EP1004151B1 - Improved reflector antenna with a self-supported feed - Google Patents

Improved reflector antenna with a self-supported feed Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1004151B1
EP1004151B1 EP98941971A EP98941971A EP1004151B1 EP 1004151 B1 EP1004151 B1 EP 1004151B1 EP 98941971 A EP98941971 A EP 98941971A EP 98941971 A EP98941971 A EP 98941971A EP 1004151 B1 EP1004151 B1 EP 1004151B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
reflector
tube
dielectric
sub
waveguide
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Expired - Lifetime
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EP98941971A
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
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EP1004151A2 (en
Inventor
Per-Simon Kildal
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Kildal Antenn Consulting AB
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Kildal Antenn Consulting AB
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q19/00—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic
    • H01Q19/10—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using reflecting surfaces
    • H01Q19/12—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using reflecting surfaces wherein the surfaces are concave
    • H01Q19/13—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using reflecting surfaces wherein the surfaces are concave the primary radiating source being a single radiating element, e.g. a dipole, a slot, a waveguide termination
    • H01Q19/134—Rear-feeds; Splash plate feeds
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/42—Housings not intimately mechanically associated with radiating elements, e.g. radome
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q15/00—Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
    • H01Q15/14—Reflecting surfaces; Equivalent structures
    • H01Q15/147—Reflecting surfaces; Equivalent structures provided with means for controlling or monitoring the shape of the reflecting surface

Definitions

  • the invention consists of improvements of reflector antennas with self-supported feeds of the types described in European Patent EP 87903452.8 publ no 0268635 for the transmission or reception of electromagnetic waves.
  • the antennas are principally intended for the use in radio link systems between base stations for mobile communications, but also in other applications such as e.g. microwave level gauging systems.
  • Reflector antennas with self-supported feeds are chiefly used because they are straightforward and inexpensive to manufacture. They also provide higher antenna efficiency and lower side lobes in the radiation pattern than is the case when the feed has to be supported by diagonal struts.
  • the drawback with the latter configuration is that the main reflector becomes blocked by the struts.
  • a self-supported feed is also easily accessible from the back of the reflector, thus is frequently selected when it is best to locate the transmitter and/or the receiver there. This also reduces the loss that otherwise occurs when the electromagnetic waves have to be led in a cable along one of the support struts.
  • the European Patent EP 87903452.8 publ no 0268635 describe different versions of reflectors with self-supported feeds, where the feed consists of a waveguide tube, a dielectric joint and a sub-reflector.
  • the tube is attached to the center of the rotationally symmetric reflector and extends to the focal region of it.
  • the sub-reflector is located in front of the tube, and the surface of this sub-reflector is provided with rotationally symmetric grooves also called corrugations.
  • the present invention relates to several improvements of the antennas described in European Patent EP 87903452.8 publ no 0268635.
  • the improvements are for improved readability in the below description denoted: ring focus reflector, elevated central region, metal screws, rim corrugations, simple tube, dual band and feed protection.
  • Ring focus reflector The antennas described in the above referenced European patent make use of a main reflector which is rotationally symmetric and has a substantial parabolic shape. However, the antenna will have higher gain if the main reflector shape is improved. The present invention describes how to improve the shape of the main reflector.
  • Elevated central region It is not possible to design the antennas in the above referenced European patent with low reflection coefficient at the waveguide input. The reason for this is reflections from the region around the tube in the center of the main reflector. In the improvement of the antenna this problem is solved by modifying the reflector in its central region.
  • Rim corrugations In the above referenced European patent there will be large back-lobes in the direction opposite to the main lobe.
  • the invention reduces these lobes by means of one or more corrugations or grooves or metalized dielectric rings around (or in the structure behind) the rim of the reflector.
  • the waveguide support tube has an inner diameter which changes near the end of the tube which is closer to the sub-reflector, and in some cases it was also necessary to insert one or more irises into this end of the tube, all in order to properly match the antenna to obtain a low reflection coefficient.
  • the present invention describes an improvement by which the waveguide tube can be a circular cylindrical tube of constant cross section along its length. This improvement significantly reduces manufacturing cost.
  • Dual band In the above referenced European patent the antenna is fed through a circular waveguide for operation in a single frequency band of up to 20% bandwidth. In some applications dual band operation is of interest, e.g. one band for transmission and another for reception of signals.
  • the invention describes a modified antenna which is fed by two waveguides; one inner circular waveguide and outside this a coaxial waveguide.
  • Feed protection In some applications the antenna may be located in rough environments, and water, dust and other undesired material may gather in the region between the end of the tube and the subreflector and thereby destroy the performance.
  • the present invention describes how the antenna in the above referenced European patent can be improved to be less sensitive to such effects.
  • the present invention improves the main reflector shape of a parabolic antenna according to method c of the following methods a to c :
  • the optimum reflector as determined from the above methods a, b or c is very similar to a best fit standard paraboloid, with a maximum difference from it of typically up to 0.25 wavelengths. The differences are larger when the reflector is deep than when it is shallow. Deep reflectors are for applications which require low sidelobes. The optimum reflector is more flat in the center than the best fit parabolic reflector. Even if the differences are small, the gain of the antenna is typically between .2 and 1 dB larger when the reflector is optimized according to methods a, b or c, where the low number is for shallow reflectors and the high number for deep reflectors.
  • Such ring focus reflectors are needed when using self-supported feeds, and not when using conventional primary feeds which are supported by diagonal struts. The reason is that the axial support tube of the former makes the phase fronts of the radiation from the feed ellipsoidal rather than spherical.
  • the invention may also provide an improved antenna with a low reflection coefficient at the waveguide input, obtained by modifying the reflector in its central region.
  • the central region around the support tube is elevated compared to the original paraboloidal or ring focus shape.
  • the central elevated region can be realized in several ways as described below. It may be made as a separate reflecting (e.g. metal) plate around the tube, or it may be integrated with the foot of the selfsupported tube, or it may form a central part of the reflector surface itself.
  • the elevated region has an outer radius of typically between .8 and 3.5 wavelengths when the reflector diameter is between 30 cm and 120 cm in frequency bands between 7 and 40 GHz.
  • the elevated region can be flat, or it can have a constant height over the unperturbed reflector.
  • the maximum height of the elevated region over the unperturbed reflector is typically between 0.10 and 0.25 wavelengths.
  • the central elevated region of the reflector may have sharp corners at its rim, or it may be tapered off gradually to zero. It is also possible to realize the elevated region by using a dielectric plate, in which case the thickness of the plate will be different from the metal case.
  • the dielectric plate must be designed to provide a phase difference of the reflected waves leaving its surface relative to those reflected from the reflector itself of typically between 70 and 180 deg.
  • the central elevated region of the main reflector will increase the sidelobes of the antenna. This effect can be reduced by profiling the height of the elevated region. A Gaussian profile gives particular low sidelobes.
  • ⁇ z ⁇ z 0 e - ⁇ - ⁇ t 2 / ⁇ t 2
  • ⁇ z the central correction to the z-coordinate of the reflector (i.e. the height profile of the elevated region)
  • ⁇ z 0 the maximum correction in the center
  • ⁇ the radial coordinate as before and varies between the radius of the tube and an outer maximum limit
  • ⁇ t is a parameter which can have any value between zero and the tube radius
  • the Gaussian elevated region may either be made of reflecting material such as metal, or of dielectric material, in the same way as described above.
  • the optimum thickness at the center is in the case of the Gaussian profile larger than for the constant thickness case. If the reflector is used in several frequency bands, the dimensions of the elevated central region will be different in each band. Therefore, the central region of the reflector will normally be interchangeable in the same way as the waveguide tube and sub-reflector.
  • the fastening of the sub-reflector to the end of the tube may be improved for linearly polarized applications by means of metal screws or thin metal cylinders or thin plates which provide a strong metal connection between the sub-reflector and the end of the tube.
  • the metal screws or cylinders are located in the H-plane of the antenna, on either side of the symmetry axis, in such a way that they do not cause field blockage and thereby the radiation pattern and reflection coefficient at the waveguide input are not significantly affected.
  • the screws, cylinders or plates are mounted to the waveguide tube by holes in its narrow end wall. This improvement destroys the rotational symmetry of the antenna and is only possible in linearly polarized applications.
  • the invention may reduce the far-out sidelobes of the antenna and in particular the lobes in the backwards direction by means of one or more corrugations or grooves or metalized dielectric rings around (or in a structure behind) the rim of the reflector.
  • the grooves and dielectric rings can often be integrated with the support of a protecting dielectric sheet referred to as a radome in front of the reflector.
  • the waveguide support tube has an inner diameter which changes near that end of the tube which is closer to the sub-reflector, and in some cases it is also necessary to insert one or more irises into this end of the tube, all in order to properly match the antenna to obtain a low reflection coefficient.
  • the invention may comprise an improvement by which the waveguide tube can be a circular cylindrical tube of constant cross section along its length. This improvement significantly reduces manufacturing cost.
  • dual-band operation may be obtained by designing the tube in such a way that it contains two waveguides; an inner circular waveguide surrounded by a coaxial waveguide.
  • the circular waveguide is used for the higher frequency band and supports the TE11 circular waveguide mode as in the referenced patents.
  • the coaxial waveguide is used for the lower frequency band and supports the TE11 coaxial waveguide mode.
  • the former is the lowest order basic mode, whereas the latter is not, as a coaxial line can support a TEM mode with no lower cut-off.
  • the TEM mode is undesirable and prohibited from propagation on the line by proper excitation of the TE11 mode only, and in other ways.
  • the center of the sub-reflector, corrugations, the end of the tube near the sub-reflector and the dielectric joint are designed in order to give a good radiation pattern in both frequency bands.
  • the sub-reflector may be provided with corrugations of different depths in order to work properly as desired in both frequency bands.
  • the shallowest corrugations should be between 0.25 and 0.5 wavelengths deep in the higher frequency band, and the deeper corrugations should be between 0.25 and 0.5 wavelengths deep in the higher frequency band.
  • the sensitive region between the end of the tube and the corrugations and the corrugations themselves may be completely or partly filled by dielectric material, so as to protect them from gathering of water, dust or other undesired material which may destroy the performance.
  • the invention may also be used for antennas in kind environments because the performance of the improved antenna is not neccessarily worse in other respects than a standard antenna according to the referenced European patent.
  • the antennas in Figures 1 and 2 consist of a main reflector 10. In the middle of this there is a self-supporting tubular feed element 11.
  • the central region of the main reflector is elevated with a Gaussian shape 21 in Figure 1, and a constant height in Figure 2.
  • the main reflector in Figure 1 is realized by massive metal, and the rim of the reflector is provided with 3 grooves 40 according to an embodiment of the invention. There is one groove around the actual rim, and two more at the side of the reflector structure. Each groove is separately as well as combined with the others examples of realizations of the invention.
  • the reflector in Figure 2 is made from a thin metal plate where the outer edge region is curved sharply backwards to form a flange, in order to stiffen the reflector.
  • a thin dielectric sheet 50 commonly referred to as a radome located in front of the reflector and fastened to the rim of it by means of a metal ring 51 and hooks which are not shown in the drawing.
  • a metalized dielectric sheet curved to a ring 41 around the rim according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • the dielectric ring is metalized on the outer side, and may or may not be metalized on the bottom and inner side.
  • the inner surface of the tube 12 forms a circular cylindrical waveguide 15.
  • the waveguide is designed to propagate the basic TE11 mode.
  • the waveguide must have a larger diameter than 0.6 (approx.) wavelengths and be smaller then 1.2 (approx.).
  • the tube 12 and the waveguide 15 are mostly made of conducting materials.
  • the surface of the sub-reflector has at least one circular corrugation 16 in it, according to the referenced European patent. These air- or dielectric-filled corrugations ensure that the electromagnetic waves are prohibited from propagating along the surface, regardless of whether the electric fields are normal to the surface or are tangential to it. This is important in order to achieve low sidelobes.
  • the diameter of the sub-reflector is always larger than the diameter of the tube.
  • the gap 14 is partly or totally filled with dielectric matter. Though this is necessary to attach the sub-reflector to the tube 12, this is also a means of controlling the radiation characteristics and impedance match.
  • the optimum ring focus reflector 10 in Figure 4 is seen to be flatter in the bottom than the standard paraboloid 19.
  • the two reflectors have been adjusted to each other in such a way that they coincide at the edge and that the focal point of the paraboloid lies in the same plane normal to the axis as the focal ring of the ring focus paraboloid. This makes the focal length of the ring focus paraboloid slightly shorter than that of the paraboloid, as illustrated.
  • Figure 5 shows a main reflector 10 without an elevated region in the center
  • Figure 6 and 7 show two different elevated regions.
  • the elevated region in Figure 6 is clearly recognized as a plate 20 with constant height over the original reflector shape.
  • Figure 7 shows an example of a Gaussian height profile 21.
  • the elevated region is not so visible as in Figure 6, but becomes much more visible when plotting the three profiles in the same diagram, as in Figure 8.
  • the maximum of the Gaussian profile occurs at the symmetry axis and is therefore not actually present due to the central hole.
  • All Figures 5, 6 and 7 show elevated regions according to preferred embodiments of the invention, invention, but it should be understood that the invention is not limited to these height profiles.
  • the Gaussian profile can be shifted by varying the parameter p, in its formula.
  • Figure 9 shows the location of two metal screws 30 which connect the sub-reflector 13 to the end of the tube 12 according to a preferred embodiment of the invention.
  • the two screws are located in H-plane where the electric field becomes orthogonal to the screws so that they have minimum effect on the, performance.
  • Figure 10 shows two thin connecting plates 31 according to a preferred embodiment of the invention. They are penetrating into small narrow slots in the sub-reflector and tube end, and are soldered or in other ways fastened there. These plates are also located in H-plane and are oriented in such a way that they have as small azimuthal extent as possible, causing negligible field blockage. The invention is not limited to the realizations shown.
  • one of the screws shown in Figure 9 may be removed, or more screws may be located side by side in the same H-plane.
  • the two plates may also be combined to one plate which extends through the center of the sub-reflector and tube, or there may be more plates side by side.
  • FIG 11, 12, 13 and 14 show 4 different realizations of so-called chores near the reflector rim.
  • the corrugations 40 in Figure 11 are all located according to a preferred embodiment of the invention, as well as each one of them.
  • the choke is in Figure 12 realized as a dielectric material making up a ring 41 around the reflector rim, and this has a metalized outer surface 42.
  • the choke is in this case open-ended, and must therefore be between 0.5 and 0.75 dielectric wavelengths in order to work as a choke.
  • the dielectric ring 41 is provided with metal even at the bottom 43. Its length should be between 0.25 and 0.5 dielectric wavelengths.
  • the corrugations and dielectric rings can be combined with a support 51 for a radome 50 in front of the reflector.
  • the invention is not limited to those realizations shown. In particular, there may be more dielectric rings outside each other with or without metal sheets in between them.
  • Figure 15 and 16 show two realizations for the case that the tube 12 contains both a circular waveguide 15 and a coaxial waveguide 60.
  • the inner circular cylinder 61 between the waveguides are made of conducting material (metal).
  • the end of the tube, the end of the inner cylinder and the dielectric joint 14 are shaped so as to enable optimum radiation performance in both frequency bands. This is done in Figure 15 by shaping the inner tube to a cone 62 which extends to the circumferential aperture and divides the dielectric joint in two pieces.
  • the solution in Figure 16 contains corrugations 16 of two different depths, in order to work optimally in both bands.
  • the invention is not limited to the two realizations shown in Figures 15 and 16. E.g., the solution in Figure 15 can have dual depth corrugations, and the solution in Figure 16 can have metal elements inside the joint.
  • the feeds in Figures 17, 18 and 19 have dielectric material not only in the central part of the gap between the end of the tube and the subreflector, but even in a region with diameter larger than the diameter of the tube and partly or completely covering the corrugations 16.
  • the waveguide may also be entirely filled with dielectric material in some applications, in order to prevent water to build up inside the tube.
  • the cross section of the dielectric filling may have any shape, whereas the drawings show only three exaples.
  • Ring focus reflector works in such a way that the waves propagate a slightly different distance than in a paraboloid, in such a way that this corrects for the ellipsoidal phase fronts of the radiation field of the feed and makes the phase of the aperture field constant.
  • Elevated central region The elevated central region of the main reflector cause a small perturbation of the reflected waves from the main reflector surface. This perturbation has the extent of the elevated region and an amplitude which is proportional to the height of the perturbation (for small heights).
  • the radiation from the perturbation will when transformed to the aperture for certain dimensions have the same amplitude but opposite phase compared to the unperturbed aperture field. In this way it will create an interference minimum at the focal point. Many different height profiles can provide this.
  • the perturbed reflected field corresponds to a small aperture radiating from the central reflector region. The field distribution over this aperture is proportional to the height, which means that we can control it with the height distribution.
  • Gaussian aperture fields are known to give in particular low sidelobes, so also with this pertubational aperture field. Therefore, a Gaussian height profile gives lower sidelobes than a constant height profile.
  • Metal screws Metal cylinders are known to cause very little field blockage and scattering if the electric field is orthogonal to them.
  • Metal plates are known to cause very little field blockage and scattering if the field is orthogonal to the plate and is incident from a direction in the plane of the plate. Therefore, when we locate screws and plates in H-plane as in the invention, they will have very little effect on the performance. If we located the cylinders and plates incorrectly in E-plane, they will destroy the performance of the antenna completely.
  • Corrugations and grooves are often referred to as chokes or soft surfaces. In order to work properly they must be between 0.25 and 0.5 wavelengths deep. They work the best when the depth is 0.25 wavelengths and thereby transforms the electric conducting short to an open-circuit or equivalent magnetic current at the opening of the grooves. This open-circuit stops the surface currents from floating and thereby E-fields which are orthogonal to the surface cannot propagate along it. If we instead use open-ended dielectric-filled grooves, the grooves must be between 0.5 and 0.75 wavelengths deep in order to provide an open-circuit or equivalent magnetic conductor at the opening. Thus, such chokes make the E-field zero of the waves propagating in a direction orthogonal to them. This will reduce the fields diffracted around the reflector rim and thereby give lower sidelobes.
  • Dual band The dual band antenna work in the same way as the antennas described in the referenced European patent, except that in one frequency band the radiation is excited by means of the coaxial waveguide.
  • the region in between the sub-reflector and the end of the tube as well as this end must be designed so as to provide optimum operation in both bands.
  • the antenna with the dielectric filling between the subreflector and the end of the tube works in the same way as without the filling, but it is more difficult to design because there may be present undesired resonant modes in the dielectric region. Such modes may destroy the antenna performance, but they can be partly or completely removed by reducing the volume of the dielectric filled region or designing it with air pockets or using material with low permittivity.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Aerials With Secondary Devices (AREA)
  • Waveguide Aerials (AREA)
EP98941971A 1997-08-21 1998-08-18 Improved reflector antenna with a self-supported feed Expired - Lifetime EP1004151B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US5622097P 1997-08-21 1997-08-21
US56220P 1997-08-21
PCT/SE1998/001478 WO1999010950A2 (en) 1997-08-21 1998-08-18 Improved reflector antenna with a self-supported feed

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1004151A2 EP1004151A2 (en) 2000-05-31
EP1004151B1 true EP1004151B1 (en) 2006-12-13

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EP98941971A Expired - Lifetime EP1004151B1 (en) 1997-08-21 1998-08-18 Improved reflector antenna with a self-supported feed

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EP (1) EP1004151B1 (pt)
CN (1) CN1151590C (pt)
AU (1) AU9011998A (pt)
BR (1) BR9811241A (pt)
DE (1) DE69836636D1 (pt)
WO (1) WO1999010950A2 (pt)

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WO2020074539A3 (de) * 2018-10-08 2020-08-06 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. Reflektorsystem in einem radarzielsimulator zum testen einer funktionsfähigkeit eines radarsensors und verfahren zum testen einer funktionsfähigkeit eines radarsensors
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CN102232258A (zh) * 2008-12-05 2011-11-02 日本电气株式会社 天线设备和具有天线设备的通信设备
CN102232258B (zh) * 2008-12-05 2014-03-12 日本电气株式会社 天线设备和具有天线设备的通信设备
US8730122B2 (en) 2008-12-05 2014-05-20 Nec Corporation Antenna device and communication device provided therewith
RU2503021C2 (ru) * 2011-12-30 2013-12-27 Открытое акционерное общество "Информационные спутниковые системы" имени академика М.Ф. Решетнёва" Способ измерения коэффициента отражения плоского отражателя в свч-диапазоне и устройство для его осуществления
WO2020074539A3 (de) * 2018-10-08 2020-08-06 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. Reflektorsystem in einem radarzielsimulator zum testen einer funktionsfähigkeit eines radarsensors und verfahren zum testen einer funktionsfähigkeit eines radarsensors
US11424538B2 (en) 2018-10-11 2022-08-23 Commscope Technologies Llc Feed systems for multi-band parabolic reflector microwave antenna systems
US11742577B2 (en) 2018-10-11 2023-08-29 Commscope Technologies Llc Feed systems for multi-band parabolic reflector microwave antenna systems

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DE69836636D1 (de) 2007-01-25
BR9811241A (pt) 2000-08-15
WO1999010950A3 (en) 1999-05-20
AU9011998A (en) 1999-03-16
WO1999010950A2 (en) 1999-03-04
CN1271470A (zh) 2000-10-25
EP1004151A2 (en) 2000-05-31
CN1151590C (zh) 2004-05-26

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