EP0909440B1 - Stick for a string instrument bow and processes for its production - Google Patents

Abstract

PCT No. PCT/AT97/00148 Sec. 371 Date Jun. 2, 1999 Sec. 102(e) Date Jun. 2, 1999 PCT Filed Jul. 1, 1997 PCT Pub. No. WO98/01846 PCT Pub. Date Jan. 15, 1998In a stick (1) for a string instrument bow, comprising fiber-reinforced synthetic material and adapted for receiving a frog and for attaching hair thereto, the product of the mass of the stick (1) alone, in g, times the deflection (D) of the stick alone, which constitutes a measure of the stiffness, in mm, when the stick (1) is supported in its handle region at the stick end (at 3) on the outer side opposite the hair side and at a distance of 130 mm therefrom (at 4) on the hair side or inner side, and when a force (F) acts on the head end (5) corresponding to a mass of 300 g, is, for a violin and viola bow 1000 mm.g at the most, preferably 800 mm.g, for a violoncello bow 700 mm.g at the most, preferably 550 mm.g at the most, and for a double-bass bow 600 mm.g at the most, preferably 450 mm.g at the most, so as to obtain a light-weight, stiff bow for a modified playing technique.

Description

The invention relates to a rod for a bowed bow according to the preamble of claim 1 and a method for the production of such a rod according to the preamble of claim 15.

Usually bow poles including head for Bows of string instruments made from pernambuco wood; these selected woods must be stored properly for a long time and dried before the respective bow bar is created when performing the weight distribution, center of gravity and spring force are important. On the bow pole will be called a frog to complete the bow for the bow hair as well as the hair or the Cover (namely the bow hair) attached.

More recently, with regard to the restrictions the extraction of wood for bowed strings and on the time and costly sheet production from these Holz already made suggestions for the use of newer manufacturing technologies published, in particular for the bow rod fiber-reinforced plastic materials, such as carbon fiber materials, if necessary, using an internal rod core made of light material, such as balsa wood in particular should be, cf. for example WO 84/02792 and DE 40 14 894 A1. Even if with these known bow poles in to a certain extent an adjustment of the strength or but sound propagation properties through the choice of material was desired, although, unlike wooden poles, one Reproducibility should be ensured, so it was sought with the properties of the bow poles from the Plastic material as close as possible to that of the bow rods Wood to lie. This also applies to the bow according to WO 92/09068, whose rod consists essentially of a hollow plastic rod is formed, in which a preloaded via a threaded spindle Clamping element is housed. This allows the arch to be parallel biased to tension by the hair inside the rod be, but also the curvature the rod with the preload changes, but this changes for that Play when the hair on the strings of the stringed instrument is pressed, can adversely affect.

The idea underlying the invention is one in its Characteristics of arches deviating from conventional arches to provide new gameplay techniques instead of the traditional ones Imitate wooden arch or have the same properties if possible to achieve with the new material. It must be taken into account that with conventional arches, like examinations and have shown measurements, usually stiffness of the respective bow rod approximately proportional to the weight of the Rod is to be set so that the quotient of weight and Stiffness for the arches of different weights (or more precisely Bow rods) remains approximately the same.

In the investigations leading to the present invention was used as a measure of the rigidity of the bow rods Deformation, i.e. Bending, according to the following conditions used. It will be the respective bow pole - still without Hair and frog - at the end of the handle on the outside and in a distance of 130 mm clamped on the inside. At the head end there is a force corresponding to a weight load exercised by 300 g; accordingly, the bow rod becomes after deflected or bent below, and this deformation or deflection is measured and as a measure of the rigidity of the Bow rod used.

The results for conventional violin bows and viola bows were as follows, as shown in Table 1, and it can be seen that comparable product values (ie for bows of the same type) are always relatively close together. Bar weight [g] Deflection [mm] Deflection x weight [mm.g] Violin bow easy 33 42 1386 normal 39 35 1365 heavy 45 28 1260 Viola bow slightly 40 33 1320 normal 43 30th 1290 heavy 47 26 1222

Similar results were found for conventional cello bows and double bass bows, see Table 2. Bar weight [g] Deflection [mm] Deflection x weight [mm.g] Cello bow easy 45 27 1215 normal 52 19th 988 heavy 57 17th 969 Double bass bow light 57 16.5 940.5 normal 65 14 910 heavy 85 10th 850

The test length of the individual bow bars was a common one Bar length and in the case of the violin bow was 70 cm, in Case of the viola bow 69 cm, in the case of the cello bow 66 cm and in the case of the double bass bow 64 cm.

From Tables 1 and 2 above it can be seen that the more solid the bar of known arches, the stiffer the Bow pole is, with many playing techniques a high rigidity of the bow would be desirable, but not with should be accompanied by a correspondingly high mass of the bow; the high mass or the high weight of the bow means namely a certain moment of inertia, which occurs when changing the stroke direction and is disadvantageous in springbow techniques. An easy one However, the bow is relatively flexible again, i.e. he shows one relatively strong deflection, and one to achieve a Higher bow pressure required at higher volume leads to this Deflection to contact the string, hair and bow rod and thus too very unpleasant background noises.

The object of the invention is therefore in detail, in going out from the previous construction of bowed strings a lightweight as possible, nonetheless stiff To provide bow rod, which is particularly when using the Spring arch techniques enable improved playing. As The measure for this has, according to the above test results, the product of the mass of the bow rod times deflection, as defined above, has proven to be useful since it is a very characteristic quantity.

This object is achieved with regard to the bow rod by the features defined in claim 1 and with regard of the method of manufacture by the claim 15 specified measures solved.

Accordingly, the present bow rod provides that the product of the mass of the bare rod, in g, times the one Measure of the stiffness-forming deflection of the bare Bar, in mm, with the bar supported in the handle area at the rod end on the opposite side of the hair Outside and at a distance of 130 mm from it on the opposite Hair or inside, and when exposed a force at the head end corresponding to a mass of 300 g, in In case of a violin and viola bow at most 1000 mm.g, preferably at most 800 mm.g, in the case of a cello bow at most 700 mm.g, preferably at most 550 mm.g, and in Case of one Double bass bow at most 600 mm.g, preferably at most 450 mm.g. In particular, it has been aimed at new ways of playing proved to be favorable if the product mass times bending of the rod in the case of a violin and viola bow at most 600 mm.g, preferably about 450 to 500 mm.g, in the case of a cello bow at most 400 mm.g, preferably about 300 mm.g and in the case of a double bass bow is at most 350 mm.g, preferably about 250 mm.g.

With the present bow pole the above objective is achieved met in an advantageous manner and it is through the low mass given on the basis of the stated product values an easy, fast game with comparatively less Allows fatigue. Due to the lower deflection or higher Stiffness, on the other hand, can result in the bow being placed more firmly be made possible due to the higher rigidity of the Not even when the hair is pre-tensioned for pushing the bow rod or for a contact String / hair / bow rod comes. More on this is in detail perform that arch techniques do best leave if the bow used is light and the hair is only slightly biased. Playing loud against it requires a high pre-tension of the hair and therefore one relatively stiff arch, which in the usual execution is relatively heavy and is sluggish.

For this reason, it is usually the best possible Compromise sought, and the player will be executed according to the playing techniques necessary for a certain piece of music pre-tension the bow to different degrees.

The arches with the rod according to the invention stand out In addition to the low weight, the fact that always with played technically cheaper (relatively low) preload so that arch techniques can be easily carried out are, but nevertheless due to the high rigidity of one Forte legato game not for contact bow rod / hair / string is coming.

As mentioned, the bow rod according to the invention is on the one hand light, on the other hand still stiff, the specified product from mass times deflection a good handle for dimensioning the bow poles are there. The specific training of the The respective bow rod can be used by the plastics engineer based on the given or desired final Properties (mass, rigidity) without further notice, in particular through the choice of suitable materials and their Amounts used can be found. With regard to the intended lightweight training, it is particularly advantageous if the mass of the bare stick in the case of a violin and Viola bow at most 30 g, in the case of a cello bow at most 40 g and in the case of a double bass bow at most Is 50 g. On the other hand, it is aimed at particularly stiff training favorable if the deflection the rod in the case of a violin and viola bow at most 25 mm, in the case of a cello bow at most 15 mm and in the case of a double bass bow is at most 9 mm.

To achieve the desired lightweight and nonetheless, it also has stiff rod formation proven advantageous when around an elongated core, e.g. made of balsa wood or foam, around at least two layers of fiber-reinforced plastic material, preferably with different fiber directions are arranged.

For the pre-tensioning of the hair is also a stable one Connection of head and actual rod body important, and in this connection it is also favorable if the Head made of at least one around the fiber-reinforced plastic material at the end of the actual pole consists of fiber-reinforced plastic material. To be there To save weight, it is also an advantage if the messed around Plastic material layer of the head a cavity, which may be filled with light material such as foam is includes. However, the cavity inside the head can also be left empty. The around the plastic material of the Pole-wrapped layer made of fiber-reinforced Plastic material of the head also yields when empty Cavity, adequate pressure resistance, apart from the achieved extraordinarily strong, stable connection to Plastic material of the bar body.

For attaching the hair to an arch rod usually a wedge on the head in a corresponding one Recording room used, and such a recording room could the present rod in mind after the completion of the Bow rod can be incorporated. A head covering, about an ivory plate on the hair side on Head glued. The design described enables but advantageously a composite construction with prefabricated Sharing, and in this context it is therefore particularly favorable if the layer of plastic material turned around of the head with one provided on the hair side Use, leaving a receiving space for a wedge for fastening the hair, is firmly connected. It can the insert simply included the recording room. In this way is also the manufacture when laying down the fiber-reinforced Simplified plastic material layer for the head.

For attaching the tensioning device to the bow bar it is furthermore favorable with the present construction of the rod, if at the handle end of the bar in continuation of the core in the longitudinal direction of the bar and with continued wrapping with the Plastic material layers a bearing insert, preferably made of Plastic, is arranged, being in the plastic material and in Bearing insert a side, slot-shaped opening for the Attachment of a frog is released.

In the preferred manufacture of the present rod for a bow will be around an elongated core from a light material with the one for the rod to be manufactured suitable mass, e.g. made of foam or balsa wood, at least two layers of fiber reinforced plastic material laid around, and before this plastic material cured becomes a formation around the head end of the actual rod the head has at least one layer of fiber-reinforced plastic material, possibly including a head core Light material, put around, after which the plastic material of the Pole including head hardened together in a mold becomes. This way when using simple Manufacturing steps achieved an extraordinarily stable bond, so that the desired high rigidity of the invention Bow pole, when reaching a low mass, without difficulty becomes possible. It is also for attachment of the head using a cover finished head-forming insert useful if the head plastic material when inserting on a pre-made Plastic insert pressed in and fixed with it during curing is connected.

Fig.1 schematisch eine Prüfanordnung für Stangen von Streichinstrument-Bögen, um deren Verbiegung als Maß für die Steifigkeit unter reproduzierbaren Bedingungen festzustellen;

Fig.2 in einer Ansicht, teilweise aufgeschnitten, das Kopfende einer erfindungsgemäßen Bogenstange;

Fig.3 einen Querschnitt durch dieses Kopfende, gemäß der Linie III-III in Fig.2;

Fig.4 in einer teilweise aufgeschnittenen Ansicht das Griffende der Bogenstange, etwa gemäß Fig.2 und 3, zur Veranschaulichung eines Lagereinsatzes für die Befestigung eines nicht dargestellten Frosches; und

Fig.5 in einer Darstellung ähnlich Fig.2 eine modifizierte Ausführungsform des Kopfes einer Bogenstange.

The invention is explained in more detail below on the basis of preferred exemplary embodiments, to which, however, it should not be restricted, and with reference to the accompanying drawing. In detail, the drawing shows:

1 schematically shows a test arrangement for rods of bowed instruments in order to determine their bending as a measure of the rigidity under reproducible conditions;

2 in a view, partially cut away, the head end of a bow rod according to the invention;

3 shows a cross section through this head end, along the line III-III in Figure 2;

4 shows a partially cut-away view of the handle end of the bow rod, approximately according to FIGS. 2 and 3, to illustrate a bearing insert for fastening a frog, not shown; and

Fig.5 in a representation similar to Figure 2 shows a modified embodiment of the head of a bow rod.

An arrangement is schematically shown in FIG. as already mentioned - conventional bow poles, but also Bow rods designed according to the invention with regard to Rigidity were tested. In detail, the arrangement 1 the respective bow rod 1 - still without hair and frog - at the end of the handle 2 on the outside, at 3, as well as in a distance of x = 130 mm from it on the inside, at 4, clamped; on the so clamped bow rod 1 is then on Head end 5 a force F corresponding to a weight load of 300 g exercised. As a result, the bow rod 1 is down deflected or bent, s. the downward arrow in Fig.1, and this deformation or deflection D is measured and used as a measure of the rigidity of the bow rod 1. At the Handle end 2 is in Figure 1 a front support 6 as Securing against longitudinal displacement shown.

The corresponding values for conventional bow poles have already been given above in Tables 1 and 2; on those obtained with the arch rods designed according to the invention Values will be referred to in more detail below.

In Fig.2 and 3, the head end 5 of a bow rod 1 for shown a bow of the string instrument. The handle end of this Bow bar 1 is shown in Fig.4. The rest, not closer Illustrated rod body is the way it looks already results from FIGS. 2 and 4, namely with a lightweight core 7 made of balsa wood or plastic foam, around it as a fiber-reinforced plastic material a unidirectional carbon laminate (so-called UD carbon laminate) 8 is arranged as the first layer to the around a carbon fiber fabric 9, for achieving a high Impact resistance, as a second layer is appropriate. The UD carbon laminate 8 runs at the head end 5 in front of the core 7 ending there together, as can be seen from Fig.2. About the so obtained End 10 of the rod body with an approximately oval cross-section (s. Fig. 3) is a prepared layer for the production of the head 5 made of fiber-reinforced plastic material, namely again Carbon laminate 11, approximately twice the head size, apart from back 12, beaten around, s. also Fig.3, where on the 5 additional front and back of the head Carbon material, at 13 or 14, is provided to be such Define chamber or cavity 15. This cavity 15 can remain empty, or it can, as in the present case Exemplary embodiment schematically illustrated with a Foam material to be filled.

For production, it is also useful if the facing hair to be attached, not shown Side of the head 5, the hair side, an insert 16 is attached with which the carbon laminate 11 during manufacture is firmly connected; this insert 16 can e.g. made of plastic (Imitation ivory) exist. In itself, this insert 16 can can also be glued in after the manufacture of the head 5.

The plastic insert 16 further defines in the embodiment 2 and 3 a narrowing inward Receiving space 17 for a wedge, not shown, as such is common and is used to attach the hair. How can also be seen from the sectional view of Figure 3, the plastic insert has 16 side flanges 18, 19 which the carbon laminate layer 11 comes into contact with, apart from that from the visual impression, in addition the stable composite or connection insert 16 - carbon laminate layer 11 to reinforce.

4 closes at the end of the handle of the bow rod 1 Core 7 a bearing insert 20, which is preferably is a prefabricated plastic part. This camp use 20 is generally tubular with the front end 21 closed and open rear end 22 for not inserting one more obvious, conventional spindle in the longitudinal direction from the rear end 22. On the one facing the hair Side (inside) of rod 1 is in bearing insert 20 as well as in the carbon fiber layers 8, 9 surrounding it as well as a longitudinal slot in the bearing insert 20, even at 23, through the one called a frog jig used for the hair before screwing in the spindle can be. With the help of the spindle this frog can a corresponding internal thread, matching the thread of the spindle, has, longitudinally adjusted in the longitudinal direction of the slot in the slot 23 in order to tighten the hair more or less. These components are conventional in and of themselves present invention of no further interest, so that too be avoided from a representation in the drawing could.

5 is a modification of that according to Figure 2, the carbon fiber material 11 also for formation of the wedge receiving space 17, as shown in FIG. 5 at 24 can be seen. This shape of the head 5 is thereby preferred receive that when laying down the carbon fiber material layer (s) 11 (see Fig. 3) a wedge-shaped at the location of the receiving space 17 Part (not shown) is inserted, around which the carbon fiber material 11 is pressed before it is cured. This wedge-shaped part becomes after hardening of the arch rod 1 including head 5 removed again, so that the recording space 17 remains. Accordingly, this version is also a simplified plastic insert or a plastic pad 25 (Imitation ivory, tortoiseshell or the like) attached.

In the manufacture of the bow rods 1 described proceeded such that the UD carbon laminate layer 8 um the light material core 7 is attached around, these Layer 8 at the front end of the rod, where there is no longer a core 7, is compressed to the end 10. In the realm of Rod body is also a carbon fabric with longitudinal and transversely oriented fibers as layer 9 wrapped around. Before the hardening of these layers 8, 9 becomes 5 at the head end or from several carbon laminate layers 11 with the provision of Plastic insert 16 or 25 against which the carbon laminate is pressed, and if necessary with the provision of a Foam filling in the cavity 15, the head shaped. That so obtained rod structures including head 5 is then together in a mold (not shown), such as by heating a temperature between 110 ° C and 150 ° C, (depending on the resin) hardened.

For example, a carbon fiber material 240 g / m ² can be used as the UD material for the layer 8, and a material with a mass of 100 g / m ² in the longitudinal direction and 100 g / m ² in the transverse direction as the fabric material for the layer 9. In addition, for example, a resin content (eg epoxy resin) of 42% can be present.

Of course, as fiber-reinforced plastic materials other conventional materials instead the carbon fiber material described are used, such as glass fiber reinforced plastic materials or also polyamide or polyimide fiber materials with suitable resin impregnation. Combinations of the aforementioned materials can also be used used to the described fiber composite bow rod to manufacture.

Various bow poles were used for experimental purposes Violin, viola, cello and double bass, made of carbon fiber material a balsa wood core 7 as described above and with the help of an arrangement according to FIG Deflection D checked. Overall, it was found that the Mass of the fiber material bow rods thus produced 21 g to 25 g, and that the deflection D on the order of 8 mm to 25 mm. The product was mass times deflection generally between 250 mm.g and 600 mm.g.

Specifically, bow sticks for double bass bows were obtained, where the specified product is determined with 250 mm.g has been; for bars made for cello bows a Product of 300 mm.g determined; the product values were also for the rods for a viola bow at 450 mm.g and for one Violin bow at 500 mm.g. Depending on the thickness of the carbon fiber layers 8, 9 and, of course, according to their weight Bar weight as well as the rigidity according to the Goals for the bow to be made be dimensioned.

When playing with these bows one showed up essentially easier handling, especially when using the Spring arch techniques. A comparatively small one was also sufficient Prestressing the hair or the rod, nonetheless pushing through the hair even with high arch pressure to avoid.

Claims (18)

1. A stick (1) for a string instrument bow, comprising fiber-reinforced synthetic material and adapted for receiving a frog and for attaching hair thereto, characterized in that the product of the mass of the stick (1) alone, in g, times the deflection (D) of the stick (1) alone, which constitutes a measure of the stiffness, in mm, when the stick (1) is supported in its handle region on the stick end (at 3) on the outer side opposite the hair side and at a distance of 130 mm therefrom (at 4) on the hair side or inner side, and when a force (F) acts on the head end (5) corresponding to a mass of 300 g, is, for a violin or viola bow 1000 mm.g at the most, for a violoncello bow 700 mm.g at the most, and for a double-bass bow 600 mm.g at the most.
2. A stick according to claim 1, characterized in that the product of mass times deflection (D) of the stick (1) for a violin or viola bow is 800 mm.g at the most, for a violoncello bow 550 mm.g at the most, and for a double-bass bow 450 mm.g at the most.
3. A stick according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the product of mass times deflection (D) of the stick (1) for a violin or viola bow is 600 mm.g at the most, for a violoncello bow 400 mm.g at the most, and for a double-bass bow 350 mm.g at the most.
4. A stick according to any one of claims 1 to 3,
   characterized in that the product of mass times deflection (D) of the stick (1) for a violin or viola bow is approximately 450 to 500 mm.g, for a violoncello bow approximately 300 mm.g, and for a double-bass bow approximately 250 mm.g.
5. A stick according to any one of claims 1 to 4,
   characterized in that the mass of the stick (1) alone for a violin or viola bow is 30 g at the most, for a violoncello bow 40 g at the most, and for a double-bass bow 50 g at the most.
6. A stick according to any one of claims 1 to 5,
   characterized in that the deflection (D) of the stick (1) for a violin or viola bow is 25 mm at the most, for a violoncello bow 15 mm at the most, and for a double-bass bow 9 mm at the most.
7. A stick according to any one of claims 1 to 6,
   characterized in that at least two layers (8, 9) of fiber-reinforced synthetic material are arranged around an elongate core (7) comprising, e.g., balsa wood or foamed material.
8. A stick according to claim 7, characterized in that the layers of the fiber-reinforced synthetic material are arranged with different fiber directions.
9. A stick according to any one of claims 1 to 8,
   characterized in that the head (5) is made of at least one layer (11) of fiber-reinforced synthetic material folded around the fiber-reinforced synthetic material (8) at the end (10) of the stick (1) proper.
10. A stick according to claim 9, characterized in that the folded-around synthetic material layer (11) of the head (5) encloses a cavity (15).
11. A stick according to claim 10, characterized in that the cavity (15) is filled with a light-weight material, such as a foamed material.
12. A stick according to any one of claims 9 to 11,
    characterized in that the folded-around synthetic material layer (11) of the head (5) is fixedly connected with an insert (16) provided on the hair side, leaving free a reception space (17) for a wedge for attaching the hair.
13. A stick according to claim 12, characterized in that the insert (16) contains the receiving space (17).
14. A stick according to any one of claims 7 to 13,
    characterized in that a bearing insert (20), preferably made of
    synthetic material, is arranged at the handle end (2) of the stick (1) as a continuation of the core (7) in the longitudinal direction of the stick and with continued synthetic material layers (8, 9) being wound therearound, a lateral, slit-shaped aperture (23) for fastening a frog being left free both in the synthetic material (8, 9) and in the bearing insert (20).
15. A method of manufacturing a stick (1) for a string instrument bow, adapted for receiving a frog and attaching hair thereto, wherein at least two layers (8, 9) of fiber-reinforced synthetic material are laid around an elongate core (7) of a light-weight material having the mass suitable for the stick to be manufactured, such as balsa wood, and wherein, prior to the curing of the fiber-reinforced synthetic material of the stick (1), at least one layer of fiber-reinforced synthetic material is laid around the head-side end of the stick (1) proper so as to form the head (5), whereupon the synthetic material of the stick including the head is cured in a mould, characterized in that the at least two layers (8, 9) of fiber-reinforced material are attached such that in the finished stick (1) the product of the mass of the stick (1) alone, in g, times the deflection (D) of the stick (1) alone, which forms a measure of its stiffness, in mm, when the stick (1) is supported in its handle region at the stick end (at 3) on the outer side opposite the hair side and at a distance of 130 mm therefrom (at 4) on the hair side or inner side, and when a force (F) acts on the head end (5) corresponding to a mass of 300 g, is, for a violin or viola bow 1000 mm.g at the most, for a violoncello bow 700 mm.g at the most, and for a double-bass bow 600 mm.g at the most,
16. A method according to claim 15, characterized in that when forming the head (5), the fiber-reinforced synthetic material is laid around the head core of light-weight material.
17. A method according to claim 15, characterized in that the synthetic material of the head is pressed onto a pre-fabricated synthetic material insert (16, 25) when laid in and is fixedly connected therewith during curing.
18. A method according to any one of claims 15 to 17, characterized in that a foamed material (7) is used as the light-weight material for the core (7).

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