EP0965701A1 - Schallisolierende Platte - Google Patents

Schallisolierende Platte Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0965701A1
EP0965701A1 EP98111295A EP98111295A EP0965701A1 EP 0965701 A1 EP0965701 A1 EP 0965701A1 EP 98111295 A EP98111295 A EP 98111295A EP 98111295 A EP98111295 A EP 98111295A EP 0965701 A1 EP0965701 A1 EP 0965701A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
core layer
facing
layer
contact points
panel
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP98111295A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Jean-Philippe Deblander
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Dow Deutschland Inc
Original Assignee
Dow Deutschland Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Dow Deutschland Inc filed Critical Dow Deutschland Inc
Priority to EP98111295A priority Critical patent/EP0965701A1/de
Priority to PCT/US1999/013778 priority patent/WO1999066144A1/en
Priority to AU44430/99A priority patent/AU4443099A/en
Publication of EP0965701A1 publication Critical patent/EP0965701A1/de
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B9/00—Ceilings; Construction of ceilings, e.g. false ceilings; Ceiling construction with regard to insulation
    • E04B9/04—Ceilings; Construction of ceilings, e.g. false ceilings; Ceiling construction with regard to insulation comprising slabs, panels, sheets or the like
    • E04B9/045—Ceilings; Construction of ceilings, e.g. false ceilings; Ceiling construction with regard to insulation comprising slabs, panels, sheets or the like being laminated
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
    • E04B1/74—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls
    • E04B1/82—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls specifically with respect to sound only
    • E04B1/84—Sound-absorbing elements
    • E04B1/86—Sound-absorbing elements slab-shaped
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
    • E04B1/74—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls
    • E04B1/82—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls specifically with respect to sound only
    • E04B2001/8263—Mounting of acoustical elements on supporting structure, e.g. framework or wall surface
    • E04B2001/8281—Flat elements mounted parallel to a supporting surface with an acoustically active air gap between the elements and the mounting surface
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
    • E04B1/74—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls
    • E04B1/82—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls specifically with respect to sound only
    • E04B1/84—Sound-absorbing elements
    • E04B2001/8457—Solid slabs or blocks
    • E04B2001/8461—Solid slabs or blocks layered

Definitions

  • the present invention refers to sound insulating elements, more specifically to sound insulating multilayered elements or panels comprising an open-cell, semi-rigid foam core, at least one hollow space, and at least one outer facing layer. More specifically the invention refers to light weight, relatively thin panels, laminates or boards to be attached to walls or ceilings or to be used as partition walls in new or existing buildings improving thereby the sound insulation performance. Besides, the invention refers to sound insulating elements such as panels excelling prior art elements in constructional simplicity and to the use of such new, sound insulating, multilayered elements or panels in the construction and other industries by attaching the elements to walls, ceilings, and other parts of the building or machinery acoustically to be improved.
  • panels as partition walls in order to subdivide the building area into seperate areas such as rooms and offices.
  • they consist of an insulating mineral fiber core and two outer facing layers encompassing the core and an air gap or hollow space.
  • the insulating materials such as mineral fibers are arranged between the facing layers in such a manner so as to provide thermal and/or acoustic insulation.
  • a noise insulating panel in which a porous material, such as glass wool or foamed synthetic resin is stacked between facing layers formed by plywood, gypsum board, or an acryl plate in such a manner as to be out of contact with at least one surface material.
  • a frame must be used in order to stabilize or fix this condition. This frame is fitted to the above assembly to form a panel. This, of course, is an relatively intricate and hence expensive procedure. Furthermore, it is a well known method extrapolated from conventional timber frame walls or panels.
  • DE 3710 057 discloses a multilayered acoustic insulation panel for internal walls which has air gaps between a layer of mineral wool and an outer chipboard facing layer.
  • This insulation panel contains a main panel made of chipboard which is spaced apart by ribs from a facing layer or cover panel which is also made of chipboard. The inner surfaces of these two panels are covered with fiber board which is held in place by glue. For attaining good sound damping performance the two fiber boards are different in weight.
  • This multilayered panel consists of five layers, i. e. two chipboard layers, each of which is glued to a fiber board, plus a mineral wool layer in the middle of the sandwich serving as acoustic insulation material.
  • the mineral wool fills the space only partly in such a way that an air gap is provided for between the mineral wool and one of the fiber boards which is glued to the inner surface of the cover panel. The latter is secured by screws to the ribs.
  • the design of this multilayered panel is quite complicated. Its fabrication is therefore relatively expensive. The acoustic performance is achieved by increasing the mass rendering such panels difficult to transport and to install.
  • organic plastics have been used instead of mineral fibers, such as, for example, the well-known open-cell polyurethane foam laminates.
  • such laminates exhibit the disadvantage of being brittle and having a poor tensile strength (about 30 kPa).
  • a sound insulating building element which includes a plurality of parallel layer elements of which a first inner, thick element is constituted by a layer of mineral fibers or stiff plastic foam and contains a plurality of cavities.
  • a second inner stiff element which is substantially pervious to air is connected to one main surface of the first inner element and an outer impervious element.
  • the outer impervious element is arranged at a small distance from the second inner element in such a manner that substantially the entire outer element can oscillate freely in relation to the second inner element.
  • partitions are the multilayered structures including those having a foam or honeycomb core.
  • the foam cores although possessing suitable mechanical strength properties, are very poor as far as the sound insulating properties are concerned. In order to overcome this problem, the foam core would have to be of an unacceptable thickness and weight.
  • Those multilayered insulating panels or elements comprise in a preferred embodiment (a) two outer facing layers, and (b) a soft synthetic core material which is a single, continuous, soft, synthetic foam core layer having hollow profiles and being arranged in intimate contact with both outer layers through contact points in alternate patterns, thereby providing gaps between the core layer and the opposing outer layer.
  • Panels as disclosed in WO 95/14 136 possess both acoustic insulating properties and mechanical strength. While this art provides lighter and cheaper panels with good acoustic properties compared to previously known products, it was still highly desirable to provide thin panels and room partition elements having both sound insulating properties and good mechanical strength, which would be particularly useful for up-grading residential and office buildings and for designing partitions with improved sound insulation performance. Also, there was a need for more economical methods for producing and installing such sound insulating panels.
  • the present invention is a multilayered, sound insulating panel comprising a facing layer, a plastic foam core layer attached thereto, a structure, to which the core layer is fixed at seperated contact points by means of stripes, patches, dabs, or other geometrical protrusions (generally called “contact points” hereunder) leaving gaps between the core layer and the structure, and, in case of long spans and/or thin facing layers, travel stops to keep the core layer at a certain distance from the structure, which panel is characterized in that
  • the core layer material is a polyurethane foam.
  • the facing layer plus the core layer plus the contact points usually have a thickness of at least 10 mm, preferably from 10 to 200 mm, and even more preferred from 20 to 80 mm.
  • the core layer material has a specific air flow resistance from 5000 to 800 000 Ns/m4; more preferred is a range from 5 000 to 300 000 Ns/m4.
  • the loss factor of the core layer material is preferably greater than 0.1, preferably greater than 0.2 (as defined by SAE Sound and Heat Insulation Materials Committee, SAE Handbook, 1994, Volume 1, page 2.30); the loss factor can reach 0.3, or even more.
  • the distance of the travel stops, if any, or the distance of the core layer from the structure, at 0 % deformation, are preferably at least 0.1 mm, a range from 2 to 10 mm being more preferred.
  • the total contact points area is related to the total area of the panel in a ratio of less than 20 %; even more preferred is a ratio of less than 6 %.
  • the structure, to which the core layer is fixed at seperated contact points can be a wall or a ceiling or any other suitable constructional element.
  • the structure can be a second facing layer as well.
  • the resulting sandwich panel can be used as a partition element or partition wall.
  • the panels according to the invention are useful in the construction and other industries for improving the sound insulating properties of buildings and/or machinery.
  • a particularly surprising feature of the invention is that long span vibration of the core layer attached to the facing layer provides particularly good damping at all frequencies and specifically at the resonant and the critical frequencies.
  • the gaps created between the core layer and the structure can vary considerably depending on the actual needs in a given case.
  • the thickness usually ranges from 0.1 to 200 mm. Sometimes this thickness is selected between 20 and 50 mm so as to allow for passing cables, pipes and other services between a wall and a sound insulating panel. Apart from those special consideration, the thickness of the gaps is often in the range from 1 to 10 mm, preferably from 2 to 5 mm.
  • a "mid span" travel stop system made of a stripe or patches can be installed to limit the plasterboard deformation.
  • a travel stop stripe will be fixed in the middle of the board in order to reduce the span.
  • the width of the travel stop stripe will be between 30 and 39.9 mm, preferably between 35 and 38 mm, if the contact stripe width is e. g. 40 mm.
  • structures to which the core layer is fixed or attached are concrete or brick walls or gypsum blocks or plasterboards or other masonry structures.
  • the structure as referred to, can be a second facing layer as well, which can be prefabricated to make a sandwich panel.
  • the facing layer (-s) can be made of any material typically employed to produce insulating panels or elements.
  • Exemplary materials useful as facing layers include plastic or particle boards, thick paper or cardboards, fiber boards, gypsum plaster boards, flexible plastic films or foils, metal sheets, such as steel, lead, or aluminium sheets, plywood, timber boards, and chipboards, most typical being gypsum plaster boards, and chipboards.
  • the preferred material for use as facing layer is gypsum board in the building applications and metal sheet in the industrial applications.
  • the thickness of the facing layer ranges from 0.5 to 100 mm, preferably from 0.5 to 25 mm.
  • the core layer made of polyurethane foam and having seperated polyurethane foam patches as contact points at one of its two surfaces is substantially attached by means of adhesives at its other ("outer") surface to a facing layer, thus forming a panel.
  • adhesives at its other (“outer") surface to a facing layer, thus forming a panel.
  • a panel will be prefabricated thereby avoiding assembling on site.
  • the panel will then be fixed to a concrete wall through the contact points, usually by glueing with a suitable adhesive such as polyurethane glue, neoprene contact or transfer adhesive, or by mechanical fixing.
  • a sandwich panel is fabricated by applying the same method as above, except for glueing the panel first obtained through the contact points to a second facing layer rather than to a wall.
  • the sandwich panel thus obtained can be fixed to a wall, ceiling, floor, or other building structure, or it can also be used as a room partition standing on its own. Such a partition element is usually secured on the floor and/or at the ceiling.
  • the contact points can be machined from the polyurethane foam layer or can be made from other suitable materials, such as plastics other than polyurethane, glue or other adhesives; wood, plaster, metal etc., as long as the inventive criteria are fulfilled.
  • the new panels are particularly useful for refurbishing existing buildings, but also as elements in new constructions. They offer a thin, light weight solution to improve sound insulation, thus eliminating or damping sounds and noises which without the sound insulating panels are transmitted through walls, floors, ceilings and partitions.
  • the panels or elements according to the invention are to a surprising degree substantially superior as compared to prior art sound insulating panels or elements with respect to a combination of sound insulation/ mechanical strength/ light weight/thickness properties and production/installation methods. They do not lack good mechanical strength, possess a high acoustic damping performance, reduce and lower the resonant frequency.
  • the thin gap between the core layer and the structure is acting as a first very soft spring, and the core layer is acting as a second hard spring. Because of the hardness of the core layer, the deformation of the panel is strongly restricted which makes it compatible with the intended use in buildings.
  • Panel No. 1 was a standard sandwich partition element, containing a semi-rigid, open-cell polyurethane foam material according to the present invention with the following properties: Air flow resistance 200 000 Ns/m4; tensile strength: 120 kPa; compressive strength: 35 kPa at 10 % deformation; loss factor: 0.35. It is represented in Figure 1.
  • Panel No. 2 was a sandwich partition element whose core material was a closed-cell, Strandfoam profiled polyethylene foam material as used in WO 95/14 136 having the following properties: tensile strength: 20 kPa; compressive strength at 10 % deformation: 20 kPa.
  • the core layer of this partition element forms hollow profiles and is arranged in intimate contact with both outer facing layers through contact areas in alternate patterns thereby providing 5 mm thick gaps between the core layer and the two facing layers.
  • Panel No. 3 was a sandwich partition element with the same design or configuration as panel No. 2, in which, however, the core layer was of the same material as in panel No.1, that is according to the invention. It is represented in Figure 3.
  • panel No. 4 was a sandwich partition element according to the present invention.
  • the core layer was attached to one of the facing layers - in Figure 4 to the upper one - through two contact points by means of a polyurethane adhesive.
  • the distance between the contact points was 970 mm, and the width of the contact points was 40 mm each.
  • the gap created between the contact points, the core layer and the facing layer was 5 mm thick.
  • the bonding to the other - in Figure 4 lower facing layer - was complete, i. e. continuous over the whole area.
  • the core layer was of the same material as in panels 1 and 3, i. e. according to the invention.
  • the "structure" in the meaning as used herein was a 100 mm thick concrete wall.
  • the sound transmission of the wall covered with the sound insulating panel was measured to be 57 dB (A).
  • the plasterboard in this case was 13 mm thick and 1200 mm wide.
  • the core layer material was a 35 mm thick open-cell polyurethane (properties of the polyurethane as described in example 1, panel 1).
  • the contact points were made of 3 stripes of the same polyurethane as used for the core layer. These stripes were 2 500 mm long and 5 mm thick, and they had been machined from the polyurethane slab when cutting out the core layer. That is, they constituted an integral part of the very core layer.
  • the distance between the contact points was 555 mm.
  • the ratio of the area of the contact points to the area of the core layer was 7.5 %.
  • the sound transmission of the wall panelled according to the invention was 59 dB (A).
  • Altough the sound insulating panel according to the invention was 21.4 % thinner than the prior art panel, its performance was even better than that of the panel according to the state of the art..
  • a new sound insulating panel is compared with two prior art panels.
  • the support structure was in each case a 160 mm thick concrete wall having a size of 2 500 x 4 000 mm.
  • the distance between the contact points (4) was 555 mm.
  • the ratio of the area of the contact points (4) to the area of the core layer (2) was 7.5
  • the panel according to the invention (c) performed much better than the prior art panel (b) having the same thickness and was even superior to the prior art panel (a) which was 50 % thicker.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Building Environments (AREA)
EP98111295A 1998-06-19 1998-06-19 Schallisolierende Platte Withdrawn EP0965701A1 (de)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP98111295A EP0965701A1 (de) 1998-06-19 1998-06-19 Schallisolierende Platte
PCT/US1999/013778 WO1999066144A1 (en) 1998-06-19 1999-06-18 Sound-insulating panel
AU44430/99A AU4443099A (en) 1998-06-19 1999-06-18 Sound-insulating panel

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP98111295A EP0965701A1 (de) 1998-06-19 1998-06-19 Schallisolierende Platte

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0965701A1 true EP0965701A1 (de) 1999-12-22

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ID=8232145

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP98111295A Withdrawn EP0965701A1 (de) 1998-06-19 1998-06-19 Schallisolierende Platte

Country Status (3)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0965701A1 (de)
AU (1) AU4443099A (de)
WO (1) WO1999066144A1 (de)

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2811350A1 (fr) * 2000-07-05 2002-01-11 Knauf Snc Dispositif de doublage acoustique d'une paroi
US6789645B1 (en) 1999-06-09 2004-09-14 The Dow Chemical Company Sound-insulating sandwich element
US8028800B2 (en) 2009-04-10 2011-10-04 Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics Rencol Limited Acoustic damping compositions
WO2013049895A1 (en) * 2011-10-06 2013-04-11 RAFP Pty Ltd Acoustic panel structures
EP2971398A4 (de) * 2013-03-15 2016-08-10 Certainteed Gypsum Inc Bauplatte mit akustischem schaum
US9637913B2 (en) 2009-04-10 2017-05-02 Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics Corporation Acoustic damping compositions having elastomeric particulate
DE102017100759A1 (de) 2017-01-16 2018-07-19 Logis AG Boden-, Wand- und Deckenverkleidung
US11753817B2 (en) 2016-12-15 2023-09-12 Certainteed Gypsum, Inc. Plaster boards and methods for making them

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
AU748383B2 (en) * 1998-05-15 2002-06-06 Dallas Mexon Stormwater drainage unit
US20180202150A1 (en) 2015-06-25 2018-07-19 Pliteq Inc. Impact damping mat, equipment accessory and flooring system
CA2914212C (en) 2015-06-25 2018-05-22 Pliteq, Inc. Impact damping mat, equipment accessory and flooring system
CN114603943B (zh) * 2021-11-30 2023-03-28 中国电力科学研究院有限公司 一种变电站用保温吸隔声围护墙体

Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4317503A (en) 1978-11-17 1982-03-02 Ingemanssons Ingenjorsbyra Ab Sound insulating building element
DE3710057A1 (de) 1987-03-27 1988-12-01 Wenger Wespanwerk Ag Schalldaemmende innentrennwand
JPH0221642A (ja) 1988-07-08 1990-01-24 Nec Corp 電力用半導体装置
EP0575771A1 (de) * 1992-06-25 1993-12-29 C.A. Greiner & Söhne Gesellschaft M.B.H. Schaumstoffplatte, insbesondere Formteil aus einer oder mehreren Schaumstoffplatten
DE9318446U1 (de) * 1993-12-02 1994-01-27 Basf Ag, 67063 Ludwigshafen Schallschluckelement
EP0637820A1 (de) * 1993-08-06 1995-02-08 Roth Freres S.A. Platte zur Dämpfung akustischer Energie für niedrige, mittlere und hohe Frequenzen
WO1995014136A1 (en) 1993-11-19 1995-05-26 The Dow Chemical Company Acoustic insulating panels or elements
EP0732684A2 (de) * 1995-03-16 1996-09-18 Rieter Automotive (International) Ag Schallabsorber-Element

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4317503A (en) 1978-11-17 1982-03-02 Ingemanssons Ingenjorsbyra Ab Sound insulating building element
DE3710057A1 (de) 1987-03-27 1988-12-01 Wenger Wespanwerk Ag Schalldaemmende innentrennwand
JPH0221642A (ja) 1988-07-08 1990-01-24 Nec Corp 電力用半導体装置
EP0575771A1 (de) * 1992-06-25 1993-12-29 C.A. Greiner & Söhne Gesellschaft M.B.H. Schaumstoffplatte, insbesondere Formteil aus einer oder mehreren Schaumstoffplatten
EP0637820A1 (de) * 1993-08-06 1995-02-08 Roth Freres S.A. Platte zur Dämpfung akustischer Energie für niedrige, mittlere und hohe Frequenzen
WO1995014136A1 (en) 1993-11-19 1995-05-26 The Dow Chemical Company Acoustic insulating panels or elements
DE9318446U1 (de) * 1993-12-02 1994-01-27 Basf Ag, 67063 Ludwigshafen Schallschluckelement
EP0732684A2 (de) * 1995-03-16 1996-09-18 Rieter Automotive (International) Ag Schallabsorber-Element

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6789645B1 (en) 1999-06-09 2004-09-14 The Dow Chemical Company Sound-insulating sandwich element
FR2811350A1 (fr) * 2000-07-05 2002-01-11 Knauf Snc Dispositif de doublage acoustique d'une paroi
US8028800B2 (en) 2009-04-10 2011-10-04 Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics Rencol Limited Acoustic damping compositions
US9637913B2 (en) 2009-04-10 2017-05-02 Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics Corporation Acoustic damping compositions having elastomeric particulate
WO2013049895A1 (en) * 2011-10-06 2013-04-11 RAFP Pty Ltd Acoustic panel structures
EP2971398A4 (de) * 2013-03-15 2016-08-10 Certainteed Gypsum Inc Bauplatte mit akustischem schaum
US10731337B2 (en) 2013-03-15 2020-08-04 Certainteed Gypsum, Inc. Building board with acoustical foam
US11536022B2 (en) 2013-03-15 2022-12-27 Certainteed Gypsum, Inc. Building board with acoustical foam
US12110680B2 (en) 2013-03-15 2024-10-08 Certainteed Gypsum, Inc. Building board with acoustical foam
US11753817B2 (en) 2016-12-15 2023-09-12 Certainteed Gypsum, Inc. Plaster boards and methods for making them
DE102017100759A1 (de) 2017-01-16 2018-07-19 Logis AG Boden-, Wand- und Deckenverkleidung
WO2018130720A1 (de) 2017-01-16 2018-07-19 Lohmann Gmbh & Co. Kg Boden-, wand- und deckenverkleidung

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO1999066144A1 (en) 1999-12-23
AU4443099A (en) 2000-01-05

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