EP0918921B1 - Tunnelling process and device - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a tunneling method starting from the working face in the driving direction, a bearing layer being laid as the working face progresses and then carried away together with the debris. The inventive system includes at the front an excavating tool capable of removing broken rock up to a certain width and a certain height, and an advancing device for moving forward and steering the system, and a control and setting device for controlling and regulating the operation of the excavating tool and the advancing device.

Description

The invention relates to a method and an apparatus in Tunnel construction according to the preambles of the independent claims. Such a method and such a device are known from EP 0 557 805 A1. They are used when a tunnel is in a mountain to be driven, the soil parameters of which are limited Let life expect. The word "tunnel" is included generally understood. It relates to advancements Tubes of any kind, for example more or less horizontal running road tunnels or canals, but also caverns and Cavities.

To in the above The situation of being able to build tunnels must be prevented be that a discount just created before bringing in a fuse fails or loose rocks from the Fall into the tunnel wall. Known methods for this are the shotcrete construction and the mechanical tunneling with and without shield construction.

In shotcrete construction, excavation is carried out or partial cutting machines. Deformation of the tunnel tube immediately after opening a tee approved, so that resistance to deformation in the form of a Tragring be woken up. This support ring surrounds the cavity and prevents further hiking in the mountains Cavity into it. However, the deformation must not be so great be that there is a loosening by a Overuse comes. A thin shotcrete fuse limits the deformation by increasing it with deformation like a spring of deformation an increasing resistance opposes. The main scope of the Shotcrete construction is the hard rock. This can be minor can be cracked but also heavily cracked and softened. Cohesive and rolling loose rock are possible Applications.

With mechanical tunneling with shield construction the mining system works with mechanical tools. there can use the tools in the form of a full cut machine Cutting wheel or scraper the entire excavation area edit at the same time. When using as Partial cutting machine is the face in several attacks ablated. The shield construction is one with the Tunnel machine moving protection under their protection Mountain protection is installed. Tunnel machines with Shield construction and cutting wheel are included in the loose rock stable face applied while the machines with Scraper disc used when the face is not stable come. The partial cutting machine is used when the face is stable applied.

The excavation of the face in mechanical tunneling without Shield construction takes place as with mechanical tunneling with shield construction. The machine is in use braced on the surrounding mountains. The backup work take place separately from the advance at a later point in time. This machine is used in hard rock.

The shotcrete construction has the following disadvantage:

Safety at work:

After opening a tee, the workers are in the unsecured area and are particularly at risk. Because of the large rebound and dust build-up in the Applying the shotcrete will make the workers significant Exposed to health problems.

Costs:

Since the shotcrete is not fully used due to the rebound when it is brought in, this process results in high material costs.
Any necessary preliminary safeguards generate additional costs, since these cannot be used for the later load-bearing capacity of the shotcrete shell.

Staff:

Well-trained personnel are required for the execution, that is rarely available today.

Building speed:

Because the tunneling and shotcrete protection one after the other the processes cannot be synchronized become. Therefore, the construction speed is slow.

Load capacity:

Static evidence for the construction status is difficult to provide. In the case of short downtimes, the cross section is divided into several Partial outbreaks. This increases the settlement.

The mechanical tunneling with shield construction has the following disadvantages:

Because the tunnel machine is a one-off production for the respective Tunnel geometry and geology, it is often only for one Order can be used and therefore causes high costs. Because of high installation costs is the shield machine for construction short tunnel not economical. It can only Circular cross sections are opened. The minimal one Tunnel cross-section for a given clearance profile is only in Exceptional circular, so that additional costs due to More outbreaks occur. Changed tunnel cross sections in Longitudinal tunnel direction (e.g. for parking bays in road construction or Railway stations in subway construction) cannot with the machine be brought up.

In addition to the disadvantages of mechanical tunneling with shield construction, the machine without shield construction has the following disadvantage:
Since the securing is only released after a time delay from the driving, it is difficult to react to changing mountain conditions. If safety work has to be carried out in the machine area, the advance is hindered. There is also a risk of the machine being spilled.

A tunnel digging device is known from EP-A-0557805. It digs a slot in the circumferential direction of the tunnel is filled with concrete. There are individual truncated cones closed rings that eventually formed are nested.

A tunnel construction method is known from DE 16 58 769. This is done using a broach from the mountains an annular gap on the boundary line of the cut-out profile excavated and preferably immediately after excavation fast-curing concrete backfilled, what within the Concrete rings the core excavation and the control takes place. The boundary surface of the individual nested ring columns can have the shape of truncated cone surfaces.

The object of the invention is a method and an apparatus in tunneling specify which is the faster, less expensive and safer driving a tunnel into the mountain allow.

This task is accomplished with the features of the independent claims solved. Dependent claims are on preferred embodiments directed of the invention.

Fig. 1A, B

eine Ausführungsform, die nicht Teil der geschützten Erfindung ist;

Fig. 2A - C

schematisch einzelne Schritte eines Verfahrens, das in dieser Allgemeinheit nicht Teil der geschützten Erfindung ist;

Fig. 3 - 5

teilweise schematisch erfindungsgemäße und bevorzugte Ausführungsformen des Verfahrens;

Fig. 6

eine Vorrichtung, mit der das beschriebene Verfahren ausgeführt werden kann;

Fig. 7

eine weitere Vorrichtung, mit der das beschriebene Verfahren ausgeführt werden kann;

Fig. 8

eine weitere Vorrichtung, mit der das beschriebene Verfahren ausgeführt werden kann;

In the following, with reference to the drawings, embodiments according to the invention and related embodiments will be described and shown

1A, B

an embodiment which is not part of the protected invention;

2A-C

schematically individual steps of a method that is not part of the protected invention in this generality;

3 - 5

partially schematic and preferred embodiments of the method according to the invention;

Fig. 6

a device with which the described method can be carried out;

Fig. 7

a further device with which the described method can be carried out;

Fig. 8

a further device with which the described method can be carried out;

In Fig. 1A is the schematic and not to scale tunnel 10 to be driven vertically parallel to the longitudinal axis, in Fig. 1B cut several times perpendicular to the longitudinal axis shown. The tunnel 10 is driven into the mountains 11, 12. At 11 is the mountains surrounding the tunnel, at 12 that material to be removed soon. Reference number 13 denotes an artificial support layer made of a stable one Material like concrete. At 14, the device according to the invention (Slot machine), 15 is one of the Slot machine 14 created slot, 16 the working face, 17 the Securing the tunnel.

(1) Beginnend an der Ortsbrust 16 wird im zu sichernden Bereich des zu grabenden Tunnels ein Schlitz 15 erstellt, der sich etwa in Umfangs- und Vorschubrichtung des Tunnels 10 erstreckt (Pfeile A und B in Fig. 2A) und dessen Dicke in etwa in Radialrichtung (Pfeil C) liegt. Der Schlitz 15 erstreckt sich in Umfangsrichtung zumindest über den zu sichernden Bereich und in Tunnelvorschubrichtung so weit, wie dies verschiedene Bau- und/oder Maschinenparameter zulassen. Im erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren läuft der Schlitz vollständig um den Tunnelumfang herum. Der Schlitz liegt in dem Bereich, in dem die spätere. Sicherung 17 zu liegen kommt

(2) Der gegrabene Schlitz 17 wird mit einem tragfähigem Material, vorzugsweise schnell abbindendem Beton, verfüllt und wird so zu einer Stützschicht 13.

(3) Danach wird die Ortsbrust 16 im Schutz der Stützschicht 13 abgebaut und gegebenenfalls eine weitere Sicherung 17 eingebaut.

(4) Es schließt sich dann abermals die Abfolge der Schritte (1) bis (3) an.

The method has the following steps, they are shown schematically in FIGS. 2A to 2C:

(1) Starting at the face 16, a slot 15 is created in the area of the tunnel to be excavated, which slot extends approximately in the circumferential and feed directions of the tunnel 10 (arrows A and B in FIG. 2A) and its thickness approximately Radial direction (arrow C). The slot 15 extends in the circumferential direction at least over the area to be secured and in the tunnel advance direction as far as various construction and / or machine parameters allow. In the method according to the invention, the slot runs completely around the circumference of the tunnel. The slot is in the area where the later. Fuse 17 comes to rest

(2) The trenched slot 17 is filled with a load-bearing material, preferably quick-setting concrete, and thus becomes a support layer 13.

(3) The face 16 is then removed in the protection of the support layer 13 and, if necessary, a further fuse 17 is installed.

(4) The sequence of steps (1) to (3) then follows again.

With steps (1) to (4) that is Procedures in tunnel construction described. With him it becomes a Slit 15 made in advance. This slot is with a load-bearing material such as concrete. Under protection the resulting support layer 13 becomes the tunnel 10 advanced. If you only pay attention to that Methods of building the support layer 13 would only be the steps (1) and (2) to consider, where appropriate, repeated would be executed. If you only consider the procedure for Production of the slot 15 is only the possibly repeated Execution of step (1) relevant.

The method is particularly advantageous Tunnels are used in which the rock through which through which the tunnel is driven is such that on on one side a possibly face is exposed, on the other hand, the strength is not so great that the tunnel can only be opened by blasting.

The procedure is for changing geometries and geologies applicable. The workers work in the protection of the leading ones Fuse. The health burden on workers conventional processes are reduced. The procedure enables propulsion with smaller deformations and thus less damage to the surface of the site. If the Support layer was designed so that it for the Load capacity of the tunnel tube can be taken into account inner fuse to be subsequently installed (17 in FIG. 1A) be interpreted weakly or disappear entirely, resulting in a leads to significant cost advantages. In the course of the tunneling can different tunnel cross-sectional shapes and / or areas getting produced. It only has to be the one Support layer producing device 14 accordingly can be controlled.

The following are further features, variants and further developments of the method described above.

The dimensioning and positioning of the digging and digging filling slot 15 - and thus the resulting Support layer 13 - depends on various parameters. In FIGS. 1 and 2 show embodiments in which the slot 15 extends only over part of the tunnel circumference. This can be useful if due to local geological Faults only parts of the tunnel need to be secured. The slot 15 is then made so that the support layer 13 after breaking off the underlying rock viable support finds. According to the slot however, all the way round, this is shown schematically in FIG. 3 shown. This possibility can e.g. be chosen if the tunnel is to be excavated in a rock which in conventional methods of a radial circumferential fuse requirement. A closed all-round support layer is then created 13, hereinafter called the support ring, which is not a singular one Support needed, but lies flat.

The slot 15 for receiving the support layer 13 is leading manufactured and follows the planned tunnel contour. According to the invention it follows a helix or rings. The The pitch of the helix corresponds to the machining width the slot machine. The slot or the support layer can be inclined on the tunnel contour so that it is at the top in the tunnel advance direction are further forward than below (Fig. 4B). This Then the inclination to the vertical also experiences emerging face so that it is less at risk of collapse is. The angle of inclination is dependent on rock parameters selected.

The helix can be especially in the case of the inclined Face 16 optimized from different points of view be, especially from the point of view of Machine construction and stability of the face 16.

In the simplest case for the machine, it is designed so that the change in the curvature of the helix inside of a circulation due to the soil conditions (Rock parameters) predetermined face slope minimized becomes. This will meet the mobility requirements Machine lower.

You can also from the standpoint of stability Face to be optimized. Due to the rock parameters, the inclination required for the stability of the face specified. This also gives the location of the farthest point in front of the in the respective circulation manufacturing support layer. The shortest connection between the furthest point and furthest back would be a point in the development of the helix Just. The edge curve resulting from this path has a minimal curvature on the sides of the tunnel and thus leads to a face with an almost constant incline maximum stability.

The vertices of the movement do not have to be on the roof and the bottom of the tunnel.

A closed ring is in contrast to a helix also possible (Fig. 4C).

By varying the slot width (tee width) during of a revolution can be curved in the course of the tunnel become. To do this, either the machine's tee width enlarged, reduced or with a constant tee width The machine becomes part of the one manufactured in the previous round Support layer removed again by the machine.

The material excavated during the manufacture of the slot suitable facilities for the face transported. If necessary, an outbreak of Face generated. The outbreak can be done with the slit manufacturing machine 14 and run by yourself or a separate device. By the outbreak the material, energy and signal transport takes place.

The first retraction of the slot Device 14 in the rock can be conventional manufactured face 16 for example simply from the Loading area of a transport device, e.g. B. a truck if the machine is only there finds an abutment. She works from there into that Rock into it, then works towards the tunnel circumference and starts its regular work there.

The slot 15 is preferably filled with concrete immediately after the slot was dug. It can Concrete either from the face or from the back of the the slot making machine into the free slot be promoted. Fast curing concrete can be used it sets within seconds.

In this context it should be noted that above There is talk of concrete, but also other materials can be used provided they are in their essential Parameters (e.g. initially mouldable, then pressure-resistant) of concrete resemble.

Should the manufactured support layer for the load-bearing capacity of the later tunnels, the support layer on the Location of the tunnel contour. Others leading Securing conventional tunnel construction, such as pledging boards or skewers that did not support the future tunnel contribute, can be omitted.

The concrete placed in the slot binds within a few Seconds and is additionally supported by a moving formwork held so that it did not break through the tunnel flows.

With circumferential support rings 13, the tunnel 10 can then are continuously advanced, for example in the way that the working face 16 each in its front of the slot manufacturing machine 14 located sector is mined.

The face can be used with conventional excavators or with a partial cutting machine. The dismantling runs with it the production of the support layer or the support ring synchronously, however timed so that the breakdown of the face in Protection of the support body expires. This may be necessary be divided into several parts and to move the excavator spatially. Perhaps required overlaps for the supply facility of the Slitting machine can be made with the dismantling of the working face become.

The face can be dismantled in the tunneling direction up to shortly before or exactly at the front edge of the manufactured Support layer take place (Fig. 5A). But it can also, for example depending on the rock, are driven a little further (Fig. 5B), however, no more than 40% of the working width of the slot manufacturing device 14. Then it is not necessary to the slot making machine 14 via an outbreak supply. Rather, their end on the face is then visible and more or less freely accessible.

A device is described below, which for Execution of individual of the above-mentioned process steps can be used. It can be used as a single device or as several, more or less independently working Devices be trained. Referring to Fig. 6, one first embodiment described.

The device has various components: On its The material-removing tool 61 is located on the end face, behind it is a device 62 with which the removed material is conveyed from the slot. Moreover it has a locomotion device 68, 71, possibly one Concreting device 64 and a control unit 65.

The material-removing tool 61 is preferably controllable movably connected to the machine 14 so that it is used in all Generation of the slot 15 necessary directions pivoted or can be moved. Possibly. can the device be a Sealing device 66 having the area of Slot generation from the area of the locomotive and the slot filling separates.

The tool can be designed so that it is able to to produce a slot 15, which over the entire Slot width, or part of it, is thicker than that too creating support layer 13 previous circulation manufactured support layer An overlap creates an access 81 from the slot to the room in front of the Working face. This access is used to supply the machine with media, the removal of the removed material and the Articulation by the arm 72 allows.

With a suitable choice of tool, for example one Snail, can be generated by means of the overcut Access 81 the removed material directly into the room in front of the Face are promoted. For example, the overlap in the middle of the abrasive tools, he produces one Deepening towards the inside of the tunnel through which Supply lines can be routed.

Alternatively, the access can also be made by means of an arm 72 attached tool can be generated.

The feed force for the tool 61 is via the Transfer linkage 67 to the tool. The reaction force must be from the unit, which is also the locomotion of the machine allows to be taken over. A preferred embodiment is the absorption of the reaction force and the movement of the Machine as a whole by means of an arm 72 (Fig. 7) which of a carrier 73 standing in front of the working face goes out and is moved. The supply lines can also be connected via this arm 72 from and to the machine in the slot. An articulation of the tool unit 14 on the arm 72 enables one Movement in all directions, regardless of the movement of the carrier device 73.

The device can be integrated or separately provided Concreting device for filling the trenched slot 13 exhibit with concrete. Below is the integrated Embodiment described. The concreting device 64 exists among other things from a concreting screed 69, which the device separates from the slot already filled with concrete. To one Bond between the concrete and the rock to be removed later to prevent, as well as to reduce the face to the Area under the support layer currently under construction enable, can on the later inside of the support ring a formwork 70 are dragged. This is in Fig. 6 shown schematically.

A nozzle is preferably used to pour the concrete provided up to which the components of the concrete dry be promoted. At the nozzle, water and possibly Additives added.

The concreting device can also have a separately provided conventional facility.

A preferred embodiment of the material-removing Tools 61 is a milling device. It can consist of several Units exist. The units that flank the Point machine, mill both on the front side and on the circumference. The router pointing towards the already made support ring secures by profiling it a good bond between the fresh concrete and the set. The one in the tunneling direction pointing milling head is in this direction displaceable. This is a widening of the slot possible. By varying the slot width over the course of a Circumnavigation is cornering or ascending or descending the Tunnels possible. At least one other milling cutter that is only on The circumferential milling can also be moved in the longitudinal direction of the tunnel and ensures that together with the other two Material removal across the entire required slot width.

Another preferred embodiment of the material-removing Tools are two counter-rotating cutters, their axes of rotation are approximately radial to the tunnel axis. They offer the advantage that they have minimal reaction forces across Generate machine longitudinal direction and with a suitable direction of rotation can also serve as a conveyor unit.

Another preferred embodiment is a snail. This is also able not only to remove but also also promote. In connection with a screw geometry, the one on the side facing the existing tunnel Generated overcut, the removed material can be directly in front the face is encouraged.

Other conceivable designs are on chains, rotating cutting tools, screws or discs. The material-removing tool 61 is a suitable (not shown) drive, for example a hydraulic, Electric motor in the immediate vicinity of the tool, driven.

The material-removing tool produces across its width a continuous processing front. In action the tool width generally extends roughly parallel to the tunneling direction. Management and suspension of the Tools do not protrude from this processing front on any side. The supply lines 67 are therefore in laterally areas, but from the bottom (in Flange facing the inside of the tunnel).

The material discharge can be with or without a transport medium respectively. Air and water are preferred transport media. Possible mechanical conveyors are e.g. Brushing or Snails.

In a further preferred embodiment, the Opposing force generated by the machine body 14 itself, which over supports suitable devices 68 in the surrounding soil. The The device according to the invention then works mechanically decoupled from devices in front of the working face. Only the feed and Derivatives are still necessary. The support can be over Hydraulic presses or struts (anchors) take place. Through the Using several links for support can help propulsion the machine from the feed on the tool.

This enables continuous degradation. From the tense The main body of the device is the tool 61 to the front pushed. This feed can be hydraulic, pneumatic or motorized devices.

The machine is preferably supported so that it Face 16 not burdened in a way that the Stability of the working face endangered. It can turn sideways against the already produced support layer 13 and the mountain 11 support or up and down against the mountains brace or back against the concrete support or in a combination of the above Possibilities.

An embodiment is also possible in which the required Driving forces and forces for moving the machine in one Combination of support in the mountain and the linkage from the outside be applied.

The machine is divided into several segments. These segments are allowed at a height of the machine of approx. 200 mm in a 250 mm thick slot in a tunnel with approx. 6000 mm diameter up to about 1000 mm long. The processing width of the The machine is approx. 1 m - 2 m.

The feed segment consists of at least two links are interconnected with lifting devices 71. By alternate tensioning and loosening of the individual links the machine moves forward like a worm.

The lifting devices 71 can, for example, four hydraulic cylinders his. By extending the single cylinder, the links of the feed segment be tilted against each other. This means getting around in any spatial direction, especially along the circumference of the tunnel, possible.

In the preferred embodiment is with its own propulsion the production of a synchronous to the generation of the slot additional shaft conceivable. The shaft runs parallel to the helix of the slot and is towards the tunnel axis added. The supply lines can be found in this shaft be performed. To a certain extent, that makes it possible Decouple the manufacture of the leading fuse from Dismantling the face.

The machine can prevent material from entering, especially in the Area of the locomotion device 68, 71, are secured. This is done, for example, with the help of a cover, the Shape and length can be changed so that they are the Length change or twisting of the machine in the construction process adapts, for example by folding or in the form of a Sheets that are adjusted by a rolling mechanism.

A heavy crawler excavator basic device can be used as the carrier device 73 be used. If the device because of the large weight can not stand on the young sole concrete, the sole is after creating the slit again and again with excavated material filled.

The device can be modified so that both Removal tool and, depending on the process, the wiring harness or the arm 72 for the slot machine 14 can be attached can.

So that the carrier device at any point before the Face 16 can stand and the slot machine 14 and the Demolition of the working face is geometrically independent of each other can be carried out, the removal tool (75) alternatively on both sides of the arm (42) to the slitting machine can be connected.

A shotcrete device can be placed on the carrier device 73 be provided with the help of a Water ingress or failure of the face one quick backup can be applied.

Alternatively, a follower 81 can be provided as the carrier unit that is supported on the circumference of the existing tunnel. On this follower is the arm 72 which guides the machine and possibly pushes, attached. The arm can extend all over Move scope.

The back-up consists of one in the feed direction movable steel frame 82, which is the respective Adapts tunnel cross-section. This is done with steel profiles different radii, which are extended with lifting devices become.

A platform 83, its position, is provided in the trailer can be changed in all directions in the tunnel. On you can have excavators or partial cutters that work with With the help of this lifting device all areas, even large ones Reach tunnel cross sections.

The trailer can do the job of resistance to expansion take over as long as the supporting material (e.g. concrete) in the Support layer 13 has set but not yet its full Has achieved sustainability.

As a reference for the control of the machine can in the Concrete shell using a suitable formwork a groove are manufactured. This groove then serves the machine in the next Circulation as a reference point.

The locomotive of the slitting machine 14 takes place when it is works independently of a carrier, either remote controlled or fully automatic. The remote control can For example, by a worker who is in front of the Standing face observes the progress of work and accordingly via a wired or wireless Remote control the slot machine 14 moves. at fully automatic locomotion must be a suitable one Navigation system can be provided, based on which the Slot machine 14 can orient in space. As a technical Tools for measurement and control technology come among others Gyro devices, laser devices, optical components for use of laser light or inclinometer in question

Claims (6)

1. Method for constructing tunnels in which a tunnel starting from the -working face is driven in the advancing direction and a supporting layer is brought in such that it is made in an advancing manner by firstly providing a slot at the location of the future supporting layer and thereafter filling it with a material capable of bearing a load, particularly concrete, and advancing the tunnel protected by the supporting layer, wherein starting from the working face a supporting layer is produced that fully surrounds the tunnel circumference,
   characterized in that,
   in producing the supporting layer a helix is followed, the helix having a pitch of about the processing width of the device producing the slot.
2. Method for constructing tunnels, particularly according to claim 1, in which a tunnel starting from the working face is driven in the advancing direction and a supporting layer is brought in such that it is made in an advancing manner by firstly providing a slot at the location of the future supporting layer and thereafter filling it with a material capable of bearing a load, particularly concrete, and advancing the tunnel protected by the supporting layer, wherein starting from the working face a supporting layer is produced that fully surrounds the tunnel circumference,
   characterized in that,
   in one turn of the supporting layer the top part is, in advancing direction, more forward than the bottom part, and the supporting layer is made in a non overlapping manner in radial direction by a plurality of surrounding support rings such that subsequent supporting rings abut only in advancing direction.
3. Method according to claim 1 or 2,
   characterized in that,
   making the supporting layer and advancing the tunnel are made partially simultaneously.
4. Apparatus for constructing tunnels, comprising a forward, material removing tool (61) capable of removing material over a certain width and a certain height in a plurality of directions by means of its linkage,
   moving means (63, 67, 68, 71, 72, 73) provided behind the material removing tool (61) for advancing and directing the apparatus, and
   a control means controlling the operation of the material removing tool and of the moving means,
   characterized in that,
   the moving means (63, 67, 68, 71) comprises a means (68) for bracing the apparatus into the surrounding ground, and the control means is adapted to implement the method according to one of the claims 1 to 3.
5. Apparatus according to claim 4,
   characterized by
   concreting means for filling the space made by the material removing tool (61) with concrete.
6. Apparatus according to claim 4 or 5,
   characterized in that,
   the width is smaller than 0.5 m, preferably smaller than 0.3 m.

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