EP1015407A1 - Method of making hydrogenated acids - Google Patents
Method of making hydrogenated acidsInfo
- Publication number
- EP1015407A1 EP1015407A1 EP98948068A EP98948068A EP1015407A1 EP 1015407 A1 EP1015407 A1 EP 1015407A1 EP 98948068 A EP98948068 A EP 98948068A EP 98948068 A EP98948068 A EP 98948068A EP 1015407 A1 EP1015407 A1 EP 1015407A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- catalyst
- acids
- oil
- mixture
- fatty acids
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 title claims description 32
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 title description 20
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title description 9
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 239000003463 adsorbent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 38
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 claims description 24
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 24
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical group [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000003760 tallow Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052570 clay Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000019482 Palm oil Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000019486 Sunflower oil Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000828 canola oil Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000019519 canola oil Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003240 coconut oil Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000019864 coconut oil Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002540 palm oil Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003549 soybean oil Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000012424 soybean oil Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002600 sunflower oil Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003784 tall oil Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000000655 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum Methods 0.000 description 8
- QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 235000021355 Stearic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 239000000344 soap Substances 0.000 description 6
- OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC(C)CCCCCCCCC(O)=O OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000008117 stearic acid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 235000013162 Cocos nucifera Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 244000060011 Cocos nucifera Species 0.000 description 4
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000003925 fat Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000019197 fats Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002939 deleterious effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000011187 glycerol Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000002596 lactones Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000000325 methylidene group Chemical group [H]C([H])=* 0.000 description 2
- 235000019645 odor Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000021313 oleic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 150000002889 oleic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000004672 propanoic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 235000019260 propionic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7553-56-2 Chemical compound [I] ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-MICDWDOJSA-N Trichloro(2H)methane Chemical compound [2H]C(Cl)(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-MICDWDOJSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001253 acrylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001476 alcoholic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- HPTYUNKZVDYXLP-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum;trihydroxy(trihydroxysilyloxy)silane;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Al].[Al].O[Si](O)(O)O[Si](O)(O)O HPTYUNKZVDYXLP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- -1 atapulgite Chemical compound 0.000 description 1
- 229910000278 bentonite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000440 bentonite Substances 0.000 description 1
- SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N bentoquatam Chemical compound O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009903 catalytic hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001805 chlorine compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013068 control sample Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUJOJGAPFQRJSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N dialuminum;dioxosilane;oxygen(2-);hydrate Chemical compound O.[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3].O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O GUJOJGAPFQRJSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052621 halloysite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052900 illite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011630 iodine Substances 0.000 description 1
- NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N kaolin Chemical compound O.O.O=[Al]O[Si](=O)O[Si](=O)O[Al]=O NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052622 kaolinite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052901 montmorillonite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VGIBGUSAECPPNB-UHFFFAOYSA-L nonaaluminum;magnesium;tripotassium;1,3-dioxido-2,4,5-trioxa-1,3-disilabicyclo[1.1.1]pentane;iron(2+);oxygen(2-);fluoride;hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[F-].[Mg+2].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Al+3].[K+].[K+].[K+].[Fe+2].O1[Si]2([O-])O[Si]1([O-])O2.O1[Si]2([O-])O[Si]1([O-])O2.O1[Si]2([O-])O[Si]1([O-])O2.O1[Si]2([O-])O[Si]1([O-])O2.O1[Si]2([O-])O[Si]1([O-])O2.O1[Si]2([O-])O[Si]1([O-])O2.O1[Si]2([O-])O[Si]1([O-])O2 VGIBGUSAECPPNB-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- IUVKMZGDUIUOCP-BTNSXGMBSA-N quinbolone Chemical class O([C@H]1CC[C@H]2[C@H]3[C@@H]([C@]4(C=CC(=O)C=C4CC3)C)CC[C@@]21C)C1=CCCC1 IUVKMZGDUIUOCP-BTNSXGMBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C51/00—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
- C07C51/347—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by reactions not involving formation of carboxyl groups
- C07C51/36—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by reactions not involving formation of carboxyl groups by hydrogenation of carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P30/00—Technologies relating to oil refining and petrochemical industry
- Y02P30/20—Technologies relating to oil refining and petrochemical industry using bio-feedstock
Definitions
- the glycerine is separated and refined in a separate operation.
- the crude, split fatty acids are usually then distilled to remove color bodies and odoriferous materials.
- This sequence of splitting and distilling yields the most basic tallow and coconut fatty acids which are widely used for preparing bar soaps.
- This basic type of coconut fatty acids also finds use in the preparation of a variety of types of surfactants. While these simple split and distilled tallow and coconut fatty acids do have wide use, many in the soap and detergents industry prefer materials with improved colors, color stabilities and odors. These improvements are often effected by hydrogenation.
- the hydrogenation is a partial hydrogenation. It is generally controlled so as to reduce or totally eliminate the poiyunsaturated acids which are inevitably present in split tallows. Reducing or eliminating the polyunsaturates can significantly improve the color stability of the fatty acids and many soap producers find that this carries through to improving the storage properties of their soap bars.
- the hydrogenation process also improves the initial color and odor of the partially hydrogenated fatty acids and this also is generally found to carry through to bar soaps.
- the typical catalyst used for hydrogenation is some type of nickel catalyst and it is a nonselective catalyst.
- Hydrogenated carboxylic acids are made by a process which comprises contacting a mixture of saturated and unsaturated carboxylic acids with a catalyst effective amount of a hydrogenation catalyst and in the presence of an effective amount of an adsorbent to produce a hydrogenated product having less than about 200 ppm of oxygenated by-products.
- the process may also be carried out by first contacting a mixture of saturated and unsaturated carboxylic acids with a catalyst effective amount of a hydrogenation catalyst to form a hydrogenated product containing oxygenated by-products and then contacting the hydrogenated product with an effective amount of an adsorbent to produce a hydrogenated product having less than about 200 ppm of oxygenated byproducts.
- the process according to the invention can be applied to the production of any carboxylic acid made by the hydrogenation of a mixture of saturated and unsaturated carboxylic acids.
- the simplest example is the production of hydrogenated propionic acid having less than about 200 ppm of oxygenated compounds by the hydrogenation of a mixture of acrylic and propionic acids
- the process according to the invention is particularly useful for the commercial production of hydrogenated fatty acids wherein the presence of oxygenated compounds could have a deleterious effect on products and/or processes utilizing such acids.
- hydrogenated stearic acid made by fully hydrogenating mixtures of saturated and unsaturated tallow fatty acids. Hydrogenation converts these mixtures which contain C 18 unsaturated acids to stearic acid.
- oxygenated compounds such as alcohols, acids and lactones may be formed.
- the reduction step is typically carried out by contacting the acid mixture with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst.
- the typical catalyst used for hydrogenation is some type of nickel catalyst and it is a nonselective catalyst.
- a mixture of saturated and unsaturated carboxylic acids is contacted with a catalyst effective amount of a hydrogenation catalyst to produce a hydrogenated product which may contain oxygenated compounds.
- the hydrogenated product is then contacted with an effective amount of an adsorbent to decrease the amount of any oxygenated compounds to less than about 200 ppm.
- a mixture of saturated and unsaturated carboxylic acids with a catalyst effective amount of a hydrogenation catalyst and in the presence of an effective amount of an adsorbent to produce a hydrogenated product having less than about 200 ppm of oxygenated by-products can be present as part of the catalyst as, for example, the catalyst support or it can be added separately at the beginning of the hydrogenation.
- the mixture of saturated and unsaturated carboxylic acids can be composed of any type of saturated and unsaturated carboxylic acids. Since the process according to the invention is particularly useful for the commercial production of hydrogenated fatty acids, it can be utilized with a fatty acid stream from the processing of any type of fat or oil.
- the mixture of carboxylic acids can be a crude fatty acid stream following the splitting or hydrolysis of tallow or coconut oil. Tallow fatty acids will typically contain somewhere around 50 to 52% unsaturated acids of which all but a few percent, maybe 4% or less, are C 1 ⁇ unsaturated acids. Simple split coconut fatty acids contain around 15% of C ⁇ acids.
- the mixture of saturated and unsaturated carboxylic acids is solvent separated stearic acid.
- the mixture of saturated and unsaturated acids may also be obtained from the hydrolysis of sunflower oil, palm oil, tall oil, soybean oil and canola oil.
- Solvent separated stearic acids are obtained by dissolving tallow fatty acids in a solvent and then passing them through chilled crystallizers where the solid, saturated acids crystallize out to form a slurry which is then filtered. Not all the unsaturated acids are removed by filtration so the crude stearic is subjected to some combination of hydrogenation and distillation combination to produce single, double and triple pressed stearic.
- the catalyst that can be used in the process according to the invention can be any catalyst useful for hydrogenating unsaturated compounds.
- Such catalysts include but are not limited to platinum, palladium and nickel.
- the preferred catalyst is nickel.
- the most preferred catalyst is nickel on acid clay, a commercially available example of which is E-428D from Calsicat; Mallinckrodt Inc., Calsicat Div., 1707 Gaskeil Ave., Erie, PA, 16503.
- the amount of catalyst that can be used in the process according to the invention is an effective amount which is any amount necessary to bring about the desired degree of hydrogenation.
- An effective amount will be readily determinable by one of ordinary skill in the art and may depend upon such factors as, for example, the composition of the starting material, the composition of the catalyst, and the hydrogenation temperature.
- the catalyst amount will typically vary from about 0.7 ppt to about 3.5 ppt (ppt is parts catalyst per thousand parts of carboxylic acid).
- the mixture of saturated and unsaturated carboxylic acids can be contacted with a catalyst effective amount of a hydrogenation catalyst at a temperature in the range of from about 180°C to about 240°C, preferably from about 190°C to about 230°C, and most preferably from about 200°C to about 220°C.
- the adsorbent that can be used in the process according to the invention can be carbon black, a commercially available example of which is DARCO® KB from Norit Americas, Inc., 1050 Crown Pointe Parkway, Suite 1500, Atlanta, GA,
- an amount of the adsorbent is used.
- the effective amount is any amount necessary to decrease the amount of the oxygenated compounds to less than about 200 ppm as determined, for example, by integration of the methylene proton peaks in the 4.9-5.0 ⁇ region of the H 1 NMR spectrum.
- Any analytical method known to those of ordinary skill in the art useful for the determination of oxygenated by-products as identified herein can be used.
- the preferred method is by integration of the methylene proton peaks in the 4.9- 5.0 ⁇ region of the H 1 NMR spectrum as described in Example 2 below.
- a concentration of 200 ppm is the approximate threshold level for detection of oxygenated by-products in the PFT H 1 NMR spectrum.
- EXAMPLE 1 A sample of crude solvent separated stearic acid was hydrogenated to an iodine value of less than 1 with varying amounts of nickel on acid clay catalyst (E-428D) and a clay adsorbent (Filtrol 13) under the hydrogenation conditions of 205 °C, 1 hour and 300 psi hydrogen. The samples were then filtered over dicalite and distilled under a vacuum of 1-3 torr, 1 % top cut and a pot temperature of 250°C and their H 1 NMR spectra were taken.
- the hydrogenation was accomplished using a low catalyst concentration and no added adsorbent.
- the catalyst and adsorbent were present as one component in that the nickel catalyst was deposited on acid clay which also functioned as the adsorbent. No additional adsorbent was added. Peaks were observed at 4.9-5.0 ⁇ in the H 1 NMR spectrum indicating the presence of oxygenated by-products at a level equal to or greater than 200 ppm.
- the hydrogenation was accomplished using an elevated catalyst level and a corresponding elevated adsorbent level as the catalyst support compared with the control but no separately added adsorbent.
- EXAMPLE 2 The H 1 PFT NMR spectra of the samples in deuterochloroform solvent from Example 1 were obtained using a Varian Unity 400 spectrometer. At least 1000 pulses were collected for each spectra. The spectra were expanded at least 1000 times in order to detect peaks in the 4.9-5.0 ⁇ region. The concentration of the 4.9-5.0 peaks was estimated by comparing it to the -CH 2 CO 2 - peaks between 2.3 and 2.4 ⁇ .
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Fats And Perfumes (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US92581197A | 1997-09-05 | 1997-09-05 | |
US925811 | 1997-09-05 | ||
PCT/US1998/017989 WO1999012882A1 (en) | 1997-09-05 | 1998-09-02 | Method of making hydrogenated acids |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1015407A1 true EP1015407A1 (en) | 2000-07-05 |
EP1015407A4 EP1015407A4 (en) | 2000-11-08 |
Family
ID=25452279
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP98948068A Withdrawn EP1015407A4 (en) | 1997-09-05 | 1998-09-02 | Method of making hydrogenated acids |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP1015407A4 (en) |
AU (1) | AU9471898A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2302609A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1999012882A1 (en) |
Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB999882A (en) * | 1961-08-31 | 1965-07-28 | Shell Int Research | Process for the purification of monocarboxylic acids |
DD156176A1 (en) * | 1981-02-05 | 1982-08-04 | Wolfgang Lambrecht | HYDROGENATION METHOD FOR OBTAINING LIQUID FATS |
EP0398668A1 (en) * | 1989-05-16 | 1990-11-22 | Unichema Chemie B.V. | Nickel/silica catalyst and the preparation and use thereof |
US5493037A (en) * | 1992-11-10 | 1996-02-20 | Engelhard Corporation | Nickel catalyst |
Family Cites Families (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5693835A (en) * | 1994-01-27 | 1997-12-02 | Snow Brand Milk Products Co., Ltd. | Fish oil having decreased fish odor and a method for preparing the same |
-
1998
- 1998-09-02 AU AU94718/98A patent/AU9471898A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1998-09-02 CA CA002302609A patent/CA2302609A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1998-09-02 EP EP98948068A patent/EP1015407A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1998-09-02 WO PCT/US1998/017989 patent/WO1999012882A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB999882A (en) * | 1961-08-31 | 1965-07-28 | Shell Int Research | Process for the purification of monocarboxylic acids |
DD156176A1 (en) * | 1981-02-05 | 1982-08-04 | Wolfgang Lambrecht | HYDROGENATION METHOD FOR OBTAINING LIQUID FATS |
EP0398668A1 (en) * | 1989-05-16 | 1990-11-22 | Unichema Chemie B.V. | Nickel/silica catalyst and the preparation and use thereof |
US5493037A (en) * | 1992-11-10 | 1996-02-20 | Engelhard Corporation | Nickel catalyst |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See also references of WO9912882A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP1015407A4 (en) | 2000-11-08 |
CA2302609A1 (en) | 1999-03-18 |
AU9471898A (en) | 1999-03-29 |
WO1999012882A1 (en) | 1999-03-18 |
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