Classifications

• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
  • E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
  • E21D11/00—Lining tunnels, galleries or other underground cavities, e.g. large underground chambers; Linings therefor; Making such linings in situ, e.g. by assembling
  • E21D11/04—Lining with building materials
  • E21D11/08—Lining with building materials with preformed concrete slabs
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
  • E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
  • E21D11/00—Lining tunnels, galleries or other underground cavities, e.g. large underground chambers; Linings therefor; Making such linings in situ, e.g. by assembling
  • E21D11/003—Linings or provisions thereon, specially adapted for traffic tunnels, e.g. with built-in cleaning devices
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
  • E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
  • E21D11/00—Lining tunnels, galleries or other underground cavities, e.g. large underground chambers; Linings therefor; Making such linings in situ, e.g. by assembling
  • E21D11/38—Waterproofing; Heat insulating; Soundproofing; Electric insulating

Definitions

• Typical concrete has a poor fire- or heat resistance with e.g. prolonged and hot fires.
• fire-resistance is also used for "heat-resistance” . It is common to protect concrete elements with fire proof lining, that is either applied after the pooring and curing of the concrete, e.g. as prefabricated, rigid panels or fluid by virtue of spraying, or before as so called lost formwork as rigid panels onto which the concrete is poured and subsequently cured. It is found out that by this the fire-resistance does not meet the toughest requirements, such as those according to the so called RWS- curve, also called calamity curve.
• the RWS-curve is e.g. shown in fig.
• the R S curve Compared with other standard fire curves, such as the hydrocarbon curve or the ISO curve (NEN 6069), the R S curve requires a temperature of more than 1200 °C during about 90 minutes, a temperature of more than 1250 °C during about 70 minutes and a temperature of more than 1300°C during about 60 minutes.
• the object of the invention is to make improvements to one or more properties, such as fire-resistance or fire toughness of fire-resistant lined elements, in particular of concrete or other cured material that initially can be poored out.
• the object is provision of adequate protection at loading according to the RWS curve or a requirement derived therefrom that is tougher compared to the other above indicated curves.
• a fire proof lined wall such as of a tunnel or tunnel segment
• a formwork or mould wherein said fire proof lining is applied to the mould side and/or to the fill side.
• the mould or formwork and the wall are preferably seperated.
• the lining is brought in the mould in a condition wherein the material of said linging can be cast.
• the term "to the mould side” here means the side of the mould that makes the wall side that will be facing the inner wall of the tunnel, which inner wall will eventually be exposed to the fire.
• the term "to the fill side” here means the open side of the mould, wherefrom the material is brought into the mould.
• the term "castable” here means a pourable or sprayable or castable property, such as fluid or granular or paste-like.
• the term “curing” here means loosing the "castable” property, e.g. by growing of a chemical bond between compounds, or e.g. by disappearance of a solvent.
• the lining material has preferably a so called “zet"- value of approximately 150, although it is expected that the flow property of this lining material may vary within the range of the "zet" value between about 20 and about 200, in particular between about 130 and about 180. The value given here for the "zet” value are mm.
• the tunnel is made with a tunnel bore technique.
• the tunnel wall is prefera- bly build from prefabricated segments. It is surprisingly found out that the requirements of fire-resistance can be met in this way. It is surprisingly found out that the permeability of the fireproof lining can be such that suction caps can engage thereon, e.g. to lift a prefabricated segment. It is surprisingly found out that the porosity of the fireproof lining can be such that a prefered sound absorption is obtained.
• the specific weight of the fire-resistant layer can be smaller than that of the substrate.
• the specific weight of the fire- proof lining is preferably at least 10%, more preferably at least about 25%, most preferably at least about 50% lower than that of the substrate.
• the fireproof layer is at least substantially free of sand.
• the substrate and the fireproof lining are worked "wet in wet” . It is preferred to bring the substrate and the fireproof lining in mutual contact at the moment that the fireproof lining is still not or not yet completely cured.
• the term "not yet completely cured” here means a condition, wherein it is still possible to obtain an intimite adhesion or embedment of both materials (lining and substrate). Possibly, a technical upper limit is a degree of hardness wherein it is impossible, to make an impression of a thumb into the materail with hand force which can be detected with the naked eye.
• the proposal according to the invention is based on the recognition that in this way a very intimite or homogeneous bond between the substrate and the lining is obtained, such that the lining gets sufficient strength to be exposed to great heat for an extended period of time without collapsing, e.g. to withstand the temperature curve according to the RWS curve. It is also possible to obtain a shortening of the process and/or a decrease of the number of operations to be carried out.
• the lining is applied with a thickness of approximately 40 mm, although different thicknessess are also feasible, e.g. within the range between from about 20 to about 60 mm. , depending from the nature of the applied lining material, the nature of the substrate and the expected temperature load.
• the fire-resistant material is preferably based on cement, such as aluminium cement.
• the fire-resistant lining preferably contains at least 5 vol%, more preferably at least approximately 10 vol% aluminium cement.
• the lining contains microsilica, e.g. in an amount 2 wt%.
• mineral or organic fibres are preferably added, e.g. in an amount of 10 vol%.
• the lining preferably contains several types of cement, among which e.g. aluminium cement. The cement is present in an amount sufficient to obtain the required heat resistance (e.g. to meet the requirements according to the RWS curve) of the lining.
• the skilled man will have no difficulty to experimentally determine the amount of cement and the mixing ratio of the several cement types for the above mentioned object.
• the lining preferably contains a large number of, preferably closed, cavities or cells. Said cells are prefera- bly mixed through the material as homogeniously as possible. On the one hand it is preferred that the dimensions of said cells are as homogenious as possible, e.g. approximately spherical with a diameter between about 0.5 and 5 mm, e.g. about 3 mm. , wherein all fractions are preferably present in about equal proportions.
• Those cells are conveniently obtained by adding preferably expanded granules of e.g. plastics, such as polystyrene, or any other convenient material. Alternatively such cells can be obtained with e.g. a foaming agent, such as known as such from the art of cellular concrete.
• the cells are filled with granules, preferably said granules must have a better heat insulating property than the lining material surrounding the granules, and therefor contain e.g. a large proportion of air or another gas, e.g. at least 70 vol% gas, such as is the case with expanded granules.
• the cells prefera- bly have a volume proportion of at least about 10%, more preferably at least about 30%, most preferably at least about 50%. All above mentioned materials together make a lining that meets the above indicated objects in the best way. Proportions of cement, microsilica, fibres, cells are each such that the contribution of each to the aimed properties is substantial.
• the substrate is preferably concrete, such as structural concrete, possibly provided with a convenient reinforce- ment .
• a unique combination of structural building in concrete is obtained by the fireproof properties and the compression strength.
• the fireproof lining is applied in the formwork or mould first, followed by the possible reinforcement and then the substrate. After sufficient curing, the segment is removed from the mould and brought to the remote tunnel construction area and added to the tunnel tube. In this way, tunnel elements provided with a fireproof layer can be fabricated previously in a well inspectable and reproducible manner. It is found out that for a proper result of the invention, inspectability and controllability are of decisive importance. During the present method one can e.g. allow some curing time for the lining applied into the mould before the substrate is added.
• the lining material can be applied in the mould by e.g. spraying.
• the fireproof layer in the mould it is also feasible to position in the mould a preformed tunnel segment to be lined with fireproof material, such that it is adhered to the fireproof material within the mould.
• a preformed tunnel segment to be lined with fireproof material, such that it is adhered to the fireproof material within the mould.
• For lining e.g. a rock wall it is convenient to locate a formwork at some distance from said wall such that a gap with a thickness according to the desired thickness of the fireproof lining is made, whereafter said gap is filled up with the fireproof material, e.g. with the aid of a convenient injection technique.
• the lining can e.g. be provided with a cover layer, e.g. to give it a convenient colour or to make it e.g. dirtrepellant .
• a cover layer e.g. to give it a convenient colour or to make it e.g. dirtrepellant .
• determining a part of the inner wall of the tunnel provides the bottom of the mould that bulges upward, which mould is treated with a convenient releasing agent, fireproof material (mixture of cement, comprising aluminium cement, water, polystyrene granules, mineral fibres, microsilica in a mixing ratio conveniently experimentally determined by the skilled man on the basis of the above description and his knowledge to obtain a specific weight of about 1000 kg/m ) is poured and spread out equally over the bottom in a thickness of about 40 mm. Subsequently a reinforcement, known as such, of a space structure of steel rods is located in the mould, whereafter the common structural concrete is poured.
• a convenient releasing agent fireproof material

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• 1998
  • 1998-12-02 JP JP2000523448A patent/JP2001525509A/ja active Pending
  • 1998-12-02 EP EP98957244A patent/EP1036252A1/de not_active Withdrawn
  • 1998-12-02 WO PCT/NL1998/000683 patent/WO1999028596A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 1998-12-02 CA CA002312382A patent/CA2312382A1/en not_active Abandoned

Non-Patent Citations (1)

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