Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D307/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D307/77—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
  • C07D307/91—Dibenzofurans; Hydrogenated dibenzofurans
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D319/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D319/10—1,4-Dioxanes; Hydrogenated 1,4-dioxanes
  • C07D319/14—1,4-Dioxanes; Hydrogenated 1,4-dioxanes condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
  • C07D319/24—[b,e]-condensed with two six-membered rings

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a process for extracting chemical compounds from a sample mat ⁇ x, for example a biological fluid such as blood.
• the process may be utilized to extract chemical compounds including "dioxin-hke" compounds from biological fluids.
• the invention advantageously provides a process which achieves higher yields in shorter times than previous processes.
• Polychlo ⁇ nated dibenzo-p-dioxin, pol ychlo ⁇ nated dibenzofurans and polychlo ⁇ nated biphenyl congeners are considered amongst the most toxic compounds within a se ⁇ es generally referred to as "dioxm-like" compounds that occur as inadvertent environmental contaminants.
• the suspected and/or known health effects of these compounds are so severe that analytical methods for their determination in human blood serum need to reach parts-per-quadnl on (10 " ) levels (femtograms per milliliter of serum).
• Presently utilized processes are both slow and expensive, because of the difficulty in extracting such small amounts of these dioxin-hke compounds with reasonable recovery and the tedious nature of the processes used to remove mate ⁇ als other than compounds of interest that interfere with analysis
• the present invention provides a process for the extraction and punfication of chemical compounds from an aqueous sample mat ⁇ x
• a preferred aqueous sample mat ⁇ x is a biological fluid, such as blood or u ⁇ ne, more preferably blood serum.
• the process of the present invention may be advantageously utilized to extract and pu ⁇ fy toxic chemical compounds from a biological fluid sample to determine the concentration of the compounds in the sample.
• the process of the present invention may be utilized to extract and pu ⁇ fy dioxin-hke compounds from a biological fluid sample.
• dioxm-like compounds include chlo ⁇ nated aromatic chemicals such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, pol chlorinated dibenzof urans, and polychlorinated biphenyl congeners, and similar compounds which are known to affect the TEQ (toxic equivalency) value in human blood/plasma.
• dioxin-like compounds which may be extracted and purified utilizing the process of the present invention include, but are not limited to:
• the process of the present invention overcomes a problem of prior art processes for extracting dioxin-like compounds, by providing a means for chemical destruction of potentially interfering components in a sample matrix, such as blood serum.
• the chemical destruction occurs as a part of the overall extraction process and thus the chemical destruction does not increase the time requirement.
• a means for quantification of the recovered chemical compounds with automatic correction for recovery is provided through incorporation of an internal standard (reference compound) in such a way that recovery is not compromised.
• a high percentage of the chemical compound to be extracted in an aqueous sample matrix is transfe ⁇ ed into a small volume of organic solvent through a vapor/liquid exchange process. While the exchange and transfer are occurring, a portion of the potentially interfering substances in the aqueous sample matrix are converted to non-interfe ⁇ ng materials through reaction with a general catalyst of hydrolytic reactions.
• introduction of a reference standard into the serum is done in such a manner as to facilitate the subsequent transfer of the chemical compound to be measured out of its association with serum constituents.
• the process of the present invention permits the preparation of extracted and interference-depleted dioxin-like compounds from samples of serum in less than one hour.
• the process of the present invention advantageously results in a higher recovery of dioxin-like compounds from aqueous samples than heretofore commonly utilized processes.
• the process of the present invention may be advantageously utilized for rapid, simultaneous extraction and punfication of dioxin-like compounds from small samples.
• Another advantage of the process of the present invention is that it is simple and economical.
• a further advantage of the process of the present invention is that the high recovery permits subsequent analytical measurements to be made with maximum sensitivity.
• Another advantage of the process of the present invention is that sample preparation is completed in a short pe ⁇ od of time.
• Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of the process of the present invention.
• Figure 2 depicts the appearance of selected ion monitonng mass chromatograms of a sample prepared by the manner desc ⁇ bed in the example herein.
• the top graph shows the detector response to the TCDD, while the lower graph shows the response to the reference (internal) standard.
• a process for extracting a predetermined chemical compound or compounds from an aqueous sample mat ⁇ x comp ⁇ ses: diluting the aqueous sample mat ⁇ x with a diluent; reacting the diluted aqueous sample mat ⁇ x with a chemically active substance; boiling the resulting aqueous sample mat ⁇ x to produce vapors; condensing said vapors to form a condensate, contacting said condensate with an extractant for the predetermined chemical compound or compounds, said extractant being substantially immiscible with said condensate, to extract the predetermined chemical compound or compounds and produce an extractant phase compnsmg the predetermined chemical compound or compounds, and a condensate phase depleted in the predetermined chemical compound or compounds; and separating said extractant phase from said condensate phase.
• the levels (concentration) of the predetermined chemical compound or compounds in the predetermined chemical compound or compounds loaded extractant phase may be determined by standard analytical techniques.
• the predetermined chemical compound or compounds which may be extracted by the process of the present invention include the dioxin-like compounds referenced above
• the diluting and reacting steps in the process of the present invention may be combined by adding the chemically active substance to the diluent to produce a diluent composition which is added to and reacts with the aqueous sample mat ⁇ x
• a process for extracting a predetermined chemical compound or compounds from an aqueous sample mat ⁇ x compnses a process for extracting a predetermined chemical compound or compounds from an aqueous sample mat ⁇ x compnses.
• an internal reference standard is utilized to enable the amount of the predetermined chemical compound or compounds in the initial aqueous sample to be more accurately determined.
• a process for extracting a predetermined chemical compound or compounds from an aqueous sample mat ⁇ x comp ⁇ ses is utilized.
• the levels (concentrations) of the predetermined chemical compound or compounds and the internal reference standard in the extraction phase, which is loaded with the predetermined chemical compound or compounds, may be determined by standard analytical techniques, for example an losotope dilution (HREC/HRDD) assay.
• HREC/HRDD losotope dilution
• the initial concentration of the predetermined chemical compound or compounds in the aqueous sample matnx may then be calculated using the internal reference standard(s) extracted from the aqueous sample mat ⁇ x.
• the diluting and reacting steps of this preferred embodiment of the process of the present invention may be combined by adding the chemically active substance to the diluent to produce a diluent composition which is added to and reacts with the aqueous sample mat ⁇ x.
• a process for extracting a predetermined chemical compound or compounds from an aqueous sample mat ⁇ x comp ⁇ ses: adding an internal reference standard(s) solution to said aqueous sample matnx; diluting the aqueous sample matnx including said internal reference standard(s) with a diluent composition compnsing a diluent and a chemically active substance which will react with the aqueous sample mat ⁇ x; boiling the resulting aqueous sample mat ⁇ x to produce vapors; condensing said vapors to form a condensate, contacting said condensate with an extractant for the predetermined chemical compound or compounds, said extractant being substantially immiscible with said condensate, to extract the predetermined chemical compound or compounds and the internal reference standard(s) from said condensate and produce an extractant phase compnsing the predetermined chemical compound or compounds and the internal reference standard(s), and a condensate phase depleted in the predetermined chemical
• a prefe ⁇ ed aqueous sample mat ⁇ x is blood, more preferably blood serum, hereafter refe ⁇ ed to as serum.
• the serum may be human or of other animal o ⁇ gin.
• the starting amount of aqueous sample mat ⁇ x will range from 1 to 10 milliliters, more typically from 2 to 4 milliliters.
• Diluents suitable for use in the process of the present invention include, but are not limited to water and water based solutions.
• the chemically active substance utilized in the process of the present invention is preferably a substance which will aid in the destruction of sample mat ⁇ x components which would otherwise interfere with the release of the predetermined chemical compound or compounds into the vapor phase dunng boiling, and/or subsequent extraction of the predetermined chemical compound or compounds from the condensate.
• the chemically active substance should preferably increase the hydroxide ion concentration in the aqueous sample mat ⁇ x (impart alkalinity) preferably in an amount at least equivalent to 0.5 N sodium hydroxide, but not stronger than 2N sodium hydroxide in ability to promote base-catalyzed hydrolysis
• Suitable chemically active substances include, but are not limited to, an alkali hydroxide, such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, cesium hydroxide, or lithium hydroxide
• a prefe ⁇ ed chemically active substance is IN potassium hydroxide.
• the chemically active substance may be added to the diluent p ⁇ or to its addition to the aqueous sample mat ⁇ x to form a diluent composition which is utilized to dilute and react with the aqueous sample mat ⁇ x
• the amount of diluent composition utilized in the process of the present invention should be an amount sufficient to permit the extraction of the predetermined chemical compound or compounds from the aqueous sample mat ⁇ x. Generally, 100 to 250 milliliters (mL) of diluent composition is utilized per mL of aqueous sample mat ⁇ x.
• the diluent and chemically act ⁇ e substance may be sequentially added to the aqueous sample mat ⁇ x.
• the total volume of diluent and chemically active substance would also equal 100 to 250 milliliters (mL) of diluent composition per L of aqueous sample mat ⁇ x
• Suitable internal reference standards include, but are not limited to, isotopically labeled analogs of the predetermined chemical compound or compounds.
• Suitable intemal reference standards for the predetermined compound or compounds include, but are not limited to, an isotopically labeled analog(s) of the predetermined compound or compounds such as 13 C 12 -2,3,7,8-TCDD; 37 Cl -2,3,7,8-TCDD, 13 C 6 -2,3,7,8-TCDD; 13 C 12 -2,3,7,8-PeCDF; 13 C 12 -2,3,7,8-TCDF, 13 C 1 2 - l,2,3,7,8-PeCDD; 13 C 12 -
• Suitable water- iscible, hydrogen bonding solvents include, but are not limited to, methanol, DMSO, acetone, ethanol.
• the internal reference standard(s) for the predetermined chemical compound or compounds may be added to the aqueous sample mat ⁇ x p ⁇ or to the dilution of the aqueous sample mat ⁇ x.
• an internal reference standard(s) for the predetermined chemical compound or compounds may already be present in the aqueous sample mat ⁇ x and therefore an internal reference standard(s) for the predetermined chemical compound or compounds would not need to be added to the aqueous sample mat ⁇ x.
• an internal reference standard(s) for the predetermined chemical compound or compounds may all be accomplished utilizing standard laboratory equipment and techniques. When necessary, these steps may be earned out while the aqueous sample matnx is under agitation or being stirred.
• the aqueous sample mat ⁇ x containing an internal reference standard(s) is combined with a diluent composition including a chemically active agent in a flask or vessel which will be utilized to boil the resulting aqueous sample matnx.
• the boiling of the resulting aqueous sample mat ⁇ x to produce vapors may be earned out utilizing standard laboratory equipment and techniques.
• the resulting aqueous sample mat ⁇ x is heated in a vessel or flask utilizing a hot plate or other heating element to generate vapors (a vapor phase).
• a suitable number of ebullition promoting mate ⁇ als commonly known as "boiling chips” or “boiling stones” may be added to promote the generation of vapors.
• Such chips or stones may be of anv type commonly used for such purpose, including but not limited to porcelain, carborundum, or glass
• Condensation of the vapor phase may be accomplished by captu ⁇ ng the vapors and allowing the vapors to cool to produce a condensate.
• the depleted condensate may be recycled back into the boiling aqueous sample mat ⁇ x
• the extractant for the predetermined chemical compound or compounds utilized in the process of the present invention is an extractant which is substantially immiscible with water and capable of extracting the predetermined chemical compound or compounds from an aqueous solution compnsing the predetermined chemical compound or compounds to produce an extractant phase compnsing the predetermined chemical compound or compounds.
• the extractant for the predetermined chemical compound or compounds preferably should also be capable of extracting the internal reference standard(s), and loading the internal reference standard(s) into the extractant phase, in processes where an internal reference standard(s) is utilized.
• the extractant for the predetermined chemical compound or compounds should generally have a boiling point of 90° C or greater, preferably of 100° C or greater, so that the extractant does not evaporate at the temperatures where the process is conducted.
• suitable extractants may include: 9-carbon containing hydrocarbon solvents (e.g., nonane), isooctane, toluene and tridecane.
• the extraction steps of the process of the present invention may be peiformed utilizing commercially available standard laboratory equipment, including condensers and generally available steam distillation equipment.
• the predetermined chemical compound or compounds extracted by the process of the present invention may comprise dioxin-like compounds such as: 23,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)
• Each of these compounds may be extracted utilizing the embodiments of the process of the present invention set forth above.
• Embodiments of processes of the present invention for extracting each of these compounds are set forth in the following paragraphs. 23.7,8- tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)
• a process for extracting 2,3,7,8- Tetrachlorodibenzo-j>-dioxin (TCDD) from an aqueous sample matrix comprises: diluting the aqueous sample matrix with a diluent; reacting the diluted aqueous sample matrix with a chemically active substance; boiling the resulting aqueous sample matrix to produce vapors; condensing said vapors to form a condensate; contacting said condensate with an extractant for TCDD, said extractant being substantially immiscible with said condensate, to extract TCDD and produce an extractant phase comprising TCDD, and a condensate phase depleted in TCDD; and separating said extractant phase from said condensate phase.
• TCDD 2,3,7,8- Tetrachlorodibenzo-j>-dioxin
• the levels (concentration) of TCDD in the TCDD loaded extractant phase may be determined by standard analytical techniques.
• a process for extracting 2,3,7,8- Tetrachlorodibenzo-2-dioxin (TCDD) from an aqueous sample matrix comprises: diluting the aqueous sample matrix with a diluent composition comprising a diluent and a chemically active substance which will react with the aqueous sample matnx, boiling the resulting aqueous sample mat ⁇ x to produce vapors; condensing said vapors to form a condensate, contacting said condensate with an extractant for TCDD, said extractant being substantially immiscible with said condensate, to extract TCDD and produce an extractant phase compnsing TCDD, and a condensate phase de
• an internal reference standard(s) is utilized to enable the amount of TCDD in the initial aqueous sample to be more accurately determined.
• a process for extracting 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorod ⁇ benzo-p-d ⁇ ox ⁇ n (TCDD) from an aqueous sample matnx comp ⁇ ses: adding an internal reference standard(s) solution to said aqueous sample mat ⁇ x, diluting the resulting aqueous sample mat ⁇ x including said internal reference standard(s) including with a diluent; reacting the diluted aqueous sample matnx with a chemically active substance; boiling the resulting aqueous sample mat ⁇ x to produce vapors, condensing said vapors to form a condensate, contacting said condensate with an extractant for TCDD, said extractant being substantially immiscible with said condensate, to extract TCDD
• the levels (concentrations) of TCDD and the internal reference standard(s) in the TCDD loaded extractant phase may be determmed by standard analytical techniques, for example an losotope dilution assay.
• the initial concentration of TCDD in the aqueous sample matnx may then be calculated using the internal reference standard(s) extracted from the aqueous sample mat ⁇ x.
• the diluting and reacting steps of this preferred embodiment of the process of the present invention may be combined by adding the chemically active substance to the diluent to produce a diluent composition which is added to and reacts with the aqueous sample mat ⁇ x.
• a process for extracting 23,7,8-Tetrachlorod ⁇ benzo-p-d ⁇ ox ⁇ n (TCDD) from an aqueous sample mat ⁇ x comp ⁇ ses: adding an internal reference standard(s) solution to said aqueous sample mat ⁇ x; diluting the aqueous sample mat ⁇ x including said internal reference standard(s) with a diluent composition compnsing a diluent and a chemically active substance which will react with the aqueous sample mat ⁇ x, boiling the resulting aqueous sample matnx to produce vapors, condensing said vapors to form a condensate, contacting said condensate with an extractant for TCDD, said extractant being substantially immiscible with said condensate, to extract TCDD and the internal reference standard(s) from said condensate and produce an extractant phase compnsing TCDD and the internal reference standard(s), and a condensate phase
• a process for extracting 2,3,7,8- tetrachlorodi benzofuran (TCDF) from an aqueous sample matnx comp ⁇ ses diluting the aqueous sample mat ⁇ x with a diluent, reacting the diluted aqueous sample matnx vv ith a chemically active substance, boiling the resulting aqueous sample matnx to produce vapors, condensing said vapors to form a condensate, contacting said condensate with an extractant for TCDF, said extractant being substantially immiscible with said condensate, to extract TCDF and produce an extractant phase compnsmg TCDF, and a condensate phase depleted in TCDF; and separating said extractant phase from said condensate phase
• the levels (concentration) of TCDF in the TCDF loaded extractant phase may be determined by standard analytical techniques.
• the diluting and reacting steps in the process of the present invention may be combined by adding the chemically active substance to the diluent to produce a diluent composition which is added to and reacts with the aqueous sample matnx.
• a process for extracting 2,3,7,8- tetrachlorodi benzofuran (TCDF) from an aqueous sample mat ⁇ x comp ⁇ ses: diluting the aqueous sample mat ⁇ x with a diluent composition compnsmg a diluent and a chemically active substance which will react with the aqueous sample mat ⁇ x; boiling the resulting aqueous sample mat ⁇ x to produce vapors, condensing said vapors to form a condensate, contacting said condensate with an extractant for TCDF, said extractant being substantially immiscible with said condensate, to extract TCDF and produce an extractant phase compnsmg TCDF
• a process for extracting 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF) from an aqueous sample matrix comprises: adding an intemal reference standard(s) solution to said aqueous sample matrix; diluting the resulting aqueous sample matrix including said intemal reference standard(s) including with a diluent; reacting the diluted aqueous sample matrix with a chemically active substance; boiling the resulting aqueous sample matrix to produce vapors; condensing said vapors to form a condensate; contacting said condensate with an extractant for TCDF, said extractant being substantially immiscible with said condensate, to extract TCDF and the intemal reference standard(s) from said condensate and produce an extractant phase comprising TCDF and the intemal reference standard(s), and a condensate phase depleted in TCDF and the intemal reference standard(s); and
• the levels (concentrations) of TCDF and the intemal reference standard(s) in the TCDF loaded extractant phase may be determined by standard analytical techniques, for example an iosotope dilution assay.
• the initial concentration of TCDF in the aqueous sample matrix may then be calculated using the intemal reference standard(s) extracted from the aqueous sample matrix.
• the diluting and reacting steps of this prefe ⁇ ed embodiment of the process of the present invention may be combined by adding the chemically active substance to the diluent to produce a diluent composition which is added to and reacts with the aqueous sample matrix.
• a process for extracting 2,3, 7,8-tetrachlorodibenzof uran (TCDF) from an aqueous sample matrix comprises: adding an intemal reference standard(s) solution to said aqueous sample matrix; diluting the aqueous sample matrix including said intemal reference standard(s) with a diluent composition comprising a diluent and a chemically active substance which will react with the aqueous sample matrix; boiling the resulting aqueous sample matrix to produce vapors; condensing said vapors to form a condensate; contacting said condensate with an extractant for TCDF, said extractant being substantially immiscible with said condensate, to extract TCDF and the intemal reference standard(s) from said condensate and produce an extractant phase comprising TCDF and the intemal reference standard(s), and a condensate phase depleted in TCDF and the internal reference standard(s
• a process for extracting 1,2,3,7,8- pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (PeCDD) from an aqueous sample mat ⁇ x comp ⁇ ses: diluting the aqueous sample mat ⁇ x with a diluent; reacting the diluted aqueous sample mat ⁇ x with a chemically active substance; boiling the resulting aqueous sample matnx to produce vapors; condensing said vapors to form a condensate; contacting said condensate with an extractant for PeCDD, said extractant being substantially immiscible with said condensate, to extract PeCDD and produce an extractant phase compnsmg PeCDD, and a condensate phase depleted in PeCDD; and separating said extractant phase from said condensate phase
• the diluting and reacting steps in the process of the present invention may be combined by adding the chemically active substance to the diluent to produce a diluent composition which is added to and reacts with the aqueous sample mat ⁇ x.
• a process for extracting 1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorod ⁇ benzo-p-d ⁇ ox ⁇ n (PeCDD) from an aqueous sample mat ⁇ x comp ⁇ ses: diluting the aqueous sample mat ⁇ x with a diluent composition compnsing a diluent and a chemically active substance which will react with the aqueous sample mat ⁇ x; boiling the resulting aqueous sample mat ⁇ x to produce vapors, condensing said vapors to form a condensate; contacting said condensate with an extractant for PeCDD, said extractant being substantially immiscible with said condensate, to extract PeCDD and produce an extractant phase comp
• an internal reference standard(s) is utilized to enable the amount of PeCDD in the initial aqueous sample to be more accurately determined.
• a process for extracting 1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorod ⁇ benzo-p-d ⁇ ox ⁇ n (PeCDD) from an aqueous sample mat ⁇ x comp ⁇ ses: adding an internal reference standard(s) solution to said aqueous sample mat ⁇ x, diluting the resulting aqueous sample mat ⁇ x including said intemal reference standard(s) including with a diluent; reacting the diluted aqueous sample mat ⁇ x with a chemically active substance; boiling the resulting aqueous sample mat ⁇ x to produce vapors, condensing said vapors to form a condensate; contacting said condensate with an extractant for PeCDD, said extractant being substantially immiscible with said condensate, to
• the levels (concentrations) of PeCDD and the internal reference standard(s) in the PeCDD loaded extractant phase may be determined by standard analytical techmques, for example an iosotope dilution assay.
• the initial concentration of PeCDD in the aqueous sample mat ⁇ x may then be calculated using the internal reference standard(s) extracted from the aqueous sample mat ⁇ x.
• the diluting and reacting steps of this prefe ⁇ ed embodiment of the process of the present invention may be combined by adding the chemically active substance to the diluent to produce a diluent composition which is added to and reacts with the aqueous sample mat ⁇ x.
• a process for extracting 1,23,7,8-pentachlorod ⁇ benzo-p-d ⁇ ox ⁇ n (PeCDD) from an aqueous sample mat ⁇ x comp ⁇ ses: adding an internal reference standard(s) solution to said aqueous sample mat ⁇ x; diluting the aqueous sample mat ⁇ x including said internal reference standard(s) with a diluent composition compnsing a diluent and a chemically active substance which will react with the aqueous sample mat ⁇ x; boiling the resulting aqueous sample mat ⁇ x to produce vapors; condensing said vapors to form a condensate; contacting said condensate with an extractant for PeCDD, said extractant being substantially immiscible with said condensate, to extract PeCDD and the internal reference standard(s) from said condensate and produce an extractant phase compnsing PeCDD and the internal reference standard(s), and a conden
• a process for extracting 1,2,3,7,8- pentachlorodi benzofuran from an aqueous sample mat ⁇ x comp ⁇ ses: diluting the aqueous sample mat ⁇ x with a diluent; reacting the diluted aqueous sample mat ⁇ x with a chemically active substance, boiling the resulting aqueous sample matnx to produce vapors, condensing said vapors to form a condensate, contacting said condensate with an extractant for 1,2,3,7,8- pen tachlorodi benzofuran, said extractant being substantially immiscible with said condensate, to extract 1,23, 7,8- pentachlorodi benzofuran and produce an extractant phase compnsing 1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorod ⁇ benzofuran, and a condensate phase depleted in 1, 2,3, 7,8-pentachlorod ⁇ benzof uran; and separating said extractant
• the diluting and reacting steps in the process of the present invention may be combined by adding the chemically active substance to the diluent to produce a diluent composition which is added to and reacts with the aqueous sample mat ⁇ x.
• a process for extracting 1,23,7,8-pentachlorod ⁇ benzo-p-d ⁇ ox ⁇ n (1,2,3 ,7,8-pentachlorod ⁇ benzofuran) from an aqueous sample mat ⁇ x comp ⁇ ses- diluting the aqueous sample mat ⁇ x with a diluent composition compnsing a diluent and a chemically active substance which will react with the aqueous sample matnx; boiling the resulting aqueous sample mat ⁇ x to produce vapors, condensing said vapors to form a condensate, contacting said condensate with an extractant for 1,2,3,7,8- pentachlorodi benzofur
• an internal reference standard(s) is utilized to enable the amount of 1,2,3,7,8- pen tachlorodi benzofuran in the initial aqueous sample to be more accurately determined
• a process for extracting 1,2,3,7,8- pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorod ⁇ benzofuran) from an aqueous sample mat ⁇ x comp ⁇ ses: adding an internal reference standard(s) solution to said aqueous sample mat ⁇ x; diluting the resulting aqueous sample mat ⁇ x including said intemal reference standard(s) including with a diluent; reacting the diluted aqueous sample matrix with a chemically active substance; boiling the resulting aqueous sample matrix to produce vapors; condensing said vapors to form a condensate; contacting said condensate with an extractant
• the levels (concentrations) of 1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran and the intemal reference standard(s) in the 1, 2,3, 7,8-pentachlorodi benzofuran loaded extractant phase may be determined by standard analytical techniques, for example an iosotope dilution assay.
• the initial concentration of 1, 2,3, 7,8-pentachlorodi benzofuran in the aqueous sample matrix may then be calculated using the intemal reference standard(s) extracted from the aqueous sample matrix.
• the diluting and reacting steps of this prefe ⁇ ed embodiment of the process of the present invention may be combined by adding the chemically active substance to the diluent to produce a diluent composition which is added to and reacts with the aqueous sample matrix.
• a process for extracting 1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin ( 1 ,2,3, 7,8-pentachIorodibenzof uran) from an aqueous sample matrix comprises: adding an intemal reference standard(s) solution to said aqueous sample matrix; diluting the aqueous sample matrix including said intemal reference standard(s) with a diluent composition comprising a diluent and a chemically active substance which will react with the aqueous sample matrix; boiling the resulting aqueous sample matrix to produce vapors; condensing said vapors to form a condensate; contacting said condensate with an extractant for 1,23,7,8- pentachlorodi benzofuran, said extractant being substantially immiscible with said condensate, to extract 1,23 ,7,8- pentachlorodi benzofuran and the intemal
• a process for extracting 2,3,4,7,8- pentachlorodibenzofuran from an aqueous sample mat ⁇ x comp ⁇ ses. diluting the aqueous sample mat ⁇ x with a diluent; reacting the diluted aqueous sample mat ⁇ x with a chemically active substance, boiling the resulting aqueous sample mat ⁇ x to produce vapors, condensing said vapors to form a condensate; contacting said condensate with an extractant for 2,3,4,7,8- pen tachlorodi benzofuran, said extractant being substantially immiscible with said condensate, to extract 2,3 ,4,7 ,8-pentachlorod ⁇ benzofuran and produce an extractant phase compnsing 2,3 ,4,7,8-pentachlorod ⁇ benzol uran, and a condensate phase depleted in 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorod ⁇ benzofurofur
• the diluting and reacting steps in the process of the present invention may be combined by adding the chemically active substance to the diluent to produce a diluent composition which is added to and reacts with the aqueous sample mat ⁇ x.
• a process for extracting 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorod ⁇ benzofuran from an aqueous sample matnx compnses diluting the aqueous sample mat ⁇ x with a diluent composition compnsing a diluent and a chemically active substance which will react with the aqueous sample mat ⁇ x; boiling the resulting aqueous sample matnx to produce vapors, condensing said vapors to form a condensate, contacting said condensate with an extractant for 2,3,4,7,8- pen tachlorodi benzofuran, said extractant being substantially immiscible with said condensate, to extract 2,3, 4,7,8- pen
• an internal reference standard(s) is utilized to enable the amount of 2,3 ,4,7,8- pentachlorodibenzofuran in the initial aqueous sample to be more accurately determined.
• a process for extracting 2,3,4,7,8- pentachlorodi benzofuran from an aqueous sample mat ⁇ x comp ⁇ ses: adding an internal reference standard(s) solution to said aqueous sample matnx; diluting the resulting aqueous sample mat ⁇ x including said internal reference standard(s) including with a diluent; reacting the diluted aqueous sample matnx with a chemically active substance; boiling the resulting aqueous sample mat ⁇ x to produce vapors; condensing said vapors to form a condensate; contacting said condensate with an extractant for 2,3,4,7,8- pentachlorodibenzofuran, said extractant being substantially immiscible with said condensate, to extract 2,3, 4,7,8-pen tachlorodi benzofuran and the internal reference standard(s) from said condensate and produce an extractant phase compnsing 2,3,4,7,
• the levels (concentrations) of 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorod ⁇ benzofuran and the internal reference standard(s) in the 23, 4,7,8-pentachlorod ⁇ benzofuran loaded extractant phase may be determined by standard analytical techniques, for example an iosotope dilution assay
• the initial concentration of 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorod ⁇ benzofuran in the aqueous sample mat ⁇ x may then be calculated using the internal reference standard(s) extracted from the aqueous sample mat ⁇ x.
• the diluting and reacting steps of this prefe ⁇ ed embodiment of the process of the present invention may be combined by adding the chemically active substance to the diluent to produce a diluent composition which is added to and reacts with the aqueous sample mat ⁇ x.
• a process for extracting 2,3 ,4,7,8-pentachlorod ⁇ benzofuran from an aqueous sample mat ⁇ x comp ⁇ ses: adding an internal reference standard(s) solution to said aqueous sample mat ⁇ x; diluting the aqueous sample mat ⁇ x including said internal reference standard(s) with a diluent composition compns g a diluent and a chemically active substance which will react with the aqueous sample mat ⁇ x; boiling the resulting aqueous sample mat ⁇ x to produce vapors, condensing said vapors to form a condensate; contacting said condensate with an extractant for 2,3,4,7,8- pentachlorodibenzofuran, said extractant being substantially immiscible with said condensate, to extract 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorod ⁇ benzofuran and the internal reference standard(s) from said condensate and produce an extractant phase
• a process for extracting 33 ',4,4', 5- pentachlorobi phenyl (PCB 126) from an aqueous sample mat ⁇ x comp ⁇ ses: diluting the aqueous sample matrix with a diluent; reacting the diluted aqueous sample matrix with a chemically active substance; boiling the resulting aqueous sample matrix to produce vapors; condensing said vapors to form a condensate; contacting said condensate with an extractant for PCB 126, said extractant being substantially immiscible with said condensate, to extract PCB 126 and produce an extractant phase comprising PCB 126, and a condensate phase depleted in PCB 126; and separating said extractant phase from said condensate phase.
• the levels (concentration) of PCB 126 in the PCB 126 loaded extractant phase may be determined by standard analytical techniques.
• a process for extracting 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126) from an aqueous sample matrix comprises: diluting the aqueous sample matrix with a diluent composition comprising a diluent and a chemically active substance which will react with the aqueous sample matrix; boiling the resulting aqueous sample matrix to produce vapors; condensing said vapors to form a condensate; contacting said condensate with an extractant for PCB 126, said extractant being substantially immiscible with said condensate, to extract PCB 126 and produce an extractant phase comprising PCB 126, and a condensate phase depleted in PCB
• an intemal reference standard(s) is utilized to enable the amount of PCB 126 in the initial aqueous sample to be more accurately determined.
• a process for extracting 33',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126) from an aqueous sample matrix comprises: adding an intemal reference standard(s) solution to said aqueous sample matrix; diluting the resulting aqueous sample matrix including said intemal reference standard(s) including with a diluent; reacting the diluted aqueous sample matrix with a chemically active substance; boiling the resulting aqueous sample matrix to produce vapors; condensing said vapors to form a condensate; contacting said condensate with an extractant for PCB 126, said extractant being substantially immiscible with said condensate, to extract PCB 126 and the intemal reference standard(s)
• the diluting and reacting steps of this prefe ⁇ ed embodiment of the process of the present invention may be combined by adding the chemically active substance to the diluent to produce a diluent composition which is added to and reacts with the aqueous sample mat ⁇ x.
• a process for extracting 3,3 ',4,4', 5- pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126) from an aqueous sample matnx compnses: adding an internal reference standard(s) solution to said aqueous sample mat ⁇ x; diluting the aqueous sample mat ⁇ x including said internal reference standard(s) with a diluent composition compnsing a diluent and a chemically active substance which will react with the aqueous sample matnx, boiling the resulting aqueous sample matnx to produce vapors, condensing said vapors to form a condensate, contacting said condensate with an extractant for PCB 126, said extractant being substantially immiscible with said condensate, to extract PCB 126 and the internal reference standard(s) from said condensate and produce an extractant phase compnsing PCB 126 and the internal reference standard(s), and a condensate phase deplete
• the process of the present invention may also be utilized to extract combinations of dioxin- ke compounds substantially simultaneously from a fluid sample.
• the diluting and reacting steps in the process of the present invention may be combined by adding the chemically active substance to the diluent to produce a diluent composition which is added to and reacts with the aqueous sample matrix.
• a process for extracting a predetermined chemical compound comprising 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD); 2,3, 7,8-tetrachlorodi benzofuran (TCDF); 1,23,7,8-pentachlorodibenzo-p- dioxin (PeCDD);
• 1, 2,3 ,7,8-pentachlorodi benzofuran; 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran; 3,3',4,4',5- pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126) and/or mixtures thereof from an aqueous sample matrix comprises: diluting the aqueous sample matrix with a diluent composition comprising a diluent and a chemically active substance which will react with the aqueous sample matrix; boiling the resulting aqueous sample matrix to produce vapors; condensing said vapors to form a condensate; contacting said condensate with an extractant for the predetermined chemical compound , said extractant being substantially immiscible with said condensate, to extract the predetermined chemical compound and produce an extractant phase comprising the predetermined chemical compound , and a condensate phase depleted in the predetermined chemical compound ; and separating said extractant phase from said condensate phase.
• an intemal reference standard(s) is utilized to enable the amount of the predetermined chemical compound in the initial aqueous sample to be more accurately determined.
• a process for extracting a predetermined chemical compound comprising 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD); 23,7,8- tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF); 1,23,7,8- ⁇ entachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (PeCDD); 1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorod ⁇ benzofuran; 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorod ⁇ benzofuran; 3,3 ⁇ 4,4',5- pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126) and/or mixtures thereof from an aqueous sample matnx compnses: adding an internal reference standard(s) solution to said aqueous sample matn
• the levels (concentrations) of the predetermined chemical compound and the internal reference standard(s) in the predetermined chemical compound loaded extractant phase may be determined by standard analytical techniques, for example an iosotope dilution assay.
• the initial concentration of the predetermined chemical compound in the aqueous sample mat ⁇ x may then be calculated using the intemal reference standard(s) extracted from the aqueous sample mat ⁇ x.
• the diluting and reacting steps of this prefe ⁇ ed embodiment of the process of the present invention may be combined by adding the chemically active substance to the diluent to produce a diluent composition which is added to and reacts with the aqueous sample mat ⁇ x.
• a process for extracting a predetermined chemical compound compnsing 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorod ⁇ benzo-p- dioxm TCDD
• 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorod ⁇ benzofuran TCDF
• 1,23,7,8- pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin PeCDD
• 1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorod ⁇ benzofuran, 2,3,4,7,8- pentachlorodibenzofuran; 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorob ⁇ phenyl PCB 126) and/or mixtures thereof from an aqueous sample matnx compnses- adding an internal reference standard(s) solution to said aqueous sample matnx; diluting the aqueous sample mat ⁇ x including said internal reference standard(s) with a diluent composition compnsmg a diluent and a chemically active substance
• FIG. 1 An embodiment of the process of the present invention for extracting TCDD is depicted schematically in Figure 1.
• an Intemal Reference standard(s) for TCDD in solution is added to a blood serum sample.
• the intemal reference standard(s) containing serum sample, and a diluent composition compnsing NaOH as a chemically active substance are admixed in a boiling vessel.
• a suitable number of "boiling chips” or “boiling stones” are added, the number being unspecified but commonly familiar to anyone generally expenenced with the simple art of distillation to the boiling vessel.
• the boiling vessel is connected to an apparatus, such as those commercially available, that permits the solution in the boiling vessel to be boiled to produce vapors.
• the condensate passes through an organic extractant for TCDD which is substantially immiscible with the condensate.
• the organic extractant dissolves and extracts TCDD and the internal reference standard(s) from the condensate to produce an extract phase loaded with TCDD and the internal reference standard(s), and a TCDD (and internal reference standard(s)) depleted condensate.
• the depleted condensate is recycled to the boiling vessel.
• the organic extractant selected is one which does not evaporate from the apparatus du ⁇ ng the applica ⁇ tion of heat to the boiling vessel. In addition the organic extractant does not enter the vessel in which boiling proceeds.
• Suitable apparatuses for conducting the depicted process are widely available from suppliers of laboratory glassware and include those known to those of ordinary skill in the art of steam distillation.
• boiling of the diluted serum solution containing internal standard and chemically active substances is continued until the TCDD has been transfe ⁇ ed into the organic extractant to an extent acceptable to the operator.
• this time should not exceed one hour, and is p ⁇ ma ⁇ ly determined by the rate at which heat is applied to the containment vessel.
• a typical time of boiling would be 45 minutes
• the organic extractant is removed from the apparatus and concentrated by evaporation to an amount appropnate for its utilization in whatever analytical determination procedure is selected.
• Concentration of the organic solvent containing TCDD may be accomplished by any conventional means, including but not limited to the use of an evaporator, steam bath, or the like.
• Analytical determination of the TCDD in the organic solvent de ⁇ ved from the desc ⁇ bed procedure may be performed by any means offe ⁇ ng adequate sensitivity and specificity.
• An embodiment of the process of the present invention was performed to illustrate the advantageous recovery of TCDD from a 2mL human blood serum sample having a known concentration of TCDD of 500 femtograms of TCDD per milliliter
• the boiling vessel containing the admixed solution was connected to a commercially available microsteam distillation apparatus that permitted the solution to be boiled, under such conditions that the vapors therefrom were condensed back to the liquid state to form a condensate
• the condensed liquid passed through 1 mL of isooctane (an organic extractant capable of dissolving TCDD but substantially immiscible with the condensate) which extracted TCDD and the internal reference standard(s) to form an extractant phase compnsmg TCDD and the internal reference standard(s)
• the TCDD depleted condensate liquid thereafter returned to the boiling vessel.
• the process of the present invention provides the following advantages: transfer of TCDD from the semm to an organic solvent in less than one hour with no additional punfication of TCDD required; chemical conversion of substances typically found in semm from substances that would otherwise have co-steam distilled with the TCDD or reduced its ability to be steam distilled, into substances that do not have such properties, and the facile modification of the organic solvent solution of TCDD into a form suitable for analytical determination (quantification).

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• 1996
  • 1996-11-08 EP EP96939594A patent/EP0859949A4/en not_active Withdrawn
  • 1996-11-08 JP JP9518337A patent/JP2000500386A/ja active Pending
  • 1996-11-08 WO PCT/US1996/017922 patent/WO1997017601A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 1996-11-08 AU AU76954/96A patent/AU7695496A/en not_active Abandoned

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