EP0903439B1 - Road, especially for motor vehicles - Google Patents

Description

The invention has a traffic route, e.g. B. Road, bridge, parking lot. Runway. Walkway, especially for motor vehicles, with a bituminous cover layer and a pipe system for Fluids for tempering the surface layer to the object.

Traffic routes have the task of relocating goods and to enable or facilitate people. The design the traffic routes is of the topographical and climatic Conditions dependent. With the climatic conditions the question of precipitation as well as temperature is usually of greater importance than the influencing factors caused by Wind and rivers are conditional. The temperature influences on traffic routes cause on the one hand due to the thermal expansion of the Surface of the traffic route under extreme stress from essential rigid toppings a bowl of the same as it is known for example in concrete slabs, or if bituminous Layers are provided, lowering the compressive strength and thus when the road surface is loaded by wheels, such as motor vehicles, airplanes and the like. The like ruts conditionally, which later in rainfall water-bearing channels and puddles, which cause aquaplaning of vehicles.

In addition to the effect of elevated temperature, there are also the effects at temperatures below the freezing point of water to consider. Road safety of motor vehicles it has already become known to increase the cover layers with so-called defrosting agents. One The most common thawing agent is rock salt. In addition to the pollution of the environment by rock salt, which in the City over the surface waters in the canal system and thus in the sewage treatment plants and then into the rivers exists Risk of corrosion for metals, especially steel. The risk of corrosion was used in the motor vehicles by the use of galvanized or treated with other surface protection agents Sheet metal taken into account. For structures, be it bridges or other used buildings, there is a risk that by the thawing agent applied to the surface, in which Usually rock salt, corrosion of the reinforcements occurs, so that the service life of such constructions due to the thawing salts can be significantly limited.

Instead of de-icing salt, grit was used in built-up areas Deployed, which on the one hand the safety of traffic routes not improved as sustainably as using Thawing agents and, on the other hand, the grit provides due to its crushing caused by the vehicles an extraordinary Dust nuisance is not only visual, but also has health consequences for the residents.

For these reasons, the surface temperature has already been tried of road surfaces via a heater. For this, it is known to use electrical heating conductors, for example in the entry and exit of garages. u. between the concrete base course. install. Electrical energy allows a simple one Application because the conversion of electrical energy into Thermal energy is possible without further heat conducting agents. The However, the use of electrical energy is only possible to a limited extent. since it is only by converting other types of energy into kinetic energy and its conversion into electrical Energy can be obtained, so that due to each occurring energy loss with each conversion the electrical Energy represents a particularly complex type of energy.

In CH-664 178-A an arrangement for keeping ice free of Road surfaces described, which are particularly suitable for bridges should be. Here, a register is made in the top covering Plastic pipes inserted through which a heat transfer fluid is pumped. The fluid is in an earth probe with or without Heat pump warmed up. This device can not only Serve to warm the surface of the road surface, but also for cooling the same, the then through the fluid absorbed heat in the geothermal probe to the environment and so the earth serves as a heat store. As a result of that the register of tubes is arranged in the cover, must the manufacture of the covering to the quality of the pipes, z. B. Temperature resistance. Compressive strength u. Like., especially Be taken into account, wciters meeting the requirement of a low abrasion, high pressure resistance, high displacement resistance of tires on the road surface got to. Furthermore, in order to have a corresponding effectiveness reach, the thermal conductivity of the covering is taken into account become.

Another embodiment of a heater for streets is shown in WO 82/01386. With this construction, a Pipe system in the top layer of a street, which is there is called screed. Special attention is the different thermal expansion between the Dedicated to the top layer and the pipes, as in the respective pipes laid in a snake shape. the turning points space for the expansion and contraction of the pipelines compared to the Cover layer should be guaranteed. Cold water serves as the fluid from a body of water, u. between river, lake or sea. Also the Use of heat pumps suggested. A disadvantage of this Construction is again that the pipe system in the top, so the cover layer, is embedded, so that the different requirements, as already explained above, Can be taken into account, furthermore the danger there is that the cavities are filled by rainwater be so that at extreme temperatures or when not effective Heating system the surface of the road through frost sprinkling, completely destroyed by the water in the recesses becomes.

An asphalt road is known from EP-0 488 305-A1, at which is a wire mesh with plastic tubes fixed on it Asphalt concrete is arranged. This asphalt concrete is right on the road bedding arranged and can still from another Asphalt concrete layer must be covered. With such a construction there is a risk. that the plastic pipes through the Street bed below the steel grille will be injured furthermore no protection of the subsurface against surface water given is. For easier installation of the plastic pipes in the Asphalt concrete is provided, the plastic pipes during installation with cold water under pressure from the inside apply. The material for the plastic pipes is cross-linked Polyethylene listed. When installing the pipes, there is too large temperature differences between asphalt and the fluid the danger that the asphalt does not completely cover the pipes, which does not give the necessary heat transfer is.

An arrangement for heating and / or cooling a layer out. especially bituminous. Building materials are in DE-34 07 927-A1. Here is above a heat store arranged a road that made a base course Has asphalt concrete or concrete on which an upper surface layer is arranged from asphalt concrete, in which pipes are provided for a fluid. These pipelines are with a heat exchanger in the heat storage below Road sticks out, connected. The fluid flowing in the pipes is controlled by its own pump, which is controlled by heat sensors is carried out. The piping system therefore has one close to the surface. This surface layer must therefore again have a wide range of properties, the cannot take into account all of the properties. On the one hand, there must be high compressive strength; while the embedding must not significantly deform the pipeline occur; the thermal conductivity must be particularly high; the Difference in the coefficient of thermal expansion between covering and Piping system should be as low as possible or it Appropriate expansion spaces must be provided; the loading of the entire construction through surface water cannot be prevented; in case of failure of the heating or Cooling systems prefer destruction of the traffic route enter.

A heater for streets is known from DE 44 38 151 A1, which is constructed as follows. On a bed material that made up There is sand and gravel, so it is unbound, a layer is made Pieces of aluminum, e.g. B. spirals, arranged on which hemp mats Hot water pipes are placed on these, that in a layer of a dry mixture of sand and cement are embedded, which in turn is a top layer of asphalt wearing. The dry layer of sand and cement is said to Tie off use of the road by entering water, whereby furthermore, the aluminum layer dissolved in one to six years should be. The load-bearing layer, u. between the bedding material unbound so that no balancing of forces can take place with no moisture barrier above it is provided so that water can enter this layer, which causes frost damage even in the lower layer.

The surface heating arrangement according to DE 22 39 993 A1 has electrical heating cables, which in the Grooves are formed, rest on a sub-surface concrete. The Heating conductors are made in a mixture of sand and resin embedded, on which a covering of mortar resin and sand is applied. Such a street heating has on the one hand no moisture barrier and on the other hand are the heat exchanger surfaces due to the small dimensions Heating conductor kept particularly small, so that the inertia of the Systems in addition to the inherently poor thermal conductivity of the layers mentioned here is particularly large. The use of the Geothermal energy for heating road surfaces is used in the FR 25 87 049 A1 described, piping systems from the Road into the warmed lower areas of the earth so that heating of the circulation of heat transfer media Road can be done.

DE 38 28 209 describes a traffic area, sports area or the like. Described under a cover layer of hydraulic or bituminous aggregates with an anti-freeze layer is provided, which has a moisture barrier rests on a flat surface.

The present invention is based on a prior art, as given by DE 34 07 927.

The aim of the present invention is to create a traffic route to create a cooling and heating of the top layer with simple means, preferably with heat extraction or emission in the immediate vicinity, allowed. Furthermore, it should be achieved that a pipeline system arranged in a traffic route less mechanical stress, especially pressurization, subject to the conventional coverings with forth excellent properties in sliding resistance and abrasion resistance digkcit and if the cooling and heating systems fail can prevent premature destruction of the traffic route.

The traffic route according to the invention, for. B. road bridge, parking lot, Runway, sidewalk, especially for motor vehicles, with a bituminous, possibly plastic-modified top layer, especially from mastic asphalt, a leveling layer, a lower bound base layer and a piping system, which is built with metal and / or plastic for Fluids for tempering the surface layer, heating and pumping agents for the fluids, is essentially that the Piping system at least partially in particular bituminous, possibly plastic-modified, leveling layer is arranged below which at a distance from Piping system a moisture barrier, e.g. B a geotextile, above the lower bound base layer, preferably in built up situ from concrete, is arranged by the provision a leveling layer between the bituminous top layer and the lower bound base layer becomes the different thermal stresses are taken into account. It furthermore, damage to the pipelines becomes special advantageously prevented because the cover layer even when exposed to the sun absorb the pressure loads and over a larger area than that of the primary pressure load can pass on to the base course, which in turn the Equalizes pressure further and also a change in the pipeline, z. B. counteracts digestion. This ensures full coverage of the pipeline not only immediately after completion of the traffic route, but also after years of operation with different weather conditions, given is. Through bituminous cover layers favors the absorption of heat rays, so that too preferred warming during the cold seasons Top layer occurs. Through a lower bound base layer can achieve a flat intake for the piping systems with which the destruction by penetration of bumps constructively prevented in the piping systems from below can be. By means of the heat and pump means for the Fluid can introduce heat without electrical heating elements, Radiant heaters or the like can be realized. With the arrangement of the piping system, in particular bituminous, if necessary plastic-modified, leveling layer becomes one Separation between embedding material for the pipe system and top layer reached, so that an optimized for both Composition can be used. Because a kind of equality the top layer and the leveling layer are present can, is a particularly good uniform thermal conductivity guaranteed between the two systems, taking the balance layer as such the different thermal expansions and mechanical stresses between the cover layer and Takes account of which is bound by a bound Base course, in particular built up from in-situ hardened concrete is. The piping system is entirely of the Compensation layer surrounded and above a moisture barrier arranged, allowing moisture to penetrate into the lower base layer is avoided. It also ensures that the piping system does not violate the moisture barrier, because it is spaced from it. Such one Construction ensures that even if the piping system fails in extreme situations, such as disruption of heat and Pump means or extremely low temperatures, none Destruction of the traffic route takes place.

The grain size of the aggregates of the top layer is 6 mm up to 30 mm, in particular 8 mm to 22 mm, and that of the compensating layer 0 mm to 15 mm, in particular 0 mm to 11 mm, see above these two layers can perform their tasks particularly advantageously fulfill. The cover layer can have a particularly high abrasion resistance have, at the same time a good power distribution reached from the top layer to the intermediate layer becomes. By specifying grain size 0 mm should be expressed be that there may also be grains under 1 mm, which a particularly full-surface enclosure of the piping systems is guaranteed, furthermore by an optimal Compilation of the grain size distribution in itself, u. tw. a load-bearing layer would already be achievable without a binder made particularly pressure-resistant by the addition of binders can be.

Is the piping system spaced from the surface course? this ensures that even in the transition area no negative between top layer and leveling layer mutual influence between the piping system and Cover layer can take place

If the moisture barrier lies directly on a layer of concrete, optionally over a sand or leveling layer, so the moisture barrier is supported mechanically so that the same is particularly easily secured against destruction, whereby at the same time the concrete itself against the ingress of moisture is protected by secondary currents in the water.

Is the piping system with stainless steel piping built up. so can both the bituminous leveling layer as also the bituminous cover layer with any temperature are applied, furthermore a particularly high corrosion resistance the pipeline, even in the event of an accident, when aggressive agents get onto the road surface that not destroy the bituminous layers, but aggressively for other materials.

Is the piping system with pipes with a non-circular cross-section, z. B. square, elliptical, so built Optimization between flow resistance in the pipes and size of the heat exchanger surfaces can be achieved. The stronger the cross-section differs from the circular cross-section, all the more The heat exchanger surfaces become larger, but so does the Flow resistance of the fluid.

Are the pipes of the piping system in the leveling layer completely enclosed by the leveling layer is one even pressurization of the pipe through the leveling layer given like this when pressurizing of bodies in liquids is known.

Has the pipe system in the leveling layer S- or Lyra-shaped expansion compensation areas, so the different coefficients of thermal expansion between the Material of the pipeline and that of the compensation layer especially be taken into account cheaply, while at the same time Due to the nature of the leveling layer and the Possibility of deformation of the piping system of unwanted cavities are essentially avoided can.

Is the piping system in the leveling layer with one Grid, in particular expanded metal grid connected, on the one hand the piping system is particularly easy to lay, while another over the metal grid Heat input from the piping system into the leveling layer given is.

Is the expanded metal between the cover layer and the pipe system arranged, so is a preferred heat emission from Pipe system to the cover layer ensures that the Thermal conductivity between the piping system and expanded metal grid is larger than within the compensation layer.

Is the piping system above piping through the lower base layer are guided, connected to a heat exchanger, is a particularly space-saving feed of the Piping system with simultaneous drainage of the fluid guaranteed.

With a leveling layer surrounding the pipeline ensured that the dynamic loads. like you too are given, for example, by different temperatures, no destruction of the pipelines, which for the supply and Derive the fluid. enter.

Is the piping system in the leveling layer above that Fluid heat conductive with a waste heat exchanger, e.g. B. one thermal power plant, a generator. a transformer, a district heating system, so the low heat potential these devices used particularly advantageous because for street heating systems or the like a much lower one Flow temperature, e.g. B. of 36 ° C, is required as it is usually important for other heating purposes.

Is the piping system in the leveling layer above that Fluid with the heat exchanger of a biogenic fermentation plant, e.g. for liquid manure. Sludge, combined, so the heat supply via biogenic fermentation. the feed also is available in the cold seasons.

Is the piping system in the leveling layer above that Fluid connected to a heat exchanger in a well, so can heat storage capacity without additional measures of the entire underground area of the underground springs to the fountain for heating small surface areas can be used without additional interference in nature are necessary because water is continuously drawn from the well becomes. so that the well water cooled by the extraction of heat with new water with a higher heat potential is replaced.

Is the piping system in the leveling layer above that Fluid connected to a heat exchanger of a heat pump, so can, as is known per se, the heat potential of the fluid low use of energy can be increased significantly, with what A corresponding heating of the even at low temperatures Cover layer is made possible.

Is the piping system in the leveling layer above that Fluid with a heat store, in particular latent heat store, connected, so there is a possibility of referring to the Irradiated thermal energy to recharge the memory and to extract heat in the short or long term. Latent heat storage have the particular advantage that in a relatively small amount of heat stores relatively large amounts of heat can, for example, heat caused by phase transformations can be bound and released comes.

Are used to regulate and / or control the temperature and / or Flow rate of the fluid temperature sensors, e.g. B. Thermocouples, in the piping system and / or in the cover layer arranged so can be particularly simple and effective Way the desired temperature of the boundary layer of the cover layer be respected to the atmosphere.

In the following the invention with reference to the drawings explains:

Fig. 1 einen Querschnitt durch einen erfindungsgemäßen Verkehrsweg. u. zw. eine Straße.

Fig. 2 einen Querschnitt eines Verkehrsweges bei einer Brücke,

Fig. 3 eine Zuführung zum Rohrleitungssystem.

Fig. 4 verschiedene Querschnitte des eingebauten Rohrleitungssystems,

Fig. 5 in schematischer Darstellung die Anspeisung des Rohrleitungssystems,

Fig. 6 die Anordnung eines Rohrleitungssystems in der Sicht von oben. bevor die Ausgleichssschichte am Verkehrsweg angeordnet wird.

Fig. 7 eine schematische Darstellung der Steuerung und

Fig. 8 ein Hilfsmittel zum Einbau des Rohrsystems.

Show it:

Fig. 1 shows a cross section through a traffic route according to the invention. u. between a street.

2 shows a cross section of a traffic route at a bridge,

Fig. 3 is a feed to the piping system.

4 different cross sections of the installed piping system,

5 shows a schematic representation of the feed of the pipeline system,

Fig. 6 shows the arrangement of a piping system in the view from above. before the leveling layer is placed on the traffic route.

Fig. 7 is a schematic representation of the control and

Fig. 8 a tool for installing the pipe system.

In the cross section of a road shown in Fig. 1 lies on the backfill material 1 on a frost protection ballast 2, which in turn wearing a bituminous gravel 3. There is one on the bitumen gravel 3 concrete layer produced in situ, which has a lower bound Base layer 4 forms. A moisture barrier 5 lies on this arranged by a non-woven bitumen layer is formed. There is a leveling layer on this moisture barrier 6 with a bituminous layer Aggregates with a grain size of 0 mm to 11 mm are formed. The leveling layer can also be formed by suitably trained Pile concrete or aerated concrete should be formed. In this leveling layer 6 is a piping system 7 in which a fluid, z. B. water, glycol diluted with water or the like., Circulated. The individual pipes of the piping system 7 are over a Expanded metal grid 8 connected and fixed in position, this metallic grid also has a higher thermal conductivity than has the material of the compensation layer 6 as such, so that the temperature sink between two pipes of the piping system can be reduced. On the leveling layer 6 the top layer, which has a thickness of 40 cm, rests. The Cover layer consists of mastic asphalt, the grain size of the Aggregates is 8 mm to 22 mm. The diameter of the Cross section of circular pipes of the piping system 21.3 mm with a wall thickness of 2.6 mm, the total thickness of the Compensating layer is 40 mm, the pipes of the piping system are arranged centrally in the compensation layer. The distance of the pipes from the moisture barrier should be 1/2-bis 2 times the height of the pipes. On such construction ensures that the property level of individual layers can be precisely adapted to the requirements can. Furthermore, the moisture barrier makes a special one high frost resistance achieved, being bound by the lower one Base layer any deformation of the piping systems in the simplest way can be prevented, and also the heat transfer between the leveling layer 6 and thus the piping system and the top layer by avoiding cavities or Like. Can be held up particularly.

With such a configuration of a road, a Outside temperature of -10 ° C and a temperature of 36 ° C of the Fluid in the piping system a temperature of at least 2 ° C on the surface of the cover layer. If required, cooling of the outer layer, e.g. B. with cold well water.

In the traffic route shown in FIG. 2, the section is through shown a bridge, the bridge structure 10 with a I-shaped support 11 is shown in simplified form and the cavity is met with thermal insulation 12 so that the Immediate temperature exposure on the traffic route only on the cover layer 9, whereas the lower bound base layer 4 over the thermal insulation 12 only exposed to low temperatures in the long term can be. The thermal insulation can, for example Polystyrene foam. Wood cement, pearlite layers, but also through other low heat conducting systems, such as vacuum Hollow body can be achieved. The rest of the construction of the traffic route corresponds to that of FIG. 1.

In Fig. 3 is the supply of the fluid in the piping system 7, which is arranged in the compensation layer 6, shown. The Piping system, for example made of polypropylene, polyethylene, glass fiber reinforced plastic pipes, Copper, especially stainless steel, can be formed down branching pipe 13 through the lower bound base layer 4 is guided. being between the base course 4 and the pipe 13 a leveling layer 14 and insulation, in particular thermal insulation 15, is provided is. The pipeline 13 then does not lead to this figure shown pumping and heating means.

In Fig. 4 are various pipe cross sections of the piping system 7, 7a is a square cross section with an edge pointing downwards, 7b a circular cross section, 7c an approximately elliptical cross section, the pipeline with the narrow side points downwards and 7d an approximately drop-shaped one Cross-section. the pipeline also with their Narrow side faces down.

In Figure 5, the piping system 7 is 7x by two circuits and 7y formed. The feed lines of the individual pipelines, which are arranged in the compensation layer 6, takes place via Manifolds 19, pipes 13 through the lower bound base layer are guided, valves 20, supply and discharge lines 21, pumps 16 and three-way valves 22, which with a Heat pump 17 or heat exchanger 18 are connected. The Heat in the heat pump or in the heat exchanger is introduced, can represent waste heat from district heating but also from the cooling medium of generators, transformers, biogenic fermentation plants, wells, heat storage, Latent heat storage or the like. In the simplest case from a well, not shown, water in the heat exchanger promotes and gives the heat to the fluid, which circulates in the piping system. So that can Well water as there is no risk of contamination exists, be returned to the well again. A another possibility is that what is already funded Water for other purposes, such as sprinkling, however groundwater doping can also be used

6 shows a top view of the pipeline system 7, which is S-shaped expansion compensations 23 and Lyra-shaped Strain Compensation 24 has.

A control for the circulation of the fluid is shown schematically in FIG. 7. In the heat exchanger 18, a heat exchanger fluid is supplied and discharged via the lines 25. The fluid with which the piping system 7 is heated is heated in the heat exchanger. The temperature of the cover layer 9 is measured by a temperature sensor T ₁ and that in the pipe system 7 via a temperature sensor T ₂ and passed on to the electronic control 26. Furthermore, a temperature sensor T _{3 is} specified, which determines the temperature of the fluid after the pump and T ₄ after passage through the piping system 7 and inputs the values into the electronic control 26. The control line 27, on the one hand, switches the pump 16 on and off and, on the other hand, regulates or controls the amount of power, jc as required. There is also the possibility that the temperature of the fluid is controlled via the temperature sensors, it being possible, for example, for the temperature and flow rate of the medium supplied and discharged via the lines 25 to be regulated by the heat exchanger 18.

The procedure for embedding the piping system 7 is as follows: The piping system is on the moisture barrier laid and then with the comb shown in Fig. 8 28 held down. The mass for the leveling layer is first introduced in the middle, due to the grooves 29 in the comb the piping system 7 from the fully drawn position in the Position shown in dashed lines is raised, whereby the mass the leveling layer also below the pipe system is arranged. so that it is a distance from the bottom insulation has and over the entire surface of the material of the compensating layer can be enclosed. The introduction of the mass takes place gradually from the center to the edges of the road that the piping system rises.

Claims (17)

1. Traffic route, for example street, bridge, car park, runway, footpath, in particular for motor vehicles, with a bituminous, optionally plastics material-modified outer layer (9), in particular made of poured asphalt, a compensating layer (6), a lower bonded support layer (4) and a pipeline system (7) which is constructed with metal and/or plastics material for fluids for temperature control of the outer layer (9), and heating and pumping means (16, 17, 18) for the fluid, characterised in that the pipeline system (7) is at least partially arranged in the, in particular bituminous, optionally plastics material-modified compensating layer (6), below which is arranged, at a spacing from the pipeline system (7), a moisture barrier (5), for example a geotextile, above the lower bonded support layer (4), preferably constructed in situ from concrete.
2. Traffic route according to claim 1, characterised in that the particle size of the ballast of the outer layer is 6 mm to 30 mm, in particular 8 mm to 22 mm, and that of the compensating layer is 0 mm to 15 mm, in particular 0 mm to 11 mm.
3. Traffic route according to claim 1 or 2, characterised in that the pipeline system (7) is arranged at a spacing from the outer layer (9).
4. Traffic route according to claim 1, 2 or 3, characterised in that the moisture barrier (5) rests directly, optionally over a sand or compensating layer, on a concrete layer (4).
5. Traffic route according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterised in that the pipeline system (7) is constructed with pipelines made of stainless steel.
6. Traffic route according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterised in that the pipeline system (7) is constructed with pipelines with a non-circular cross-section, for example square, elliptical (Fig. 4).
7. Traffic route according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterised in that the pipes of the pipeline system (7) arranged in the compensating layer (6) are completely surrounded by the compensating layer.
8. Traffic route according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterised in that the pipeline system (7) in the compensating layer (6) has S-shaped or horseshoe bend-shaped expansion compensation regions (23, 24).
9. Traffic route according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterised in that the pipeline system (7) in the compensating layer (6) is connected to a grating, in particular an expanded metal grating (8).
10. Traffic route according to claim 9, characterised in that the expanded metal grating (8) is arranged between the outer layer (9) and pipeline system (7).
11. Traffic route according to any one of claims 1 to 10, characterised in that the pipeline system (7) is connected to a heat exchanger via pipelines (13) which are guided through the lower support layer (4) and with regard thereto via a compensating layer (14) surrounding the pipeline.
12. Traffic route according to any one of claims 1 to 11, characterised in that the pipeline system (7) in the compensating layer (6) is connected in a heat conducting manner via the fluid to a waste heat exchanger, for example of a thermal power station, a generator, a transformer, or a district heating system.
13. Traffic route according to any one of claims 1 to 12, characterised in that the pipeline system (7) in the compensating layer (6) is connected via the fluid to the heat exchanger of a biogenic fermenting plant, for example for slurry or sludge.
14. Traffic route according to any one of claims 1 to 13, characterised in that the pipeline system (7) in the compensating layer (6) is connected via the fluid to a heat exchanger in a well.
15. Traffic route according to any one of claims 1 to 14, characterised in that the pipeline system (7) in the compensating layer is connected via the fluid to a heat exchanger of a heat pump.
16. Traffic route according to any one of claims 1 to 15, characterised in that the pipeline system (7) in the compensating layer (6) is connected via the fluid to a heat store, in particular a latent heat store.
17. Traffic route according to any one of claims 1 to 16, characterised in that temperature sensors (T₁, T₂, T₃, T₄), for example thermoelements, are arranged in the pipeline system (7) and/or in the outer layer (9) for closed-loop and/or open-loop control of the temperature and/or flow speed of the fluid.

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