EP0943150B1 - Electrical fuse - Google Patents

Electrical fuse Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0943150B1
EP0943150B1 EP97952885A EP97952885A EP0943150B1 EP 0943150 B1 EP0943150 B1 EP 0943150B1 EP 97952885 A EP97952885 A EP 97952885A EP 97952885 A EP97952885 A EP 97952885A EP 0943150 B1 EP0943150 B1 EP 0943150B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
ptc element
fusible conductor
electrical fuse
fuse according
electrical
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP97952885A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0943150A2 (en
Inventor
Manfred Rupalla
André Jöllenbeck
Peter PÖSSNICKER
Bernd FRÖCHTE
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Wickmann Werke GmbH
Original Assignee
Wickmann Werke GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Wickmann Werke GmbH filed Critical Wickmann Werke GmbH
Publication of EP0943150A2 publication Critical patent/EP0943150A2/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0943150B1 publication Critical patent/EP0943150B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H85/00—Protective devices in which the current flows through a part of fusible material and this current is interrupted by displacement of the fusible material when this current becomes excessive
    • H01H85/02—Details
    • H01H85/04—Fuses, i.e. expendable parts of the protective device, e.g. cartridges
    • H01H85/041—Fuses, i.e. expendable parts of the protective device, e.g. cartridges characterised by the type
    • H01H85/0411—Miniature fuses
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01C—RESISTORS
    • H01C7/00—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material
    • H01C7/13—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material current responsive
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H85/00—Protective devices in which the current flows through a part of fusible material and this current is interrupted by displacement of the fusible material when this current becomes excessive
    • H01H85/02—Details
    • H01H85/04—Fuses, i.e. expendable parts of the protective device, e.g. cartridges
    • H01H85/041—Fuses, i.e. expendable parts of the protective device, e.g. cartridges characterised by the type
    • H01H85/046—Fuses formed as printed circuits
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H85/00—Protective devices in which the current flows through a part of fusible material and this current is interrupted by displacement of the fusible material when this current becomes excessive
    • H01H85/02—Details
    • H01H85/04—Fuses, i.e. expendable parts of the protective device, e.g. cartridges
    • H01H85/041—Fuses, i.e. expendable parts of the protective device, e.g. cartridges characterised by the type
    • H01H85/048—Fuse resistors
    • H01H2085/0483—Fuse resistors with temperature dependent resistor, e.g. thermistor

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an electrical fuse having a series circuit formed by a PTC element and a fusible conductor.
  • the fusible conductor is designed in such a way that it electrically isolates the PTC element from the external contacts in the event of major overloading that may lead to the destruction of the PTC element or to the burning of the circuit.
  • the connecting element which has a complicated structure, additionally serves as a plasma trap.
  • the international patent application WO 95/35577 discloses an electrical fuse which comprises a series circuit of a disc-shaped PTC element with a fusible element of a printed circuit.
  • the ceramic PTC element is conductively connected on one side of a substrate, which carries the printed circuit, by means of clamping contacts, the fusible conductor in the form of the printed fusible element being arranged on the rear side of the substrate.
  • the PTC element is intended to be able to protect a downstream electrical circuit by means of fast and large resistance changes, within its reversible switching range.
  • the overload range of the PTC element is defined by a current flow of 10 - 40 A at a voltage of 600 V.
  • the extremely quick-acting fusible link is intended to effect complete electrical isolation of the circuit in order to protect the PTC element against burning and/or explosion.
  • the arrangement of the individual elements and the structure of the circuit with the contact-making of the PTC element do not permit efficient manufacture of the circuit, tight limits being imposed on miniaturization due to the size that the ceramic PTC element is required to have for a low standard resistance.
  • the critical range with probable destruction of the PTC element is covered by a suitably rated fusible conductor.
  • the PTC element operates as a temperature-controlled resistor continuously and without any change in the predetermined properties in the switching mode.
  • the fusible conductors are rated in accordance with these PTC properties. If the standard resistance of a PTC element increases during operation, for example due to ageing phenomena, the point of electrical isolation required for safety reasons is shifted without it being possible to adapt the triggering behaviour of the fusible conductor.
  • each PTC element has a significantly greater sluggishness than a fusible link with a slow-acting characteristic.
  • An electrical fuse according to the invention comprises a series circuit formed by a PTC element and a fusible conductor, an ageing-dictated change in the resistance of the PTC element being taken into account.
  • a PTC element already has a rising standard resistance after running through the reversible switching interval several times. With the same current flow, heat is thus produced to an increasing extent.
  • Close thermal coupling, according to the invention, of the fusible conductor to the PTC element sets the thermal operating point of the fusible conductor in accordance with the specifications by the PTC element.
  • the switching behaviour of the fuse element is influenced to an entirely essential degree.
  • the fusible conductor thus triggers, given a high temperature of the PTC element, as early as when there are slight additional, even extremely brief instances of overloading or overload spikes.
  • the PTC element reacts too sluggishly for most applications and therefore does not afford adequate protection. Even at a time way before a temperature which is critical for the PTC element has been reached, this very sluggish behaviour can lead to overloading of the downstream electrical circuit and to damage thereof.
  • the thermal coupling, according to the invention, of the fusible conductor to the PTC element makes it possible to replace the characteristic of the PTC element which is too sluggish in the high current range by the characteristic of the fusible conductor. This results in a novel fuse characteristic whose properties can be set both by the PTC element and by the fusible conductor. This novel behaviour of a fuse according to the invention will be explained in detail below with reference to a sketched family of characteristic curves.
  • the close thermal coupling between the PTC element and the fusible conductor is brought about by virtue of the fact that the fusible conductor forms a lead to a contact of the PTC element.
  • This provides not only direct electrical contact but also very good thermal contact.
  • a thermal equilibrium will be established in the region of the contact point between fusible conductor and PTC element, the said thermal equilibrium being critically determined by the heat loss of the PTC element. Consequently, the thermal operating point of the fusible conductor is set by the PTC element.
  • the fusible conductor may advantageously be designed as a wire or flat wire.
  • a fusible wire of the kind already used in tried and tested fusible links.
  • a bonding wire as the fusible conductor, by means of which an external contact is electrically conductively connected to a contact of the PTC element.
  • the tasks of making contact with the PTC element and providing a fusible conductor are both fulfilled in this way, the proposed type of contact-making being additionally distinguished by the capability of expansion compensation between its contact points. The significance of this property becomes clear particularly in connection with Claim 9.
  • an electrically conductive layer can also be used as the fusible conductor, in order to form a lead to a contact of the PTC element. So that they are adapted to the task of a fusible conductor, such electrically conductive layers have a constriction at at least one point, which constriction is interrupted when the fusible link is triggered.
  • the constriction can be thermally closely coupled by an appropriate proximity to the PTC element.
  • the fuse element and the PTC element are arranged on the same side of a substrate carrying the entire arrangement. This simplifies the insulation and/or partitioning of the entire fuse arrangement from its surroundings, as well as production.
  • the fusible conductor can also be formed as a thick-film conductor.
  • the advantages of such an embodiment become evident particularly when a pasty PTC compound is used, since in this case it is possible to manufacture the entire electrical fuse with its combined elements uniformly as a thick-film circuit.
  • the thermal coupling between PTC element and fusible conductor is especially intensified by virtue of the fact that the fusible conductor is arranged on the PTC element.
  • the fusible conductor is situated on a connection electrode of the PTC element, in particular.
  • the fusible conductor is borne directly by a PTC element metallization layer serving as contact area, the fusible conductor, with the exception of a connection point, being electrically isolated from the PTC element and/or the metallization layer by an electrically insulating layer.
  • the electrically insulating layer can be very thin, with the result that the thermal resistance between the PTC element and the fusible conductor is extremely low.
  • the contact located opposite the connection area of the fuse element is designed as a termination area on the electrically insulating layer.
  • At least one external connection element in particular a connection leg in wire form, is fastened to the termination area. Consequently, a fuse according to the invention is suitable directly for fitting in customary circuit boards of electrical circuits with holes.
  • fitting in known housing designs matched to the IEC standard contact grid is also possible, with contact-making of the housing connections on the termination areas.
  • the PTC element is composed of a polymer material. This material is distinguished by an extreme change in resistance with temperature. The change in resistance is caused by temperature-dictated thermal expansion. In order to compensate for this expansion movement, the use of a fusible conductor in wire form is preferred with contact-making in the main expansion direction. However, permanent contact-making perpendicular to the main expansion direction is also possible. This feature is explained below using an exemplary embodiment.
  • An electrical fuse according to the invention is also advantageously possible by the contact-making of a ceramic PTC element, or of a PTC element formed by a sintered body, in the manner described.
  • a ceramic PTC element or of a PTC element formed by a sintered body, in the manner described.
  • barium titanate (BaTiO 3 ) as the PTC element in a fuse according to the invention, as a result of which the properties of such a fuse are distinctly improved in relation to comparable fuses according to the prior art.
  • an electrical fuse according to the invention can be reduced to such an extent that it can be embodied as an SMD-mountable element.
  • a fuse according to the invention has been created which can be integrated without any problems in modern production and mounting processes in a manner conforming to automatic machines.
  • the fusible conductor is constructed in such a way that a diffusion process can proceed during operation. That leads to a turn-off behaviour of the fusible conductor which is more slow-acting than quick-acting fuses.
  • a layer of tin is electrodeposited for this purpose on the fusible conductor, which layer diffuses from the surface to a point within the fusible conductor, as a function of the temperature.
  • Fig. 1 shows, as a sketched example, a characteristic curve of an electrical fuse comprising a series circuit formed by a PTC element and a thermally coupled fusible conductor.
  • the characteristic curves of a PTC element and of a fusible conductor of a fuse are plotted as switching time t against current intensity I in this illustration, with a logarithmic scale on both axes.
  • the characteristic curve of the PTC element is situated before the characteristic curve of the fusible conductor of a fuse in the region of low currents. In the region of higher currents, the characteristic curves finally converge at a point of intersection.
  • the region of permanent and complete electrical isolation Situated to the right of the point of intersection is the region of permanent and complete electrical isolation, in which, when the temperature of the PTC element has already undergone a severe increase, the fusible conductor performs electrical isolation of the circuit in order to afford protection against damage which may occur either on the PTC element, in a manner dictated by the temperature, or on the downstream circuit alone, as a result of the excessively sluggish switching behaviour of the PTC element.
  • the point of intersection as a boundary between the regions of reversible and electrical or irreversible isolation constitutes a fixed point only when the temperature of the PTC element is constant and thus the operating temperature of the fusible conductor of a fuse is constant.
  • a temperature of 125°C by way of example.
  • This point shifts with the entire fusible link characteristic curve on account of the close thermal coupling of the temperature of the PTC element in a manner corresponding to that illustrated by the arrows in Fig. 1. This also avoids operation of the PTC element in the critical current range.
  • Fig. 2 shows a perspective illustration of one embodiment of a fuse 1, which is formed from a series circuit comprising a PTC element 2 and a fusible conductor 3.
  • the fusible conductor 3, in the form of a wire 4 serves in this case as a lead from a contact 6, which passes to the outside, to a connection point 7 of the PTC element 2.
  • the PTC element 2 is preferably embodied as a polymer 8 with PTC properties.
  • the polymer 8 is distinguished by a preferred expansion direction 9. It is produced by various manufacturers as a polymer body 10 in sheet form, of which only a portion matched to the use is fitted in the fuse 1.
  • metallization layers 12 are applied to the portion of the polymer body 10 in sheet form, in planes perpendicular to the preferred expansion direction 9.
  • the upper metallization layer 12 forms the connection point 7 for the wire 4;
  • the lower metallization layer 12 is conductively connected to a second external contact 6, for example by means of an electrically conductive bonding layer 13 composed of a conductive adhesive or a solder paste.
  • the wire 4 runs free between the bonding layer 13 on the left-hand contact 6 and the metallization layer 12 of the polymer 8.
  • This region 14 can be filled with an arc-extinguishing or arc-inhibiting material inside a fuse housing (not illustrated further here). Not only guidance but also mechanical stabilization of the wire 4 can be formed as a result of this.
  • the wire 4 may also be replaced by a bonding wire in the case of a very high degree of miniaturization or in order to form a fusible link. On account of the thermal coupling, an extremely quick-acting characteristic of the fusible conductor is generally unnecessary.
  • the wire 3 On its surface, the wire 3 is provided with a coating which is made of tin and is preferably electrodeposited.
  • the wire 3 itself is composed for example of silver, copper or else gold.
  • the effect of the surface coating with tin is that during operation of the fusible conductor, a temperature-dependent diffusion process can proceed, as a result of which the turn-off behaviour of the wire becomes increasingly slower-acting in comparison with quick-acting fusible links.
  • a similar procedure presents itself with other fusible conductor designs as well.
  • FIG. 3 shows a perspective illustration of a further embodiment of a fuse according to the invention.
  • an electrically conductive layer 16 which has a constriction 18 at a location 17, has been applied to a substrate 15.
  • the conductive layer 16 formed in this way can be produced for example as a thick film using a screen printing method. Besides a printed circuit, a photochemically produced circuit board is alternatively conceivable for this application.
  • the external contacts 6 are electrodeposited or applied as sintered pastes on the substrate 15.
  • the conductive layer 16 extends from the left-hand contact 6 to a point shortly before the right-hand contact 6. Between the right-hand contact 6 and the conductive layer 16, the direct electrical connection is interrupted in a region 19.
  • the interruption region 19 is covered by a portion of the polymer body 10, in sheet form, of the PTC element 2, which, at one end, is conductively connected to the wide end of the layer 16 and, at the other end, is electrically conductively connected to the external contact 6. Consequently, a series circuit formed by a fusible conductor 3 and a PTC element 2 has once again been produced, in a further embodiment, between the two external contacts 6.
  • the fuse illustrated in Fig. 3 represents a prototype of an SMD-mountable element 20.
  • the process for producing such an element can be standardized by likewise applying the PTC element as a paste using a screen printing method or another thick-film method.
  • conventional standard PTC elements for example as portions of a polymer sheet 10.
  • Such polymer bodies 10 in sheet form are regularly provided with metallization layers 12 as contacts on both surfaces.
  • the contact area which would be connected to the fusible conductor 3 and to the external contact 6 is interrupted in order to avoid a short circuit in the region 19.
  • the current flows from the end of the fusible conductor 3 up to the contact 6 through the PTC element 2.
  • the dimensions of the fuses described may be small enough to enable the fuse arrangements described and illustrated in Figs 2 and 3, for example, to be fitted in known fuse housings, such as e.g. that of TR5® or of SM3®.
  • the fuses obtain an additional exterior protective hood. They are thus better screened against external influences and, at the same time, their surroundings are also effectively protected against escaping plasma in the event of disconnection of the fuse by the fusible conductor.
  • housings of this type are matched to the corresponding IEC contact grid spacings of the connections and are manufactured in large numbers as mass-produced articles.
  • FIGS. 4a and 4b Two views of a further embodiment of a fuse 1 are sketched in Figures 4a and 4b.
  • the fusible conductor 3 is arranged directly on the PTC elements 2, as a result of which a very intensive thermal coupling is established between the two circuit elements for the purpose of automatic adaptation of the fusible conductor operating point to ageing phenomena or standard resistance increases of the PTC element.
  • the PTC element 2 may be formed either by a ceramic or by a plastic body and simultaneously serves as a substrate for the fusible conductor 3.
  • the fuse will be constructed entirely without a substrate 15, in contrast e.g. to the design of Fig. 2.
  • the termination area 22 is electrically isolated from the metallization layer 12 and the material of the PTC element 2 by the insulating layer 23.
  • the metallization layer 12 with a cutout 24 for the insulating layer 23.
  • the layers are each very thin and can thus easily be arranged lying one over the other.
  • the termination area 22 also makes available, in addition to the second connection area 7 for the fusible conductor 3, an option for the electrically conductive fastening of an external connection element 25.
  • connection legs 26 in wire form have been chosen as connection elements 25, with the result that the fuse 1 can be inserted into circuit boards with holes.
  • the termination area 22 can also be designed in one piece with the fusible conductor 3, for example in the case of a flat-wire fusible conductor or a fusible conductor 3 in the form of a sheet-metal stamping.
  • the fastening and contact-making on the metallization layer 12 of the PTC elements 2 then proceed in the usual way.
  • the termination area 22 can be fastened for example by adhesive bonding on the electrically insulating layer 23, in which case the material of the insulating layer 23 itself may also serve as an adhesive.
  • Fig. 4b shows the embodiment of Fig. 4a in a side view, which reveals the simple structure of the fuse element 1.
  • the insertion of the insulating layer 23 produces a current path from a connection leg 26 through the PTC element 2 to the first connection point 7 of the fusible conductor 3, via the fusible conductor 3 to the second connection point 7 and to the termination area 22 and thus to the second connection leg 26.
  • the cutout 24 in the metallization layer 12 of the PTC element 2 the fusible conductor 3 and the PTC element 2 are electrically isolated from one another only by the relatively low thickness of the insulating layer 23. However, this small separation ensures the desired, good thermal coupling of the fusible conductor 3 with the PTC element 2.
  • the embodiment of Figs 4a, 4b can also be used without a separate housing, since the plasma liberated by the fusible conductor in the event of turn-off can be captured and thus cannot cause any damage to the surrounding circuit.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Fuses (AREA)
  • Glass Compositions (AREA)
  • Surgical Instruments (AREA)
  • Reciprocating, Oscillating Or Vibrating Motors (AREA)
  • Thermistors And Varistors (AREA)
EP97952885A 1996-12-05 1997-12-05 Electrical fuse Expired - Lifetime EP0943150B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE29621154U DE29621154U1 (de) 1996-12-05 1996-12-05 Elektrische Sicherung
DE29621154U 1996-12-05
PCT/EP1997/006807 WO1998025285A2 (en) 1996-12-05 1997-12-05 Electrical fuse

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0943150A2 EP0943150A2 (en) 1999-09-22
EP0943150B1 true EP0943150B1 (en) 2000-08-02

Family

ID=8032891

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP97952885A Expired - Lifetime EP0943150B1 (en) 1996-12-05 1997-12-05 Electrical fuse

Country Status (6)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0943150B1 (enExample)
JP (1) JP2001505709A (enExample)
CN (1) CN1138295C (enExample)
AT (1) ATE195199T1 (enExample)
DE (2) DE29621154U1 (enExample)
WO (1) WO1998025285A2 (enExample)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7532101B2 (en) 2002-04-25 2009-05-12 Tyco Electronics Raychem K.K. Temperature protection device

Families Citing this family (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE60136243D1 (de) 2000-04-26 2008-12-04 Littlefuse Ireland Dev Company Thermisch geschützter Varistor auf Basis eines Metalloxids
JP2001319803A (ja) * 2000-05-09 2001-11-16 Marcon Electronics Co Ltd 電圧非直線性抵抗器
KR20080041636A (ko) * 2005-08-04 2008-05-13 타이코 일렉트로닉스 레이켐 케이. 케이. 전기 복합 소자
US8937524B2 (en) 2009-03-25 2015-01-20 Littelfuse, Inc. Solderless surface mount fuse
DE102011056577C5 (de) * 2011-12-19 2015-02-19 Sma Solar Technology Ag Schaltungsanordnung zur Unterdrückung eines bei einem Schaltvorgang auftretenden Lichtbogens
KR20150106416A (ko) * 2013-01-11 2015-09-21 타이코 일렉트로닉스 저팬 지.케이. 보호 소자
DE102016205691A1 (de) * 2016-04-06 2017-10-12 Tridonic Jennersdorf Gmbh LED-Modul in Chip-on-Board-Technologie
EP3244436A1 (de) * 2016-05-10 2017-11-15 EBG Elektronische Bauelemente GmbH Hochleistungswiderstand mit schichtwiderstand und schmelzsicherung
US10978267B2 (en) * 2016-06-20 2021-04-13 Eaton Intelligent Power Limited High voltage power fuse including fatigue resistant fuse element and methods of making the same
DE102016220058A1 (de) * 2016-10-14 2018-04-19 Continental Automotive Gmbh Schaltungsanordnung mit einer Schmelzsicherung, Kraftfahrzeug und Verfahren zum Herstellen der Schaltungsanordnung
CN107799501B (zh) * 2017-11-08 2020-01-10 电安科技（嘉兴）有限公司 保险丝保护的瞬态电压抑制器
DE202018101537U1 (de) * 2018-03-20 2019-06-27 Tridonic Jennersdorf Gmbh Elektronische Baugruppe mit automatischer Schutzfunktion gegen überhöhte Temperaturen
WO2021101800A1 (en) * 2019-11-21 2021-05-27 Littelfuse, Inc. Circuit protection device with ptc device and backup fuse

Family Cites Families (7)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4413301A (en) * 1980-04-21 1983-11-01 Raychem Corporation Circuit protection devices comprising PTC element
DE8908139U1 (de) * 1989-07-04 1989-10-12 Siegert GmbH, 8501 Cadolzburg Sicherungselement in Bauelementen der Dickschichttechnik
DE4143095C1 (en) * 1991-12-27 1993-04-08 Roederstein Spezialfabriken Fuer Bauelemente Der Elektronik Und Kondensatoren Der Starkstromtechnik Gmbh, 8300 Landshut, De Electrical building block, for simplicity and reliability - comprises resistor in series with melt fuse and connection element forming protective wall section, fixed on substrate with silicone adhesive
DE4219304C2 (de) * 1992-06-12 1994-03-31 Roederstein Kondensatoren Zuverlässiges Überstrom-Schutzbauteil mit geringem Platzbedarf und einfachem Aufbau
DE4222278C1 (de) * 1992-07-07 1994-03-31 Roederstein Kondensatoren Verfahren zur Herstellung elektrischer Dickschichtsicherungen
WO1995035577A2 (en) * 1994-06-22 1995-12-28 Littelfuse, Inc. Improved dual element circuit protection device
JP3067011B2 (ja) * 1994-11-30 2000-07-17 ソニーケミカル株式会社 保護素子及びその製造方法

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7532101B2 (en) 2002-04-25 2009-05-12 Tyco Electronics Raychem K.K. Temperature protection device

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CN1240050A (zh) 1999-12-29
DE29621154U1 (de) 1998-04-02
EP0943150A2 (en) 1999-09-22
ATE195199T1 (de) 2000-08-15
WO1998025285A2 (en) 1998-06-11
JP2001505709A (ja) 2001-04-24
CN1138295C (zh) 2004-02-11
DE69702719D1 (de) 2000-09-07
WO1998025285A3 (en) 1998-08-20
DE69702719T2 (de) 2000-11-23

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