EP0895027B1 - Garniture céramique - Google Patents

Garniture céramique Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0895027B1
EP0895027B1 EP97810539A EP97810539A EP0895027B1 EP 0895027 B1 EP0895027 B1 EP 0895027B1 EP 97810539 A EP97810539 A EP 97810539A EP 97810539 A EP97810539 A EP 97810539A EP 0895027 B1 EP0895027 B1 EP 0895027B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
wall
metallic
ceramic
opening
ceramic lining
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP97810539A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0895027A1 (fr
Inventor
Klaus Dr. Döbbeling
Armin Dr. Heger
Andreas Dr. Pfeiffer
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Alstom SA
Original Assignee
Alstom SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Alstom SA filed Critical Alstom SA
Priority to DE59706557T priority Critical patent/DE59706557D1/de
Priority to EP97810539A priority patent/EP0895027B1/fr
Priority to US09/119,585 priority patent/US5957067A/en
Priority to JP10211000A priority patent/JPH1194241A/ja
Publication of EP0895027A1 publication Critical patent/EP0895027A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0895027B1 publication Critical patent/EP0895027B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23M—CASINGS, LININGS, WALLS OR DOORS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR COMBUSTION CHAMBERS, e.g. FIREBRIDGES; DEVICES FOR DEFLECTING AIR, FLAMES OR COMBUSTION PRODUCTS IN COMBUSTION CHAMBERS; SAFETY ARRANGEMENTS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR COMBUSTION APPARATUS; DETAILS OF COMBUSTION CHAMBERS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F23M5/00—Casings; Linings; Walls
    • F23M5/04—Supports for linings
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23M—CASINGS, LININGS, WALLS OR DOORS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR COMBUSTION CHAMBERS, e.g. FIREBRIDGES; DEVICES FOR DEFLECTING AIR, FLAMES OR COMBUSTION PRODUCTS IN COMBUSTION CHAMBERS; SAFETY ARRANGEMENTS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR COMBUSTION APPARATUS; DETAILS OF COMBUSTION CHAMBERS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F23M5/00—Casings; Linings; Walls
    • F23M5/02—Casings; Linings; Walls characterised by the shape of the bricks or blocks used
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23R—GENERATING COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OF HIGH PRESSURE OR HIGH VELOCITY, e.g. GAS-TURBINE COMBUSTION CHAMBERS
    • F23R3/00—Continuous combustion chambers using liquid or gaseous fuel
    • F23R3/007—Continuous combustion chambers using liquid or gaseous fuel constructed mainly of ceramic components
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23M—CASINGS, LININGS, WALLS OR DOORS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR COMBUSTION CHAMBERS, e.g. FIREBRIDGES; DEVICES FOR DEFLECTING AIR, FLAMES OR COMBUSTION PRODUCTS IN COMBUSTION CHAMBERS; SAFETY ARRANGEMENTS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR COMBUSTION APPARATUS; DETAILS OF COMBUSTION CHAMBERS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F23M2900/00—Special features of, or arrangements for combustion chambers
    • F23M2900/05002—Means for accommodate thermal expansion of the wall liner
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23M—CASINGS, LININGS, WALLS OR DOORS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR COMBUSTION CHAMBERS, e.g. FIREBRIDGES; DEVICES FOR DEFLECTING AIR, FLAMES OR COMBUSTION PRODUCTS IN COMBUSTION CHAMBERS; SAFETY ARRANGEMENTS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR COMBUSTION APPARATUS; DETAILS OF COMBUSTION CHAMBERS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F23M2900/00—Special features of, or arrangements for combustion chambers
    • F23M2900/05004—Special materials for walls or lining

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a ceramic lining according to the preamble of Claim 1.
  • Such linings are used in particular as inner wall insulation of metallic combustion chambers.
  • a ceramic lining of the type mentioned is known from DE 195 02 730 A1.
  • the lining there aims at an uncooled removable lining a combustion chamber with ceramic elements, which the high mechanical and thermal stresses in a commercial withstands the highly loaded combustion chamber.
  • the lining consists of at least one wall plate made of high temperature resistant Structural ceramics with at least one through opening and one fastener per opening.
  • the fastener is with his foot in a metallic one attached to the metallic supporting wall Holding device attached. The head of the fastener rests in the opening the wall plate.
  • the fastener consists of high temperature resistant Structural ceramics and is resiliently connected to the holding device. Is between the metallic wall and the ceramic wall plate an insulation layer is arranged.
  • the thickness of this insulation layer is according to the thermal load of the overall composite of the lining selected. she must be determined so that the maximum permissible temperatures of the metallic Do not exceed the bulkhead.
  • the insulation material can, for example be applied in the form of prefabricated blocks, in the area of Fastening bolt a corresponding hole for the assembly of the lining must be present. Because the mounting distance between two wall panels is determined by the thermal expansion of the wall panels, at least in Area below the butt joints of two adjacent panel elements suitably solidified on its surface or otherwise protected so that in the case of parasitic hot air flows in the gap, rinsing out the insulation layer is avoided. As a result of almost inevitable Vibrations of the combustion chamber or thermal influences can damage the insulation layer however, change their shape. This can loosen the body Attachment, which in the long term result in the loss of the insulation layer may have.
  • the invention is therefore based on the object of a ceramic lining of the type mentioned to create that without the previous insulation layer between metal wall and ceramic wall element.
  • the advantage of the invention can be seen in particular in that in addition to the Heat shield function for the new convection-free lining of the temperature gradient is set by mere heat radiation. Refraining from unstable Insulation materials lead to a reliable lining, which also manages with a smaller number of individual parts.
  • the wall element consists of several nested or stacked boxes.
  • the inner wall of the outer box on the inner wall of the box close to the wall support.
  • the one resting in the opening of the wall element Head of the fastener is stepped and at least two between the floor and metallic wall arranged support surfaces, one each this contact surface with the contact surface of one of the nested Boxes cooperates.
  • the hot gas flow With this measure, the facing ceramic part becomes the metallic one Wall still protected by the internal ceramic part, creating a Emergency operation is possible.
  • Ceramic wall elements 3 are arranged next to one another on the metallic support wall 1 of the combustion chamber. They consist of high-temperature-resistant structural ceramics, for example SiC or Si 3 N 4 . These wall elements 3 are fastened to the metal supporting wall 1 with the aid of fastening elements 4, which are each arranged in a metal holding device 5, which will be described in detail later. Like the wall elements 3, these fastening elements 4 also consist of high-temperature-resistant structural ceramics.
  • Fig. 2 shows a top view of a possible form of Wall elements 3.
  • the thickness d of the wall elements 3 results on the one hand from the required mechanical stability and on the other hand a minimization of the thermal stresses due to temperature gradients in the component.
  • a square contour can also be used Apply to flat or only slightly curved combustion chambers undress.
  • Wall elements 3 with a rectangular, triangular or polygonal outer contour can be used. It is decisive et al that the elements - be it individually or in combination - are arranged so that they cannot rotate are.
  • a wall element 3 is box-shaped. As in Fig. 1 shown, it consists essentially of a parallel to the metallic Wall 1 extending floor 25, the outside against the hot combustion chamber is directed. In the center of the bottom 25 there is a through opening 6 for receiving a fastener 4, which is a bolt here, the consists of head, shaft and foot, arranged.
  • a fastener 4 which is a bolt here, the consists of head, shaft and foot, arranged.
  • a plurality of openings 6 be present in each wall element 3.
  • the perpendicular to the metallic wall extending inner wall 23 of the box, which surrounds the opening 6 in a ring shape, is supported on the metallic supporting wall.
  • the also perpendicular to the metallic Wall-extending outer walls 24 extend from the bottom of the Box down to the metallic support wall 1 without touching it.
  • the new shape of the wall element 3 makes it a convection-free chamber created in which the heat exchange essentially by radiation he follows. Adjacent chambers are with a small gap 28 between them Outer walls 24 mounted. This gap compensates for manufacturing and assembly inaccuracies as well as operational thermal expansion. He also serves as a throttle for gas flows.
  • the contact surface between the head 20 arranged in the opening 6 of the Fastening element 4 and the wall element 3 is carried out in an optimal manner, in order to make a clear contact even at small angular positions of the bolt sure.
  • the head 20 has a spherical bearing surface provided with their roundness 21 on a straight cross-sectional support surface 22 is present. This straight section is in the area of the opening 6 beveled connection between the bottom 25 and the inner wall 23 of the Wall element.
  • this makes the contact surface between the fastening element 4 and the wall element 3 enlarged, on the other hand, the Heat flows in stationary and unsteady load gradients influenced so that only minimal thermal stresses arise.
  • This zone results from a coordination between the heat storage and thermal conductivity properties of the materials used. With this As a measure, the area in which line contact occurs can easily be taken determine, as the expected tolerances are usually known.
  • the Hertzian pressure on the surfaces pressed against each other - here convex Surface against flat surface - is significantly smaller than with the known ones Ball / ball sitting and can be easily determined analytically. Still will achieved a good sealing effect here, if this is desired at all.
  • This Sealing against the cooling air takes place on the one hand by the described seat between bolt and and the inner ceramic body of the wall element, on the other hand through the bearing surface of the inner wall 23 of the box on the metallic Support wall and the arrangement of the fastener on the cooling air side Metal wall.
  • the metallic holding device 5 consists of a longitudinally divided Threaded sleeve 7, which includes the foot of the fastener.
  • a threaded nut 9 is arranged on the external thread of the threaded sleeve 7, which are used to set the clamping force, as explained below can.
  • the nut 9 holds the two halves of the threaded sleeve 7 together.
  • the mutual positioning of the two threaded sleeve halves can be replaced by additional construction elements, e.g. the bolts, ensured become.
  • a square 10 serves to split the sleeve when tightening the threaded nut 9 hold. Positions 7 and 10 are part of the split sleeve.
  • the metallic holding device 5 consists of one in the metallic Carrying wall 1 embedded guide ring 11, a one-piece guide sleeve 12 for the fastener 4 and from between the guide sleeve 12 and the Guide ring 11 arranged spring elements 13.
  • the spring 13 is, for example, as shown in Fig. 1, a plate spring. Thanks to the elastic connection the ceramic structure on the metallic holding device is reached, that thermal relative strains between the metallic and ceramic Components are added without touching the contact surfaces impermissibly high voltages can be induced in the ceramic component. about a certain spring travel of the clamping (over that on the external thread the sleeve 7 screwed nut 9 adjustable) are almost constant clamping forces guaranteed.
  • Fig. 3 is a radiation-cooled 2-layer combustion chamber lining shown, in which the wall element (3) consists of two slipped boxes 26a, 26b.
  • the inner wall 23a of the outer box 26a is supported the inner wall 23b of the box 26b close to the wall.
  • the outer walls of the two Boxes 26a, 26b run parallel to one another and close one Sealing gap 27 between them.
  • a heat shield against the inside of the combustion chamber is thus formed by pure Radiation cooling to the outside of the combustion chamber.
  • the boxes form convection-free Chambers in which heat is transferred only by radiation. There is no need for unstable insulation material and separate cooling air.
  • the wall element 3 consists of two boxes 26a, 26b placed one above the other and the inner wall 23a of the outer box 26a fits onto the inner wall 23b of the box 26b near the wall.
  • the outer walls 24a, respectively. 24b the the two boxes extend on the same level.
  • the inner walls only roughly perpendicular to the metal wall; they are in their course adapted to the shape of the head 20 of the fastener. That head has two levels, each level with its own spherical support surface 21 is provided.
  • the overlaid one another Boxes each have a straight support surface on their inner walls.
  • a such a redundant version is particularly suitable for emergency operation.
  • the radially outer step due to damage to the box 26a the inner box can still function as a heat shield exercise.
  • the non-contact design of the outer walls 24 against the metallic Support wall 1, the sealing gaps 27 and the small gaps 28 between neighboring chambers are based on the following considerations. It is true that to prevent mutual contact between components and at the same time chokes to form for any gas flows.
  • the order of magnitude of the various gaps on the one hand due to manufacturing tolerances and on the other hand due to the thermal expansion occurring during operation. To reduce the throttle effect guarantee, the column will be made smaller than 0.5 mm.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Cylinder Crankcases Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
  • Connection Of Plates (AREA)

Claims (5)

  1. Garniture intérieure en céramique pour chambres de combustion, constituée d'au moins un élément de paroi (3) en céramique structurelle réfractaire traversé par au moins une ouverture (6) et d'un élément de fixation (4) en céramique structurelle réfractaire par ouverture (6), l'élément de fixation (4) étant disposé de manière élastique à ressort avec son pied dans un dispositif de maintien (5) fixé à la paroi métallique de support (1) et la tête (20) de l'élément de fixation (4) reposant dans l'ouverture (6) de l'élément de paroi (3), caractérisée en ce que l'élément de paroi (3) est réalisé en forme du caisson,
    avec un fond (25) qui s'étend parallèlement à la paroi métallique (1) et dont le côté extérieur est dirigé vers la chambre de combustion,
    avec une paroi intérieure (23) qui s'étend au moins approximativement à la perpendiculaire de la paroi métallique (1) et qui entoure l'ouverture (6) en forme d'anneau et s'appuie directement ou indirectement sur la paroi métallique de support (1),
    et avec des parois extérieures (24) qui s'étendent au moins approximativement à la perpendiculaire de la paroi métallique (1) et qui s'étendent jusqu'à la paroi métallique de support (1) sans toucher cette dernière.
  2. Garniture intérieure en céramique selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que les côtés frontaux libres des parois extérieures (24) ne touchent pas la paroi de support (1) et forment avec elle un interstice (28).
  3. Garniture intérieure en céramique selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que l'élément de paroi (3) est constitué de plusieurs caissons (26a, 26b) emboítés les uns dans les autres ou empilés les uns au-dessus des autres, la paroi intérieure (23a) du caisson extérieur (26a) s'appuyant sur la paroi intérieure (23b) du caisson (26b) proche de la paroi.
  4. Garniture intérieure en céramique selon la revendication 3, caractérisée en ce que les parois extérieures des caissons (26a, 26b) s'étendent parallèlement l'une à l'autre et forment entre elles un interstice d'étanchéité (27).
  5. Garniture intérieure en céramique selon la revendication 3, caractérisée en ce que la tête (20) de l'élément de fixation (4) qui repose dans l'ouverture (6) de l'élément de paroi (3) présente des gradins et présente au moins deux surfaces de pose (21) disposées entre le fond et la paroi métallique, chacune de ces surfaces de pose coopérant avec la surface de pose (22) de l'un des caissons (26a, 26b) emboítés l'un dans l'autre.
EP97810539A 1997-07-28 1997-07-28 Garniture céramique Expired - Lifetime EP0895027B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE59706557T DE59706557D1 (de) 1997-07-28 1997-07-28 Keramische Auskleidung
EP97810539A EP0895027B1 (fr) 1997-07-28 1997-07-28 Garniture céramique
US09/119,585 US5957067A (en) 1997-07-28 1998-07-21 Ceramic liner
JP10211000A JPH1194241A (ja) 1997-07-28 1998-07-27 セラミック・ライニング

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP97810539A EP0895027B1 (fr) 1997-07-28 1997-07-28 Garniture céramique

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0895027A1 EP0895027A1 (fr) 1999-02-03
EP0895027B1 true EP0895027B1 (fr) 2002-03-06

Family

ID=8230327

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP97810539A Expired - Lifetime EP0895027B1 (fr) 1997-07-28 1997-07-28 Garniture céramique

Country Status (4)

Country Link
US (1) US5957067A (fr)
EP (1) EP0895027B1 (fr)
JP (1) JPH1194241A (fr)
DE (1) DE59706557D1 (fr)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102013220482B3 (de) * 2013-10-10 2015-04-09 Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. Haltevorrichtung zur wärmeausdehnungskompensierenden, klemmenden Fixierung eines hitzebeständigen Wandelements einer Brennkammer

Families Citing this family (32)

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DE59706558D1 (de) * 1997-07-28 2002-04-11 Alstom Keramische Auskleidung
US6397765B1 (en) * 1998-03-19 2002-06-04 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Wall segment for a combustion chamber and a combustion chamber
EP1006315B1 (fr) * 1998-11-30 2004-01-21 ALSTOM (Switzerland) Ltd Garnissage céramique d'une chambre de combustion
GB9926257D0 (en) * 1999-11-06 2000-01-12 Rolls Royce Plc Wall elements for gas turbine engine combustors
DE10036211A1 (de) * 2000-07-25 2002-02-07 Rolls Royce Deutschland Brennkammerschindel
EP1284390A1 (fr) * 2001-06-27 2003-02-19 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Ensemble bouclier thermique pour un composant acheminant un gaz chaud, notamment pour des pièces de structure de turbines à gaz
DE10155420A1 (de) * 2001-11-12 2003-05-22 Rolls Royce Deutschland Hitzeschildanordnung mit Dichtungselement
EP1422479B1 (fr) * 2002-11-22 2008-08-13 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Chambre pour la combustion d' un mélange combustible fluide
US7871716B2 (en) * 2003-04-25 2011-01-18 Siemens Energy, Inc. Damage tolerant gas turbine component
US7178299B2 (en) * 2003-05-16 2007-02-20 Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company Tiles with embedded locating rods for erosion resistant linings
EP1533572A1 (fr) * 2003-11-24 2005-05-25 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Chambre de combustion pour turbine à gaz et turbine à gaz
DE102004044852A1 (de) * 2004-09-10 2006-03-16 Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. Heißgaskammer und Schindel für eine Heißgaskammer
US20060242914A1 (en) * 2005-04-29 2006-11-02 Harbison-Walker Refractories Company Refractory block and refractory wall assembly
EP1741981A1 (fr) * 2005-07-04 2007-01-10 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Bouclier thermique en céramique et réacteur à gaz hautes températures recouvert d'un tel bouclier
EP1862740B1 (fr) 2006-05-31 2015-09-16 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Paroi de chambre de combustion
GB2453946B (en) * 2007-10-23 2010-07-14 Rolls Royce Plc A Wall Element for use in Combustion Apparatus
GB0800294D0 (en) * 2008-01-09 2008-02-20 Rolls Royce Plc Gas heater
GB0801839D0 (en) 2008-02-01 2008-03-05 Rolls Royce Plc combustion apparatus
GB2457281B (en) * 2008-02-11 2010-09-08 Rolls Royce Plc A Combustor Wall Arrangement with Parts Joined by Mechanical Fasteners
GB2460634B (en) * 2008-06-02 2010-07-07 Rolls Royce Plc Combustion apparatus
EP2236928A1 (fr) * 2009-03-17 2010-10-06 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Elément de bouclier thermique
CH701828A2 (de) * 2009-09-15 2011-03-15 Thermtec Schmidt Daemmstoff Engineering Swiss System aufweisend mehrere Anker und Halteglieder zur Befestigung temperaturbeständiger Auskleidungen in einer Hochtemperatur-Prozesskammer.
US8943835B2 (en) * 2010-05-10 2015-02-03 General Electric Company Gas turbine engine combustor with CMC heat shield and methods therefor
US9638133B2 (en) 2012-11-28 2017-05-02 United Technologies Corporation Ceramic matrix composite liner attachment
US10422532B2 (en) * 2013-08-01 2019-09-24 United Technologies Corporation Attachment scheme for a ceramic bulkhead panel
GB201317006D0 (en) 2013-09-25 2013-11-06 Rolls Royce Plc Component for attaching to a wall
WO2015132728A1 (fr) * 2014-03-03 2015-09-11 Ansaldo Energia S.P.A. Chambre de combustion d'un ensemble turbine à gaz et élément de support pour carreaux d'isolation thermique d'une chambre de combustion d'un ensemble turbine à gaz
CN106247399B (zh) * 2015-06-08 2020-01-31 A.S.En.安萨尔多开发能源有限责任公司 用于燃气轮机的燃烧室的具有较薄的厚度的绝热陶瓷砖瓦
US20180340687A1 (en) * 2017-05-24 2018-11-29 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Refractory ceramic component for a gas turbine engine
US10557365B2 (en) 2017-10-05 2020-02-11 Rolls-Royce Corporation Ceramic matrix composite blade track with mounting system having reaction load distribution features
US11149563B2 (en) 2019-10-04 2021-10-19 Rolls-Royce Corporation Ceramic matrix composite blade track with mounting system having axial reaction load distribution features
US11187098B2 (en) 2019-12-20 2021-11-30 Rolls-Royce Corporation Turbine shroud assembly with hangers for ceramic matrix composite material seal segments

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US463308A (en) * 1891-11-17 Sectional casing for steam-generators
BE535497A (fr) * 1954-02-26
DE3664374D1 (en) * 1985-12-02 1989-08-17 Siemens Ag Heat shield arrangement, especially for the structural components of a gas turbine plant
DE19502730A1 (de) 1995-01-28 1996-08-01 Abb Management Ag Keramische Auskleidung
US5758503A (en) * 1995-05-03 1998-06-02 United Technologies Corporation Gas turbine combustor

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102013220482B3 (de) * 2013-10-10 2015-04-09 Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. Haltevorrichtung zur wärmeausdehnungskompensierenden, klemmenden Fixierung eines hitzebeständigen Wandelements einer Brennkammer

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPH1194241A (ja) 1999-04-09
DE59706557D1 (de) 2002-04-11
EP0895027A1 (fr) 1999-02-03
US5957067A (en) 1999-09-28

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