EP1008721B1 - Cutting or crushing tool and cutting insert therefor - Google Patents

Cutting or crushing tool and cutting insert therefor Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1008721B1
EP1008721B1 EP99124172A EP99124172A EP1008721B1 EP 1008721 B1 EP1008721 B1 EP 1008721B1 EP 99124172 A EP99124172 A EP 99124172A EP 99124172 A EP99124172 A EP 99124172A EP 1008721 B1 EP1008721 B1 EP 1008721B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
cutting
tool
broaching
accordance
edges
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP99124172A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP1008721A1 (en
Inventor
Heinrich Bauschulte
Marco Schumann
Wolfgang Wald
Martina Stuckardt
Ernst Heiderich
Reinhold Walter
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Element Six Holding GmbH
Original Assignee
Boart Longyear GmbH and Co KG Hartmetallwerkzeugfabrik
Boart HWF GmbH and Co KG Hartmetallwerkzeugfabrik
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Boart Longyear GmbH and Co KG Hartmetallwerkzeugfabrik, Boart HWF GmbH and Co KG Hartmetallwerkzeugfabrik filed Critical Boart Longyear GmbH and Co KG Hartmetallwerkzeugfabrik
Publication of EP1008721A1 publication Critical patent/EP1008721A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1008721B1 publication Critical patent/EP1008721B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21C—MINING OR QUARRYING
    • E21C35/00—Details of, or accessories for, machines for slitting or completely freeing the mineral from the seam, not provided for in groups E21C25/00 - E21C33/00, E21C37/00 or E21C39/00
    • E21C35/18—Mining picks; Holders therefor
    • E21C35/183—Mining picks; Holders therefor with inserts or layers of wear-resisting material
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21C—MINING OR QUARRYING
    • E21C35/00—Details of, or accessories for, machines for slitting or completely freeing the mineral from the seam, not provided for in groups E21C25/00 - E21C33/00, E21C37/00 or E21C39/00
    • E21C35/18—Mining picks; Holders therefor
    • E21C35/183—Mining picks; Holders therefor with inserts or layers of wear-resisting material
    • E21C35/1837—Mining picks; Holders therefor with inserts or layers of wear-resisting material characterised by the shape
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21C—MINING OR QUARRYING
    • E21C35/00—Details of, or accessories for, machines for slitting or completely freeing the mineral from the seam, not provided for in groups E21C25/00 - E21C33/00, E21C37/00 or E21C39/00
    • E21C35/18—Mining picks; Holders therefor
    • E21C35/188—Mining picks; Holders therefor characterised by adaptations to use an extraction tool
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T407/00—Cutters, for shaping
    • Y10T407/12—Freely movable cutting edge
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T407/00—Cutters, for shaping
    • Y10T407/19—Rotary cutting tool
    • Y10T407/1952—Having peripherally spaced teeth
    • Y10T407/1962—Specified tooth shape or spacing
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T407/00—Cutters, for shaping
    • Y10T407/23—Cutters, for shaping including tool having plural alternatively usable cutting edges
    • Y10T407/235—Cutters, for shaping including tool having plural alternatively usable cutting edges with integral chip breaker, guide or deflector

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a cutting insert for a a longitudinal axis to be rotatably installed in a tool holder Cutting or breaking tool, especially for one Lathe chisels, according to the preamble of claim 1 and one such cutting or breaking tool even after Preamble of claim 5.
  • Such tools are rotatably installed in tool holders, which is usually on the outer surface of a rotating Roller are attached.
  • the heads of the tool bodies and the intermediate areas of the cutting inserts are in the in practice known tools conical and with round Cross section formed.
  • Another, in WO 94/13932 The hard metal insert described has a ribbed intermediate area on, which improves broaching should be achieved because of the areas between the ribs the removal of cut or broken loose Serve material. Due to the mostly tar-containing to be processed However, these rib gaps settle in material quickly, so that the improved clearance behavior only is given at short notice.
  • the invention is therefore concerned with the problem of a generic cutting insert and a generic Cutting or breaking tool specify the improved and permanent clearing, cutting and breaking properties exhibit.
  • this problem is solved by a cutting insert with the features of claim 1 and a cutting or Breaking tool with the features of claim 5 solved.
  • the cutting insert 1 shown in FIGS. 1a to 1c has a conical tip 2, a transition region 3 and a foot 4 on.
  • the peripheral area of the transition area 3 is formed by six clearing surfaces 5, which are under training of clearing and cutting edges 6 adjoin each other.
  • the clearing surfaces 5 are against the longitudinal axis 7 of the cutting insert 1 inclined so that they tip with this one Include angle ⁇ , which is preferably less than 45 ° is.
  • This essentially gives the cutting insert 1 conical shape that in the illustrated embodiment has a hexagonal cross section.
  • the angle ⁇ as possible small to choose as much material as possible close to the To locate tip 2.
  • the clearing surfaces go as shown 5 rounded in the foot 4 over what in terms of Stability is also cheap.
  • the clearing surfaces 5 can also be concave, which causes the clearing and cutting edges 6 have a sharper design and greater freedom 8 trained for picking up and transporting clearing material become.
  • the clearing and cutting edges 6 act both embodiments as a shovel for material removal and also resist the material, that to a smooth rotation and therefore one uniform wear of the tool leads.
  • the penetration behavior can improve the between the tip 2 and the clearing surfaces 5 obtained edges 9 also be formed as sharp edges.
  • Fig. 3 is a turning tool with a conventional tool body 10 and a cutting insert 1 according to the invention shown.
  • the tool body 10 essentially has one cylindrical shaft 11 for rotatable installation in a tool holder and a head 12 with which the Cutting insert 1 is preferably connected by soldering.
  • Fig. 4 shows another tool embodiment in which the head 12 of the tool body 10 as the cutting insert 1 likewise has surfaces 13 distributed over its circumference, which adjoin one another to form edges 14.
  • This shape of the head 12 of the tool body 10 can be used especially when the tool is deeply penetrated in the material to be processed the cutting, overburden and Further improve turning behavior. This effect will still be there amplified when, as can be seen in particular in FIG. 4b is, the edges 14 of the head 12 to the clearing and cutting edges 6 of the transition area of the cutting insert 1 are staggered.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Drilling Tools (AREA)
  • Milling Processes (AREA)
  • Earth Drilling (AREA)
  • Surgical Instruments (AREA)
  • Milling, Broaching, Filing, Reaming, And Others (AREA)

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft einen Schneideinsatz für ein um eine Längsachse drehbar in einen Werkzeughalter einzubauendes Schneid- oder Brechwerkzeug, insbesondere für einen Drehmeißel, nach dem Oberbegriff des Anspruchs 1 sowie ein derartiges Schneid- oder Brechwerkzeug selbst nach dem Oberbegriff des Anspruchs 5.The invention relates to a cutting insert for a a longitudinal axis to be rotatably installed in a tool holder Cutting or breaking tool, especially for one Lathe chisels, according to the preamble of claim 1 and one such cutting or breaking tool even after Preamble of claim 5.

Derartige Werkzeuge werden drehbar in Werkzeughalter eingebaut, die in der Regel auf der Mantelfläche einer rotierenden Walze befestigt sind. Die Köpfe der Werkzeugkörper und die Zwischenbereiche der Schneideinsätze sind bei den in der Praxis bekannten Werkzeugen konisch und mit rundem Querschnitt ausgebildet. Ein anderer, in der WO 94/13932 beschriebener Hartmetalleinsatz weist einen gerippten Zwischenbereich auf, wodurch ein verbessertes Räumverhalten erreicht werden soll, da die Bereiche zwischen den Rippen dem Abtransport von losgeschnittenem oder losgebrochenem Material dienen. Durch das meist teerhaltige zu bearbeitende Material setzen sich jedoch diese Rippenzwischenräume schnell zu, so daß das verbesserte Räumverhalten nur kurzfristig gegeben ist. Such tools are rotatably installed in tool holders, which is usually on the outer surface of a rotating Roller are attached. The heads of the tool bodies and the intermediate areas of the cutting inserts are in the in practice known tools conical and with round Cross section formed. Another, in WO 94/13932 The hard metal insert described has a ribbed intermediate area on, which improves broaching should be achieved because of the areas between the ribs the removal of cut or broken loose Serve material. Due to the mostly tar-containing to be processed However, these rib gaps settle in material quickly, so that the improved clearance behavior only is given at short notice.

Um ein Verkleben und Zusetzen derartiger Rippenzwischenräume zu vermeiden, ist ein in der US-A-5,551,760 beschriebener Schneideinsatz entwickelt worden, der mehrere sich von einem Bereich unterhalb der Schneidspitze bis nahe des Sockels erstreckende rinnenförmige Ausnehmungen aufweist, die dem verbesserten Abtransport des losgebrochenen Materials dienen. Zwischen diesen Rinnen verbleiben breite Stützbereiche, die die Stabilität des Schneideinsatzes sichern sollen. In order to avoid such gaps between the ribs from sticking and clogging a cutting insert described in US-A-5,551,760 has been developed which several extend from an area below the cutting tip to near the base extending groove-shaped recesses, which the improved removal of the broken material. Remain between these channels wide support areas to ensure the stability of the cutting insert.

Die Erfindung befaßt sich daher mit dem Problem, einen gattungsgemäßen Schneideinsatz sowie ein gattungsgemäßes Schneid- oder Brechwerkzeug anzugeben, die verbesserte und dauerhafte Räum- sowie Schneid- und Brecheigenschaften aufweisen.The invention is therefore concerned with the problem of a generic cutting insert and a generic Cutting or breaking tool specify the improved and permanent clearing, cutting and breaking properties exhibit.

Erfindungsgemäß wird dieses Problem durch einen Schneideinsatz mit den Merkmalen des Anspruchs 1 und ein Schneidoder Brechwerkzeug mit den Merkmalen des Anspruchs 5 gelöst.According to the invention, this problem is solved by a cutting insert with the features of claim 1 and a cutting or Breaking tool with the features of claim 5 solved.

Durch die über den Umfang des Übergangsbereiches des Schneideinsatzes verteilt angeordneten Räumflächen, die im Vergleich zu einem im Querschnitt runden Schneideinsatz sekantenähnlich angeordnet sind, werden zwischen den Kanten dieser aneinandergrenzenden Räumflächen freie Bereiche ausgebildet, aus denen beim Drehen des Werkzeugs Abraummaterial herausgeschleudert und aus dem Arbeitsbereich heraus transportiert wird, ohne daß es zu Verklebungen oder einem Zusetzen dieser Bereiche kommen kann. Da die Kanten als Räum- und Schneidkanten ausgebildet sind, haben diese beim Drehen des Werkzeugs eine zusätzliche Schälwirkung, die die Schneidwirkung der Spitze des Schneideinsatzes verstärkt und so das Eindringverhalten und die Standzeit des gesamten Werkzeugs verbessert und der Drehmeißel dadurch länger scharf bleibt. Because of the extent of the transition area of the Cutting insert distributed arranged broaching surfaces, which in Comparison to a cutting insert with a round cross section are arranged in a secant-like manner between the edges of these adjoining clearing areas trained from which waste material when turning the tool flung out and out of the work area is transported without sticking or these areas may become clogged. Because the edges are designed as clearing and cutting edges, they have an additional peeling effect when turning the tool, the cutting action of the tip of the cutting insert strengthened and thus the penetration behavior and the service life of the entire tool and the turning tool stays sharp longer.

Weitere Vorteile und Einzelheiten ergeben sich aus den Unteransprüchen und in der Zeichnung dargestellten Ausführungsbeispielen der Erfindung, die im folgenden erläutert werden; es zeigen:

Fig. 1a
eine Seitenansicht eines erfindungsgemäßen Schneideinsatzes,
Fig. 1b
einen Schnitt entlang der Linie Ib - Ib in Fig. 1a,
Fig. 1c
eine Ansicht aus der Richtung Ic in Fig. 1a,
Fig. 2a
den Gegenstand nach Fig. 1a in einer anderen Ausführungsform,
Fig. 2b
einen Schnitt entlang der Linie IIb - IIb in Fig. 2a,
Fig. 3
eine Seitenansicht eines erfindungsgemäßen Werkzeugs mit Schneideinsatz,
Fig. 4a
den Gegenstand nach Fig. 3 in einer anderen Ausführungsform und
Fig. 4b
eine Ansicht aus Richtung IVb in Fig. 4a.
Further advantages and details emerge from the subclaims and exemplary embodiments of the invention illustrated in the drawing, which are explained below; show it:
Fig. 1a
a side view of a cutting insert according to the invention,
Fig. 1b
2 shows a section along the line Ib-Ib in FIG. 1a,
Fig. 1c
a view from the direction Ic in Fig. 1a,
Fig. 2a
1a in another embodiment,
Fig. 2b
2 shows a section along the line IIb-IIb in FIG. 2a,
Fig. 3
2 shows a side view of a tool according to the invention with a cutting insert,
Fig. 4a
3 in another embodiment and
Fig. 4b
a view from the direction IVb in Fig. 4a.

Der in den Fig. 1a bis 1c dargestellte Schneideinsatz 1 weist eine konische Spitze 2, einen Übergangsbereich 3 und einen Fuß 4 auf. Die Umfangsfläche des Übergangsbereiches 3 wird durch sechs Räumflächen 5 gebildet, die unter Ausbildung von Räum- und Schneidkanten 6 aneinandergrenzen. Die Räumflächen 5 sind gegen die Längsachse 7 des Schneideinsatzes 1 derart geneigt, daß sie mit dieser einen spitzen Winkel α einschließen, der vorzugsweise kleiner 45° ist. Dadurch erhält der Schneideinsatz 1 eine im wesentlichen konische Form, der bei der dargestellten Ausführungsform einen sechseckigen Querschnitt aufweist. Die durch die Neigung der Räumflächen 5 erhaltene konusähnliche Form des Schneideinsatzes 1 verleiht diesem eine gute Stabilität, wobei es im Hinblick auf geringen Verschleiß des Schneideinsatzes vorteilhaft ist, den Winkel α möglichst klein zu wählen, um soviel Werkstoff wie möglich nahe der Spitze 2 anzusiedeln. Wie dargestellt gehen die Räumflächen 5 gerundet in den Fuß 4 über, was im Hinblick auf die Stabilität ebenfalls günstig ist.The cutting insert 1 shown in FIGS. 1a to 1c has a conical tip 2, a transition region 3 and a foot 4 on. The peripheral area of the transition area 3 is formed by six clearing surfaces 5, which are under training of clearing and cutting edges 6 adjoin each other. The clearing surfaces 5 are against the longitudinal axis 7 of the cutting insert 1 inclined so that they tip with this one Include angle α, which is preferably less than 45 ° is. This essentially gives the cutting insert 1 conical shape that in the illustrated embodiment has a hexagonal cross section. By the inclination of the clearing surfaces 5 obtained cone-like shape the cutting insert 1 gives it good stability, with regard to low wear of the Cutting insert is advantageous, the angle α as possible small to choose as much material as possible close to the To locate tip 2. The clearing surfaces go as shown 5 rounded in the foot 4 over what in terms of Stability is also cheap.

Wie in Fig. 2 dargestellt können die Räumflächen 5 auch konkav gewölbt sein, wodurch sich die Räum- und Schneidkanten 6 schärfer ausbilden lassen und größere Freiräume 8 zur Aufnahme und zum Abtransport von Abraummaterial ausgebildet werden. Die Räum- und Schneidkanten 6 wirken bei beiden Ausführungsformen als Schaufel zum Materialabtransport und setzen dem Material ferner einen Widerstand entgegen, der zu einer gleichmäßigen Drehung und daher einem gleichmäßigen Verschleiß des Werkzeuges führt. Zur weiteren Verbesserung des Eindringverhaltens können die zwischen der Spitze 2 und den Räumflächen 5 erhaltenen Kanten 9 ebenfalls scharfkantig als Schneiden ausgebildet sein.As shown in Fig. 2, the clearing surfaces 5 can also be concave, which causes the clearing and cutting edges 6 have a sharper design and greater freedom 8 trained for picking up and transporting clearing material become. The clearing and cutting edges 6 act both embodiments as a shovel for material removal and also resist the material, that to a smooth rotation and therefore one uniform wear of the tool leads. For further The penetration behavior can improve the between the tip 2 and the clearing surfaces 5 obtained edges 9 also be formed as sharp edges.

In Fig. 3 ist ein Drehmeißel mit einem herkömmlichen Werkzeugkörper 10 und einem erfindungsgemäßen Schneideinsatz 1 dargestellt. Der Werkzeugkörper 10 weist einen im wesentlichen zylindrischen Schaft 11 zum drehbaren Einbau in einen Werkzeughalter und einen Kopf 12 auf, mit dem der Schneideinsatz 1 vorzugsweise mittels Löten verbunden ist.In Fig. 3 is a turning tool with a conventional tool body 10 and a cutting insert 1 according to the invention shown. The tool body 10 essentially has one cylindrical shaft 11 for rotatable installation in a tool holder and a head 12 with which the Cutting insert 1 is preferably connected by soldering.

Fig. 4 zeigt eine andere Werkzeugausführungsform, bei der der Kopf 12 des Werkzeugkörpers 10 wie der Schneideinsatz 1 ebenfalls über seinen Umfang verteilte Flächen 13 aufweist, die unter Ausbildung von Kanten 14 aneinandergrenzen. Durch diese Form des Kopfes 12 des Werkzeugkörpers 10 läßt sich insbesondere bei tiefem Eindringen des Werkzeugs in das zu bearbeitende Material das Schneid-, Abraum- und Drehverhalten weiter verbessern. Diese Wirkung wird noch verstärkt, wenn, wie insbesondere in Fig. 4b zu erkennen ist, die Kanten 14 des Kopfes 12 zu den Räum- und Schneidkanten 6 des Übergangsbereiches des Schneideinsatzes 1 versetzt angeordnet sind. Dadurch wird das Abraummaterial in eine den Abtransport begünstigende Schraubenbewegung versetzt und eine gleichmäßige Drehung des Werkzeugs sichergestellt, indem über seine Umfangsfläche in jedem Bereich entweder oben am Schneideinsatz 1 oder tiefer am Kopf 12 des Werkzeugkörpers 10 eine Kante 6,14 vorhanden ist, die das Werkzeug in Drehung versetzt.Fig. 4 shows another tool embodiment in which the head 12 of the tool body 10 as the cutting insert 1 likewise has surfaces 13 distributed over its circumference, which adjoin one another to form edges 14. This shape of the head 12 of the tool body 10 can be used especially when the tool is deeply penetrated in the material to be processed the cutting, overburden and Further improve turning behavior. This effect will still be there amplified when, as can be seen in particular in FIG. 4b is, the edges 14 of the head 12 to the clearing and cutting edges 6 of the transition area of the cutting insert 1 are staggered. This will remove the material in a screw movement that promotes removal offset and ensures an even rotation of the tool, by covering its circumferential area in every area either at the top of the cutting insert 1 or lower at Head 12 of the tool body 10 has an edge 6.14 that rotates the tool.

Claims (7)

  1. Cutting attachment (1) for a cutting or broaching tool, that can be rotated about its longitudinal axis (7) and fits in a tool holder, particularly for a turning tool with an essentially conical tip (2), a transition area (3) and a base (4) for connection to a tool body (10), characterised in that the transition area (3) has several broaching surfaces (5) distributed about its circumference, that adjoin each other by forming broaching and cutting edges (6).
  2. Cutting attachment in accordance with claim 1, characterised in that the broaching surfaces (5) are concave.
  3. Cutting attachment in accordance with claim 1 or 2, characterised in that the broaching surfaces (5) are inclined in such a way that they form a pointed angle (α) with the longitudinal axis (7).
  4. Cutting attachment in accordance with claim 1 to 3, characterised in that the broaching surfaces (5) are rounded at the transition to the base (4).
  5. Cutting or broaching tool, particularly a turning tool, that can rotate about a longitudinal axis (7) in a tool holder, with a tool body (10) having a head (12) and shank (11), characterised by a cutting attachment (1) in accordance with one of claims 1 to 4.
  6. Cutting or broaching tool in accordance with claim 5, characterised in that the head (12) of the tool body (10) also has several surfaces (13) distributed about its circumference, that adjoin each other by forming edges (14).
  7. Cutting or bevelling tool in accordance with claim 6, characterised in that the broaching and cutting edges (6) of the cutting attachment (1) are offset relative to the edges (14) of the tool body (10).
EP99124172A 1998-12-12 1999-12-03 Cutting or crushing tool and cutting insert therefor Expired - Lifetime EP1008721B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19857451 1998-12-12
DE19857451A DE19857451A1 (en) 1998-12-12 1998-12-12 Cutting or breaking tool and cutting insert for this

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1008721A1 EP1008721A1 (en) 2000-06-14
EP1008721B1 true EP1008721B1 (en) 2002-08-21

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EP99124172A Expired - Lifetime EP1008721B1 (en) 1998-12-12 1999-12-03 Cutting or crushing tool and cutting insert therefor

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (2) US6354771B1 (en)
EP (1) EP1008721B1 (en)
JP (1) JP2000179275A (en)
DE (2) DE19857451A1 (en)
ES (1) ES2182450T3 (en)

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JP2000179275A (en) 2000-06-27
US20020164215A1 (en) 2002-11-07
DE19857451A1 (en) 2000-06-15
DE59902407D1 (en) 2002-09-26
US7455484B2 (en) 2008-11-25
EP1008721A1 (en) 2000-06-14
US6354771B1 (en) 2002-03-12
ES2182450T3 (en) 2003-03-01

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