EP0898478B1 - Stimulation of host defence mechanisms against tumors - Google Patents

Stimulation of host defence mechanisms against tumors Download PDF

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EP0898478B1
EP0898478B1 EP97920907A EP97920907A EP0898478B1 EP 0898478 B1 EP0898478 B1 EP 0898478B1 EP 97920907 A EP97920907 A EP 97920907A EP 97920907 A EP97920907 A EP 97920907A EP 0898478 B1 EP0898478 B1 EP 0898478B1
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ifn
interferon
use according
cancer
administration
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EP0898478A4 (en
EP0898478A1 (en
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Michael Gerard Tovey
Thomas James Kaido
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Pharma Pacific Pty Ltd
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • A61K38/19—Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
    • A61K38/21—Interferons [IFN]
    • A61K38/212—IFN-alpha
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
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    • A61K38/41—Porphyrin- or corrin-ring-containing peptides
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • A61K38/19—Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
    • A61K38/21—Interferons [IFN]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
    • A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
    • A61P31/06—Antibacterial agents for tuberculosis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • A61P31/14—Antivirals for RNA viruses
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
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    • A61P31/18—Antivirals for RNA viruses for HIV
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • A61P31/20—Antivirals for DNA viruses
    • A61P31/22—Antivirals for DNA viruses for herpes viruses
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    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
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    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
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    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
    • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Definitions

  • This invention relates to methods of stimulation of host defense mechanisms against pathological conditions in a host mammal by administration of interferon via the oromucosa.
  • the invention is applicable to methods of treatment of cancer.
  • Alpha interferons are used widely for the treatment of a variety of hematological malignancies including hairy cell leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, low grade lymphomas, cutaneous T-cell lymphomas; and solid tumors such as renal cell carcinoma, melanoma, carcinoid tumors and AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma (Gutterman, J.U., Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA, 1994 91 : 1198-1205; WO 8803411).
  • Antitumor effects are usually seen at high dosage levels, often of the order of tens of millions of units of interferon- ⁇ (IFN- ⁇ ), administered by parenteral injection.
  • IFN- ⁇ interferon- ⁇
  • Interferon- ⁇ is a Type I interferon, a class which also includes the ⁇ and ⁇ interferons.
  • routes of administration including intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, topical, and intralesional injection, are commonly employed for the administration of type I interferons, the oral route has not been generally used, because interferons are proteins which are considered to be inactivated by proteolytic enzymes and which are not absorbed appreciably in their native form in the gastrointestinal tract. Indeed a number of studies have failed to detect interferons in the blood following oral administration (Cantell and Pypyrotrola, J . Gen. Virol., 1973 20 : 97-104; Wills et al, J. IFN Res ., 1984 4 : 399-409; Gilson et al, J. IFN Res ., 1985 5 : 403-408).
  • 5,017,371 discloses the use of interferon in this way for treatment of side-effects of cancer chemotherapy or radiotherapy.
  • the interferon used was human interferon- ⁇ prepared by the method of Cantell, administered in phosphate buffered saline, at a dose of 0.41 to 5 IU per pound body weight. While these specifications suggest that such low doses of interferon administered to the oropharyngeal mucosa, preferably in a form adapted for prolonged contact with the oral mucosa, may be efficacious for treatment of a wide variety of conditions including cancer, the experimental evidence for conditions other than shipping fever, feline leukemia, canine parvovirus and theileriosis is largely anecdotal. In particular, no properly controlled trials of this treatment in any animal model for human cancers are presented.
  • the invention disclosed herein is based upon the first controlled study in an animal model of the efficacy of oromucosally administered interferon for the treatment of cancer.
  • This invention provides a method for treating cancer in a human via administering to the human a therapeutically effective amount of an interferon via oromucosal contact.
  • the amount of interferon administered is less than an amount which induces a pathological response when administered parenterally.
  • the invention provides a method for treating multiple myeloma, hairy cell leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, low grade lymphoma, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, carcinoid tumors, cervical cancer, sarcomas including Kaposi's sarcoma, kidney tumors, carcinomas including renal cell carcinoma, hepatic cellular carcinoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, hematological malignancies, colorectal cancer, glioblastoma, laryngeal papillomas, lung cancer, colon cancer, malignant melanoma, and brain tumors including malignant brain tumors.
  • the method is generally applicable in the treatment of tumors of non-viral etiology.
  • the oromucosal administration may involve administering an effective dose of interferon in a single dose or the effective dose may be administered in a plurality of smaller doses over a period of time sufficient to elicit host defense stimulation equivalent to that of a single dose.
  • the effective dose of interferon may be administered continuously over a period of time sufficient to elicit host defense stimulation equivalent to that of a single dose.
  • the method is practiced by administering from about 1 X 10 4 IU to about 20X10 6 IU of interferon, most preferably from about 1 X 10 4 to about 1 X 10 6 IU of interferon, provided that the chosen dose is one which does not induce a parenteral pathological response, as defined herein, or is less than the amount which induces a pathological response when administered parenterally.
  • These dose ranges generally refer to homologous interferon ⁇ in man.
  • the dose that will induce a pathological response may differ from that induced by homologous interferon ⁇ in man.
  • a physician treating a patient with a particular type of interferon will be able to readily identify the suitable dose range for the patient to be treated.
  • a pharmaceutical composition for oromucosal administration may comprise a therapeutically effective amount of at least one interferon.
  • the composition may be provided as a solution, tablet, lozenge, gel, syrup, paste, or controlled release oromucosal delivery system.
  • the composition may contain buffers, stabilizers, thickening agents, absorption, and viscosity enhancers, and the like.
  • the pharmaceutical composition may be provided in unit dosage form having from 1 X 10 4 IU to 20X10 6 IU of interferon, most preferably from 1 X 10 4 to 1 X 10 6 IU of interferon.
  • the method may be practiced either as the sole therapeutic approach, or as an adjunct to chemo or radiation therapy, or with other cytokines, such as interleukin-2, 12, or 15, or with IFN-inducers.
  • cytokines such as interleukin-2, 12, or 15, or with IFN-inducers.
  • the method is conducted using a Type I or II interferon, selected from ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ , and consensus interferons, most preferably with a recombinant IFN- ⁇ .
  • interferon refers to a Type I or Type II interferon, including those commonly designated as ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ , and ⁇ , and mixtures thereof, including the consensus sequence. Interferons are available from a wide variety of commercial sources and are approved for the treatment of numerous indications. The interferon may be from natural sources, but is preferably a recombinant product. For the purposes of the invention, the term “interferon” also includes polypeptide fragments which have interferon activity, and chimeric or mutant forms of interferon in which sequence modifications have been introduced, for example to enhance stability, without affecting the nature of their biological activity, such as disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,582,824, 5,593,667, and 5,594,107 among others.
  • the interferon may be administered concurrently with an inducer of interferon synthesis and release.
  • the inducer may be administered together with the interferon, or may be administered separately.
  • Inducers of interferon include, for example, polynucleotides such as poly I:C; preferably a low molecular weight, orally administrable interferon inducer is used.
  • Suitable inducers are known in the art, for example, Tilorone (U.S. Patent No 3592819; Albrecht et al , J . Med. Chem. 1974 17 : 1150-1156) and the quinolone derivative Imiquimod ( Savage et al ; Brit. J Cancer, 1996 74 : 1482-1486).
  • compositions of the invention may optionally be used in conjunction with one or more other treatments for the specific condition, and the attending physician or veterinarian will readily be able to select such other treatment as may be appropriate in the circumstances.
  • the invention provides a method of treatment of a cancer in a human, comprising the step of administering interferon as described above.
  • the cancer may be metastatic cancer.
  • the above methods are directed at inducing and/or maintaining remission of disease.
  • in conjunction with other treatment is meant that the interferon is administered before, during and/or after the radiotherapy or other chemotherapy.
  • the most suitable protocol will depend on a variety of factors, as discussed below.
  • the method of the invention will preferably be used in conjunction with at least one other treatment selected from the group consisting of chemotherapy using cytostatic drugs, one or more other cytokines which have anti-cancer activity but which have a different mechanism of action from that of interferon, anti-angiogenic agents, and agents which potentiate the activity of interferon.
  • the second cytokine is interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-2 (IL-2) interleukin-12 (IL-12), or interleukin-15 (IL-15); preferably the angiogenesis inhibitor is AGM-1470 [(Chloroacetyl)-carbamic acid (3R-(3 ⁇ , 4 ⁇ (2R*, 3R*), 5 ⁇ , 6 ⁇ ))-5-methoxy-4-(2-methyl-3-(3-methoxy-2-butenyl)oxiranyl)-1-oxaspiro(2.5)oct-6-yl ester]; preferably the interferon-potentiating treatment is hyperthermia or arginine butyrate.
  • AGM-1470 (Chloroacetyl)-carbamic acid (3R-(3 ⁇ , 4 ⁇ (2R*, 3R*), 5 ⁇ , 6 ⁇ ))-5-methoxy-4-(2-methyl-3-(3-methoxy-2-butenyl)oxiranyl)-1-oxaspir
  • Preferred cytostatic drugs to be administered in conjunction with interferon include but are not limited to cyclophosphamide, cisplatin, carboplatin, carmustine (BCNU; N,N-Bis(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosourea), methotrexate, adriamycin, ⁇ -difluoromethylomithine, and 5-fluorouracil.
  • BCNU N,N-Bis(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosourea
  • methotrexate methotrexate
  • adriamycin ⁇ -difluoromethylomithine
  • 5-fluorouracil 5-fluorouracil
  • the cancers susceptible to this method include but are not limited to cancers which respond to parenteral administration of high doses of IFN- ⁇ , such as hematological malignancies, e.g. multiple myeloma, hairy cell leukemia, or chronic myelogenous leukemia, low grade lymphomas, cutaneous T cell lymphoma, solid tumors such as renal cell carcinoma and melanoma, carcinoid tumors, or AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma, in particular tumors of non-viral etiology.
  • hematological malignancies e.g. multiple myeloma, hairy cell leukemia, or chronic myelogenous leukemia, low grade lymphomas, cutaneous T cell lymphoma, solid tumors such as renal cell carcinoma and melanoma, carcinoid tumors, or AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma, in particular tumors of non-viral etiology.
  • the IFN formulation may comprise stability enhancers, such as glycine or alanine, as described in U.S. Patent No. 4,496,537, and/or one or more carriers, such as a carrier protein.
  • stability enhancers such as glycine or alanine
  • carriers such as a carrier protein.
  • human serum albumin optionally together with phosphate-buffered saline as diluent, is commonly used.
  • the excipient for IFN is human serum albumin
  • the human serum albumin may be derived from human serum, or may be of recombinant origin. Normally when serum albumin is used it will be of homologous origin.
  • the IFN may be administered by any means which provides contact of the IFN with the oromucosal cavity of the recipient.
  • the invention is not limited to any particular type of formulation.
  • the present specification describes administration of IFN deep into the oromucosal cavity; this may be achieved with liquids, solids, or aerosols, as well as nasal drops or sprays.
  • the invention includes, but is not limited to, liquid, spray, syrup, lozenges, buccal tablets, and nebuliser formulations.
  • aerosol or nebuliser formulations the particle size of the preparation may be important, and will be aware of suitable methods by which particle size may be modified.
  • the interferon is administered in a single daily dose.
  • the interferon is administered in a plurality of lower doses, distributed over time, so that the net effect is equivalent to the administration of the single higher dose.
  • One approach to this delivery mode is via the provision of a sustained or controlled release device adhered to or implanted in the oromucosal cavity and designed to release interferon over time in an amount equivalent to a single high dose.
  • formulations of interferon for oromucosal use include the following (all % are w/w):
  • Tablet Dextrose BP 45 %; gelatin BP 30 %; wheat starch BP 11 %; carmellose sodium BP 5 %; egg albumin BPC 4 %; leucine USP 3 %; propylene glycol BP 2%; and 1 X 10 6 IU IFN- ⁇ 2.
  • the tablet may be used as is and allowed to slowly dissolve in the mouth or may be dissolved in water and held in the mouth in contact with the oromucosa as needed.
  • An interferon paste may be prepared, as described in U.S. Patent No. 4,675,184, from glycerin 45%, sodium CMC 2%, citrate buffer (pH 4.5) 25%, distilled water to 100%, and 1 X 10 6 IU IFN.- ⁇ 2
  • the interferon paste may be adhered to the buccal mucosa.
  • a gargle or a syrup may be prepared by adding the desired amount of interferon to a commercially available mouthwash or cough syrup formulation.
  • the optimal treatment in any individual case will depend on the nature of the condition concerned, the stage of disease, previous therapy, other continuing therapy, the general state of health of the patient, the sensitivity of the subject to interferon, etc ., and therefore will be at the physician's discretion, bearing in mind all these circumstances.
  • the length of treatment will of course vary with the condition being treated, for example, treatment of a slow-growing cancer, such as prostate cancer, would be expected to involve a different course of treatment than treatment of a rapidly growing cancer, such as hepatic cellular carcinoma.
  • the effective dose disclosed herein is one which does not generate a pathological response in the patient when administered parenterally.
  • a pathological response may be acute, chronic, or cumulative, and may be manifested by changes in blood chemistry, such as leukopenia, bone marrow depression, or other histological parameters.
  • a pathological response includes adverse side effects, such as fever, malaise, or flu-like symptoms, vascular reactions, such as phlebitis, and local inflammatory reactions at the site of injection. Such responses will vary considerably among the patient population in view of individual variations in sensitivity to interferon.
  • a simple test for identifying an acceptable low dose of interferon for oromucosal therapy is to inject the patient with the putative acceptable dose, based upon considerations of age, weight, indication, progression, etc. and ascertain if the injection produces a pathological response as defined herein, with local irritation at the site of injection being the most readily ascertainable criterion. If no adverse response is noted, then the same dose may be administered oromucosally. If there is an undesirable response, then the process is repeated at a lower dose, until a non-pathological dose is identified.
  • an acceptable low dose of interferon may be from about 1 X 10 4 IU to about 20 X 10 6 IU of interferon per day, most preferably from about 1 ⁇ 10 4 IU to about 1 X 10 6 IU of interferon per day, provided that the dose is one which does not induce a pathological response when administered parenterally.
  • the total dose may be administered in multiple lower doses over time, or even may be delivered continuously or in a pulsatile manner from a controlled release device adhered to or implanted in the oromucosa.
  • Mouse IFN- ⁇ / ⁇ (Mu IFN- ⁇ / ⁇ ) was prepared from cultures of C243-3 cells induced with Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and purified as described previously (Tovey et al, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. and Med ., 1974 146 : 809-815).
  • the preparation used in this study had a titer of 4 x10 6 International Units (IU)/ml and a specific activity of 5 x 10 7 IU/mg protein as assayed on mouse 929 cells challenged with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) as described previously (Tovey et al, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. and Med., 1974 146 : 809-815).
  • VSV vesicular stomatitis virus
  • the preparation was standardized against the international reference preparation of murine IFN- ⁇ / ⁇ of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) (G-002-9004-541).
  • Recombinant human IFN- ⁇ 1-8 (Hu IFN- ⁇ 1-8; BDBB lot no. CGP 35269-1, Ciba-Geigy, Basel, Switzerland) was prepared and purified as described previously (Meister et al, J. Gen. Virol ., 1986 67 : 1633-1643). The preparation used in this study had a titer of 70 x 10 6 IU/ml on homologous human WISH cells challenged with VSV as described previously (Tovey et al , Nature, 1977 267 : 455-457), and a titer on heterologous mouse L929 cells of 1 x 10 6 IU/ml.
  • the preparation was standardized against both the NIH human IFN- ⁇ international reference preparation (G-023-901-527) and the NIH murine IFN- ⁇ / ⁇ standard (G-002-9004-5411).
  • the specific activity of the IFN preparation was 2 x 10 8 IU/mg protein.
  • Recombinant murine interferon- ⁇ was purchased from Life Technologies Inc.
  • the preparation used in this study (lot no. HKK404) had a titer of 6 x 10 6 IU/ml and a specific activity of 6 x 10 8 IU/mg protein as assayed on mouse L929 cells challenged with VSV (Tovey et al, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 1974, 146:406-415).
  • Recombinant murine interferon ⁇ was purchased from R & D Systems Inc. The preparation used in this study (lot no. 1976-01S) had a titer of 3.2 X 10 4 IU/ml and a specific activity of 8 X 10 6 IU/mg protein as assayed on mouse L929 cells challenged with VSV (Tovey et al, proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 1974, 146:406-415).
  • Recombinant murine interferon ⁇ was purchased from R & D Systems Inc.
  • the preparation used in this study (2580-03SA) had a titer of 2 X 10 5 IV/ml and a specific activity of 1 X 10 7 IU/mg protein as assayed on mouse L929 cells challenged with VSV (Tovey et al, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 1974, 146:406-415).
  • Interferon preparations were diluted in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) containing bovine serum albumin (BSA).
  • BSA bovine serum albumin
  • Bovine serum albumin fraction V RIA grade; immunoglobulin free; Cat. no. A7888; Sigma; USA
  • PBS phosphate buffered saline
  • interferon preparations were diluted in a proprietary excipient.
  • the excipient used was as follows, supplied in the form of tablets (FerimmuneTM, Pharma Pacific):
  • a single tablet was dissolved in 1.5 ml phosphate buffered saline, centrifuged at 16,000 g for 15 m, and then sterile filtered (0.2 ⁇ , Millex-GV, Millipore, USA), and stored at 4°C prior to use. Excipient was prepared daily prior to use.
  • the IFN- ⁇ / ⁇ resistant clone, 3C18, of Friend erythroleukaemia cells was obtained from Dr E. Affabris, Rome and is described in detail by Affabris et al , 1982 ( Virology, 120: 441-452). These cells were subsequently maintained by in vivo passage. Briefly, DBA/2 mice were inoculated by intraperitoneal injection (ip) with approximately 100 LD 50 of 3C18 cells and one week later the tumor cells were harvested from the peritoneum of the mice, counted and other mice were again inoculated with 100 LD 50 of 3C18 cells. This procedure was repeated for 60 to 100 passages.
  • ip intraperitoneal injection
  • the interferon compositions of the present invention are also active against the L1210R6 clone of L1210 lymphoma cells isolated in our laboratory (Gresser et al., 1974, Interferon and cell division. IX. Interferon-resistant L1210 cells : Characteristics and Origin. J. Nat. Cancer Inst., 52:553-559) and EL4 transplantable tumor derived from mice inoculated with the chemical carcinogen 1-2 dimethyl benzanthrein (Gorer, P.A., 1950, Br. J. Cancer, 4:372-381).
  • mice used in this study were obtained from a specific pathogen-free colony (IFFA CREDO, France). They were housed in a specific pathogen-free animal facility at the Institut Federatif CNRS at Villejuif according to EEC standards.
  • Interferon was assayed according to a conventional method. Briefly, samples (20 ⁇ l) were diluted in 80 ⁇ l of Eagle's Minimal Essential Medium (MEM) (Gibco, France) containing 2% heat-inactivated Fetal Calf Serum (FCS) (Gibco, France) and added to each well of a microtitre plate (Falcon, cat. no. 3072) using a multichannel micro-pipette (Finnpipette, Labsystem, 50-300 ⁇ l).
  • MEM Eagle's Minimal Essential Medium
  • FCS Fetal Calf Serum
  • WISH or L929 cells (2 x 10 4 cells/well) were added in 100 ⁇ l of MEM containing 2% FCS and incubated overnight at 37°C in an atmosphere of 5% CO 2 in air (Forma 3029 CO 2 incubator). The cells were then examined for any signs of toxicity using an Olympus IM GLDW inverted microscope equipped with a 10X objective.
  • Samples which did not exhibit detectable toxicity were then subjected to serial two-fold dilutions starting from an initial 1:10 dilution in a total volume of 200 ⁇ l of Eagle's MEM containing 2% FCS, by carrying forward 100 ⁇ l of diluted material with a multichannel micropipette, in a microplate containing 100 ⁇ l per well of fresh Eagle's MEM containing 2% FCS, Appropriate serial two-fold dilutions of the NIH human IFN- ⁇ reference standard (G-023-901-527) or the NIH Mu IFN- ⁇ / ⁇ reference standard (G-002-9004-5411) were also prepared.
  • WISH or L929 cells (2 x 10 4 cells/well) in 100 ⁇ l of Eagle's MEM containing 2% FCS were then added to each plate where appropriate and incubated overnight at 37°C in an atmosphere of 5% CO 2 in air.
  • the cell monolayers were then checked for any signs of toxicity and in the absence of any apparent toxicity, the culture was aspirated and replaced with 200 ⁇ l of Eagle's MEM containing 2% FCS containing 100 TCID 50 of VSV (2 x 10 -4 VSV 23 for WISH cells, or 10 -5 VSV 23 for L929 cells). The plates were then incubated overnight at 37°C in an atmosphere of 5% CO 2 in air.
  • the cell monolayers were then examined for specific viral cytopathic effect using an Olympus IM ULWD inverted microscope.
  • Interferon titers were determined from the reciprocal of the dilution which gave 50% protection against specific viral cytopathic effect, and are expressed in international reference units/ml (IU/ml).
  • mice challenged with highly metastatic FLC cells groups of six 7-8 week-old male DBA/2 mice were challenged intravenously (iv) with 1 x 10 5 FLC on day 0.
  • mice Each group of mice was treated twice a day for 10 consecutive days by the in/or route with either 10 4 IU of a natural mixture of multiple murine IFN- ⁇ subtypes (Mu IFN- ⁇ ) in 10 ⁇ l BSA-PBS, or with an equal volume of a mock IFN preparation, which was produced and purified in the same manner as the IFN preparation with the exception of the omission of the virus inducer.
  • the mock IFN preparation did not exhibit detectable IFN activity when assayed in parallel with the purified Mu IFN- ⁇ preparation. The results are shown in Table 1.
  • Example 2 In order to confirm the results of Example 1, a larger trial was performed. One hundred fifty 8 week-old female DBA/2 mice were challenged iv with 1 x 10 5 FLC (2 x 10 4 FLC LD 50 ) on day 0. Mice were treated with the type and dose of IFN indicatcd, administered by the in/or route in a 10 ⁇ l volume twice a day for 10 consecutive days. These were 10 mice in each treatment group. The results are summarized in Table 2.
  • IFN- ⁇ administered by the in/or route exhibits a marked anti-tumor activity in mice challenged iv with FLC. Indeed, some IFN-treated mice can be considered to be cured, as they were still alive more than 100 days after inoculation of 100,000 FLC, in a system in which 4 to 5 FLC cells are sufficient to kill an animal.
  • mice Eight week-old female DBA/2 mice were challenged iv with 1 x 10 5 FLC (2 x 10 4 FLC LD 50 ) on day 0. Mice were treated twice a day for 10 consecutive days with 10 4 IU of Mu IFN- ⁇ (the optimal dose as determined in Example 2) administered by the route indicated. There were 6 mice in each treatment group, and in each case the excipient for the Mu IFN- ⁇ was BSA in PBS. The results are summarized in Table 3.
  • the oromucosal (or in/or) route of administration is at least as effective as the commonly used parenteral routes, such as iv, intramuscular (im), and subcutaneous (sc) injection, if not more effective.
  • the in/or route was in fact as effective as ip injection, which is considered to be the most effective route in mice challenged iv with FLC.
  • administration of the same dose of IFN directly into the mouth appeared to be less effective than combined intranasal and oral administration, while introduction of IFN directly into the stomach of animals via a tube was considerably less effective.
  • IFN- ⁇ is known to induce the expression of a number of cellular proteins following binding of the protein to its cell surface receptor. These proteins are thought to provide a useful marker of IFN action.
  • IFN- ⁇ administered via the in/or route on the expression of three IFN-induced proteins, MHC class I antigens, Ly 6A/E antigen and 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase.
  • H-2K d Treatment of DBA-2 mice (H-2K d ) with up to 20,000 IU of Mu IFN- ⁇ by the in/or route did not significantly increase H-2-K d expression on peripheral blood lymphocytes, monocytes or granulocytes under conditions where as little as 20 IU of Mu IFN- ⁇ given ip markedly increased the expression of H-2-K d antigens on both peripheral blood monocytes and granulocytes. Indeed, expression on monocytes was slightly suppressed.
  • mice with up to 20,000 IU of IFN- ⁇ via the in/or route had no significant effect on the expression of Ly6 A/E antigens, the expression of which is markedly enhanced on the surface of a variety of lymphoid cells following parenteral treatment with type I IFN (Dumont et al ; J . Immunol, 1986137: 201-210). Similar results were obtained with 200 or 20,000 IU of either Mu IFN- ⁇ or Hu IFN- ⁇ 1-8 via the in/or route.
  • mice with as little as 20 IU of Mu IFN- ⁇ injected ip resulted in a marked increase in 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase activity in both peripheral blood mononuclear cells and splenocytes.
  • treatment of mice with up to 20,000 IU of Mu IFN- ⁇ via the in/or route did not significantly increase the expression of 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase activity.
  • mice which have the most favorable drug-blood volume ratio for such studies, were treated with a single high dose of recombinant IFN- ⁇ labeled to the highest specific radioactivity possible with 125 I.
  • the 125 I-labeled Hu IFN- ⁇ 1-8 (lot no. CGP35269-1) exhibited a biological activity of 2 x 10 7 IU/ml when assayed on human WISH cells challenged with VSV and 1 x 10 6 IU/ml when assayed on mouse L929 cells challenged with VSV.
  • mice Six to seven week-old female Swiss mice were injected iv, ip, or treated in/or with 2 x 10 7 IU equivalent to 1 x 10 6 murine IU of 125 I Hu IFN- ⁇ 1-8 (1.0369 x 10 7 cpm/mouse). At the time points indicated, three mice per group were sacrificed, blood was collected, and the volume determined. Kidney, liver, lung, spleen, and stomach/esophagus were harvested, blotted, and weighed to a precision of ⁇ 1.0 ⁇ g. The radioactivity of each sample was determined individually using a gamma counter.
  • the samples were immunoprecipitated with protein A-G Agarose, in order to precipitate immunoglobulins present in the samples, treated with an affinity-purified polyclonal anti-IFN- ⁇ antibody, and further immunoprecipitated.
  • the samples were then subjected to SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) as described above.
  • the tissue distribution of radiolabelled material revealed very high levels of radioactivity in the kidneys, high levels in the liver, lung, and spleen of animals 5 min. after the iv injection of 125 I IFN- ⁇ 1-8.
  • the level of radioactivity present in each of these four organs was then found to decrease progressively at 15 and 30 min.
  • the level of radioactivity in the stomach increased progressively at 15 and 30 min. to reach a level comparable to that present in the serum of animals 30 min. after an iv bolus.
  • mice were treated iv, ip or in/or with 1.0369 x 10 7 cpm/mouse of 125 I-labeled Hu IFN- ⁇ 1-8, and the levels of radioactivity present in both whole blood and serum were determined at a series of time points over a 24 hour period.
  • the Friend erythroleukaemia model constitutes a very severe preclinical test of anti-tumor activity, since FLC are highly malignant and metastasize to both the liver and spleen when injected iv. Indeed, results obtained using this model were the basis for the adoption of parenteral injection of IFN- ⁇ for treatment of human cancers.
  • all the untreated animals and animals treated with control preparations died within 10 to 11 days. Injection of only 4 or 5 FLC cells will kill a mouse if no treatment is given.
  • some of the animals treated with murine IFN- ⁇ by the oromucosal route are still alive more than 100 days after inoculation of 10 5 FLC, and may be considered to be cured.
  • IFN- ⁇ administered by the oromucosal route appears to be more effective than cyclophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil, or methotrexate administered parenterally, which increase survival time by only a few days in animals injected with FLC (Gresser et al , J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 1988 80 : 126-131).
  • Other drugs such as cisplatin, vincristine, doxorubicin, bleomycin or etoposide are ineffective against this tumor (Gresser et al , J. Natl . Cancer Inst , 1988 80 : 126-131).
  • IFN- ⁇ administered by the oromucosal route appears to be more effective against FLC than other cytokines such as IL-1 ⁇ , IL-2 and TNF- ⁇ administered systemically, which exhibit very little activity in this model.
  • IFN administered parenterally is one of the most active anti-tumor drugs in this model, and that IFN therapy is effective even when initiated after tumor metastases are already present in the liver (Gresser et al , Intl. J. Cancer, 1987 39 : 789-792).
  • the present results show that IFN administration by the oromucosal route is equally, or even more, effective.
  • IL-1 interleukin-1
  • IFN- ⁇ / ⁇ therapy results in a synergistic anti-tumor effect in mice injected with FLC (Belardelli et al , Int. J. Cancer, 1991 49 : 274-278).
  • the same treatment also exerts a marked anti-tumor effect against a metastatic variant (p11-R-Eb) of the Eb lymphoma, against which either agent alone is ineffective (Gabriele et al , Invasion Metastasis, 1993 13 : 147-162).
  • IL-1 was found to be the most effective when combined with parenteral type I IFN therapy.

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US6710025B1 (en) 1999-05-26 2004-03-23 The Brigham And Women's Hospital, Inc. Treatment of damaged tissue using agents that modulate the activity of alpha-smooth muscle actin
CA2374301A1 (en) * 1999-05-26 2000-11-30 Brigham And Women's Hospital, Inc. Therapeutic uses of agents that modulate the activity of alpha-smooth muscle actin
US20040258663A1 (en) * 2003-05-08 2004-12-23 Nastech Pharmaceutical Company Inc. Compositions and methods for enhanced mucosal delivery of interferon alpha
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