EP1012946A1 - Procede et dispositif pour ameliorer la qualite de la tension d'une partie de reseau sous-jacente - Google Patents

Procede et dispositif pour ameliorer la qualite de la tension d'une partie de reseau sous-jacente

Info

Publication number
EP1012946A1
EP1012946A1 EP98948807A EP98948807A EP1012946A1 EP 1012946 A1 EP1012946 A1 EP 1012946A1 EP 98948807 A EP98948807 A EP 98948807A EP 98948807 A EP98948807 A EP 98948807A EP 1012946 A1 EP1012946 A1 EP 1012946A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
space vector
voltage
pointer
basic
determined
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
EP98948807A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Michael Weinhold
Rainer Zurowski
Leon Voss
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Siemens AG
Original Assignee
Siemens AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Siemens AG filed Critical Siemens AG
Publication of EP1012946A1 publication Critical patent/EP1012946A1/fr
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/18—Arrangements for adjusting, eliminating or compensating reactive power in networks
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/18—Arrangements for adjusting, eliminating or compensating reactive power in networks
    • H02J3/1807—Arrangements for adjusting, eliminating or compensating reactive power in networks using series compensators
    • H02J3/1814—Arrangements for adjusting, eliminating or compensating reactive power in networks using series compensators wherein al least one reactive element is actively controlled by a bridge converter, e.g. unified power flow controllers [UPFC]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E40/00—Technologies for an efficient electrical power generation, transmission or distribution
    • Y02E40/10—Flexible AC transmission systems [FACTS]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E40/00—Technologies for an efficient electrical power generation, transmission or distribution
    • Y02E40/30—Reactive power compensation

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method and a device for improving the voltage quality of a subordinate power supply unit by means of a compensation device, which has a pulse converter with at least one capacitive memory, a matching filter, a regulating and control device and a feed device, this compensation device using a transformer in series is connected to the network.
  • This compensation device which is also called SIPCON S, is switched directly into the load flow.
  • This compensation device an additional voltage is added to the mains voltage and thus the supply voltage of a load is kept constant (subordinate power supply unit).
  • the energy fed in is taken from the voltage intermediate circuit, which is continuously fed from the mains by means of a diode rectifier as a feed device.
  • An energy store can also be provided as the feed device.
  • This compensation device can also be used to eliminate asymmetrical voltage dips or increases in the network (1- or 2-pole errors), in order to compensate for voltage increases the feed-in device must be capable of energy recovery.
  • voltage distortions in the mains voltage, which are generated by harmonics, this compensation device from the supply voltage clamping ⁇ a load have been excluded.
  • a pulse-width-modulated IGBT converter which has a DC voltage capacitor
  • the system is connected to the network using a matching filter, for example an LCL combination.
  • the type of coupling of this compensation device determines its mode of operation.
  • the serial connection type optimizes the voltage quality that is offered to a load from outside.
  • a parallel coupling method cleans up the currents that go from a load into a network. Accordingly, the compensation device with serial coupling corresponds to a controlled voltage source, whereas the compensation device with parallel coupling corresponds to a controlled current source.
  • Voltage changes in a power supply network arise e.g. due to network faults or switching operations. These can leave the permitted voltage range and thus lead to a failure of loads (e.g. voltage drop to 50% of the nominal value causes a contactor to drop or a variable-speed drive to switch off) or even to destruction of loads (overvoltage of 20%).
  • An ideal, three-phase supply network provides the consumer with three purely sinusoidal voltages with constant frequency, which are shifted by 120 ° el. From one another, and have constant, identical peak values, i.e. a pure Mitsystemrau pointer with nominal voltage as amplitude.
  • the ideal line currents for this network are proportional to the corresponding phase-to-earth line voltage in each line, the proportionality factor being the same in all three lines and constant for stationary loads. Then a desired amount of energy or active power is transmitted with the minimum collective effective current value and thus with the lowest possible utilization of the network. These currents are defined as active currents.
  • Such an ideal consumer behaves stationary for the supply network like a three-phase, symmetrical ohmic resistor.
  • reactive currents Every consumer who deviates from this behavior causes electricity components that do not contribute to the active power transmission. These are called reactive currents.
  • these reactive currents include the harmonic currents (including a DC component), the frequency of which is a multiple of the mains frequency, the fundamental harmonic displacement reactive currents, which arise due to the phase shift between the mains voltage fundamental oscillation and the mains current fundamental oscillation, and the fundamental oscillation counter-system currents that arise asymmetrical loads can be attributed.
  • the harmonic currents are generally in harmonic (total harmonic frequency ganzbaumi ⁇ multiple of the mains frequency), Inter harmonic (harmonic frequency rational multiple of the mains frequency) and quasi harmonic (harmonic frequency irratio- dimensional multiple of the mains frequency) divided.
  • the mains voltage is made up of the desired fundamental component with nominal amplitude and the distortion components.
  • These distortion components of the mains voltage can be differentiated as follows:
  • the invention is based on the object of specifying a method and a device for improving the voltage quality of a subordinate power supply unit.
  • distorted mains voltage components from this subordinate power supply unit for example a load
  • the compensation device must feed these components in series by means of a transformer between the network and the load.
  • a -voltage space vector initially to be compensated not idea ⁇ len voltage components identifies.
  • Ten of these identifiable ⁇ unwanted voltage components is calculated at least transmission ratio space vector ⁇ a base, then with an appropriate compensator voltage space vector at the output of the pulse converter of the compensation device is generated.
  • a mains voltage space pointer with undesired voltage components is converted into a mains voltage target space pointer.
  • mains voltage space pointer only has one co-system space pointer of the subordinate power supply unit with nominal voltage as amplitude (ideal supply network), little at least a corresponding base transfer ratio space pointer are generated.
  • a partial ⁇ is tragungs staple space vector determined for an active power transfer and is superimposed at least the Basisübertragungsdorf- space vector. This not only keeps unwanted voltage components away from the superimposed power supply, it also causes an active power exchange and thus the regulation of the DC link voltage of the pulse converter.
  • a correction value is added to the setpoint system voltage, which is determined as a function of a determined reactive vibration displacement reactive power and a constant. This compensates for the drop in voltage at the coupling filter and at the transformer, which is caused by a load current component of the fundamental oscillation system.
  • the control device of the pulse converter has a device for determining a basic transmission ratio space vector, which has on the input side a positive and negative channel, which is followed by a computing device. Using these two channels, a positive and negative system deviation is determined, from which the computing device then uses the computing device as a function of the DC link voltage of the pulse converter and a transformer ratio of the basic transmission ratio. Room pointer is determined.
  • this base transmission ⁇ ratio space vector of the pulse current converter generates a compensator voltage space vector, whereby the line voltage space vector in the underlying power supply only a positive sequence space vector with nominal voltage than amplitude.
  • the ascertained minor and negative system deviations are each a measure of the existing distortion components in the mains voltage, which are kept away from the subordinate power supply unit.
  • the transmission ratio space vector is composed of the basic transmission ratio space vector and at least one partial transmission ratio space vector, with which harmonics of the co-and counter system can be compensated.
  • three additional controllers are required to compensate for the distortion voltage components of the fundamental oscillation counter system, 5th harmonic of the counter system and 7th harmonic of the co-system of the mains voltage.
  • Each controller calculates a partial transmission ratio space vector from a determined voltage space vector, for example a load voltage space vector, which is added to an overall transmission ratio space vector.
  • the basic oscillation counter-system Istra space pointer is determined from the difference between the mains voltage space vector and an identified basic vibration I-system Istra space pointer. Since the mains voltage space pointer is used for this determination without any further operation, the fundamental vibration iso space pointer is obtained immediately without a time delay. As a result, this device for determining a basic transmission ratio space vector has very high dynamics. However, the difference is not only used to obtain the fundamental oscillation counter-system Istra space pointer, but also any harmonics of the mains voltage that may be present. If the basic oscillation counter-system Istra space pointer is identified in the same way as the basic oscillation with system Istra space vector from the mains voltage space vector, this device ⁇ for determining a basic transmission ratio space vector loses vital dynamics.
  • a device for determining a partial transmission ratio space vector for an active power transfer is provided in the control device of the pulse converter.
  • This device effects an active power exchange, as a result of which the intermediate circuit voltage of the pulse converter is regulated to a setpoint.
  • a compensator current space pointer is fed to this device, from which a frequency system, for example the fundamental oscillation co-system, is identified by means of a discrete Fourier transformation and an inverse discrete Fourier transformation.
  • This identified space vector is then multiplied by a manipulated variable of a DC link voltage control loop.
  • the partial transfer ratio space pointer thus obtained is added to at least the basic transfer ratio space pointer to form an overall transfer ratio space pointer.
  • FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of the known compensation device
  • FIG. 2 shows a block diagram of the pulse converter of the compensation device according to FIG
  • FIG 3 shows the structure of a controller for generating ei ⁇ nes total transmission ratio space vector, in which
  • FIG. 5 shows a first control structure for generating a basic transfer ratio space vector
  • FIG. 6 shows a second control structure for generating a base transfer ratio space vector
  • FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of a known compensation device 2, which has been presented in the company magazine mentioned at the beginning with the title "EV Report - Information of the area of energy transmission and distribution”.
  • This compensation device 2 has a pulse converter 4 with at least one capacitive memory 6, a feed-in converter 8 as a feed-in device and a transformer 10, which is also referred to as a coupling transformer.
  • the feed-in converter 8 is connected on the AC voltage side to a transmission line 12 which connects a supply network 14 to a subordinate power supply unit, for example a non-linear consumer 16.
  • this feed-in converter 8 is electrically connected in parallel to the capacitive memory 6 of the pulse converter 4.
  • a pulse converter can also be provided as the feed device 8, as a result of which this feed device 8 can be regenerated.
  • a capacitive or an inductive energy store can be provided as the feed device 8.
  • the pulse converter 4 is again serially by means of the transformer 10 in the icoslei ⁇ tung 12 involved.
  • An intermediate circuit power is supplied to the capacitive memory 6 by means of the feed converter 8.
  • the type of feed converter results from the active power transfer request to the intermediate circuit of the pulse converter 4. If only the voltage of a passive consumer 16 is to be supported, a diode bridge as a feed converter 8 is sufficient since the pulse converter 4 only has to deliver active power. If active power is supplied from the intermediate circuit of the pulse converter 4 to the network 14, a regenerative converter is required as the feed converter 8.
  • FIG. 2 shows the pulse converter 4 of the compensation device 2 in more detail.
  • this pulse converter 4 has a regulating and control device 18 (software) and an adaptation filter 20.
  • the adaptation filter 20 is here represented by an inductance L ⁇ , whereas this adaptation filter 20 is specified in detail in the company magazine mentioned at the beginning.
  • the regulating and control device 18 has a regulating device 22 for determining a transmission ratio space vector u and a pulse width modulator 24 which
  • the transmission ratio space vector ü is the manipulated variable of the pulse
  • the regulating and control device 18 are a mains voltage space pointer UN; a voltage-Rau pointer u L of the underlying Power supply 16, a compensator current space vector i ⁇ and one
  • Space pointers u N , u and i ⁇ are generated by means of a space pointer ⁇ ->-> transformation device from measured conductor voltages, consumer voltages and compensator currents.
  • the line voltage u N is made up of the desired fundamental-vibration system component u N , ⁇ + with nominal
  • the compensation device 2 must feed these components u N , v + serially by means of the coupling transformer 10 between the network 14 and the consumer 16.
  • the network voltage space vector u N is first used
  • the regulating and control device 10 has a separate controller 26, 28, 30, 32, 34 and 36, the outputs of which are linked to a summation point 38.
  • the structure of the controller 26 is shown in more detail in FIG. 5 and FIG. 6, whereas the controllers 28, 30, 32, 34 and 36 are shown in more detail by a representative control structure of FIG. 4.
  • the controller 26 is the determined net support ⁇ -voltage space vector u N, and the parameters positive sequence voltage command
  • the compensator current space vector i ⁇ is also supplied.
  • Controllers 28 to 36 each have a voltage Rau pointer u of the subordinate power supply unit 16 supplied.
  • Each controller 26 to 36 calculates from its input signal a partial transmission ratio space vector ü, üj-, Ü5-, ü 7+ , un- and üi3 +,
  • the controller 26 calculates the basic transfer ratio space pointer as a partial transfer ratio space pointer
  • the controller 28 calculates a partial transmission ratio space vector to compensate for a basic vibration
  • the controllers 28, 30, 32, 34 and 36 which generate the partial transfer ratio space pointers üi-, Ü5-, Ü-7 +, ün- and üi3 +, differ in the ordinal number v of the harmonics and whether they are in the middle - (+) or negative system (-) occur. Therefore, 28, ..., 36 a generalized control structure in FIG 4 in more detail Darge ⁇ represents.
  • this control structure On the input side, this control structure has a device 40 for forming a complex Fourier coefficient C v + or C v -, which is followed by a PI controller 42. On the output side, this PI controller 42 is equipped with a device 44 for forming a partial transmission ratio space vector ü v + or ü v -
  • the device 40 has a complex multiplier 46 with a downstream averager 48, an input of this complex multiplier 46 being connected to an output of a unit space vector 50.
  • At the second input of this complex multiplier 46 is a line voltage space vector u of the lower-level power supply unit
  • the output signal of the I controller 42 is by means of a further complex multiplier 52 with the unit space vector e
  • the unit space pointer e is surrounded by a whiten unit space vector 54 is formed.
  • the product of this multiplication is a partial transfer ratio space pointer ü v , or ü v -.
  • the I controller 42 changes the amount
  • a controller 28, ..., 36 must be provided for each harmonic to be compensated.
  • FIG. 5 shows a first control structure of the controller 26, at the output of which a basic transmission ratio space vector b
  • this controller 26 has a positive and negative system channel 56 and 58, which are linked on the output side to a computing unit 60.
  • the co-system channel 56 has on the input side a device 62 for discrete Fourier transformation, which is followed by a device 64 for inverse discrete Fourier transformation.
  • the structure of this device 62 corresponds to the structure of the device 40 for forming a complex Fourier coefficient
  • a mains voltage space vector u N is used here.
  • the device 64 corresponds to the device 44 in FIG. 4. At the output of the device 64, there is a basic oscillation with system Istra space pointer u N , ⁇ +.
  • the output of the device 64 is on the one hand with an inverting input of a comparator 66 and on the other hand via a device 68 for forming a fundamental vibration Mitsystem target space pointer u N , ⁇ + s o i ⁇ connected to a non-inverting input of this comparator 66.
  • the device 68 for forming a basic oscillation with a system target space indicator U N , I + SOII has an absolute value generator
  • the amount generator 70 is arranged on the input side of this device 68 and linked on the input side to an output of the device 64. On the output side, this amount generator 70 is connected to the reciprocal generator 72, which on the output side is linked to a first input of the multiplier 74. The second input of this multiplier 74 is linked to the output of the device 64. On the output side, this multiplier 74 is linked to a first input of the second multiplier 76, whereas a predetermined setpoint system voltage UNSOII is present at its second input. At the output of this second multiplier 76 there is the fundamental oscillation mitsystem
  • the opposite system channel 58 has only the device 62 and 64 and a comparator 78. These two devices 62 and 64 are also electrically connected in series. On the output side, the device 64 is connected to the non-inverting input of this comparator 78, a basic oscillation counter-system target space vector u N , ⁇ -soi ⁇ being present at the inverting input. The value of this target space pointer
  • This comparator 78 can therefore be dispensed with.
  • a total deviation ⁇ u D , ⁇ is formed from the deviations u ⁇ D , ⁇ + and -u> D , ⁇ -, which are converted on the converter side of the coupling transformer 10 and fed to the summation point 38 as the basic transfer ratio space vector u b becomes.
  • the fundamental oscillation system of the mains voltage u N is initially identified by means of this fundamental oscillation controller 26.
  • This identified space vector u N , ⁇ + is replaced by its
  • This unit space pointer e N , ⁇ + is with
  • FIG. 1 An advantageous embodiment of the fundamental vibration controller 26 is shown in more detail in FIG. This embodiment differs from the embodiment according to FIG. 5 in that the opposing system channel 58 no longer has any devices 62 and 64.
  • a comparator 88 is provided instead. At the non-inverting input of this comparator 88 there is a mains voltage space vector u N and at the inverting input of this comparator 88 the identified fundamental oscillation with-system system space vector u N , ⁇ + is present. The outcome of this comparison
  • the outputs of the co-system and counter-system channels 56 and 58 are each provided with a multiplier 90 and 92, one at the second inputs of each
  • Rotation angle e l ⁇ and e ⁇ j ⁇ is present, with which the dead time of the dis crete bill is compensated. Since the rotation angle e ⁇ 3 is correct only for the fundamental wave negative phase sequence system, the harmonics in the system by means of the counter-channel 58 ermit ⁇ telten space vector u N ⁇ - not compensated, but change
  • Embodiment of the fundamental vibration controller 26 has a very high dynamic range.
  • the co-system channel 56 also has a device 94 for determining a correction value u N or.
  • This device 94 has a ⁇ output side, a means 96 for determining a basic vibration displacement reactive power Q L and on the output side two multipliers 98 to 100.
  • the device 96 for determining a basic vibration displacement reactive power Q L has a computing device 102 for determining an instantaneous power q L , also referred to as transverse reactive power, and a downstream mean value generator 104.
  • This averager 104 forms an average of the transversal reactive power q L over a network period.
  • the transversal reactive power q L is calculated by means of the computing device 102 from the identified fundamental-vibration co-system Istra space vector u N , ⁇ + and a complex conjugate compensator current space vector i ⁇ *.
  • FIG. 7 shows the control structure of a further control device 106, with which a partial transfer ratio space vector u w , v + is generated for an active power transfer.
  • This control device 106 has a device 62 for discrete Fourier transformation, a device 64 for inverse discrete Fourier transformation, an intermediate circuit voltage control circuit 108 and two multipliers 110 and 112.
  • the two devices 62 and 64 are electrically connected in series and are arranged on the input side of this control device 106.
  • the device 64 is connected by means of the multiplier 110 to an input of the multiplier 112 arranged on the output side.
  • the second input of the multiplier 110 is linked to the output of the intermediate circuit voltage control circuit 108.
  • the intermediate circuit voltage control circuit has a comparator 114 and a voltage regulator 116.
  • this comparator 114 At the non-inverting input of this comparator 114 there is a DC link voltage setpoint V dcsoll and at the inverting input of this comparator 114 an intermediate circuit voltage actual value V dc .
  • the voltage difference ⁇ V dc formed is by means of the voltage regulator 116 corrected.
  • an I-controller is pre ⁇ .
  • Compensator current space vector i ⁇ is by means of a discrete
  • V dcy multiplied which is present at the output of the voltage regulator 116.
  • the amplitude of the space vector present at the output of the multiplier 110 is the output variable V dcy of the voltage regulator 116, the input variable ⁇ V dc of which is the difference between the desired intermediate circuit voltage V dcso n and the measured intermediate circuit voltage V dc .
  • a compensation device 2 with serial coupling this compensation device having a pulse converter 4 with at least one capacitive memory 6, the voltage quality of a subordinate power supply unit 16, which has several loads.
  • Ver ⁇ improving the voltage quality of the underlying network ⁇ part 16 individually or be performed in any combination with each other simultaneously. These measures include active filtering of mains voltage harmonics, dynamic and stationary compensation of voltage dips and fluctuations and blocking a ripple control signal.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Supply And Distribution Of Alternating Current (AREA)
  • Control Of Electrical Variables (AREA)
  • Rectifiers (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé et un dispositif permettant d'améliorer la qualité de la tension d'une partie de réseau (16) sous-jacente à l'aide d'un dispositif de compensation (2) avec un convertisseur pulsé (4) intégré en série à l'aide d'un transformateur de couplage (10) dans une ligne de transmission (12). Selon l'invention, des écarts de système direct et de système inverse (uD,1±) sont déterminés, sur la base desquels est produit un indicateur d'espace à rapport de transmission de base (üb) d'où sont dérivés à l'aide de la tension de circuit intermédiaire (Vdc) du convertisseur pulsé (4), des signaux de commande (Sξ) pour ledit convertisseur pulsé, de manière qu'une tension de compensation (uK) soit couplée par injection en série dans la ligne de transmission (12). Ce procédé permet de produire une tension de réseau (uN) d'un réseau d'alimentation (14) pour une partie de réseau (16) sous-jacente, à partir d'une tension de réseau (uN) déformée.
EP98948807A 1997-08-28 1998-08-17 Procede et dispositif pour ameliorer la qualite de la tension d'une partie de reseau sous-jacente Ceased EP1012946A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19737590A DE19737590C1 (de) 1997-08-28 1997-08-28 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Verbesserung der Spannungsqualität eines unterlagerten Netzteiles
DE19737590 1997-08-28
PCT/DE1998/002388 WO1999012242A1 (fr) 1997-08-28 1998-08-17 Procede et dispositif pour ameliorer la qualite de la tension d'une partie de reseau sous-jacente

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1012946A1 true EP1012946A1 (fr) 2000-06-28

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EP98948807A Ceased EP1012946A1 (fr) 1997-08-28 1998-08-17 Procede et dispositif pour ameliorer la qualite de la tension d'une partie de reseau sous-jacente

Country Status (9)

Country Link
US (1) US6348778B1 (fr)
EP (1) EP1012946A1 (fr)
JP (1) JP2001515338A (fr)
CN (1) CN1276096A (fr)
CA (1) CA2302344A1 (fr)
DE (1) DE19737590C1 (fr)
NO (1) NO320726B1 (fr)
WO (1) WO1999012242A1 (fr)
ZA (1) ZA987727B (fr)

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DE19737590C1 (de) 1998-10-22
CN1276096A (zh) 2000-12-06
WO1999012242A1 (fr) 1999-03-11
ZA987727B (en) 1999-03-01
JP2001515338A (ja) 2001-09-18
US6348778B1 (en) 2002-02-19
CA2302344A1 (fr) 1999-03-11
NO20001006D0 (no) 2000-02-28
NO20001006L (no) 2000-02-28
NO320726B1 (no) 2006-01-23

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