Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D273/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing rings having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D261/00 - C07D271/00
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D413/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D413/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
  • C07D413/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms

Definitions

• This invention relates to novel cryptophycin compounds useful as anti-microtubule agents.
• Neoplastic diseases characterized by the proliferation of cells not subject to the normal control of cell growth, are a major cause of death in humans and other mammals.
• Clinical experience in cancer chemotherapy has demonstrated that new and more effective drugs are desirable to treat these diseases.
• Such clinical experience has also demonstrated that drugs which disrupt the microtubule system of the cytoskeleton can be effective in inhibiting the proliferation of neoplastic cells.
• the presently claimed compounds having an amide substitution in the cryptophycin ring, have surprisingly potent antimicrotuble activity while further having especially desired solubility properties.
• the compounds claimed herein address the need for compounds having acceptable solubility while retaining the desired antimicrotuble activity.
• Such agents having the ability to disrupt the microtubule system can be useful for research purposes.
• the presently claimed invention provides novel cryptophycin compounds of Formula I
• Ar is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, any simple unsubstituted aromatic, substituted aromatic, unsubstituted heteroaromatic, and substituted heteroaromatic group;
• R 1 is selected from the group consisting of halogen, SH, amino, monoalkylamino, dialkylamino, trialkylammonium, alkylthio, dialkylsulfonium, sulfate, and phosphate;
• R 2 is OH or SH; or
• R 1 and R 2 may be taken together with Ci ⁇ and Cig to form an epoxide ring, an aziridine ring, an episulfide ring, a sulfate ring, or monoalkylphosphate ring; or R 1 and R 2 may be taken together to form a second bond between Ci ⁇ and Cig;
• R 3 is a lower alkyl group
• R 4 is H or H 2
• R 5 is H or H 2 ;
• R 4 and R 5 may be taken together to form a second bond between C 13 and C 14 ;
• R 6 is selected from the group consisting of benzyl, hydroxybenzyl, alkoxybenzyl, halohydroxybenzyl, dihalohydroxybenzyl, haloalkoxybenzyl, and dihaloalkoxybenzyl group;
• R 7 is H or a lower alkyl group;
• R 8 is H or a lower alkyl group;
• R 7 and R 8 may optionally be taken together to form a cyclopropyl ring
• R 9 is selected from the group consisting of H, a lower alkyl group, (C 1 -C 3 ) alkylaryl, and aryl;
• R 10 is selected from the group consisting of H, a lower alkyl group, (C 1 -C 3 ) alkylaryl, and aryl;
• R 11 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, simple alkyl, OH, phenyl, substituted phenyl, benzyl, and substituted benzyl;
• X is 0, NH or alkylamino; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
• the present invention provides pharmaceutical formulations, a method for disrupting a microtubulin system using an effective amount of a compound of Formula I, a method for inhibiting the proliferation of mammalian cells comprising administering an effective amount of a compound of Formula I, and a method for treating neoplasia in a mammal comprising administering an effective amount of a compound of Formula I.
• the term "simple alkyl” shall refer to C 1 -C 7 alkyl wherein the alkyl may be saturated, unsaturated, branched, or straight chain. Examples include, but are in no way limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso- propyl, n-butyl, propenyl, sec-butyl, n-pentyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, methylated butyl groups, pentyl, tert pentyl, sec-pentyl, methylated pentyl groups and the like.
• substituted phenyl shall refer to a phenyl group with from one to three non- hydrocarbon substituents which may be independently selected from the group consisting of simple alkyl, Cl, Br, F, and I.
• substituted benzyl shall refer to a benzyl group with from one to three non- hydrocarbon substitutents which may be independently selected from the group consisting of simple alkyl, Cl, Br, F, and I .
• Lower alkoxyl group means any alkyl group of one to five carbon atoms bonded to an oxygen atom.
• lower alkyl group means an alkyl group of one to five carbons and includes linear and nonlinear hydrocarbon chains, including for example, but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, methylated butyl groups, pentyl, tert pentyl, sec-pentyl, and methylated pentyl groups.
• allylically substituted alkene means any alkene having from one to seven carbon atoms which contains an alkyl substitution on it.
• epoxide ring means a three- membered ring whose backbone consists of two carbons and an oxygen atom.
• aziridine ring means a three-membered ring whose backbone consists of two carbon atoms and a nitrogen atom.
• sulfide ring means a three-membered ring whose backbone consists of two carbon atoms and a sulfur atom.
• episulfide ring menas a three-membered ring whos backbone consists of two carbon and a sulfur atom.
• sulfate group menas a five membered ring consisting of a carbon- carbon-oxygen-sulfur-oxygen backbone with two additional oxygen atoms connected to the sulfur atom.
• monoalkylphosphate ring means a five membered ring consisting of a carbon-carbon-oxygen-phosphorous-oxygen backbone with two additional oxygen atoms, one of which bears a lower alkyl group, connected to the phosphorous atom.
• “simple unsubstituted aromatic group” refers to common aromatic rings having 4n+2 electrons in a moncyclic conjugated system, for example, but not limited to: furyl, pyrrolyl, thienyl, pyridyl and the like, or a bicyclic conjugated system, for example but not limited to indolyl or naphthyl .
• “simple substituted aromatic group” refers to a phenyl group substituted with a single group selected from the group consisting of halogen and lower alkyl group.
• aryl means an organic radical derived from an aromatic hydrocarbon by the removal of one atom; e.g., phenyl or naphthyl . Most preferably, aryl refers to C 6 ⁇ C ⁇ o aryl, wherein the aryl ring system, including any alkyl substitutions, comprises from 6 to 10 carbon atoms.
• C 1 -C 3 alkylaryl represents an (C 1 -C 3 ) alkylaryl substituent wherein the alkyl group is linear, such as but not limited to, benzyl, phenethyl, 3- phenylpropyl, or phenyl- t-butyl; or branched.
• the alkylaryl moitety is attached to the parent nucleus via the alkyl group .
• alkylamino has its common meaning. Thus, the phrase refers to N-R RI wherein R RI is C 1 -C 3 alkyl.
• R RI is C 1 -C 3 alkyl.
• heteromatic group refers to aromatic rings which contain one or more non-carbon substituent selected from the group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur.
• halogen refers to those members of the group on the periodic table historically known as halogens. Methods of halogenation include, but are not limited to, the addition of hydrogen halides, substitution at high temperature, photohalogenation, etc., and such methods are known to the skilled artisan.
• the term “mammal” shall refer to the Mammalia class of higher vertebrates.
• the term “mammal” includes, but is not limited to, a human.
• the term “treating” as used herein includes prophylaxis of the named condition or amelioration or elimination of the condition once it has been established.
• the cryptophycin compounds claimed herein can be useful for vetrinary health purposes as well as for the treatment of a human patient.
• R 8 is ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl or isopentyl;
• R 7 is ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, pentyl, or isopentyl; C) R 7 is H, R 8 is methyl, R 3 is methyl, and X and
• Y are not both 0;
• R 3 is ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, pentyl or isopentyl;
• R 9 is methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, isobutyl, pentyl, or isopentyl;
• R 10 is methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, isobutyl, pentyl, or isopentyl;
• G a cryptophycin compound wherein at least one of the groups selected from the group consisting of C-3, C-6, C-7, C-10, C-16, C-17, and C-18 has R stereochemistry (numbering as set forth in claim 1 i nfra . ) ;
• H a cryptophycin compound wherein at least one of the " groups selected from the group consisting of C-3, C-6, C-7, C-10, C-16, C-17, and C-18 has S stereochemistry (numbering as set forth in claim 1 i nfra . ) ;
• Ar is phenyl with a substituent selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, and simple alkyl;
• R 7 and R 8 are each selected from hydrogen or
• R 11 is simple alkyl
• R is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, and phenyl;
• R 1 and R 2 form an epoxide ring
• R 4 and R 5 form a double bond
• R 6 is substituted benzyl wherein one substituent is a halogen and one is an OR 12 group wherein R 12 is lower alkyl;
• W a compound wherein Y is selected from the group consisting of 0, NH, S, SO and SO2; X) a compound wherein Y is C, R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , and R 10 are each hydrogen; and R 1 and R 2 form an epoxide; Y) R 10 is hydrogen; and Z ) R 3 is methyl
• Examples of some preferred compounds of this invention include, but are in no way limited to:
• Ar is phenyl, R 1 and R 2 taken together form a three membered epoxide ring, R 3 is methyl, R 4 and R 5 are taken together to form a double bond, R 6 is a chloro- methoxybenzyl, R 10 is hydrogen, and the remaining variables are as illustrated in the following table:
• NCH 3 isobutyl hydrogen hydrogen benzyl
• NCH 3 isobutyl hydrogen methyl benzyl
• the present invention provides a method of alleviating a pathological condition caused by hyperproliferating mammalian cells comprising administering to a subject an -In ⁇
• the method further comprises administering to the subject at least one additional therapy directed to alleviating the pathological condition.
• the pathological condition is characterized by the formation of neoplasms.
• the neoplasms are selected from the group consisting of mammary, small- cell lung, non-small-cell lung, colorectal, leukemia, melanoma, pancreatic adenocarcinoma, central nervous system (CNS) , ovarian, prostate, sarcoma of soft tissue or bone, head and neck, gastric which includes pancreatic and esophageal, stomach, myeloma, bladder, renal, neuroendocrine which includes thyroid and non-Hodgkin' s disease and Hodgkin's disease neoplasms.
• CNS central nervous system
• neoplastic refers to a neoplasm, which is an abnormal growth, such growth occurring because of a proliferation of cells not subject to the usual limitations of growth.
• anti-neoplastic agent is any compound, composition, admixture, co-mixture, or blend which inhibits, ele inates, retards, or reverses the neoplastic phenotype of a cell.
• Anti-mitotic agents or poisins may be classified into three groups on the basis of their molecular mechanism of action. The first group consists of agents, including colchicine and colcemid, which inhibit the formation of microtubules by sequestering tubulin.
• the second group consists of agents, including vinblastine and vincristine, which induce the formation of paracrystalline aggregates of tubulin.
• Vinblastine and vincristine are well known anticancer drugs: their action of disrupting mitotic spindle microtubules preferentially inhibits hyperproliferative cells.
• the third group consists of agents, including taxol, which promote the polymerization of tubulin and thus stabilizes microtubules.
• compositions can also be provided together with physiologically tolerable liquid, gel, or solid carriers, diluents, adjuvants and excipients.
• physiologically tolerable liquid, gel, or solid carriers diluents, adjuvants and excipients.
• Such carriers, adjuvants, and excipients may be found in the U.S . Pharmacopeia, Vol. XXII and National Formulary vol XVII, U.S. Pharmacopeia Convention, Inc. Rockville, MD (1989) . Additional modes of treatment are provided in AHFS Drug Information, 1993 e. by the American Hospital Formulary Service, pp. 522-660. Each of these references are well known and readily available to the skilled artisan.
• the pharmaceutical composition used to treat neoplastic disease contains at least one compound of Formula I and at least one additional anti-neoplastic agent.
• Anti-neoplastic agents which may be utilized in combination with Formula I or Formula III compounds include those provided in the Merck Index 11, pp 16-17, Merck & Co., Inc. (1989). The Merck Index is widely recognized and readily available to the skilled artisan.
• antineoplastic agents may be antimetabolites which may include but are in no way limited to those selected from the group consisting of methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, 6- mercaptopurine, cytosine, arabinoside, hydroxyurea, and 2- chlorodeoxyadenosine .
• the anti-neoplastic agents contemplated are alkylating agents which may include but are in no way limited to those selected from the group consisting of cyclophosphamide, mephalan, busulfan, paraplatin, chlorambucil, and nitrogen mustard.
• the anti-neoplastic agents are plant alkaloids which may include but are in no way limited to those selected from the group consisting of vincristine, vinblastine, taxol, and etoposide.
• the anti-neoplastic agents contemplated are antibiotics which may include, but are in no way limited to those selected from the group consisting of doxorubicin, daunorubicin, mitomycin C, and bleomycin.
• the anti-neoplastic agents contemplated are hormones which may include, but are in no way limited to those selected from the group consisting of calusterone, diomostavolone, propionate, epitiostanol, mepitiostane, testolactone, tamoxifen, polyestradiol phosphate, megesterol acetate, flutamide, nilutamide, and trilotane.
• the anti-neoplastic agents contemplated include enzymes which may include, but are in no way limited to those selected from the group consisting of L-Asparginase and aminoacridine derivatives such as, but not limited to, amsacrine.
• Additional anti- neoplastic agents include those provided by Skeel, Roland T., "Antineoplastic Drugs and Biologic Response Modifier: Classification, Use and Toxicity of Clinically Useful Agents" Handbook of Cancer Chemotherapy (3rd ed.), Little Brown & Co. (1991) .
• compositions can be administered to mammals for veterinary use.
• domestic animals can be treated in much the same way as a human clinical patient.
• the dosage required for therapeutic effect will vary according to the type of use, mode of administration, as well as the particularized requirements of the individual hosts. Typically, dosages will range from about 0.001 to 1000 mg/kg, and more usually 0.01 to 10 mg/kg of the host body weight. Alternatively, dosages within these ranges can be administered by constant infusion over an extended period of time, usually exceeding 24 hours, until the desired therapeutic benefits are obtained.
• drug dosage as well as route of administration, must be selected on the basis of relative effectiveness, relative toxicity, growth characteristics of tumor and effect of Formula I or Formula III compound on cell cycle, drug pharmacokinetics, age, sex, physical condition of the patient and prior treatment.
• the compound of Formula I or Formula III, with or without additional anti-neoplastic agents, may be formulated into therapeutic compositions as natural or salt forms.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic salts include base addition salts which may be derived from inorganic bases such as for example, sodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium, or ferric hydroxides, and such organic bases as isopropylamine, trimethylamine, 2-ethylamino ethanol, histidine, procaine, and the like.
• Such salts may also be formed as acid addition salts with any free cationic groups and will generally be formed with inorganic acids such as for example, hydrochloric or phosphoric acids or organic acids such as acetic, oxalic, tartaric, mandelic, and the like.
• compositions may be formulated for oral administration. Such compositions are typically prepared as liquid solution or suspensions or in solid forms. Oral formulation usually include such additives as binders, fillers, carriers, preservatives, stabilizing agents, emulsifiers, buffers, mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharin, cellulose, magnesium carbonate, and the like. These compositions may take the form of solutions, suspensions, tablets, pills, capsules, sustained relsease formulations, or powders, and typically contain 1% to 95% of active ingedient. More preferably, the composition contains from about 2% to about 70% active ingredient.
• compositions of the present invention may be prepared as injectables, either as liquid solutions, suspensions, or emulsions; solid forms suitable for solution in or suspension in liquid prior to injection.
• injectables may be administered subcutaneously, intravenously, intraperitoneally, intramuscularly, intrathecally, or intrapleurally.
• the active ingredient or ingredients are often mixed with diluents, carriers, or excipients which are physiologically tolerable and compatible with the active ingredient (s) .
• Suitable diluents and excipients are for example, water, saline, dextrose, glycerol, or the like and combinations thereof.
• the compositions may contain minor amounts of auxilary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, stabilizing or pH buffering agents.
• the invention further provides methods for using Formula I compounds to inhibit the proliferation of mammalian cells by contacting these cells with a Formula I compound in an amount sufficient to inhibit the proliferation of the mammalian cell.
• a preferred embodiment is a method to inhibit the proliferation of hyperproliferative mammalian cells.
• hyperproliferative mammalian cells are mammalian cells which are not subject to the characteristic limitations of growth (programmed cell death for example) .
• a further preferred embodiment is when the mammalian cell is human.
• the invention further provides contacting the mammalian cell with at least one Formula I or Formula III compound and at least one anti-neoplastic agent. The types of anti-neoplastic agents contemplated are discussed supra .
• the invention further provides methods for using a compound of Formula I to inhibit the proliferation of hyperproliferative cells with drug-resistant phenotypes, including those with multiple drug-resistant phenotypes, by contacting said cell with a compound of Formula I in an amount sufficient to inhibit the proliferation of a hyperproliferative mammalian cell.
• a preferred embodiment is when the mammalian cell is human.
• the invention further provides contacting a Formula I compound and at least one additional anti-neoplastic agent, discussed supra .
• the invention provides a method for alleviating pathological conditions caused by hyperproliferating mammalian cells for example, neoplasia, by administering to a subject an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition containing Formula I or Formula III compound to inhibit the proliferation of the hyperproliferating cells.
• pathological condition refers to any pathology arising from the proliferation of mammalian cells that are not subject to the normal limitations of growth. Such proliferation of cells may be due to neoplasms as discussed supra .
• the neoplastic cells are human.
• the present invention provides methods of alleviating such pathological conditions utilizing a compound of Formula I in combination with other therapies, as well as other anti-neoplastic agents.
• the effectiveness of the claimed compounds can be assessed using standard methods known to the skilled artisan.
• the compounds are screened for minimum inhibitory concentrations against KB, a human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line, LoVo, a human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line.
• the Corbett assay see Corbett, T.H. et al. Cytotoxic Anticancer Drugs: Models and Concepts for Drug Discovery and Development, pp 35-87, Kluwer Academic Publishers: Norwell, 1992. see also, Valeriote, et al. Discovery and Development of Anticancer Agents; Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, 1993.
• the most active compounds are further evaluated for cytotoxicity against four different cell types, for example a murine leukemia, a murine solid tumor, a human solid tumor, and a low malignancy fibroblast using the Corbett assay.
• the compounds are further evaluated against a broad spectrum of murine and human tumors implanted in mice, including drug resistant tumors.
• Tumor burden (mean tumor burden in treated animals verses mena tumor burden in untreated animals) are used as a further assessment. T/C values that are less than 42% are considered to be active by National Cancer Institute Standards; T/C values less than 10% are considered to have excellent activity and potential clinical activity by National Cancer Institute standards.
• Ar is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, any simple unsubstituted aromatic, substituted aromatic, unsubstituted heteroaromatic, and substituted heteroaromatic group;
• R 1 is selected from the group consisting of halogen, SH, amino, monoalkylamino, dialkylamino, trialkylammonium, alkylthio, dialkylsulfonium, sulfate, and phosphate;
• R 2 is OH or SH; or R 1 and R 2 may be taken together with Ci ⁇ and Cig to form an epoxide ring, an aziridine ring, an episulfide ring, a sulfate ring, or monoalkylphosphate ring; or R 1 and R 2 may be taken together to form a second bond between Ci ⁇ and C 19 ;
• R 3 is a lower alkyl group;
• R 4 is H or H 2 ;
• R 5 is H or H 2 ;
• R 4 and R 5 may be taken together to form a second bond between C 13 and C 1 4;
• R 6 is selected from the group consisting of benzyl, hydroxybenzyl, alkoxybenzyl, halohydroxybenzyl, dihalohydroxybenzyl, haloalkoxybenzyl, and dihaloalkoxybenzyl group;
• R 7 is H or a lower alkyl group
• R 8 is H or a lower alkyl group
• R 7 and R 8 may optionally be taken together to form a cyclopropyl ring
• R 9 is selected from the group consisting of H, a lower alkyl group, (C 1 -C 3 ) alkylaryl, and aryl
• R 10 is selected from the group consisting of H, a lower alkyl group, (C 1 -C 3 ) alkylaryl, and aryl;
• X is 0, NH or alkylamino; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
• the cryptophycin A-B trichloroethyl ester can be prepared using information known in the literature; however, the following method is provided for the convenience of the artisan:
• 4b 4b was prepared according to the method for the preparation of 4a. Mass Spec. (FD + ) m/e 623 (M + ) .

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