EP1030149A1 - Combined blowing and suction device with integral energy exchange for a drying apparatus - Google Patents

Combined blowing and suction device with integral energy exchange for a drying apparatus Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1030149A1
EP1030149A1 EP00400438A EP00400438A EP1030149A1 EP 1030149 A1 EP1030149 A1 EP 1030149A1 EP 00400438 A EP00400438 A EP 00400438A EP 00400438 A EP00400438 A EP 00400438A EP 1030149 A1 EP1030149 A1 EP 1030149A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
air
compartment
blowing
suction
supply
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EP00400438A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Yannick Lescanne
Jean-Pierre Robin
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Solaronics Process SA
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Solaronics Process SA
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Publication of EP1030149A1 publication Critical patent/EP1030149A1/en
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F26—DRYING
    • F26B—DRYING SOLID MATERIALS OR OBJECTS BY REMOVING LIQUID THEREFROM
    • F26B13/00—Machines and apparatus for drying fabrics, fibres, yarns, or other materials in long lengths, with progressive movement
    • F26B13/10—Arrangements for feeding, heating or supporting materials; Controlling movement, tension or position of materials
    • F26B13/101—Supporting materials without tension, e.g. on or between foraminous belts
    • F26B13/104—Supporting materials without tension, e.g. on or between foraminous belts supported by fluid jets only; Fluid blowing arrangements for flotation dryers, e.g. coanda nozzles
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F26—DRYING
    • F26B—DRYING SOLID MATERIALS OR OBJECTS BY REMOVING LIQUID THEREFROM
    • F26B13/00—Machines and apparatus for drying fabrics, fibres, yarns, or other materials in long lengths, with progressive movement
    • F26B13/10—Arrangements for feeding, heating or supporting materials; Controlling movement, tension or position of materials

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a device blowing and suction unit incorporating a energy exchange between the two flows.
  • Hot air dryers blow on the surface of the moving tape to achieve both energy and mass transfers. Charged supply air moisture is then removed by a suction means.
  • Infrared dryers deliver energy by radiation. Mass transfer is carried out by a blowing parallel to the surface of the strip in scroll. The blown air charged with humidity is then evacuated by means of suction.
  • the purpose of the present invention is to provide a combined blowing and suction device which reduces the volume of flows in circulation while when working at high blowing temperatures.
  • the invention is based in particular on the convective-radiative device described in the request for European patent n ° 98 402 768.0.
  • This device puts precisely the supply air flows and suction such as air flow temperature suctioned is greater than that of the blown flows.
  • the original contiguous arrangement of the blowing means and suction offers the possibility of achieving a useful energy transfer between blowing flows and suction.
  • the drying device is characterized in that it includes means for perform an energy exchange between the flows of blowing and suction, either by heat exchange, either by mass exchange.
  • the air dryers shown in the attached figures are, for example, part of the installation for drying a strip of paper such as described in the European patent application No. 98 402 768.0 in the name of the Claimant.
  • This installation includes a succession of air dryers and radiant burners gas.
  • Each drying device involves flows supply and suction air. Due in particular to the presence of radiant burners between the devices air drying the suction flow temperature is higher than the temperature of the blowing flow.
  • each device for drying includes means for performing an exchange energy between the blowing and suction flows.
  • the above means are suitable for perform a heat exchange between the flows of blowing and suction.
  • the drying device includes a compartment for air supply 1 having an inlet 2 and an outlet 3 supply air.
  • This blowing compartment 1 is adjacent to two air intake compartments 4 each comprising (see Figure 2) an entry air intake 5 adjacent to the air outlet 3 of blowing the blowing compartment 1.
  • the air blowing compartment 1 is separated from each suction compartment 4 by a wall 6 having a crenellated or corrugated profile for promote heat exchange between the air flow passing through the blowing compartment 1 and the flow air passing through the suction compartments 4.
  • the compartment of blowing consists of a series of tubes 10, 10a, 10b whose wall 11 has to promote the heat exchange of the fins 12 projecting at inside the suction compartments 4.
  • the two suction compartments 4 are arranged symmetrically on either side of the compartment blowing.
  • the tubes supply air 10a extend along a plane inclined by compared to the vertical side walls 13 of the two suction compartments 4.
  • This arrangement increases the surface tubes 10a which promotes heat exchange.
  • blowing tubes 10a, 10b have upstream of their blowing air outlet 3, a duct 14, 15 shaped to suck in air through venturi effect to mix this air with the one that is blown at the outlet of the blowing tubes 10a, 10b.
  • the mixture between the suction and blowing could also be done by a means suitable mechanical.
  • the temperature of the suction stream is higher than the temperature of the blowing flow.
  • the energy exchanges between flows suction and blowing effect reheat the air which is blown on the paper strip 16, which increases the drying efficiency.

Abstract

The paper web drier has a blower compartment (1) adjacent to two suction compartments (4) on either side. The suction compartments are separated by two walls (6,11) which allow heat exchange between the air flow in the blower compartment and the flows in the suction compartments. The wall surfaces can be textured for improved heat exchange.

Description

La présente invention concerne un dispositif combiné de soufflage et d'aspiration intégrant un échange énergétique entre les deux flux.The present invention relates to a device blowing and suction unit incorporating a energy exchange between the two flows.

De nombreuses opérations effectuées sur des bandes continues en défilement par exemple en papier nécessitent un apport d'énergie. Le séchage est l'une de ces opérations.Many operations performed on continuous scrolling bands for example in paper require energy. Drying is one of these operations.

Afin de préserver la qualité de l'état de surface de ces bandes, il est souvent indispensable d'effectuer cet apport d'énergie sans contact.In order to preserve the quality of the state of surface of these bands it is often essential to make this contactless energy supply.

Pour sécher sans contact une bande continue en défilement, les techniques couramment utilisées sont :

  • le séchage convectif à air chaud ;
  • le séchage infrarouge, au moyen de brûleurs radiants.
To dry without contact a continuous moving strip, the techniques commonly used are:
  • convective hot air drying;
  • infrared drying, using radiant burners.

Ces deux techniques doivent combiner un apport d'énergie et de masse pour effectuer efficacement l'opération de séchage. Dans les deux cas, des moyens de soufflage et d'aspiration sont mis en oeuvre.These two techniques must combine a contribution of energy and mass to perform efficiently the drying operation. In both cases, means of blowing and suction are implemented.

Les séchoirs à air chaud soufflent à la surface de la bande en défilement pour réaliser à la fois les transferts d'énergie et de masse. L'air soufflé chargé d'humidité est ensuite évacué par un moyen d'aspiration.Hot air dryers blow on the surface of the moving tape to achieve both energy and mass transfers. Charged supply air moisture is then removed by a suction means.

Les séchoirs infrarouges délivrent l'énergie par rayonnement. Le transfert de masse est effectué par un soufflage parallèle à la surface de la bande en défilement. L'air soufflé chargé d'humidité est ensuite évacué par un moyen d'aspiration.Infrared dryers deliver energy by radiation. Mass transfer is carried out by a blowing parallel to the surface of the strip in scroll. The blown air charged with humidity is then evacuated by means of suction.

Ces deux technologies se doivent d'apporter un maximum d'énergie dans un encombrement le plus réduit possible. Ces deux impératifs sont incompatibles :

  • l'apport énergétique convectif est d'autant plus efficace que la température de l'air soufflé est élevée,
  • l'encombrement d'une installation de séchage est d'autant plus importante que la température de l'air soufflé est élevée.
These two technologies must provide maximum energy in the smallest possible footprint. These two imperatives are incompatible:
  • the convective energy supply is all the more effective the higher the temperature of the blown air,
  • the size of a drying installation is all the more important the higher the temperature of the blown air.

Le but de la présente invention est de proposer un dispositif combiné de soufflage et d'aspiration qui permet de réduire le volume des flux en circulation tout en travaillant à des températures de soufflage élevées.The purpose of the present invention is to provide a combined blowing and suction device which reduces the volume of flows in circulation while when working at high blowing temperatures.

Dans le cas des séchoirs à air chaud traditionnels, la température de l'air aspiré chargé en humidité est inférieure à la température de l'air soufflé. Il faut donc éviter de réaliser des échanges énergétiques entre ces deux flux sans quoi l'apport énergétique serait diminué.In the case of hot air dryers traditional, the temperature of the intake air charged with humidity is below air temperature breath. We must therefore avoid carrying out exchanges energy between these two flows without which the contribution energy would be decreased.

Dans le cas des séchoirs infrarouges, la température de l'air humide aspiré est supérieure à celle de l'air soufflé en raison des pertes énergétiques des éléments radiatifs qui réchauffent le mélange d'air de soufflage et de vapeur d'eau provenant de l'évaporation. Il paraít donc intéressant de réaliser des transferts énergétiques entre les deux flux afin de réduire la température de l'air aspiré au profit de la température de l'air soufflé. Cependant, la disposition traditionnelle des moyens de soufflage et d'aspiration ne permet pas de réaliser aisément de tels échanges.In the case of infrared dryers, the temperature of the sucked in humid air is higher than that of blown air due to energy losses radiative elements which heat the air mixture supply and steam from evaporation. It therefore seems interesting to realize energy transfers between the two flows in order to reduce the temperature of the air drawn in for the benefit of supply air temperature. However, the provision traditional means of blowing and suction does not allow such exchanges to be easily carried out.

L'invention s'appuie en particulier sur le dispositif convecto-radiatif décrit dans la demande de brevet européen n°98 402 768.0. Cet appareil met justement en jeu des flux d'air de soufflage et d'aspiration tels que la température des flux d'air aspirés soit supérieure à celle des flux soufflés. La disposition contiguë originale des moyens de soufflage et d'aspiration offre la possibilité de réaliser un transfert énergétique utile entre les flux de soufflage et d'aspiration.The invention is based in particular on the convective-radiative device described in the request for European patent n ° 98 402 768.0. This device puts precisely the supply air flows and suction such as air flow temperature suctioned is greater than that of the blown flows. The original contiguous arrangement of the blowing means and suction offers the possibility of achieving a useful energy transfer between blowing flows and suction.

Suivant l'invention, le dispositif de séchage est caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend des moyens pour réaliser un échange énergétique entre les flux de soufflage et d'aspiration, soit par échange thermique, soit par échange massique.According to the invention, the drying device is characterized in that it includes means for perform an energy exchange between the flows of blowing and suction, either by heat exchange, either by mass exchange.

Ainsi, de l'énergie est extraite de l'air d'aspiration pour réchauffer l'air de soufflage avant qu'il ne touche la surface d'une bande continue. Cet échange énergétique entre les deux flux en circulation permet :

  • de réduire la température et/ou le volume de l'air soufflé à l'entrée du système de séchage puisqu'il sera réchauffé avant de toucher la bande ;
  • de réduire la température et/ou le volume de l'air aspiré hors du système puisqu'il aura échangé de l'énergie avec l'air de soufflage.
Thus, energy is extracted from the suction air to heat the supply air before it touches the surface of a continuous strip. This energy exchange between the two flows in circulation allows:
  • to reduce the temperature and / or the volume of the air blown at the inlet of the drying system since it will be heated before touching the strip;
  • reduce the temperature and / or the volume of air drawn out of the system since it will have exchanged energy with the supply air.

En raison de ces températures et/ou des volumes plus réduits, l'encombrement du système de séchage sera plus réduit.Due to these temperatures and / or volumes smaller, the size of the drying system will be more reduced.

D'autres particularités et avantages de l'invention apparaítront encore dans la description ci-après.Other features and advantages of the invention will appear further in the description below.

Aux dessins annexés donnés à titre d'exemples non limitatifs :

  • la figure 1 est une vue en coupe longitudinale d'un dispositif de séchage conforme à l'invention ;
  • la figure 2 est une vue en coupe transversale partielle du dispositif représenté à la figure 1, montrant une bande de papier défilant en continu sous le dispositif ;
  • la figure 3 est une vue en coupe transversale d'une première variante de réalisation du dispositif ;
  • la figure 4 est une vue en coupe transversale d'une deuxième variante de réalisation du dispositif ;
  • la figure 5 est une vue en coupe transversale d'une troisième variante de réalisation du dispositif ;
  • la figure 6 est une vue à échelle agrandie montrant un détail de la partie inférieure du dispositif représenté sur la figure 5 ;
  • la figure 7 est une vue en coupe transversale d'une quatrième variante de réalisation du dispositif.
In the appended drawings given by way of nonlimiting examples:
  • Figure 1 is a longitudinal sectional view of a drying device according to the invention;
  • Figure 2 is a partial cross-sectional view of the device shown in Figure 1, showing a strip of paper running continuously under the device;
  • Figure 3 is a cross-sectional view of a first alternative embodiment of the device;
  • Figure 4 is a cross-sectional view of a second alternative embodiment of the device;
  • Figure 5 is a cross-sectional view of a third alternative embodiment of the device;
  • Figure 6 is an enlarged view showing a detail of the lower part of the device shown in Figure 5;
  • Figure 7 is a cross-sectional view of a fourth alternative embodiment of the device.

Les dispositifs de séchage à air représentés sur les figures annexées font partie par exemple de l'installation de séchage d'une bande de papier telle que décrite dans la demande de brevet européen n°98 402 768.0 au nom de la Demanderesse.The air dryers shown in the attached figures are, for example, part of the installation for drying a strip of paper such as described in the European patent application No. 98 402 768.0 in the name of the Claimant.

Cette installation comprend une succession de dispositifs de séchage à air et de brûleurs radiants à gaz.This installation includes a succession of air dryers and radiant burners gas.

Chaque dispositif de séchage met en jeu des flux d'air de soufflage et d'aspiration. Du fait notamment de la présence de brûleurs radiants entre les dispositifs de séchage à air la température du flux d'aspiration est supérieure à la température du flux de soufflage.Each drying device involves flows supply and suction air. Due in particular to the presence of radiant burners between the devices air drying the suction flow temperature is higher than the temperature of the blowing flow.

Conformément à l'invention, chaque dispositif de séchage comprend des moyens pour réaliser un échange énergétique entre les flux de soufflage et d'aspiration.In accordance with the invention, each device for drying includes means for performing an exchange energy between the blowing and suction flows.

Dans le cas des dispositifs représentés sur les figures 1 à 4, les moyens ci-dessus sont adaptés pour réaliser un échange thermique entre les flux de soufflage et d'aspiration.In the case of the devices shown on the Figures 1 to 4, the above means are suitable for perform a heat exchange between the flows of blowing and suction.

Dans le cas des dispositifs représentés sur les figures 5 à 7, les moyens ci-dessus sont adaptés pour réaliser un mélange entre les flux de soufflage et d'aspiration.In the case of the devices shown on the Figures 5 to 7, the above means are suitable for mix between the blowing flows and suction.

Dans la réalisation des figures 1 et 2, le dispositif de séchage comprend un compartiment de soufflage d'air 1 comportant une entrée 2 et une sortie 3 d'air de soufflage. Ce compartiment de soufflage 1 est adjacent à deux compartiments d'aspiration d'air 4 comportant chacun (voir figure 2) une entrée d'aspiration d'air 5 adjacente à la sortie 3 d'air de soufflage du compartiment de soufflage 1.In the embodiment of Figures 1 and 2, the drying device includes a compartment for air supply 1 having an inlet 2 and an outlet 3 supply air. This blowing compartment 1 is adjacent to two air intake compartments 4 each comprising (see Figure 2) an entry air intake 5 adjacent to the air outlet 3 of blowing the blowing compartment 1.

Par ailleurs, le compartiment de soufflage d'air 1 est séparé de chaque compartiment d'aspiration 4 par une paroi 6 présentant un profil crénelé ou ondulé pour favoriser l'échange thermique entre le flux d'air traversant le compartiment de soufflage 1 et le flux d'air traversant les compartiments d'aspiration 4.In addition, the air blowing compartment 1 is separated from each suction compartment 4 by a wall 6 having a crenellated or corrugated profile for promote heat exchange between the air flow passing through the blowing compartment 1 and the flow air passing through the suction compartments 4.

Dans le cas des dispositifs de séchage représentés sur les figures 3 à 6, le compartiment de soufflage est constitué par une série de tubes 10, 10a, 10b dont la paroi 11 présente pour favoriser les échanges thermiques des ailettes 12 faisant saillie à l'intérieur des compartiments d'aspiration 4.In the case of drying devices shown in Figures 3 to 6, the compartment of blowing consists of a series of tubes 10, 10a, 10b whose wall 11 has to promote the heat exchange of the fins 12 projecting at inside the suction compartments 4.

Comme dans le cas des figures 1 et 2, les deux compartiments d'aspiration 4 sont disposés symétriquement de part et d'autre du compartiment de soufflage.As in the case of Figures 1 and 2, the two suction compartments 4 are arranged symmetrically on either side of the compartment blowing.

Dans les variantes des figures 4 et 5, les tubes de soufflage 10a s'étendent suivant un plan incliné par rapport aux parois latérales verticales 13 des deux compartiments d'aspiration 4.In the variants of Figures 4 and 5, the tubes supply air 10a extend along a plane inclined by compared to the vertical side walls 13 of the two suction compartments 4.

Cette disposition permet d'augmenter la surface des tubes 10a ce qui favorise les échanges thermiques.This arrangement increases the surface tubes 10a which promotes heat exchange.

Dans le cas des exemples représentés sur les figures 5 à 7, les tubes de soufflage 10a, 10b comportent en amont de leur sortie d'air de soufflage 3, un conduit 14, 15 conformé pour aspirer de l'air par effet venturi pour mélanger cet air avec celui qui est soufflé à la sortie des tubes de soufflage 10a, 10b.In the case of the examples shown on the Figures 5 to 7, the blowing tubes 10a, 10b have upstream of their blowing air outlet 3, a duct 14, 15 shaped to suck in air through venturi effect to mix this air with the one that is blown at the outlet of the blowing tubes 10a, 10b.

Dans l'exemple des figures 5 et 6, l'air est aspiré dans le conduit 14 près de l'entrée d'aspiration des compartiments d'aspiration 4. Par conséquent, une partie du flux d'air aspiré dans les compartiments d'aspiration est mélangée avec le flux d'air soufflé par des tubes 10a.In the example of Figures 5 and 6, the air is sucked into conduit 14 near the suction inlet suction compartments 4. Therefore, a part of the air flow drawn into the compartments suction is mixed with the air flow blown by tubes 10a.

Dans l'exemple de la figure 7, l'air d'aspiration circulant dans les compartiments 4 est aspiré dans le conduit 14 dont l'entrée est située à l'intérieur de ces compartiments.In the example in Figure 7, the air suction circulating in compartments 4 is sucked into the conduit 14 whose inlet is located at inside these compartments.

Le mélange entre les flux d'aspiration et de soufflage pourrait également être effectué par un moyen mécanique approprié.The mixture between the suction and blowing could also be done by a means suitable mechanical.

Dans tous les exemples que l'on vient de décrire, la température du flux d'aspiration est supérieure à la température du flux de soufflage. Les échanges énergétiques réalisés entre les flux d'aspiration et de soufflage ont pour effet de réchauffer l'air qui est soufflé sur la bande papier 16, ce qui augmente l'efficacité du séchage.In all the examples just describe, the temperature of the suction stream is higher than the temperature of the blowing flow. The energy exchanges between flows suction and blowing effect reheat the air which is blown on the paper strip 16, which increases the drying efficiency.

Bien entendu, l'invention n'est pas limitée à l'exemple que l'on vient de décrire et on peut apporter à celui-ci de nombreuses modifications sans sortir du cadre de l'invention.Of course, the invention is not limited to the example that we just described and we can bring to this one many modifications without leaving the part of the invention.

Claims (8)

Dispositif de séchage mettant en jeu des flux d'air de soufflage et d'aspiration, dans lequel la température du flux d'aspiration est supérieure à la température du flux de soufflage, lequel dispositif comprend, d'une part, des moyens (6, 12, 14, 15) pour réaliser un échange énergétique entre les flux de soufflage et d'aspiration, et, d'autre part, un compartiment de soufflage d'air (1) comportant une entrée (2) et une sortie (3) d'air de soufflage, ce compartiment (1) étant adjacent à au moins un compartiment (4) d'aspiration d'air comportant une entrée (5) d'aspiration d'air adjacente à la sortie (3) d'air de soufflage du compartiment de soufflage (1), caractérisé en ce que le compartiment (1) de soufflage d'air est adjacent à deux compartiments d'aspiration (4) disposés de part et d'autre de ce compartiment de soufflage (1) et séparés de celui-ci par des parois (6, 11) comportant des moyens pour favoriser l'échange thermique entre le flux d'air traversant le compartiment de soufflage (1) et le flux d'air traversant le compartiment d'aspiration (4).Drying device involving fluxes supply and suction air, in which the suction flow temperature is higher than the temperature of the blowing flow, which device comprises, on the one hand, means (6, 12, 14, 15) for perform an energy exchange between the flows of blowing and suction, and, on the other hand, a air supply compartment (1) comprising a supply air inlet (2) and outlet (3), this compartment (1) being adjacent to at least one air intake compartment (4) comprising a air intake inlet (5) adjacent to outlet (3) supply air from the supply compartment (1), characterized in that the blowing compartment (1) air is adjacent to two suction compartments (4) arranged on either side of this compartment of blowing (1) and separated from it by walls (6, 11) including means to promote exchange thermal between the air flow through the compartment supply air (1) and the air flow passing through the suction compartment (4). Dispositif de séchage conforme à la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que les deux dits compartiments d'aspiration (4) sont disposés symétriquement de part et d'autre du compartiment de soufflage (1).Drying device in accordance with claim 1, characterized in that the two so-called suction compartments (4) are arranged symmetrically on either side of the compartment blowing (1). Dispositif conforme à la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce que lesdits moyens (14, 15) sont adaptés pour réaliser un mélange entre les flux de soufflage et d'aspiration. Device according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that said means (14, 15) are suitable for mixing between the flows of blowing and suction. Dispositif conforme à l'une des revendications 1 à 3, caractérisé en ce que lesdites parois (6) ont un profil crénelé ou ondulé.Device in accordance with one of the claims 1 to 3, characterized in that said walls (6) have a crenellated or wavy profile. Dispositif conforme à l'une des revendications 1 à 3, caractérisé en ce que lesdites parois (11) présentent des ailettes (12) faisant saillie à l'intérieur du ou des compartiments d'aspiration (4).Device in accordance with one of the claims 1 to 3, characterized in that said walls (11) have projecting fins (12) inside the suction compartment (s) (4). Dispositif conforme à la revendication 5, caractérisé en ce que le compartiment de soufflage (10a) s'étend suivant un plan incliné par rapport aux parois latérales verticales (13) des deux compartiments d'aspiration (4).Device according to claim 5, characterized in that the blowing compartment (10a) extends along an inclined plane with respect to the walls vertical side (13) of the two compartments suction (4). Dispositif conforme à l'une des revendications 1 à 6, caractérisé en ce que le compartiment de soufflage (10a, 10b) comporte en amont de sa sortie d'air (3) de soufflage, un conduit (14, 15) conformé pour aspirer de l'air du flux d'aspiration par effet venturi pour mélanger cet air avec le flux d'air soufflé à la sortie (3) du compartiment de soufflage (10a, 10b).Device in accordance with one of the claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the blowing compartment (10a, 10b) comprises upstream from its blowing air outlet (3), a duct (14, 15) shaped to draw air from the suction flow by venturi effect to mix this air with the air flow blown at the outlet (3) of the blowing compartment (10a, 10b). Dispositif conforme à la revendication 3, caractérisé en ce que le mélange entre les deux flux est réalisé par un moyen mécanique.Device according to claim 3, characterized in that the mixture between the two flows is performed by mechanical means.
EP00400438A 1999-02-18 2000-02-16 Combined blowing and suction device with integral energy exchange for a drying apparatus Withdrawn EP1030149A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9902020A FR2790072B1 (en) 1999-02-18 1999-02-18 COMBINED BLOW AND SUCTION DEVICE WITH INTEGRATED ENERGY EXCHANGE FOR A DRYING DEVICE
FR9902020 1999-02-18

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US7116900B2 (en) * 2003-04-01 2006-10-03 Radiant Optics, Inc. Radiant energy source systems, devices, and methods capturing, controlling, or recycling gas flows
WO2018046509A1 (en) * 2016-09-08 2018-03-15 Solaronics S.A. Convective hood for heat treatment of a continuous strip

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US6289603B1 (en) 2001-09-18
FR2790072B1 (en) 2001-05-25
FR2790072A1 (en) 2000-08-25

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