EP0901684A1 - Dispositif de commutation electrique - Google Patents

Dispositif de commutation electrique

Info

Publication number
EP0901684A1
EP0901684A1 EP97924457A EP97924457A EP0901684A1 EP 0901684 A1 EP0901684 A1 EP 0901684A1 EP 97924457 A EP97924457 A EP 97924457A EP 97924457 A EP97924457 A EP 97924457A EP 0901684 A1 EP0901684 A1 EP 0901684A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
contact element
contact
fingers
spring
movement
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP97924457A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0901684B1 (fr
Inventor
Thomas LÖNNERMO
Jan-Anders Nygren
Stefan Valdemarsson
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
ABB AB
Original Assignee
Asea Brown Boveri AB
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Asea Brown Boveri AB filed Critical Asea Brown Boveri AB
Publication of EP0901684A1 publication Critical patent/EP0901684A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0901684B1 publication Critical patent/EP0901684B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H79/00—Protective switches in which excess current causes the closing of contacts, e.g. for short-circuiting the apparatus to be protected
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H1/00—Contacts
    • H01H1/12—Contacts characterised by the manner in which co-operating contacts engage
    • H01H1/36—Contacts characterised by the manner in which co-operating contacts engage by sliding
    • H01H1/42—Knife-and-clip contacts

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an electric switching device, a so-called high-speed circuit closer, to achieve a fast mechanical electric short circuit of at least one phase in a multi-phase network.
  • the switching device is preferably intended to be used as arc eliminator in cubicle-enclosed switchgear for low and medium voltage, that is, in the voltage range of up to about 45 kV.
  • low and medium voltage that is, in the voltage range of up to about 45 kV.
  • other fields of use are also possible.
  • a switchgear unit may be completely blown out.
  • the pressure wave caused by the arc usually reaches its maximum even after 10-25 ms.
  • the circuit breakers which are usually used in switchgear of the above-mentioned kind are not sufficiently fast to limit this pressure wave. It is therefore common that such switchgear units are provided /SE97/00865
  • a switching device of the type referred to here is arranged with one fixed and one movable contact part.
  • the mass of the movable part must be small and the distance over which the movable part is to travel has to be small.
  • a high-speed circuit closer which, with a torsion-sprung contact device, brings three movable contact parts into contact with three fixed contact parts exposed in a container filled with insulating gas.
  • the task of the known high-speed circuit closer is to prevent involuntary contact opening by the introduction of a damping means.
  • One disadvantage with this high-speed circuit closer is that a relatively large number of parts are included in the actual movement. The force which is needed to accelerate the total mass of these parts is therefore considerable. Since the available force is limited, this means that the closing time is relatively long.
  • SE B-455449 a switching device is previously known, the task of which is to conduct and rapidly break high operating currents .
  • the known device has one fixed and one movable contact part, the contact surfaces of which are perpendicular to the direction of movement and utilize the rapid energy output which may be obtained by using a torsion spring.
  • the device is only intended to break a current.
  • a torsion-loaded rotating hammer is brought to accelerate and, through a shock, to transmit its energy to the movable contact part, which thus is to obtain a high initial speed.
  • the known circuit breaker does not solve the problems which arise when designing a .circuit breaker, in which the speed of the movable contact part must be reduced and the surplus energy be damped
  • the object of the present invention is to achieve a fast grounding switch, a so-called eliminator, the closing time of which is less than 10 ms . It shall prevent the occurrence of arcs at the moment of contact so as to avoid damage to the contact elements and effectively brake the movable contact system during a closing operation
  • the eliminator shall manage both a high voltage and a high current and shall be able to function several times. It shall have a simple and compact construction which makes possible an installation in conventional air-msulated switchgear without the above-mentioned disadvantages which are associated with prior art designs. This is achieved according to the invention by a switching device which exhibits the characteristic features described in the independent claims 1 and 6.
  • grounding switches of two kinds are used, namely, working grounding switches and high-speed grounding switches.
  • the invention relates to a grounding switch of the latter kind.
  • a high-speed grounding switch should manage to ground the high-voltage parts also when these are energized during the closing operation.
  • the contacts are subjected to full short-circuit current.
  • bouncing movements between the contacts must be limited or completely eliminated. The bouncing movements are primarily dependent on the speed at which the contact parts butt against each other. The amplitude of the bouncing movement thus increases with this speed.
  • An important task of the high ⁇ speed circuit closer is therefore to achieve a low velocity of the contacts at the moment of closing and an ability to damp the kinetic energy of the contacts.
  • the grounding switch is therefore arranged with one fixed and one movable contact part, whereby the movable contact part is driven towards the fixed contact part by the force from a spring.
  • the contacts are arranged enclosed in a container filled with insulating gas, whereby the insulating gas is utilized for further reducing the distance between the contact parts .
  • the force of a spring increases with the cross-section area whereas the amplitude increases with the length. In a short spring, a compromise therefore arises between spring force and amplitude. When designing a circuit closer, it is therefore desired that the force be maximized, which makes the amplitude small.
  • the movement of the movable contact part may, however, be made longer by utilizing the spring force only during the first part of the movement, whereupon the spring is released.
  • the potential energy stored in the spring is then transformed during an acceleration phase into kinetic energy in the movable contact part, which continues the closing movement with a constant speed.
  • the movement thus arranged, with an acceleration phase and a movement phase with constant speed also results in a lower speed being obtained between the contacts when they butt against each other than during a movement with an acceleration phase only.
  • the movable contact part is advantageously arranged as a contact arm attached at one end to a freely journalled torsion-spring rod. The moment of inertia then becomes small and the contact arm may be rapidly brought to accelerate by the force from the torsion-spring rod.
  • an operating arm is arranged, which is able to rotate freely between two supports. The circuit closer is activated by rotating the contact arm in the opening direction until its operating arm reaches the support in this direction. After this, the rotation is continued whereupon the torsion spring is tensioned to an open position where the contact arm is hooked by a latch. When releasing the latch, the potential energy stored by the torsion spring is changed into kinetic energy of the movable contact part during an acceleration phase.
  • the energy has been completely transformed into kinetic energy of the movable contact part and the contact arm continues in a movement phase where it freely rotates towards the closing position at constant speed.
  • the contact arm continues its movement during a deceleration phase, during which the torsion-spring rod is tensioned in the opposite direction such that the movement of the contact arm stops.
  • the contact arm reaches the fixed contact part, whereby the kinetic energy of the contact arm is also consumed by friction between the contact arm and the fixed contact part.
  • the contact surfaces may be arranged with a number of part surfaces or so-called fingers, which may be brought to oscillate out of phase with each other. Yet the time of oscillation of such a finger of a conduc ⁇ ting material as, for example, copper, is too long to completely eliminate the occurrence of arcs. The result is that burns arise in contact surfaces, whereby the contact surfaces are destroyed or even welded together by the arc.
  • the harmful arcs are elimi ⁇ nated with a sliding contact which comprises a plurality of contact fingers of a material with good conducting properties, as well as a plurality of spring fingers of a conducting material with a high modulus of elasticity (Young's modulus) and a high yield point.
  • the spring fingers are placed inside the contact fingers and are adapted, upon oscillation, to exhibit a high mechanical resonance frequency.
  • a knife-shape contact part which is caused to slide against such a finger contact hits both the contact fingers, which are thrown sideways by the transverse force, and the spring fingers, which are also thrown sideways. Both types of fingers are set into oscillation such that a bouncing movement can be discerned.
  • the spring fingers may be dimensioned to obtain a resonance frequency which is about 20 times higher than the contact fingers.
  • the movable contact part knocks against a plurality of fingers, which are all brought into oscillation.
  • the spring fingers are struck at different times, which means that the phase difference between the oscillation of the different fingers will be random. Since the oscillation frequency is high, some finger will always be in contact with the movable contact part. This means that arcs do not arise and when the movable contact part has assumed the closed position, also the vibration of the contact fingers has decreased, enabling the grounding switch to carry the current.
  • the fixed contact part of the high-speed circuit closer is fork-shaped and comprises a plurality of contact fingers arranged on both sides of a groove.
  • the material in the contact fingers must have good conducting proper ⁇ ties and may, for example, consist of copper.
  • the high-speed circuit closer is provided with a plurality of spring fingers arranged inside the contact fingers. The material in the spring fingers must be conducting and have a high modulus of elasticity and a high yield point, for example steel with a high carbon content.
  • the movable contact part is knife-shaped and when it is forced into the groove, arcs are prevented from arising on both sides of the knife as described above.
  • the effect of a greater fric- tional force of the above-mentioned kind is counteracted by arranging the current path to the circuit closer in three parallel busbars. Two of them are stationary whereas one of the busbars is secured to the movable contact part.
  • the current is first conducted through one of the stationary bars, then in the opposite direction through the other stationary bar, and finally via a flexible coupling through the movable bar.
  • the three bars are arranged such that the movable bar is positioned between two stationary bars when the movable contact part reaches the fixed contact part.
  • Figure 1 shows a three-dimensional picture of a switching device with one fixed and one movable contact part according to the invention
  • Figure 2 shows a time diagram of the rotating movement (A) of a contact arm comprised in the movable contact part in comparison with a corresponding movement (B) of a known switching device
  • Figure 3 shows, in plan view, an advantageous embodiment of the fixed contact part of a switching device according to the invention
  • Figure 4 shows the fixed contact part in Figure 2 in a side view
  • Figure 5 shows an advantageous embodiment of the switching device, which comprises a current-dependent drive means for ensuring that the contact arm reaches its correct closed position also at high currents, and
  • Figure 6 shows a locking device of the switching device to rapidly release the stored energy of the movable contact part.
  • Figure 7 shows a three-dimensional picture of the fixed contact part with a contact element.
  • a switching device includes one movable part 1 and one fixed part 5, which form a sliding contact.
  • the movable contact part 1 forms a freely journalled torsion-spring rod 2, at one end of which a radially extending operating arm 3 is fixed, and at the other end of which a radially extending contact arm 4 is fixed.
  • the contact arm 4 is adapted to strike the fixed contact part 5 with a rotary movement.
  • the torsion-spring rod 2 is journalled in a stationary stand 6 as well as in a holder (not shown) fixed to the stand, which holder, for high-voltage applications, is filled with insulating gas, and in which the contact arm 4 and the sliding contact 5 are enclosed.
  • the stand 6 comprises a first support 7 and a second support 8, between which the operating arm is freely rotatable .
  • the two supports are formed as screws threaded in the stand, which permits the free rotary movement of the operating arm to be adjusted.
  • the movable contact part 1 is shown with the contact arm in an initial position 4 where the torsion- spring rod 2 is relaxed and the operating arm 3 makes con ⁇ tact with the first support 7.
  • the contact arm 4 may be rotated in a counterclockwise direction and be hooked in an open position 4' .
  • the contact arm is released, whereby the potential energy stored by the torsional force rotates the contact arm through the angle ⁇ in an accelera ⁇ tion phase to its initial position 4.
  • the potential energy now transformed into kinetic energy of the movable contact part rotates the contact arm through the angle ⁇ - ⁇ at a constant angular velocity during a movement phase to the position 4", whereby the operating arm in the same movement rotates through the angle ⁇ and is caused to make contact with the second support 8.
  • the contact arm continues the rotating movement in a deceleration phase, whereby the torsion-spring rod, through the contact of the operating arm with the second support, is again tensioned in the opposite direction such that the movement of the contact arm stops in a position 4".
  • the contact arm reaches the fixed contact 5, whereby the sliding friction therein also consumes kinetic energy and contributes to cancel the rotary movement.
  • the spring force of a torsion-spring rod is determined, besides by the material, also by its length and cross- section area.
  • the spring force increases with the cross- section area whereas the amplitude increases with the length of the rod.
  • the properties of the rod cannot be optimized.
  • a great spring force results in a slight rotary movement whereas a great rotary movement results in too small a spring force.
  • Figure 2 shows a diagram which reflects the rotary movement of the contact arm per time without the effect of the damping in the fixed contact part 5.
  • curve A which relates to the contact knife according to the invention, the movement is initiated by an acceleration phase during the time ti. During this time, the contact knife rotates through the angle ⁇ , whereupon the stored spring force is completely relaxed.
  • a kinetic energy has now been transmitted to the movable contact part, which energy, by the ability of the operating arm to rotate freely between the supports, results in the contact knife, while keeping a constant speed, during the time t2 ⁇ t ⁇ rotating through the angle ⁇ - ⁇ .
  • the contact knife can thus, according to the invention, be brought to reach the closed position in the same time as a conventional contact arm B on a fixed torsion spring (acceleration phase only) , but with an end speed which is lower.
  • a lower speed entails a smaller need of braking force but, in particular, it means that the velocity of impact of the knife against the fixed contact part is reduced.
  • FIG. 3 and 4 An advantageous embodiment of the fixed contact part 5 is shown in Figures 3 and 4.
  • This is formed as a fork-shaped sliding contact with a groove 10, into which the contact arm 4 is intended to penetrate.
  • the contact arm 4 is formed as a contact knife with bevelled edges 9 to more easily penetrate into the groove.
  • the fork-shaped sliding contact exhibits a first branch 11 and a second branch 12, which are kept spaced apart by a spacing plate 18.
  • the first branch 11 comprises an outer plate 13a of a material with good conduc ⁇ tivity and an inner plate 16b, lying inside the outer plate, of a conducting material with a high modulus of elasticity as well as a high yield point.
  • the outer plate 13a is slotted so as to exhibit a plurality of parallel contact fingers 14a, the finger-tips 15a of which are inwardly folded towards the groove so as to surround the inner plate.
  • the inner plate 16a is wider than the outer plate and arranged so that the contact knife in its closing movement first reaches this inner plate.
  • the inner plate 16a is slotted so as to exhibit a plurality of parallel spring fingers 17a, which are arranged with their finger-tips in a circular path coinciding with the movement of the contact knife.
  • the second branch is inversely-symmetrical with the first branch and, in a corresponding way, comprises an outer plate 13b comprising a plurality of contact fingers 14b with inwardly folded finger-tips 15b and an inner plate 16b with a plurality of spring fingers 17b.
  • the contact fingers When the contact arm penetrates between the contact fingers in the fixed fork-like contact, the contact fingers are subjected to transverse forces which tend to throw the fingers to the side. This causes the fingers to start vibrating and, for short moments, to leave the contact with the contact arm. During this moment, an arc arises between the finger and the contact arm, the high heat radiation of this arc causing damage to the contact surfaces and, in case of longer times, welding of the contact parts. To prevent such damage, the contact finger must again be brought into contact with the contact arm as quickly as possible. This can be achieved by dimensioning the fingers with a high mechanical resonance frequency. For materials with good conductivity, for example copper, this is a difficult task, since such materials normally have a very low yield point.
  • Cold-rolled steel with a high carbon content for example spring steel
  • Other feasible materials are beryllium copper but this is expensive and, in addition, poisonous and thus has a negative influence on the environment. So-called sandwich designs with a combination of conducting and non ⁇ conducting materials are further examples of possible choices of materials.
  • Spring steel has inferior conductivity, so fingers of steel only would burn up when conducting a short-circuit current.
  • the spring fingers are then arranged nearest the knife and are given a high resonance frequency which is only limited by the elastic deflection defined by the penetration of the knife into the groove. Outside the spring fingers, the contact fingers are arranged.
  • the spring fingers are to be arranged as near the contact fingers as possible; however, so that they can freely swing during excitation of the knife.
  • the contact fingers must be provided with inwardly folded finger-tips, allowing the fingers to be brought into contact with the knife.
  • the mechanical resonance frequency of the contact finger thus becomes lower but the arc-preventing function has been taken over by the spring fingers.
  • the two finger types must be placed close to each other to reduce the inductive resis ⁇ tance, which makes it possible to commutate the current between the fingers without an arc arising.
  • FIG. 5 shows such a motor device, comprising a first current busbar 20, a second current busbar 21 and a third current busbar 22.
  • the first two busbars are thus fixedly secured whereas the third one is fixed to the contact arm 4. All the busbars are parallel to the torsion rod 2.
  • the current is first introduced at the upper part of the first busbar 20, is conducted down therethrough and further to the lower part of the second busbar 21 and up therethrough. From the upper part of the second busbar, the current is conduc- ted through a flexible conductor to the upper part of the third busbar 22 and further down through this and out through the contact knife to the fixed sliding contact.
  • the busbars are arranged such that the third busbar, at the moment that the current is closed, is positioned between the first and the second busbars and that the first busbar is positioned right in front of the third busbar in the closed position.
  • FIG. 6 shows a release latch according to the invention.
  • a mushroom-shaped locking device 26 of a conducting material is arranged in a cylindrical housing 25 of insulating material.
  • the housing comprises a cover 27 and a bottom 28 with a central hole 29 for the foot 30 of the locking device and, surrounding the hole 29, a circular recess 31 containing a flat coil 32.
  • the hat of the locking device is pressed against the bottom of the housing by a spring 33 clamped against the cover such that the foot of the locking device projects through the hole and hooks the operating arm 3.
  • a magnetic field arises which generates eddy currents in the hat of the locking device.
  • a great repulsive force arises which rapidly pulls the foot of the latching device away from the operating arm.
  • the invention is not limited to comprising switching devices with a rotating closing movement only.
  • the division of a closing movement into an acceleration phase followed by a movement phase with a constant speed may be advantageously applied also to a switching device with a linear closing movement.
  • the fixed contact limited to comprising rotary move- ments only.
  • the fixed contact may very well be designed with one branch only, or a combination of fingers on one side of the knife and a movement-damping device on the other side.
  • the knife is then arranged to slide at an angle to the fingers in an arbitrary movement.
  • the invention may also be applied to switching devices with circular sliding surfaces and translatory movements.
  • the contact and spring fingers may be arranged with bent fingers, which follow the contact surface.
  • Figure 7 shows an advantageous embodiment of the fixed contact part 5.
  • the fixed contact part is here one-sided and exhibits a layer of spring fingers 17, behind which is arranged a layer of contact fingers 14 with folded-up finger-tips.
  • the movable contact part 4 slides in over the fixed contact part in a direction designated v in the figure. In its movement, the movable contact part strikes the fingers 14, 17, whereby these are thrown by the trans ⁇ verse forces, thus arising, away from the movable contact part in a direction downwards in the figure.
  • the spring fingers prevent arcs from arising, whereby no burns arise and the contact fingers can carry the current in the closed position.

Landscapes

  • Arc-Extinguishing Devices That Are Switches (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un dispositif de commutation électrique destiné à fermer rapidement un circuit de courant fort et comprenant un élément de contact mobile (4) et un élément de contact fixe (5) qui forment un contact glissant. Un élément à ressort (2) agit sur le premier élément de contact (4). Lors du mouvement de fermeture, le premier élément de contact termine une phase d'accélération (t1) au cours de laquelle la force du ressort emmagasinée par serrage dans l'élément à ressort (2) est transformée en énergie cinétique pour l'élément de contact mobile. Puis suit une phase de mouvement (t2-t1) au cours de laquelle l'élément de contact mobile se déplace, à une vitesse constante, pour venir en position fermée. L'élément à ressort (2) comprend une tige à ressort de torsion tourillonnée dont une extrémité est fixée à un bras de commande (3) qui peut tourner librement entre un premier support (7) et un second support (8). L'élément de contact (4) est fixé à la seconde extrémité de la tige à ressort de torsion, cette dernière étant serrée par rotation de l'élément de contact dans le sens de l'ouverture, le bras de commande se trouvant contre le premier support. L'élément de contact fixe (5) comprend une pluralité de doigts de contact (14) ainsi qu'une pluralité de doigts résilients (17). Les doigts de contact sont fabriqués dans un premier matériau électroconducteur ayant une bonne conductivité électrique. Les doigts résilients (17) sont fabriqués dans un second matériau conducteur ayant une limite d'élasticité apparente importante et sont conçus de façon à avoir une fréquence de résonance bien supérieure à celle des doigts de contact. Les doigts résilients sont adaptés pour reprendre rapidement une position de contact après un fléchissement dû à une excitation transversale au sens de fermeture.
EP97924457A 1996-05-24 1997-05-26 Dispositif de commutation electrique Expired - Lifetime EP0901684B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
SE9602069 1996-05-24
SE9602069A SE9602069D0 (sv) 1996-05-24 1996-05-24 Elkopplare
PCT/SE1997/000865 WO1997045851A1 (fr) 1996-05-24 1997-05-26 Dispositif de commutation electrique

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0901684A1 true EP0901684A1 (fr) 1999-03-17
EP0901684B1 EP0901684B1 (fr) 2001-12-19

Family

ID=20402753

Family Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP97924458A Expired - Lifetime EP0902955B1 (fr) 1996-05-24 1997-05-26 Dispositif de commutation electrique
EP97924457A Expired - Lifetime EP0901684B1 (fr) 1996-05-24 1997-05-26 Dispositif de commutation electrique

Family Applications Before (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP97924458A Expired - Lifetime EP0902955B1 (fr) 1996-05-24 1997-05-26 Dispositif de commutation electrique

Country Status (4)

Country Link
EP (2) EP0902955B1 (fr)
DE (2) DE69709346T2 (fr)
SE (1) SE9602069D0 (fr)
WO (2) WO1997045850A1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1971007A1 (fr) * 2007-03-16 2008-09-17 ABB Technology AG Système et procédé de protection par défaut dans des sous-stations compacts secondaires
WO2015176734A1 (fr) 2014-05-19 2015-11-26 Abb Technology Ltd Appareillage de commutation électrique à limitation des grandes vitesses
CN113963962B (zh) * 2021-09-15 2023-05-09 福建省邮电规划设计院有限公司 一种基于涡流斥力机构的低压快速ats开关

Family Cites Families (8)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CH104663A (de) * 1923-04-03 1924-05-01 Raettig Bruno Kontaktfeder.
US2433115A (en) * 1943-04-05 1947-12-23 Frank Adam Electric Co Switch clip
US2917612A (en) * 1957-11-25 1959-12-15 Ite Circuit Breaker Ltd Plug in disconnects
US3089006A (en) * 1960-03-14 1963-05-07 Ite Circuit Breaker Ltd Automatic high speed grounding switch
SE356393B (fr) * 1971-09-27 1973-05-21 Asea Ab
DE2505158B1 (de) * 1975-02-07 1976-05-13 Pfisterer Elektrotech Karl Vorrichtung zur ausloesung eines erdungsschnellschalters beim auftreten eines stoerlichtbogens
FR2454174A1 (fr) * 1979-04-09 1980-11-07 Merlin Gerin Contacteur a commande d'ouverture rapide sur defaut
NO175173C (no) * 1992-02-03 1994-09-07 Abb Distribusjon As Anordning ved automatisk jordslutter

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
See references of WO9745851A1 *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO1997045850A1 (fr) 1997-12-04
EP0901684B1 (fr) 2001-12-19
DE69709346D1 (de) 2002-01-31
DE69719323T2 (de) 2004-02-19
EP0902955A1 (fr) 1999-03-24
SE9602069D0 (sv) 1996-05-24
EP0902955B1 (fr) 2003-02-26
DE69719323D1 (de) 2003-04-03
WO1997045851A1 (fr) 1997-12-04
DE69709346T2 (de) 2002-08-22

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