EP1024910A1

EP1024910A1 - Device for encapsulating blanks in high-temperature metallic alloys

Info

Publication number: EP1024910A1
Application number: EP98949898A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Fritz Appel; Uwe Lorenz; Michael Oehring; Richard Wagner
Original assignee: GKSS Forshungszentrum Geesthacht GmbH
Current assignee: GKSS Forshungszentrum Geesthacht GmbH
Priority date: 1997-10-25
Filing date: 1998-08-17
Publication date: 2000-08-09
Anticipated expiration: 2018-08-17
Also published as: DE19747257C2; DE19747257A1; ATE228896T1; US6420051B1; EP1024910B1; WO1999021667A1; DE59806564D1

Abstract

In a device for encapsulating blanks of metallic high temperature alloys, particularly TiAL alloys, which are subjected to forging or rolling for hot forming, at least a first inner envelope is supported on the blank in closely spaced relationship therefrom and a second envelope surrounds the first envelope and both envelopes consist of a metallic material.

Description

Device for encapsulating blanks made of high-temperature metallic alloys

Description

The invention relates to a device for encapsulating blanks made of metallic high-temperature alloys, in particular Ti Al alloys, which are subjected to extrusion for hot forming.

Metallic high-temperature alloys are used for the production of highly stressed or highly stressable components, for example as components for use in turbines for driving aircraft and the like. In order to achieve the desired properties, such as high strength, it is generally required for certain components that they have been hot-formed. In the case of TiAl alloys as a certain metallic high Temperature alloying requires the components to be reshaped, also with a view to the setting of certain structures, which cannot be achieved by other means of melting metallurgy. It has been shown that hot forming of Ti Al cast blocks requires temperatures of 1100 ° C, see Y.-W. Kim, DM Di iduk, J. etals 43 (1991) 40. In many cases, for example in hot extrusion, this is only non-isothermally possible due to the limitation of the die or die and receiver temperatures. Since the dimensional change and the resistance to deformation of TiAl alloys are strongly temperature-dependent, the blanks for the extrusion have to be encapsulated in order to avoid high temperature losses. To date, Ti alloys or external steel have been available as KaDsel mate i al, whose U formwide - at the required temperatures, however, is much smaller than that of the raw TiAl material to be formed or a corresponding blank made of this material one The use of capsule materials with a better adapted resistance to deformation, such as TZM molybdenum, is ruled out for cost reasons.

The large differences in the resistance to deformation of capsule and core material lead to uneven deformation during extrusion with undesirable variations in the degree of deformation over the length of the strand and also to crack formation in certain areas of the capsules. An attempt was made to adapt the forming resistances between the capsule and core ateπal by a cooling phase between the warming up and the extrusion. Model calculations of the temperature profile of the capsule and core with increasing holding time show that temperature differences that are too small can be achieved in this way. Even with a low assumed heat transfer value, the only can be achieved with a thermal insulation layer (e.g. glass wool), the achievable temperature difference is not yet sufficient.

It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a device for the encapsulation of blanks made of metallic high-temperature alloys of the type mentioned at the outset, with which heat losses of the blank are avoided, with the aim being to encapsulate the encapsulation through longer waiting times between heating and extrusion at low temperatures Cool the temperature losses in the core to such an extent that the capsule material and the core material have almost the same forming resistances, which in particular requires temperature differences of up to 500 ° K. The device should be simple and inexpensive to train and should be 1 bar.

The object is achieved according to the invention in that the encapsulation consists of at least a first inner shell, which closely encloses the blank and is spaced apart, and a second outer shell which is closely but spaced apart from the inner shell, the first and the second shell being made of a metallic one Material.

The advantage of the solution according to the invention is that it creates an optimal shield against heat radiation from the blank, ie the core of the device, which is fundamentally the main cause of the heat losses at the present temperatures, it also advantageously being possible to achieve an optimal one To achieve thermal conduction resistance through vacuum insulation and finally advantageously to avoid convection and the avoidance of material pairings, which in the case of a Extrusion of this type required high temperatures lead to undesirable reactions.

It has been shown that for an effective radiation protection shield, which forms the inner shell, a bl-shaped element as the inner shell is sufficient to achieve a 33% reduction in radiated power.

The outer shell of the device, as tests have shown, preferably has a wall thickness of 5 to 10 mm, the outer shell basically being made of steel or preferably a titanium alloy, e.g. TiA16V4, can be formed.

Investigations have shown that advantageously the inner shell only a wall thickness in the range of 0.1 to 1 mm, but in particular advantageously a wall thickness of 0.3 mm is sufficient to achieve a reduction in the radiation power by 33%. Because of the high heating and processing temperature on the one hand but also for reasons of cost on the other hand, it is advantageous to use sheets or foils made of molybdenum and / or tantalum as the inner shell which have a low emissivity. This also avoids material combinations that lead to undesirable reactions at the high temperatures to be used.

In principle, it is possible to ensure in various suitable ways that the blank is continuously spaced from the surrounding inner shell in order to largely avoid direct thermal contact between the blank and the inner shell. However, it has proven to be advantageous to design the blank in such a way that it has a plurality of has projecting webs, which act as spacers to the blank enveloping the inner shell. Thus, for example, the webs can be created in a simple manner with a blank which is essentially cylindrical in cross section by simply twisting or milling.

In order to ensure, in the same way as described above, that the inner shell has a negligible thermal contact with respect to the outer shell, it is also advantageous to provide the outer shell with a plurality of projecting webs which are directed towards the inner shell and which act as a spacer to the inner shell. Here, too, it is possible in principle to produce the webs, in particular if the outer casing is hollow-cylindrical in cross-section, by turning the outer casing appropriately or by milling it out.

However, the webs in the outer casing and in the inner blank or core of the device are preferably to be designed in such a way that their contact area with the respectively adjacent inner casing is very small compared to the rest of the outer surface.

As already mentioned, the application of a single inner shell, which forms the radiation protection shield mentioned, can lead to a reduction in the radiation output of 33%. In order to reduce the radiated power even further, in a further advantageous embodiment of the device it is possible to provide a third and a fourth shell, which are likewise each closely spaced between the first shell and the second shell and are each closely spaced from these . The choice of further len will depend on the extent to which it is considered necessary for the special extrusion process, depending on the material forming the blank, to achieve the same resistance to deformation of the jacket and core material.

Just as in the above-described basic configuration of the device with at least two sleeves, it can also be advantageous in the above-described embodiment of the device with four sleeves, the third sleeve adjacent to the first, inner sleeve with a plurality of both the first sleeve and the fourth To provide sheath-facing webs, which act as spacers to the adjacent first sheath and fourth sheath. In this case, too, the webs can be formed by correspondingly turning off or milling off the third sleeve, the corresponding, above-mentioned turning off or milling off of the blank or the outer second shell for forming the webs there, as described, remains unaffected or can be carried out in the same manner as described.

The third casing advantageously consists of the same material as the second casing, the fourth casing advantageously consisting of the same material as the first casing.

Overall, with a design of the device as described above with four shells, the radiated power is reduced to approximately 25% compared to the blank.

Finally, both for the design with two shells and more shells, the outer sheath in each case must be designed to be vacuum-tight, so that heat conduction via the gas in the interspaces as well as convection in the one Interstices are suppressed, on the other hand oxidation of the metallic parts is prevented in order to maintain the low emissivity ε of these parts.

The invention will now be described with reference to the following schematic drawings or graphic representations using an exemplary embodiment and a modification thereof. In it show:

1 shows in section a device according to the invention with two shells which enclose a blank made of a metallic high-temperature alloy,

2 shows an embodiment of the device of the invention according to FIG. 1, in which, however, the blank made of a metallic high-temperature alloy is enclosed by four envelopes at least in partial areas,

3a shows the course of a minimum and a maximum

-3b diameter of the cross-section of the core (raw) in the device over the length of the strand in various forms of encapsulation and

Waiting times after warming up,

Fig. 4 shows the force curve during extrusion in a steel capsule with heat insulation after a waiting period of 25 seconds after heating and

Fig shows the force curve during extrusion in a steel capsule with thermal insulation after a waiting time of 50 seconds after heating. In Figures 1 and 2, a device 10 is shown according to the invention, wherein the blank 11 to be subjected to extrusion made of a high-temperature metallic alloy, in particular a Ti Al alloy, has a substantially cylindrical cross section, with d correspondingly Device 10 also has a substantially cylindrical cross section. It should be pointed out at this point, however, that this shape of the blank 11 or the device 10 does not always have to be cylindrical, because many other possible configurations of the blank are also possible, which even before the final extrusion takes place later on Shape can have roughly adapted shape. To understand the invention, however, since the construction principles of the device 10 apply generally, reference is made to the representations of the device 10 according to FIGS. 1 and 2 with an essentially circular cross-sectional shape.

A blank 11 is arranged in the device 10 and surrounded by a first, inner casing 12 and a second outer casing 13, compare in particular FIG. 1. The casing of the blank 11 in the configuration of the device 10 according to FIG. 1 is complete, i.e. it is not only the outer, in this case cylindrical, circumferential surface of the blank 11 surrounded by the sleeves 12, 13, but also the respective flat end faces of the blank 11.

The first, inner shell 12 closely encloses the blank 11, the inner shell 12 having, for example, a wall thickness of 0.1 to 1 mm, preferably 0.3 mm. The inner shell, which is designed in sheet form, preferably consists of tantalum or molybdenum. Basically, however, all other are suitable Materials with low emissivity ε are used, provided they do not react with the material of the blank (11) or the outer shell (18).

The second, outer shell 13 has a much greater wall thickness than the inner shell 12, for example in the range from 5 to 10 mm. It applies to both the inner shell 12 and the outer shell 13 that the substantially flat end faces of the blank 11 are covered with the same shell structure, as described above.

The outer shell 13 can be made of steel or any other suitable material for this purpose, for example T i AI 6V4.

The blank 11 has a plurality of vorsp ingenden

Web 110, which act as a spacer to the inner shell surrounding the blank 11. These webs can, for example, by milling or turning off the blank

11, for example by 0.3 mm, so that the webs thus formed have a width of approximately 1 mm at a height of 0.3 mm. With this measure, the necessary ³ g g ³ g g ³ s gaps d = d i. as _, -, I - _m m _n o between the first radiation shield serving the first sleeve 12 and the blank will be adhered to. 11 To suppress direct heat conduction between the blank 11 and the second, outer shell 12, including the first, inner shell 12, the webs 110 on the blank 11 and the webs 131, which are likewise formed in an analogous manner on the second outer shell 13, staggered. All in all, the entirety of the envelope made up of the first envelope 12 and the second envelope 13 thus acts as a double radiation protective shield, which reduces the power emitted by the blank 11 compared to the unprotected blank 11 to about a third.

In the embodiment of the device 10 according to FIG. 2, which basically has the same structure as the device 10 according to FIG. 1, a third casing 14 and a fourth casing 15 are additionally provided. These sleeves 14, 15 are also arranged closely spaced from each other. In this case too, the third casing 14, which is adjacent to the first, inner casing 12, has a plurality of webs 140 which are directed towards both the first casing 12 and the fourth casing 15. The webs 140 also serve as spacers to the adjacent first casing 12 and the likewise adjacent fourth casing 15. The third casing 14 can be made of the same material as the second casing 13. The fourth shell 15 can consist of the same material as the first shell 12. In fact, four radiation protection plates are effective in the configuration of the device 10 according to FIG. 2, namely the first cover 12, the second cover 13, the third cover 14 and the fourth cover 15. In the embodiment of the device 10 according to FIG. 2, the radiated power can compared to the unprotected blank 11 can be reduced to approximately 25%, reference being made to a calculation given further below for an estimate of this reduction in the radiated power.

In the temperature range from 1000 ° to 1400 ° C, steel or titanium alloys can be used for the sleeves 13 and 14. At even higher temperatures, refractory metals such as Mo or Ta should be selected for these shells (13 and 14). Envelopes 12 and 15 are preferably made of Mo or Ta, even at temperatures higher than 1400 ° C. In principle, however, all other suitable materials with low emissivity ε can also be used, provided that material pairings are avoided that lead to reactions. The first shell 12 and the fourth shell 15 are preferably thin-walled. It should also be noted that the device according to the invention is not limited to the extrusion of Ti tanal umi niden, but of course the forming by extrusion at temperatures above 1000 ° C can be used very successfully with other metallic high-temperature alloys.

In the devices according to FIGS. 1 and 2, at least the first casing 12 encloses the blank in a vacuum-tight manner, the required evacuation of the spaces between at least the first casing 12 and the blank 11 being achieved by covering the lid and the bottom of at least the first casing 12 welded in a vacuum chamber by inexpensive electron beam welding. Overall, the manufacture of the device 10 can thus be designed relatively inexpensively. If necessary, the other shells 13 to 15 of the device can also be designed to be vacuum-tight.

An estimate that proves the effectiveness of the measures proposed according to the invention with the device 10 for avoiding heat losses through radiation is to be shown on the basis of the radiation power of non-insulated extrusion blanks 11 that are insulated by heat shields.

According to the Stef an-Bol tzmann law, a non-black body radiates heat in the cold room d Q _s / dt = F ε c T ⁴ (Eq. 1)

from. The names have the following meaning

F - surface of the body c - Stefan-Bol tzmann radiation constant (c =

5.7-10 ^"8 WnT ² K ^{~ 4} ) ε- emissivity of the body T - absolute temperature

For bare metal bodies, the following often applies: = 0.3. An extrusion blank of Φ 65 mm x 170 mm heated to 1300 ° C would therefore initially emit a power of dQ / dt = 4.6 kW without insulation after removal from the furnace.

The resulting heat losses can be prevented very effectively at high temperatures by attaching one or more radiation shields (shells) which are introduced between the hot body or blank 11 and the cold environment. For the present geometry of a hot cylindrical blank 11, this is reduced with a radiation shield arranged concentrically around the body

Λ - ^d Q _s , l / ^dt = ε c T ⁴ / (ε _s / ε _{e +} r _{k / rs} ), (G1.2)

with ε _e -_ ε ε _$ / (i - ε ^ l - εF ^)).

Here mean

ε s_. - the emissivity ³ en r _k - the radius of the hot body r - the radius of the radiation shield According to Eq. 2 applies

dQ _{S) 1} / dr _k > 0, CGI .3)

i.e. The effectiveness of the radiation protection shield is higher the closer it is to the hot body. If, to simplify the estimation, we continue to assume that ε = ε and r, = r, then

dQ _{Sj l} dt = 1/2 dQ _s / dt. (G1.4)

By attaching a radiation protection shield, the radiated power can already be reduced to 50%. When using n steel shields, the same simplifying conditions apply

dQ _{s> n} / dt = (l / (n + 1)) dQ _s / dt. (G1.5)

According to the conditions shown here, the encapsulation must be carried out according to the following principles to avoid heat loss through radiation:

- As radiation protection shields (sleeves) according to Eq. 2 materials with low emissivity are used. Due to the high temperature and for cost reasons, the choice of materials is limited to sheets or foils made of Mo or Ta. However, these materials should have a surface that is as smooth and oxide-free as possible.

- The distance between the hot body and the first radiation protection shield and between further radiation protection shields should be according to Eq. 2 should be kept as small as possible. - Heat loss through convection or heat conduction must be avoided.

4 extrusion tests were carried out to test the extrusion capsule construction described. For this purpose, blanks 11 with a diameter of 65 mm, which consisted of the same Ti Al alloy, were encapsulated in different capsules. Since the desired temperature difference between the encapsulation and the blank 11 increases with the above-described construction of the encapsulation due to an increased waiting time between heating and extrusion, the waiting time was also varied. The other test conditions (heating temperature 1250 ° C, predefined stamp speed 20 mm / s) and the external dimensions of the encapsulation were identical in all tests. The following forms of encapsulation and waiting times were selected:

1. TiA16V4 encapsulation without heat i so! at i on, 25 s waiting time

2. Steel encapsulation without thermal insulation, but with inserted Mo foil as a reaction barrier, 25 s waiting time

3. Steel encapsulation with thermal insulation as described according to the invention (see Fig. 1), 25 s waiting time

4. 3. Steel encapsulation with thermal insulation as described according to the invention (see Fig. 1), 50 s waiting time

After the extrusion, the strands were cut open and the cross-sectional shape of the Ti AI raw! i ngs 10 tracked over the length of the strand. In the ideal case - ie if the jacket and core material have the same deformation resistance sen, with the selected transducer diameter of 85 mm and the die diameter of 30 mm, circular cross sections of the Ti AI tube 10 with a diameter of 22.9 mm should result. 3a-3d shows the minimum and maximum diameters of the generally oval cross-sections of the Ti Al tube 10 after these tests. The results show that in the case of the Ti AI 6V4 capsule without thermal insulation, the most unfavorable conditions are present, ie the core cross section shows the greatest differences between the minimum (d.) And maximum (d _m 171 α., X _v ) diameter and is due to the low deformation

Resistance of the Ti AI 6V4 alloy compared to the core material sometimes considerably above the ideal value of 22.9 mm. In addition, the cross section varies significantly over the length of the strand. In the case of steel encapsulation without thermal insulation, the cross-sections are more approximate to the circular shape and the diameter curve over the length is more uniform, but the values are above the ideal value of 22.9 mm. In contrast, the use of an encapsulation made of steel with thermal insulation leads to a diameter progression of 22.9 mm, whereby the most even progression is observed for the extended waiting time of 50 s. From these results it can be concluded that the thermal insulation is effective and that a good adaptation of the deformation resistance between the steel jacket and TiÄl-Rohl ing 10 has already been achieved with waiting times of 50 s. The clear effect of the thermal insulation is also evident in the force curve during extrusion. As FIGS. 4 and 5 show, the initial die force during the extrusion of encapsulations with thermal insulation after a waiting time of 50 s is considerably higher than after a waiting time of 25 s, which is due to the higher deformation resistance of the capsule material due to the higher temperature drop 1 s is due. This also occurred when using encapsulation with thermal insulation already mentioned opening of the strands in the initial area, which can also be explained by the better adaptation of the resistance to deformation of capsule and blank material. The aim aimed at by the invention was achieved in this way.

Reference list

10 device

11 blank 110 bridge

12 first, inner sleeve 1 and 120 wall thickness

13 second outer shell

130 wall thickness

131 footbridge

14 third shell 140 bridge

15 vi erte Hül 1 e

Claims

Device for encapsulating blanks made of high-temperature metallic alloys

Patent claims

1. Device for the encapsulation of blanks made of metallic high-temperature alloys, in particular TiAl alloys, which are subjected to extrusion for hot forming, characterized in that the encapsulation consists of at least a first, first blank that surrounds the blank (11) closely but at a distance ( 12) and a second, outer shell (13) which is closely but spaced apart from the inner shell (12), the first and second shell (12, 13) consisting of a metallic material.

2. Device according to claim 1, characterized in that the inner shell (12) is formed by a bl echiform element.

3. Device according to one or both of claims 1 or 2, characterized in that the inner shell

(12) a wall thickness (120) in the range of 0.1 to 1 mm.

4. The device according to claim 3, characterized in that the wall thickness (120) is 0.3 mm.

5. The device according to one or more of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the inner shell consists of molybdenum or tantalum.

5. The device according to one or more of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the outer shell has a wall thickness (130) in the range of 5 to 10 mm.

7. The device according to one or more of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the outer shell made of steel gebi 1 det wi rd.

8. The device according to one or more of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the outer shell (13) is formed from TiA16V4.

9. The device according to one or more of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the blank (11) has a plurality of projecting webs (110) which act as a spacer for the blank (11) enveloping inner shell (12).

10. The device according to one or more of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the outer shell (13) has a plurality of protruding, on the inner shell

(13) has directed webs, which act as spacers to the inner shell (12).

11. The device according to one or more of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that a third casing and a fourth casing (15) are provided, each of which is closely spaced from one another between the first casing

(12) and the second shell (13) and are each closely spaced from these.

12. The apparatus according to claim 11, characterized in that the third casing (14) spaced apart from the first, inner casing (12) has a plurality of webs (140) executed both for the first casing (12) and for the fourth casing (14) that act as a spacer to the adjacent first shell (12) and fourth shell (15).

13. The device according to one or more of claims 11 or 12, characterized in that the third envelope

(14) made of the same material as the second shell

(13) exists.

14. The device according to one or more of claims 11 to 13, characterized in that the fourth shell

(15) consists of the same material as the first shell (12).

15. The device according to one or more of claims 1 to 14, characterized in that at least the outer shell (13) eats the blank (11) in a vacuum-tight manner.

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