Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
  • C10G11/00—Catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils
  • C10G11/02—Catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils characterised by the catalyst used
  • C10G11/04—Oxides
  • C10G11/05—Crystalline alumino-silicates, e.g. molecular sieves
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
  • C10G2400/00—Products obtained by processes covered by groups C10G9/00 - C10G69/14
  • C10G2400/20—C2-C4 olefins

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a process for cracking an olefin-rich hydrocarbon feedstock which is selective towards light olefins in the effluent.
• olefinic feedstocks from refineries or petrochemical plants can be converted selectively so as to redistribute the olefin content of the feedstock in the resultant effluent.
• zeolites it is known in the art to use zeolites to convert long chain paraffins into lighter products, for example in the catalytic dewaxing of petroleum feedstocks. While it is not the objective of dewaxing, at least parts of the paraffinic hydrocarbons are converted into olefins .
• crystalline silicates for example of the MFI type, the three- letter designation "MFI" representing a particular crystalline silicate structure type as established by the Structure Commission of the International Zeolite Association. Examples of a crystalline silicate of the MFI type are the synthetic zeolite ZSM-5 and silicalite and other MFI type crystalline silicates are known in the art .
• GB-A-1323710 discloses a dewaxing process for the removal of straight-chain paraffins and slightly branched-chain paraffins, from hydrocarbon feedstocks utilising a crystalline silicate catalyst, in particular ZSM-5.
• US-A-4247388 also discloses a method of catalytic hydrodewaxing of petroleum and synthetic hydrocarbon feedstocks using a crystalline silicate of the ZSM-5 type. Similar dewaxing processes are disclosed in US- A-4284529 and US-A-5614079.
• the catalysts are crystalline alumino- silicates and the above-identified prior art documents disclose the use of a wide range of Si/Al ratios and differing reaction conditions for the disclosed dewaxing processes.
• GB-A-2185753 discloses the dewaxing of hydrocarbon feedstocks using a silicalite catalyst.
• US-A-4394251 discloses hydrocarbon conversion with a crystalline silicate particle having an aluminium-containing outer shell.
• Silicalite catalysts exist having varying silicon/aluminium atomic ratios and different crystalline forms.
• EP-A-0146524 and 0146525 in the name of Cosden Technology, Inc. disclose crystalline silicas of the silicalite type having monoclinic symmetry and a process for their preparation. These silicates have a silicon to aluminium atomic ratio of greater than 80.
• WO-A-97/04871 discloses the treatment of a medium pore zeolite with steam followed by treatment with an acidic solution for improving the butene selectivity of the zeolite in catalytic cracking.
• EP-A-0305720 discloses the production of gaseous olefins by catalytic conversion of hydrocarbons.
• EP-B-0347003 discloses a process for the conversion of a hydrocarbonaceous feedstock into light olefins.
• WO-A-90/11338 discloses a process for the conversion of C 2 -C 12 paraffinic hydrocarbons to petrochemical feedstocks, in particular to C 2 to C 4 olefins.
• US-A-5043522 and EP-A-0395345 disclose the production of olefins from paraffins having four or more carbon atoms.
• EP-A-0511013 discloses the production of olefins from hydrocarbons using a steam activated catalyst containing phosphorous and H-ZSM-5.
• US-A-4810356 discloses a process for the treatment of gas oils by dewaxing over a silicalite catalyst.
• GB-A-2156845 discloses the production of isobutylene from propylene or a mixture of hydrocarbons containing propylene.
• GB-A-2159833 discloses the production of a isobutylene by the catalytic cracking of light distillates .
• Propylene is obtained from FCC units but at a relatively low yield and increasing the yield has proven to be expensive and limited. Yet another route known as metathesis or disproportionation enables the production of propylene from ethylene and butene. Often, combined with a steam cracker, this technology is expensive since it uses ethylene as a feedstock which is at least as valuable as propylene.
• EP-A-0109059 discloses a process for converting olefins having 4 to 12 carbon atoms into propylene.
• the olefins are contacted with an alumino-silicate having a crystalline and zeolite structure (e.g. ZSM-5 or ZSM-11) and having a Si0 2 /Al 2 0 3 molar ratio equal to or lower than 300.
• alumino-silicate having a crystalline and zeolite structure (e.g. ZSM-5 or ZSM-11) and having a Si0 2 /Al 2 0 3 molar ratio equal to or lower than 300.
• the specification requires high space velocities of greater than 50kg/h per kg of pure zeolite in order to achieve high propylene yield.
• the specification also states that generally the higher the space velocity the lower the SiO 2 /AI 2 O 3 molar ratio (called the Z ratio).
• This specification only exemplifies olefin conversion processes over short periods (e.g. a few hours) and does not address the problem of ensuring that the catalyst is stable over longer periods (e.g. at least 160 hours or a few days) which are required in commercial production. Moreover, the requirement for high space velocities is undesirable for commercial implementation of the olefin conversion process.
• crystalline silicates of the MFI type are also well known catalysts for the oligomerisation of olefins.
• EP-A-0031675 discloses the conversion of olefin-containing mixtures to gasoline over a catalyst such as ZSM-5.
• the operating conditions for the oligomerisation reaction differ significantly from those used for cracking. Typically, in the oligomerisation reactor the temperature does not exceed around 40QJC and a high pressure favours the oligomerisation reactions.
• GB-A-2156844 discloses a process for the isomerisation of olefins over silicalite as a catalyst.
• US-A-4579989 discloses the conversion of olefins to higher molecular weight hydrocarbons over a silicalite catalyst.
• US-A-4746762 discloses the upgrading of light olefins to produce hydrocarbons rich in C 5 + liquids over a crystalline silicate catalyst.
• US-A-5004852 discloses a two-stage process for conversion of olefins to high octane gasoline wherein in the first stage olefins are oligomerised to C 5 + olefins.
• US-A-5171331 discloses a process for the production of gasoline comprising oligomerising a C 2 -C 6 olefin containing feedstock over an intermediate pore size siliceous crystalline molecular sieve catalyst such as silicalite, halogen stabilised silicalite or a zeolite.
• US-A-4414423 discloses a multistep process for preparing high-boiling hydrocarbons from normally gaseous hydrocarbons, the first step comprising feeding normally gaseous olefins over an intermediate pore size siliceous crystalline molecular sieve catalyst.
• US-A-4417088 discloses the dimerising and trimerising of high carbon olefins over silicalite.
• US-A-4417086 discloses an oligomerisation process for olefins over silicalite.
• GB-A-2106131 and GB-A-2106132 disclose the oligomerisation of olefins over catalysts such as zeolite or silicalite to produce high boiling hydrocarbons.
• GB- A-2106533 discloses the oligomerisation of gaseous olefins over zeolite or silicalite.
• the present invention provides a process for the catalytic cracking of an olefin-rich feedstock which is selective towards light olefins in the effluent, the process comprising contacting a hydrocarbon feedstock containing one or more olefins, with a MFI-type crystalline silicate catalyst having a silicon/aluminium atomic ratio of at least about 300 at an inlet temperature of from 500 to 600°C, at an olefin partial pressure of from 0.1 to 2 bars and the feedstock being passed over the catalyst at an LHSV of from 10 to 3Oh "1 , to produce an effluent with an olefin content of lower molecular weight than that of the feedstock.
• the present invention can thus provide a process wherein olefin-rich hydrocarbon streams (products) from refinery and petrochemical plants are selectively cracked not only into light olefins, but particularly into propylene.
• the olefin-rich feedstock may be passed over a MFI-type crystalline silicate catalyst with a particular Si/Al atomic ratio of at least about 300.
• the catalyst is preferably a commercially available catalyst which has been prepared by crystallisation using an organic template and has been unsubjected to any subsequent steaming or de-alumination process.
• the feedstock may be passed over the catalyst at a temperature ranging between 500 to 600°C, an olefin partial pressure of from 0.1 to 2 bars and an L.HSV of from 10 to SOh "1 to yield at least 30 to 50% propylene based on the olefin content in the feedstock.
• silicon/aluminium atomic ratio is intended to mean the Si/Al atomic ratio of the overall material, which may be determined by chemical analysis.
• Si/Al ratios apply not just to the Si/Al framework of the crystalline silicate but rather to the whole material.
• the feedstock may be fed either undiluted or diluted with an inert gas such as nitrogen.
• an inert gas such as nitrogen.
• the absolute pressure of the feedstock constitutes the partial pressure of the hydrocarbon feedstock in the inert gas.
• Figure 1 shows the relationship between the amount of olefin feedstock conversion, the propylene yield, and the sum of the other components and the silicon/aluminium atomic ratio in a catalytic cracking process of the invention.
• cracking of olefins is performed in the sense that olefins in a hydrocarbon stream are cracked into lighter olefins and selectively into propylene.
• the feedstock and ' effluent preferably have substantially the same olefin content by weight.
• the olefin content of the effluent is within +15wt%, more preferably +10wt%, of the olefin content of the feedstock.
• the feedstock may comprise any kind of olefin-containing hydrocarbon stream.
• the feedstock may typically comprise from 10 to 100wt% olefins and furthermore may be fed undiluted or diluted by a diluent, the diluent optionally including a non-olefinic hydrocarbon.
• the olefin-containing feedstock may be a hydrocarbon mixture containing normal and branched olefins in the carbon range C 4 to C 10 , more preferably in the carbon range C 4 to C 6 , optionally in a mixture with normal and branched paraffins and/or aromatics in the carbon range C 4 to C 10 .
• the olefin- containing stream has a boiling point of from around -15 to around 180°C.
• the hydrocarbon feedstocks comprise C 4 mixtures from refineries and steam cracking units.
• Such steam cracking units crack a wide variety of feedstocks, including ethane, propane, butane, naphtha, gas oil, fuel oil, etc.
• the hydrocarbon feedstock may comprises a C 4 cut from a fluidized-bed catalytic cracking (FCC) unit in a crude oil refinery which is employed for converting heavy oil into gasoline and lighter products.
• FCC fluidized-bed catalytic cracking
• such a C 4 cut from an FCC unit comprises around 50wt% olefin.
• the hydrocarbon feedstock may comprise a C 4 cut from a unit within a crude oil refinery for producing methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) which is prepared from methanol and isobutene.
• MTBE methyl tert-butyl ether
• Such a C 4 cut from the MTBE unit typically comprises around 50wt% olefin.
• These C 4 cuts are fractionated at the outlet of the respective FCC or MTBE unit.
• the hydrocarbon feedstock may yet further comprise a C 4 cut from a naphtha steam-cracking unit of a petrochemical plant in which naphtha, comprising C s to C 9 species having a boiling point range of from about 15 to 180°C, is steam cracked to produce, inter alia, a C 4 cut.
• Such a C 4 cut typically comprises, by weight, 40 to 50% 1, 3 -butadiene, around 25% isobutylene, around 15% butene (in the form of but-1-ene and/or but-2-ene) and around 10% n- butane and/or isobutane.
• the olefin-containing hydrocarbon feedstock may also comprise a C 4 cut from a steam cracking unit after butadiene extraction (raffinate 1) , or after butadiene hydrogenation.
• the feedstock may yet further alternatively comprise a hydrogenated butadiene-rich C 4 cut, typically containing greater than 50wt% C 4 as an olefin.
• the hydrocarbon feedstock could comprise a pure olefin feedstock which has been produced in a petrochemical plant .
• the olefin-containing feedstock may yet further alternatively comprise light cracked naphtha (LCN) (otherwise known as light catalytic cracked spirit (LCCS) ) or a C 5 cut from a steam cracker or light cracked naphtha, the light cracked naphtha being fractionated from the effluent of the FCC unit, discussed hereinabove, in a crude oil refinery. Both such feedstocks contain olefins.
• the olefin-containing feedstock may yet further alternatively comprise a medium cracked naphtha from such an FCC unit or visbroken naphtha obtained from a visbreaking unit for treating the residue of a vacuum distillation unit in a crude oil refinery.
• the olefin-containing feedstock may comprise a mixture of one or more of the above-described feedstocks.
• the use of a C s cut as the olefin-containing hydrocarbon feedstock in accordance with a preferred process of the invention has particular advantages because of the need to remove C s species in any event from gasolines produced by the oil refinery. This is because the presence of C s in gasoline increases the ozone potential and thus the photochemical activity of the resulting gasoline. In the case of the use of light cracked naphtha as the olefin-containing feedstock, the olefin content of the remaining gasoline fraction is reduced, thereby reducing the vapour pressure and also the photochemical activity of the gasoline.
• C 2 to C 4 olefins may be produced in accordance with the process of the invention.
• the C 4 fraction is very rich in olefins, especially in isobutene, which is an interesting feed for an MTBE unit.
• C 2 to C 3 olefins are produced on the one hand and C 5 to C 6 olefins containing mainly iso-olefins are produced on the other hand.
• the remaining C 4 cut is enriched in butanes, especially in isobutane which is an interesting feedstock for an alkylation unit of an oil refinery wherein an alkylate for use in gasoline is produced from a mixture of C 3 and C s feedstocks.
• the C s to C 6 cut containing mainly iso-olefins is an interesting feed for the production of tertiary amyl methyl ether (TAME) .
• TAME tertiary amyl methyl ether
• olefinic feedstocks can be cracked selectively so as to redistribute the olefinic content of the feedstock in the resultant effluent.
• the catalyst and process conditions are selected whereby the process has a particular yield on an olefin basis towards a specified olefin in the feedstocks.
• the catalyst and process conditions are chosen whereby the process has the same high yield on an olefin basis towards propylene irrespective of the origin of the olefinic feedstocks for example the C 4 cut from the FCC unit, the C 4 cut from the MTBE unit, the light cracked naphtha or the C 5 cut from the light crack naphtha, etc. , This is quite unexpected on the basis of the prior art .
• the propylene yield on an olefin basis is typically from 30 to 50% based on the olefin content of the feedstock.
• the yield on an olefin basis of a particular olefin is defined as the weight of that olefin in the effluent divided by the initial total olefin content by weight.
• the propylene yield on an olefin basis is 40%. This may be contrasted with the actual yield for a product which is defined as the weight amount of the product produced divided by the weight amount of the feed.
• the paraffins and the aromatics contained in the feedstock are only slightly converted in accordance with the preferred aspects of the invention.
• the catalyst for the cracking of the olefins comprises a crystalline silicate of the MFI family which may be a zeolite, a silicalite or any other silicate in that family.
• the preferred crystalline silicates have pores or channels defined by ten oxygen rings and a high silicon/aluminium atomic ratio.
• Crystalline silicates are micro ' porous crystalline inorganic polymers based on a framework of X0 4 tetrahedra linked to each other by sharing of oxygen ions, where X may be trivalent (e.g. Al,B,...) or tetravalent (e.g. Ge, Si,).
• X may be trivalent (e.g. Al,B,...) or tetravalent (e.g. Ge, Si,).
• the crystal structure of a crystalline silicate is defined by the specific order in which a network of tetrahedral units are linked together.
• the size of the crystalline silicate pore openings is determined by the number of tetrahedral units, or, alternatively, o.xygen atoms, required to form the pores and the nature of the cations that are present in the pores.
• Crystalline silicates with the MFI structure possess a bidirectional intersecting pore system with the following pore diameters : a straight channel along [010] : 0.53-0.56 nm and a sinusoidal channel along [100] : 0.51-0.55 nm.
• the crystalline silicate catalyst has structural and chemical properties and is employed under particular reaction conditions whereby the catalytic cracking readily proceeds. Different reaction pathways can occur on the catalyst. Under the process conditions, having an inlet temperature of around 500 to 600°C, preferably from 520 to 600°C, yet more preferably 540 to 580°C, and an olefin partial pressure of from 0.1 to 2 bars, most preferably around atmospheric pressure, the shift of the double bond of an olefin in the feedstock is readily achieved, leading to double bond isomerisation. Furthermore, such isomerisation tends to reach a thermodynamic equilibrium. Propylene can be, for example, directly produced by the catalytic cracking of hexene or a heavier olefinic feedstock. Olefinic catalytic cracking may be understood to comprise a process yielding shorter molecules via bond breakage.
• the catalyst preferably has a high silicon/aluminium atomic ratio, greater than about 300, whereby the catalyst has relatively low acidity.
• Hydrogen transfer reactions are directly related to the strength and density of the acid sites on the catalyst, and such reactions are preferably suppressed so as to avoid the formation of coke during the olefin conversion process, which in turn would otherwise decrease the stability of the catalyst over time.
• Such hydrogen transfer reactions tend to produce saturates such as paraffins, intermediate unstable dienes and cyclo-olefins, and aromatics, none of which favours cracking into light olefins.
• Cyclo-olefins are precursors of aromatics and coke-like molecules, especially in the presence of solid acids, i.e. an acidic solid catalyst.
• the acidity of the catalyst can be determined by the amount of residual ammonia on the catalyst following contact of the catalyst with ammonia which adsorbs to the acid sites on the catalyst with subsequent ammonium desorption at elevated temperature measured by differential thermogravimetric analysis.
• the silicon/aluminium ratio ranges from 300 to 1000, most preferably from 300 to 500.
• One of the features of the invention is that with such high silicon/aluminium ratio in the crystalline silicate catalyst, a stable olefin conversion can be achieved with a high propylene yield on an olefin basis of from 30 to 50% whatever the origin and composition of the olefinic feedstock. Such high ratios reduce the acidity of the catalyst, thereby increasing the stability of the catalyst.
• the propylene has a purity of at least 93%.
• at least 85% by weight of the olefins in the feedstock are cracked into olefins or are present as the initial olefin.
• the catalyst it is also preferred in accordance with the invention for the catalyst to have high stability int the cracking process in the sense that the catalyst is not reduced in activity as a result of coke being progressively deposited or formed on the catalyst.
• Such coke formation has been found by the inventors to lead to a significant decrease of the ability of the catalyst to crack the olefins with a high propylene yield over time. All of these desired results in the cracking process may be achieved in accordance with the invention by providing a silicon/aluminium atomic ratio in the crystalline silicate catalyst of the MFI-type of at least about 300, in conjunction with the required process parameters of temperature and pressure.
• the various preferred catalysts of the present invention have been found to exhibit high stability, in particular being capable of giving a stable propylene yield over several days, e . g. up to ten days. This enables the olefin cracking process to be performed continuously in two parallel "swing" reactors wherein when one reactor is operating, the other reactor is undergoing catalyst regeneration.
• the catalyst of the present invention also can be regenerated several times.
• the catalyst is also flexible in that it can be employed to crack a variety of feedstocks, either pure or mixtures, coming from different sources in the oil refinery or petrochemical plant and having different compositions.
• the process conditions are selected in order to provide high selectivity towards propylene, a stable olefin conversion over time, and a stable olefinic product distribution in the effluent.
• Such objectives are favoured by the use of a low acid density in the catalyst (i.e. a high Si/Al atomic ratio) in conjunction with a low pressure, a high inlet temperature and a short contact time, all of which process parameters are interrelated and provide an overall cumulative effect (e.g. a higher pressure may be offset or compensated by a yet higher inlet temperature) .
• the process conditions are selected to disfavour hydrogen transfer reactions leading to the formation of paraffins, aromatics and coke precursors.
• the process operating conditions thus employ a high space velocity, a low pressure and a high reaction temperature.
• the LHSV ranges from 10 to 3Oh "1 .
• the olefin partial pressure ranges from 0.1 to 2 bars, more preferably from 0.5 to 1.5 bars.
• a particularly preferred olefin partial pressure is atmospheric pressure (i.e. 1 bar).
• the hydrocarbon feedstocks are preferably fed at a total inlet pressure sufficient to convey the feedstocks through the reactor.
• the hydrocarbon feedstocks may be fed undiluted or diluted in an inert gas, e . g. nitrogen.
• the total absolute pressure in the reactor ranges from 0.5 to 10 bars.
• the present inventors have found that the use of a low olefin partial pressure, for example atmospheric pressure, tends to lower the incidence of hydrogen transfer reactions in the cracking process, which in turn reduces the potential for coke formation which tends to reduce catalyst stability.
• the cracking of the olefins is performed at an inlet temperature of the feedstock of from 500 to 600°C, more preferably from 520 to 600°C, yet more preferably from 540 to 580°C, typically around 560°C to 570°C.
• the catalytic cracking process- can be performed in a fixed bed reactor, a moving bed reactor or a fluidized bed reactor.
• a typical fluid bed reactor is one of the FCC type used for fluidized-bed catalytic cracking in the oil refinery.
• a typical moving bed reactor is of the continuous catalytic reforming type. As described above, the process may be performed continuously using a pair of parallel "swing" reactors.
• the catalyst Since the catalyst exhibits high stability to olefinic conversion for an extended period, typically at least around ten days, the frequency of regeneration of the catalyst is low. More particularly, the catalyst may accordingly have a lifetime which exceeds one year.
• the reactor effluent is sent to a fractionator and the desired olefins are separated from the effluent.
• the C 3 cut containing at least 93% propylene, is fractionated and thereafter purified in order to remove all the contaminants such as sulphur species, arsine, etc..
• the heavier olefins of greater than C 3 can be recycled.
• the olefin conversion process can be controlled so as to produce selectively particular olefin distributions in the resultant effluents.
• olefin-rich streams from refinery or petrochemical plants are cracked into light olefins, in particular propylene.
• the light fractions of the effluent namely the C 2 and C 3 cuts, can contain more than 95% olefins.
• Such cuts are sufficiently pure to constitute chemical grade olefin feedstocks.
• the present inventors have found that the propylene yield on an olefin basis in such a process can range from 30 to 50% based on the olefinic content of the feedstock which contains one or more olefins of C 4 or greater.
• the effluent has a different olefin distribution as compared to that of the feedstock, but substantially the same total olefin content.
• the process of the present invention produces C 2 to C 3 olefins from a C 5 olefinic feedstock.
• the catalyst is of crystalline silicate having a silicon/aluminium ratio of at least 300, and the process conditions are an inlet temperature of from 500 to 600°C, an olefin partial pressure of from 0.1 to 2 bars, and an LHSV of 10 to 3011 "1 , yielding an olefinic effluent having at least 40% of the olefin content present as C 2 to C 3 olefins.
• Yet another preferred embodiment of the present invention provides a process for the production of C 2 to C 3 olefins from a light cracked naphtha.
• the light cracked naphtha is contacted with a catalyst of crystalline silicate having a silicon/aluminium ratio of at least 300, to produce by cracking an olefinic effluent wherein at least 40% of the olefin content is present as C 2 to C 3 olefins.
• the process conditions comprise an inlet temperature of 500 to 600°C, an olefin partial pressure of from 0.1 to 2 bars, and an LHSV of 10 to 3Oh "1 .
• a feedstock comprising 1-hexene was fed through a reactor at an inlet temperature of around 580°C, an outlet hydrocarbon pressure of atmospheric pressure and an LHSV of around 25 h "1 over ZSM-5 type catalysts available in commerce from the company CU Chemie Ueticon AG of Switzerland under the trade name ZEOCAT P2-2.
• the catalysts being commercially available had been prepared by crystallisation using an organic template and had been unsubjected to any subsequent steaming or de-alumination process.
• the catalysts had a varying silicon/aluminium atomic ratio of 50, 200, 300 and 490.
• the crystal size of each catalyst was from 2 to 5 microns and the pellet size was from 35 to 45 mesh.
• Figure 1 shows the yield of propylene in the effluent, the percentage conversion of the 1-hexene olefinic feedstock following the olefinic catalytic cracking process of the invention and the sum of the saturates, olefins and aromatics in the effluent.
• both the yield of olefins in the effluent and the yield of propylene on an olefin basis are lower than the desired values of 85% and 30% respectively.
• the propylene purity is also less than typical desired value commercially of 93%.
• the resultant Si/Al ratio is preferably greater than only 180 in order to obtain the desired olefin content in the effluent, propylene yield on an olefin basis, and purity of propylene.
• Si/Al atomic ratio of greater than about 300 in a commercially available catalyst which has not been pretreated by steaming and de-alumination at least about 85% of the olefins in the feedstock are cracked into olefins or are present as the initial olefin.
• the feedstock and the effluent have substantially the olefin content by weight therein, to the extent that the olefin content by weight of the feedstock and the effluent are within ⁇ 15wt% of each other.
• the yield of propylene is at least around 30% by weight on an olefin basis.
• the olefin content of the effluent is greater than about 90% by weight of the olefin content of the feedstock and the propylene yield on an olefin basis approaches 40%.
• MFI silicates comprise zeolites of the ZSM-5 type, in particular zeolite sold in commerce under the trade name H-ZSM-5 available in commerce from the company PQ Corporation of Southpoint, P.O. Box 840, Valley Forge, PA 19482- 0840, USA.
• the crystalline silicates had a particle size of from 35-45 mesh and were not modified by prior treatment.
• the crystalline silicates were loaded into a reactor tube and heated to a temperature of around 530°C. Thereafter, one gram of 1-hexene was injected into the reactor tube in a period of 60 seconds. The injection rate had a WHSV of 20h" 1 and a catalyst to oil weight ratio of 3. The cracking process was performed at an outlet hydrocarbon pressure of 1 bar (atmospheric pressure) .
• Table 1 shows the yield in terms of wt% of various constituents in the resultant effluent and also the amount of coke produced on the catalyst in the reactor tube .
• the propylene yield on an olefin basis is around 28.8 in the effluent, being significantly higher than the propylene yield of the two runs using the low Si/Al atomic ratios. It may be thus be seen that the use of a catalyst having a high silicon/aluminium atomic ratio increases the propylene yield on an olefin basis in the catalytic cracking of olefins to produce other olefins.
• Comparative Examples 1 & 2 In these Comparative Examples, commercially available silicalite catalysts which had not been subjected to a steaming and de-alumination process by extraction were employed in the catalytic cracking of a feedstock comprising butene.
• the butene-containing feedstock had the composition as specified in Tables 2a and 2b.
• the catalytic cracking process was carried out at an inlet temperature of 545°C, an outlet hydrocarbon pressure of atmospheric pressure and at an LSHV of 30h" * -.
• Tables 2a and 2b show the breakdown of the propylene, iso- butene and n-butene amounts present in the effluent.
• the catalyst comprised a silicalite having a silicon/aluminium ratio of around 120, and having a crystallite size of from 4 to 6 microns and a surface area (BET) of 399m 2 /g.
• BET surface area
• the silicalite was pressed, washed and the 35-45 mesh fraction was retained. The catalyst had not been subjected to any steaming and alumination extraction process.
• the catalyst comprised the same starting silicalite as in Comparative Example 1 which had been subjected to a steaming process in an atmosphere of 72vol% stream and 28vol% nitrogen at a temperature of 550°C at atmospheric pressure for a period of 48 hours, but not an aluminium extraction process.
• Tables 2a and 2b The results are shown in Tables 2a and 2b respectively.
• a feedstock comprising a 1-butene feed having the composition as specified in Table 3 was fed through a reactor at an inlet temperature of around 560°C, an outlet hydrocarbon pressure of atmospheric pressure and an LHSV of around 23h "1 over the same catalyst employed in Example 1.
• the catalyst had a silicon/aluminium atomic ratio of 300, as for one of the catalysts employed in Example 1.
• the catalyst was commercially available, as for Example 1 and had been prepared by crystallisation using an organic template and had been unsubjected to any subsequent steaming or de-alumination process. The crystal size of each catalyst and the pellet size were as specified for Example 1.
• the composition of the effluent was examined after 40 hours on stream and after 112 hours on stream and the results of the analysis of the effluent are indicated in Table 3.
• Table 3 shows that the catalyst having a silicon/aluminium atomic ratio of 300 has great stability with respect to the catalytic cracking process which is selective to propylene in the effluent.
• the propylene comprised 18.32 wt% in the effluent whereas after 112 hours on stream the propylene comprised 18.19 wt% of the effluent.
• the propylene comprised 17.89wt% of the effluent.
• Example 3 shows that the propylene content in the effluent does not significantly reduce over quite significant periods of time of up to about 5 days, and more than 3 days.
• a period of 3 days is typically a recycling or regeneration period employed for two parallel "swing" reactors of the fixed bed type.
• the results of Example 3 after the periods of 112 hours and 162 hours may be respectively compared to those of Comparative Example 1 after the periods of 97 hours and 169 hours.
• the catalyst was reasonably stable over 97 hours, with a decrease in the propylene content in the effluent of around 1.1% as compared to the initial volume, but the stability decreased significantly between 97 hours and 169 hours, which is not the case for the corresponding periods of 112 hours and 162 hours ' for Example 3.
• the catalytic cracking process was carried out at an inlet temperature of 560°C, an outlet hydrocarbon pressure of atmospheric pressure and an LHSV of SOh "1 .
• the catalyst and the process conditions, in particular the high space velocity, were selected so as to simulate the corresponding catalyst and conditions disclosed in EP-A-0109059 referred to hereinabove.
• the catalytic cracking process was performed for a period of nearly 40 hours and periodically the composition of the effluent was determined after successive periods of time on stream (TOS) .
• TOS time on stream
• the composition of the effluent, with a corresponding indication of the degree of conversion of the butenes, after particular times on stream are specified in Table 4.

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• 1997
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