent magnet can be magnetized by means of a pulse originating from the coil.
  • the yoke 10 has a cup-shaped pot 11 which is closed by a cover 12. Inside the pot 11, adjoining the inner wall, there is an annular coil 13 which surrounds a plastic sleeve 14, a permanent magnet 15 and a pole piece 16.
  • the permanent magnet 15 is also annular; he sits directly on the floor 17 of the pot 11.
  • the pole shoe 16 adjoins and contacts the permanent magnet 15, the pole shoe having two sections 18 and 19 of different inner diameters.
  • the sleeve 14 holds the permanent magnet 15 and the pole piece 16 in place against the bottom 17.
  • the permanent magnet 15 and the annular pole piece 16 surround a plunger 20 which rests with its one end face against the inner surface of the pot bottom 17 and with its other end protrudes from an opening 21 from the lid 12.
  • the plunger 20 has a circumferential groin ring 22 and between the groin ring 22 and the pole piece 16 is a helical compression spring 23.
  • the inner diameter of the section 19th the pole piece 16 is dimensioned such that an air gap 24 results between the inner surface of the portion 19 and the outer surface of the plunger; Similarly, between the inner surface of the opening and the outer surface of the plunger 20, a further air gap 25 is present.
  • the inner diameter of the permanent magnet 15 then corresponds to the inner diameter of the portion 18 of the pole piece 16.
  • the permanent magnet 15 now generates a magnetic flux, the main part 26 of which - depending on the orientation of the north and south pole - of the permanent magnet 15 in the pole piece 16 and the air gap 24 in the plunger 20, from there into the yoke or the ground 17 of the yoke and back to the permanent magnet. Between the plunger 20 and the bottom of the yoke is the very small working air gap 27th
  • Fig. 5 shows an annular, rectangular yoke 50 with two mutually parallel longitudinal webs 51 and 52, which at one end by means of a transverse web 53 are connected to each other, whereas at the other end of the longitudinal web 51, a leg 54 and the longitudinal web 52 a leg 55 are arranged perpendicular to the longitudinal webs 51, 52 to each other and terminate at a certain distance from each other.
  • a coil 56 Within the longitudinal webs 51 and 52 is a coil 56 whose coil axis is parallel to the longitudinal webs 51 and 52.
  • there are two permanent magnets 57 and 58 which have a rectangular cross-section whose width corresponds to the width of the transverse web 53.
  • the thickness of the sections 63, 64, measured in the direction of the transverse web 53, is less than the thickness of the sections 61, 62 and corresponds to the thickness of the permanent magnets 57, 58.
  • a rectangular plunger 65 whose width corresponds to the width of the yoke 50; the rectangular shape of the plunger is dimensioned such that between the sections 61 and 62 each an air gap is formed, which correspond in dimensions approximately to the air gap 27.
  • the plunger 65 projects beyond the legs 54 and 55, wherein the ends of the legs 54 and 55 with the plunger 65 each form an air gap corresponding to the air gap 25 analog.
  • the plunger 65 has in the direction of the cross bar 53 protruding paragraphs 66, 67, and between the pole pieces 59 and 60 is a compression spring 68, which acts on the plunger permanently in the direction of arrow P, ie out of the yoke 50.
  • the permanent magnets 57 and 58 generate a magnetic flux, not shown, through the pole pieces 59, 60 and the plunger 65 to the crosspiece 53; when the coil 56 is energized, then, depending on the direction of the current, a flux flowing opposite the flux produced by the permanent magnets 57, 58 flows through the plunger 65 so as to reduce the force of attraction produced by the permanent magnets on the plunger the force of the compression spring predominates and the plunger 65 in the arrow direction P is pushed out of the yoke until the projections 66 and 67 against the inner surfaces of the legs 54 and 55 come to rest.
  • a yoke 80 is provided with a longitudinal web 81, each having a leg 82, 83 at its ends.
  • the longitudinal web 81 is surrounded by a coil 84; on the coil 84 includes a permanent magnet 85 and the permanent magnet 85 a pole piece 86, which corresponds in shape to the pole piece 59.
  • an armature 87 corresponding to the armature 87 or plunger 87 is provided, whose one end is covered by the leg 82 and whose other end projects beyond the leg 83.
  • a projection 88 is provided, which is directed towards the coil 84.
  • a compression spring 89 which has the same effect as the compression spring 68 and 23, respectively.
  • Many types of spring are possible, for. B. a coil spring.
  • FIGS. 7 to 9 The operation of the arrangement according to FIGS. 7 to 9 is the same as that of FIGS. 4 to 6; the difference is that the yoke is only U-shaped and not closed, as in the embodiment of FIG. 7 to 9.
  • FIGs. 10 and 11 show a schematic representation of the mode of action.
  • a yoke 100 has a first yoke web 101 which is surrounded by a coil 102.
  • the yoke 100 which here has the shape of an eight, has a further transverse web 103, in which a permanent magnet 104 is arranged.
  • the middle web 105 of the eight-form has a working air gap 106.
  • the state is shown in which the magnetic flux 107 originating from the coil 102 cancels the flux 108 originating from the permanent magnet 104 in the area of the working air gap 106, so that the located in the region of the central web 105 ram can be moved by a suitable spring arrangement.
  • the fundamental basic structure which shows the Fig.
  • the assembly of the electromagnetic release is very simple: you make the pot ago, put in the pot, the coil and the coil in the permanent magnet and the pole piece and the sleeve in this order, so that the permanent magnet between the bottom of the pot and the pole piece. Then you put the plunger, which passes through the pole piece and is attracted to the bottom of the pot at rest.
  • the magnetic flux 28 originating from the coil passes through the plunger 20, the pole shoe 19, the permanent magnet 15 into the pot bottom 17 and through the side walls of the pot 11 Cover 12 and from there into the plunger 20.
  • the permanent magnet 15 can be magnetized to its operating point by the magnetic flux 18 originating from the coil 13, and because the magnetic flux originating from the permanent magnet 15, always runs through it, it is also achieved that the operating point of the permanent magnet is changed only slightly, so it remains substantially stable. Due to the arrangement according to FIG. 3, which also applies to FIG. 2, the effect of the permanent magnet 15 is maintained.
  • FIG. 11 schematically shows the mapping: the magnetic flux 107 originating from the coil passes completely or practically completely through the permanent magnet 104 because of the large magnetic resistance in the working air gap 106A, so that it flows with the flow 107 (or 28). can be magnetized and thereby also achieved that the operating point of the permanent magnet 104 remains stable.
  • the trigger shown is used in particular as the trigger of a residual current circuit breaker, in which case the particular advantage is achieved that a gluing of the end face of the plunger 20 can be prevented on the pot bottom 17.
  • the size of the working air gap - in contrast to conventional holding magnet or Sperrmagnetauslösern, where the corresponding parts in contact with each other must be made extremely accurate and accurate - is not so critical; Rather, the free end face of the plunger, which comes to rest against the pot bottom 17, also be coated with an anti-adhesive layer.
  • an anti-adhesive layer As a result, it is reliably avoided that a malfunction of a fault current circuit breaker can occur with such a magnetic release designed according to the invention.
  • As such adhesive layer a layer of corrosion resistant material, for. As Ni or a nickel alloy can be used.
  • a pot-like mold 120 may be used, which surrounds an interior space 121, the bottom 122 being located at one end, in the drawing on the right.
  • the free end 123 is closed or closable with a cover 124, on whose side facing the interior 121, a mandrel 125 is formed, which projects to the bottom 122 and ends at a short distance from this.
  • the mandrel 125 has two sections 126 and 127 having different diameters; the diameter of the portion 126 adjoining the lid 124 is larger than the remaining portion 127; the diameter of the portion 126 corresponds to the inner diameter of the annular permanent magnet 15, see Fig. 1 or 2.
  • the transition from the portion 126 to the portion 127 is stepped and the inner contour of the pole piece 16, see Fig. 1, adapted, so that the portion 19 of the pole piece 16 is adapted to the outer diameter of the portion 127 of the mandrel 125.
  • the grading on the mandrel 125 corresponds to the step at the portion 19 of the pole piece 16.
  • an intermediate sleeve 128 is arranged, the tight against the bottom 122 and against the pole piece 16, wherein it ensures that between the cover 124 and the permanent magnet 15 and the permanent magnet 15 and the pole piece 16 remain no gap through which the mass of the bobbin can penetrate inwardly.
  • the inner wall of the inner space 121 widens.
  • the inner space 121 has an extension 130 and a return in the region of the cover 131st
  • the inner space 121 is poured out with a suitable hardening material, then the inner space 121 generates the coil former.
  • the circumferential groove 129 on the permanent magnet engages material of the bobbin 132 and ensures in this way that during demolding of the permanent magnet 15 does not fall out, but is held within the bobbin 132.
  • the pole piece 16 is then held between the permanent magnet 15 and the bobbin.
  • FIG. 13 shows the bobbin 132 with the flange webs 133 and 134, the permanent magnet 15 and the pole piece 16.
  • the intermediate sleeve 128 is removed so that between the pole piece and the right end of the bobbin 132 to which the flange web 130th is located, the receiving space 22 for the spring 23 remains.
  • the bobbin 132 is wound with the bobbin 135.
  • a unit is formed from bobbin, permanent magnet 15, pole piece 16 and coil 135, which is inserted into the pot - shaped yoke 11.
  • the spring 23 and then by the spring 23 and the pole piece 16 and the permanent magnet 15 through the plunger 20 with the bar 22 are used. After closing the pot 11 with the lid 12, from which the plunger 20 protrudes, the trigger is completed.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Electromagnets (AREA)
  • Breakers (AREA)
  • Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
  • Polishing Bodies And Polishing Tools (AREA)
  • Magnetically Actuated Valves (AREA)
  • Reciprocating, Oscillating Or Vibrating Motors (AREA)
  • Magnetic Treatment Devices (AREA)
  • Electrophonic Musical Instruments (AREA)

Claims (16)

  1. Déclencheur (1) électromagnétique, notamment pour un interrupteur de protection contre les courants de court-circuit comprenant un poussoir actionné par un ressort dans le sens de déclenchement, un système à aimant permanent, une bobine et une culasse dans laquelle la bobine produit, dans le cas de déclenchement, un flux magnétique s'opposant au système à aimant permanent, de manière que la force élastique dépasse la force de traction du système à aimant permanent, et dans lequel le système à aimant permanent (15, 57, 85) et l'épanouissement polaire (16, 59, 86) au nombre d'un au moins qui conduit le flux magnétique au poussoir (20, 65, 87), sont associés à la culasse (11, 12 ; 51, 80) et au poussoir (20, 65, 87) de manière que celui-ci, dans une première position, se trouve dans la zone d'action du système à aimant permanent (15, 57, 85) et de l'épanouissement polaire (16, 59, 86), tandis que dans une seconde position, il se trouve au moins en partie dans la zone d'action de l'épanouissement polaire (16, 59, 86), de sorte que dans la première position, le flux magnétique de la bobine (13, 56, 84) et également, au moins en partie le flux magnétique du système à aimant permanent (15, 57, 85), passent à travers le poussoir (20, 65, 87), caractérisé en ce que dans la seconde position, le flux magnétique produit par le système à aimant permanent (15, 57, 85) traverse en succession directe la culasse (11, 12 ;51, 80), le poussoir (20, 65, 87), l'épanouissement polaire (16, 59, 86) et le système à aimant permanent (15, 57, 85).
  2. Déclencheur selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que la culasse présente deux parties parallèles entre elles et perpendiculaires à l'axe du poussoir, ce dernier traversant une de ces parties (la première) en formant un entrefer dont la largeur reste constante pendant tout le déplacement du poussoir.
  3. Déclencheur selon la revendication 2, caractérisé en ce que le poussoir dans sa première position est appliqué sur la face interne de l'autre partie de culasse la seconde).
  4. Déclencheur selon la revendication 3, caractérisé en ce que le poussoir est garni d'une couche anti-adhérente sur sa face frontale en regard de la seconde partie de la culasse.
  5. Déclencheur selon la revendication 4, caractérisé en ce que la couche est en une matière résistant le mieux possible à la corrosion, notamment du nickel ou un alliage de nickel.
  6. Déclencheur selon une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que le poussoir (20, 65, 87) porte une nervure annulaire (22 ; 66, 67 ; 88) et le ressort (23, 68, 89) est monté entre un épanouissement polaire (16, 59, 86) et la nervure annulaire (22 ; 66, 67 ; 88).
  7. Déclencheur selon une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que la culasse (50) est une bague fermée dans laquelle se trouvent la bobine (56) et à l'intérieur de celle-ci, le poussoir (65), le système à aimant permanent (57) et l'épanouissement polaire (59) au nombre d'un au moins, le système à aimant permanent (57) est appliqué sur la surface interne de la seconde partie de culasse, l'épanouissement polaire (59, 60) au nombre d'un au moins est coaxial au système à aimant permanent (57) et que lui-même ainsi que l'épanouissement polaire (59, 60), enserrent entre eux le poussoir (65) à l'état de repos, qui lui-même traverse la partie de culasse située à l'opposé de la première.
  8. Déclencheur selon une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que la culasse (80) a au moins la forme d'un U, la bobine (84) entoure une des barrettes (81) et la branche (82) formant la première partie de culasse recouvre la face frontale du poussoir (87).
  9. Déclencheur selon la revendication 8, caractérisé en ce qu'à la culasse en forme d'U est associée monobloc une autre partie de culasse, de sorte que les branches forment deux barrettes de culasse parallèles, sur la première desquelles s'applique le système à aimant permanent ainsi que le poussoir, qui lui-même traverse l'autre barrette de culasse.
  10. Déclencheur selon une des revendications 1 à 6, caractérisé en ce que la culasse (10) présente un godet (11) dans lequel peuvent être introduits la bobine (13) en forme d'anneau circulaire, le système à aimant permanent (15) constitué par un aimant permanent en forme d'anneau circulaire, l'épanouissement polaire (16) en forme d'anneau circulaire, le ressort (20) de type hélicoïdal et le poussoir (20), de manière que ce dernier est entouré à la fois par l'aimant permanent (15), l'épanouissement polaire (16) et le ressort (23), le godet, pour assurer l'entraînement magnétique, étant fermé par un couvercle (12) que traverse le poussoir, de sorte que ce couvercle et le fond de godet forment respectivement la première et la seconde partie de culasse.
  11. Entraînement électromagnétique selon la revendication 6, caractérisé en ce que l'épanouissement polaire (16) et l'aimant permanent (15) sont appliqués sur le fond intérieur du godet par une douille (14) faite d'un matériau isolant.
  12. Déclencheur selon une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que l'épanouissement polaire et l'aimant permanent sont coulés dans un corps cylindrique formant un corps de bobine, de sorte que la bobine, le corps de bobine, l'épanouissement polaire et l'aimant permanent constituent une unité préassemblée.
  13. Déclencheur selon la revendication 12, caractérisé en ce que l'aimant permanent présente au moins un anneau ou une rainure périphérique qui le maintient par combinaison de formes sur le corps de bobine.
  14. Déclencheur selon une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que le poussoir peut être écarté au maximum de la première barrette de culasse, de manière que son extrémité interne se trouve essentiellement dans la zone de l'épanouissement polaire, en assurant ainsi un flux traversant cet épanouissement, le poussoir et la culasse.
  15. Déclencheur selon la revendication 14, caractérisé en ce que la distance séparant la face frontale du poussoir de la barrette de culasse dans le cas d'entraînement, est supérieure à la longueur axiale du système à aimant permanent.
  16. Déclencheur selon la revendication 14 ou 15, caractérisé en ce que le système à aimant permanent, dans la position déclenchée où le poussoir se trouve essentiellement dans la seule zone de l'épanouissement polaire, peut être remagnétisé par une impulsion de courant traversant la bobiné.
EP00112184A 1999-06-24 2000-06-07 Déclencheur électromagnétique Expired - Lifetime EP1063666B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19929160 1999-06-24
DE19929160 1999-06-24

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1063666A2 EP1063666A2 (fr) 2000-12-27
EP1063666A3 EP1063666A3 (fr) 2002-05-02
EP1063666B1 true EP1063666B1 (fr) 2006-07-26

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Country Status (12)

Country Link
US (1) US6646529B1 (fr)
EP (1) EP1063666B1 (fr)
JP (1) JP2001035344A (fr)
CN (1) CN1290949A (fr)
AT (1) ATE334475T1 (fr)
BG (1) BG104551A (fr)
DE (2) DE10026813B4 (fr)
HU (1) HUP0002399A2 (fr)
NO (1) NO20003300L (fr)
PL (1) PL340945A1 (fr)
SG (1) SG80682A1 (fr)
TW (1) TW460888B (fr)

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DE102018216292B4 (de) 2018-09-25 2021-10-07 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Elektromagnetischer Auslöser für elektromagnetische Schaltgeräte mit einem gewinkelten Aufbau
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Publication number Publication date
DE10026813A1 (de) 2000-12-28
NO20003300D0 (no) 2000-06-23
JP2001035344A (ja) 2001-02-09
US6646529B1 (en) 2003-11-11
SG80682A1 (en) 2001-05-22
ATE334475T1 (de) 2006-08-15
BG104551A (en) 2001-01-31
HU0002399D0 (en) 2000-08-28
DE50013213D1 (de) 2006-09-07
DE10026813B4 (de) 2006-01-19
EP1063666A3 (fr) 2002-05-02
PL340945A1 (en) 2001-01-02
CN1290949A (zh) 2001-04-11
TW460888B (en) 2001-10-21
EP1063666A2 (fr) 2000-12-27
NO20003300L (no) 2000-12-27
HUP0002399A2 (hu) 2001-02-28

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