EP0860251A1 - Verfahren zur Abgabe einer Flüssigkeit - Google Patents
Verfahren zur Abgabe einer Flüssigkeit Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0860251A1 EP0860251A1 EP97850029A EP97850029A EP0860251A1 EP 0860251 A1 EP0860251 A1 EP 0860251A1 EP 97850029 A EP97850029 A EP 97850029A EP 97850029 A EP97850029 A EP 97850029A EP 0860251 A1 EP0860251 A1 EP 0860251A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- hollow body
- conduit
- stream
- gluing system
- brought
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B27—WORKING OR PRESERVING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIAL; NAILING OR STAPLING MACHINES IN GENERAL
- B27G—ACCESSORY MACHINES OR APPARATUS FOR WORKING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIALS; TOOLS FOR WORKING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIALS; SAFETY DEVICES FOR WOOD WORKING MACHINES OR TOOLS
- B27G11/00—Applying adhesives or glue to surfaces of wood to be joined
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D1/00—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials
- B05D1/26—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials performed by applying the liquid or other fluent material from an outlet device in contact with, or almost in contact with, the surface
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D1/00—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials
- B05D1/34—Applying different liquids or other fluent materials simultaneously
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for supplying a multicomponent fluid. It also relates to a process for production of laminated wood or glue-laminated timber in which the method is applied. Furthermore, it also relates to a device for carrying out the method, particularly in said production process.
- Production of laminated wood and glue-laminated timber usually involves agglutination of (i.e. gluing together) two or more wooden members surfaces by means of a multicomponent thermosetting resin gluing system, such as gluing systems based on urea-formaldehyde resins, melamine-formaldehyde resins, phenol-formaldehyde resins, phenol-resorcinol-formaldehyde resins, isocyanate resins, polyurethane resins, polyvinyl acetate resins, etc.
- gluing systems are based on at least two components, a resin component and a hardener component.
- the hardener component is based on formaldehyde, organic isocyanates, or acids like formic acid, i.e. substances known to evaporate into gaseous emissions giving rise to unpleasant odours or even respiratory irritation.
- This emission problem is particularly evident when the gluing system or its components are applied by means of some curtain coating technique, at which the evaporating substance falls freely through the ambient air down to one of the surfaces to be agglutinated.
- the problem is particularly outspoken when the evaporating component is applied separate from the other components, as in that case neither the evaporating component nor the emitted vapours may react with any other gluing system component.
- the present invention relates to a method for supplying a multicomponent fluid, which is characterised in that a first fluid component is brought to flow in a first stream, and a second fluid component is brought to flow in a second stream, whereby the flow of the second stream is brought to essentially encircle the flow of the first stream.
- stream refers to a stream as well as to a jet or a ray.
- the flow of each or both of the component streams may be pumped or propelled by gravitational forces, or a combination thereof.
- encircle means that the second stream encircles, encompasses, or circumvents, the first stream, or in other words that the second stream flows in a circumjacent relation to the first stream.
- the ingredients of the multicomponent fluid causes nauseous or noxious gas emissions this ingredient is suitably comprised in the first fluid component.
- the vapours emitted from the first fluid component is then shielded from the ambient air. In this way it is also possible to use resin-hardener systems with high proportions of hardener.
- the stream of the first fluid component may be discontinuous or comprise regular or irregular dripping, whereby the portions or droplets are essentially completely encircled by the second fluid component
- the stream is preferably continuous, i.e. unbroken, whereby said first stream is encircled by the second stream in the direction transverse to the flow direction of both streams.
- thermosetting resin gluing systems comprising a resin component and a hardener component, e.g. a urea-formaldehyde resin gluing system, a melamine-formaldehyde resin gluing system, a melamine-urea-formaldehyde resin gluing system, a phenol resin gluing system, a phenol-formaldehyde resin gluing system, a resorcinol-phenol-formaldehyde resin gluing system, a polyurethane resin gluing system, a polyvinyl acetate gluing system, an emulsion or dispersion isocyanate resin gluing system, or a combination of two or more of these gluing systems.
- a hardener component e.g. a urea-formaldehyde resin gluing system, a melamine-formaldehyde resin gluing system, a melamine-urea-formalde
- the hardener components of these gluing systems are preferably used as the first fluid component according to the present invention.
- hardener refers both to catalytic hardeners and reactive curing agents.
- the pot life is prolonged, compared with prior art in which the components are premixed in or prior to entering the supply device. Consequently the clogging problem is also strongly diminished or even removed.
- the present method is applied in a process for production of laminated wood or glue-laminated timber by agglutinating surfaces of two or more wooden members.
- a multicomponent gluing system is prepared by mixing a hardener component and a resin component, whereupon the freshly prepared gluing system is applied on at least one of the surfaces to be agglutinated, whereby the hardener component is brought to flow in a first stream from an application device to said surface and the resin component is brought to flow in a second stream, whereby the second stream is brought to essentially encircle the first stream in the direction transverse to the direction of flow of the first as well as of the second stream.
- the present invention also relates to a device specially adapted for the present method and the present process, which comprises a first hollow body provided with at least one outlet conduit, a second hollow body having at least as many outlet apertures as the there are outlet conduits of the first hollow body, whereby each conduit is introduced into one aperture, there being an interspace between the conduit and the edges of the aperture.
- One embodiment (not shown in the drawings) of the present device furthermore comprises an intermediate hollow body having at least one outlet conduit, whereby substantially all of the conduits of the first hollow body are introduced into one of the conduits in the intermediate hollow body and each conduit of the intermediate hollow body is introduced in the same aperture in the second hollow body as the first hollow body conduit is introduced into itself, and there being an interspace between the conduits of the intermediate and the first hollow body and an interspace between the conduit of the intermediate hollow body and the edges of said aperture.
- the device may be equipped with additional intermediate hollow bodies arranged in a way corresponding to said intermediate body, the upper number being limited by requirement/demand and economy only.
- the first hollow body is preferably provided with an inlet duct, and the outlet conduit has suitably an outlet nozzle.
- the second hollow body is preferably provided with an inlet duct and comprises suitably a shell having interior and exterior surfaces enveloping the first hollow body. Said nozzle is preferably flushed with the interior or the exterior surface of the second hollow body shell or extends beyond said exterior surface, each conduit being introduced into different apertures.
- the intermediate hollow body if any, is preferably provided with an inlet duct and the outlet conduit has suitably an outlet nozzle.
- the intermediate hollow body may envelope the first hollow body and may itself be enveloped by the second hollow body.
- the shape of the first hollow body, the intermediate hollow body, and the second hollow body is preferably substantially tubular.
- At least one of the apertures in the second hollow body shell is fitted with an externally protruding outlet conduit having an outlet nozzle.
- the length of substantially all of the conduits of the second hollow body measured from the nozzle thereof to the exterior side of the shell of the second hollow body is preferably less than about 50%, in particular less than 20%, of the overall cross-sectional dimension of the second hollow body.
- substantially all of the nozzles of the conduits of the first and any intermediate bodies introduced into the same aperture are flushed with the nozzle of the second hollow body conduit fitted to that same aperture.
- This embodiment is advantageous in that it provides good mechanical stability: all nozzles are flushed with each other, the conduits of the inner and intermediate bodies being protected from externally inflicted strains and impacts.
- At least one of the conduits of the first and any intermediate bodies introduced into the same aperture extends beyond the nozzle of the second hollow body conduit fitted to that same aperture.
- This embodiment is advantageous in that it provides an improved possibility to diminish of prevent clogging of the interspaces between the conduits when the device is used for supplying a resin-hardener system if the resin is supplied from the second hollow body and the hardener through the extending conduit, or vice versa. If clogging appears it will be at the nozzle of the extending conduit, not in said interspaces; such clogging is clearly much easier to attend to than clogging in the interspaces.
- the surface of the extending conduit may also treated in such away that is not wetted by the second fluid component (i.e.
- said surface may thus be made hydrophobic , e.g. by means of some hydrophobic coating, when the second fluid component is aqueous. In this way the risk of clogging at the nozzle of the extending conduit will also be diminished.
- At least one conduit of the first hollow body or of an intermediate hollow body extend beyond the exterior surface of the second hollow body shell, whereby the conduit of the first hollow body or the intermediate hollow body comprises openings substantially transverse to the longitudinal axis of the conduits, positioned in the part of the conduit extending between the second hollow body conduit nozzle and the interior surface of the second hollow body shell.
- This embodiment is advantageous in those cases when some premixing is necessary, as the absence of the same would lead to unacceptable long curing times, e.g. when applying emulsion polymer isocyanate (EPI) or polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) gluing systems.
- EPI emulsion polymer isocyanate
- PVAc polyvinyl acetate
- FIG 1 shows an embodiment of the device according to the invention which comprises a first hollow body 10 provided with three outlet conduits 20, 21, 22, a second hollow body 30 having as many outlet apertures 40, 41, 42 as there are outlet conduits of the first hollow body.
- Each conduit is introduced into one aperture, there being an interspaces 50, 51, 52 between the conduit and the edges 60, 61, 62 of the apertures.
- the first hollow body 10 is provided with an inlet duct 70 and the outlet conduits 20, 21 have outlet nozzles 80, 81.
- the second hollow body 30 is provided with an inlet duct 90 and comprises a shell 100 having one interior 110 and one exterior 120 surface, and envelopes the first hollow body.
- Nozzles 80, 81 extend beyond said exterior surface 120, and each conduit 20, 21, 22 is introduced into different apertures 40, 41, 42.
- the first hollow body as well as the second hollow body both have tubular form. All the apertures in the second hollow body shell is fitted with externally protruding outlet conduits 130, 131, 132 having outlet nozzles 140, 141, 142.
- Nozzle 80 of conduit 20 is flushed with nozzle 140 of conduit 130, which is fitted to aperture 40, i.e. the same aperture into which conduit 20 is introduced.
- Nozzle 81 of conduit 21 extends beyond nozzle 141 of conduit 131, which is fitted to aperture 41, i.e. the same aperture into which conduit 21 is introduced.
- Conduit 22 comprises openings 150 which are substantially transverse to the longitudinal axis of conduits 22 and 130, which openings are positioned in the part of conduit 22 extending between the nozzle 142 and the shell interior surface 110.
- Comparative Example 1 A resorcinol-phenol-formaldehyde gluing system was prepared according to conventional technology by stirring 100 parts by weight of a resorcinol-phenol mixture and 20 parts by weight of an aqueous formaldehyde solution containing 40 percent by weight of formaldehyde. After said stirring the glue was applied to a surface in an amount of 400g/m 2 . The formaldehyde concentration above said surface was analysed by sucking air through a filter impregnated with dinitrophenylhydrazine, leaching the filter with acetonitrile, and then analysing the extract, by means of HPLC, with regard to the content of HCHO. The volume of analysed air was 28.42 litres, which passed the filter with a flow of 0.98 litres/minute. The results of the analysis are set forth in the Table below.
- Comparative Example 2 A resorcinol-phenol-formaldehyde gluing system was prepared in the same manner and according to the same recipe as in Comparative Example 1. The glue was applied to a surface in an amount of 400g/m 2 . The formaldehyde concentration above said surface was analysed by sucking air through a filter impregnated with dinitrophenylhydrazine, leaching the filter with acetonitrile, and then analysing the extract, by means of HPLC, with regard to the content of HCHO. The volume of analysed air was 14.79 litres, which passed the filter with a flow of 0.51 litres/minute. The results of the analysis are set forth in the Table below.
- Example 1 A resorcinol-phenol-formaldehyde gluing system was prepared using a device according to the present invention equipped with conduits having flushed nozzles (corresponding to nozzles 80 and 140 of conduits 20 and 130, respectively, in Fig 1) and using the same component recipe as in Comparative Example 1.
- the glue was applied to a surface in an amount of 400g/m 2 .
- the formaldehyde concentration above said surface was analysed by sucking air through a filter impregnated with dinitrophenylhydrazine, leaching the filter with acetonitrile, and then analysing the extract, by means of HPLC, with regard to the content of HCHO.
- the volume of analysed air was 28.42 litres, which passed the filter with a flow of 0.98 litres/minute.
- the results of the analysis are set forth in the Table below.
- Example 2 A resorcinol-phenol-formaldehyde gluing system was prepared in the same way, using the same kind of equipment and the same amounts of components as in Example 1.
- the glue was applied to a surface in an amount of 400g/m 2 .
- the formaldehyde concentration above said surface was analysed by sucking air through a filter impregnated with dinitrophenylhydrazine, leaching the filter with acetonitrile, and then analysing the extract, by means of HPLC, with regard to the content of HCHO.
- the volume of analysed air was 14.79 litres, which passed the filter with a flow of 0.51 litres/minute.
- the results of the analysis are set forth in the Table below.
- Example Amount of HCHO in air sample ⁇ g Concentration of HCHO in air sample, mg/m3 Comparative Example 1 255.53 9.0
- Example 2 74.23 5.0 As evident from the results presented in the above Table, the present invention has a most pronounced effect on the formaldehyde emissions.
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Forests & Forestry (AREA)
- Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)
- Nozzles (AREA)
- Feeding, Discharge, Calcimining, Fusing, And Gas-Generation Devices (AREA)
- Processing And Handling Of Plastics And Other Materials For Molding In General (AREA)
- Adhesives Or Adhesive Processes (AREA)
- Sampling And Sample Adjustment (AREA)
- Coating Apparatus (AREA)
- Injection Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
- Grinding-Machine Dressing And Accessory Apparatuses (AREA)
- Finish Polishing, Edge Sharpening, And Grinding By Specific Grinding Devices (AREA)
- Moulds For Moulding Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
- Electrical Discharge Machining, Electrochemical Machining, And Combined Machining (AREA)
- Jet Pumps And Other Pumps (AREA)
Priority Applications (16)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP97850029A EP0860251A1 (de) | 1997-02-21 | 1997-02-21 | Verfahren zur Abgabe einer Flüssigkeit |
PT98200265T PT860252E (pt) | 1997-02-21 | 1998-02-11 | Metodo para fornecer um fluido |
EP98200265A EP0860252B1 (de) | 1997-02-21 | 1998-02-11 | Verfahren zur Abgabe einer Flüssigkeit |
DK98200265T DK0860252T3 (da) | 1997-02-21 | 1998-02-11 | Fremgangsmåde til levering af et fluid |
SI9830297T SI0860252T1 (en) | 1997-02-21 | 1998-02-11 | A method for supplying a fluid |
AT98200265T ATE227627T1 (de) | 1997-02-21 | 1998-02-11 | Verfahren zur abgabe einer flüssigkeit |
DE69809311T DE69809311T2 (de) | 1997-02-21 | 1998-02-11 | Verfahren zur Abgabe einer Flüssigkeit |
ES98200265T ES2184194T3 (es) | 1997-02-21 | 1998-02-11 | Un metodo para suministrar un fluido. |
US09/024,216 US6284090B1 (en) | 1997-02-21 | 1998-02-17 | Method for supplying a fluid |
ZA981285A ZA981285B (en) | 1997-02-21 | 1998-02-17 | A method for supplying a fluid |
NZ329772A NZ329772A (en) | 1997-02-21 | 1998-02-17 | Method and device for supplying a multicomponent fluid thermosetting resin gluing system, a second stream is brought to encircle a first stream |
IDP980240A ID19943A (id) | 1997-02-21 | 1998-02-20 | Metoda dan peralatan untuk mensuplai suatu fluida resin thermosetting multi komponen pada sistim perekatan |
CN98105144A CN1074975C (zh) | 1997-02-21 | 1998-02-20 | 提供流体的方法 |
MYPI98000741A MY117879A (en) | 1997-02-21 | 1998-02-20 | A method for supplying a fluid. |
JP05414698A JP4205200B2 (ja) | 1997-02-21 | 1998-02-20 | 多成分液体熱硬化性樹脂接着系を供給するための装置及び方法 |
US09/406,730 US6402841B1 (en) | 1997-02-21 | 1999-09-28 | Glue application device with glue conduit surrounding hardener conduit |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP97850029A EP0860251A1 (de) | 1997-02-21 | 1997-02-21 | Verfahren zur Abgabe einer Flüssigkeit |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0860251A1 true EP0860251A1 (de) | 1998-08-26 |
Family
ID=8230952
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP97850029A Withdrawn EP0860251A1 (de) | 1997-02-21 | 1997-02-21 | Verfahren zur Abgabe einer Flüssigkeit |
EP98200265A Expired - Lifetime EP0860252B1 (de) | 1997-02-21 | 1998-02-11 | Verfahren zur Abgabe einer Flüssigkeit |
Family Applications After (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP98200265A Expired - Lifetime EP0860252B1 (de) | 1997-02-21 | 1998-02-11 | Verfahren zur Abgabe einer Flüssigkeit |
Country Status (13)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (2) | EP0860251A1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP4205200B2 (de) |
CN (1) | CN1074975C (de) |
AT (1) | ATE227627T1 (de) |
DE (1) | DE69809311T2 (de) |
DK (1) | DK0860252T3 (de) |
ES (1) | ES2184194T3 (de) |
ID (1) | ID19943A (de) |
MY (1) | MY117879A (de) |
NZ (1) | NZ329772A (de) |
PT (1) | PT860252E (de) |
SI (1) | SI0860252T1 (de) |
ZA (1) | ZA981285B (de) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2008080355A1 (en) * | 2006-12-28 | 2008-07-10 | Accelergy Shanghai R & D Center Co., Ltd. | Fluid distribution device and method for manufacturing the same |
Families Citing this family (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP4503717B2 (ja) * | 1998-12-09 | 2010-07-14 | 関西ペイント株式会社 | 塗装ヘッド |
ES2426604T3 (es) * | 2010-09-14 | 2013-10-24 | Brandt Kantentechnik Gmbh | Sistema cinemático de cantos de dosificación |
CN112188933B (zh) * | 2018-06-21 | 2022-08-16 | 宝洁公司 | 用于共注入两种或更多种液体的一体式分配喷嘴及其使用方法 |
JP7443515B2 (ja) | 2019-12-16 | 2024-03-05 | ザ プロクター アンド ギャンブル カンパニー | 一体型吐出ノズルを備える液体吐出システム |
Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS52151325A (en) * | 1976-06-11 | 1977-12-15 | Denki Kagaku Kogyo Kk | Process and apparatus for coating adhesives |
EP0131883A2 (de) * | 1983-07-13 | 1985-01-23 | Du Pont-Mitsui Polychemicals Co., Ltd. | Verfahren zum Anbringen einer reaktiven und erhärtenden flüssigen Mehrkomponentmasse auf einen Gegenstand |
WO1988000498A1 (en) * | 1986-07-11 | 1988-01-28 | Advanced Adhesives Limited | Improvements in or relating to a dispensing arrangement |
DE3937862A1 (de) * | 1989-11-14 | 1991-05-16 | Baehre & Greten | Mischvorrichtung zum vermischen eines fluessigen leimharzes mit einer haerterloesung fuer die beleimung von losen feststoffteilchen |
-
1997
- 1997-02-21 EP EP97850029A patent/EP0860251A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
1998
- 1998-02-11 ES ES98200265T patent/ES2184194T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-02-11 EP EP98200265A patent/EP0860252B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-02-11 AT AT98200265T patent/ATE227627T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-02-11 DE DE69809311T patent/DE69809311T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-02-11 PT PT98200265T patent/PT860252E/pt unknown
- 1998-02-11 SI SI9830297T patent/SI0860252T1/xx unknown
- 1998-02-11 DK DK98200265T patent/DK0860252T3/da active
- 1998-02-17 ZA ZA981285A patent/ZA981285B/xx unknown
- 1998-02-17 NZ NZ329772A patent/NZ329772A/xx unknown
- 1998-02-20 CN CN98105144A patent/CN1074975C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-02-20 MY MYPI98000741A patent/MY117879A/en unknown
- 1998-02-20 JP JP05414698A patent/JP4205200B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-02-20 ID IDP980240A patent/ID19943A/id unknown
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS52151325A (en) * | 1976-06-11 | 1977-12-15 | Denki Kagaku Kogyo Kk | Process and apparatus for coating adhesives |
EP0131883A2 (de) * | 1983-07-13 | 1985-01-23 | Du Pont-Mitsui Polychemicals Co., Ltd. | Verfahren zum Anbringen einer reaktiven und erhärtenden flüssigen Mehrkomponentmasse auf einen Gegenstand |
WO1988000498A1 (en) * | 1986-07-11 | 1988-01-28 | Advanced Adhesives Limited | Improvements in or relating to a dispensing arrangement |
DE3937862A1 (de) * | 1989-11-14 | 1991-05-16 | Baehre & Greten | Mischvorrichtung zum vermischen eines fluessigen leimharzes mit einer haerterloesung fuer die beleimung von losen feststoffteilchen |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 002, no. 043 (C - 008) 23 March 1978 (1978-03-23) * |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2008080355A1 (en) * | 2006-12-28 | 2008-07-10 | Accelergy Shanghai R & D Center Co., Ltd. | Fluid distribution device and method for manufacturing the same |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JPH10235259A (ja) | 1998-09-08 |
ID19943A (id) | 1998-08-27 |
ES2184194T3 (es) | 2003-04-01 |
SI0860252T1 (en) | 2003-02-28 |
DE69809311D1 (de) | 2002-12-19 |
PT860252E (pt) | 2003-03-31 |
EP0860252B1 (de) | 2002-11-13 |
JP4205200B2 (ja) | 2009-01-07 |
MY117879A (en) | 2004-08-30 |
EP0860252A1 (de) | 1998-08-26 |
DK0860252T3 (da) | 2003-03-03 |
DE69809311T2 (de) | 2003-07-10 |
NZ329772A (en) | 1999-07-29 |
ZA981285B (en) | 1998-08-28 |
CN1074975C (zh) | 2001-11-21 |
CN1195604A (zh) | 1998-10-14 |
ATE227627T1 (de) | 2002-11-15 |
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18D | Application deemed to be withdrawn |
Effective date: 19990227 |