EP0851943B1 - A method for making beverage can sheet - Google Patents

A method for making beverage can sheet Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0851943B1
EP0851943B1 EP96935838A EP96935838A EP0851943B1 EP 0851943 B1 EP0851943 B1 EP 0851943B1 EP 96935838 A EP96935838 A EP 96935838A EP 96935838 A EP96935838 A EP 96935838A EP 0851943 B1 EP0851943 B1 EP 0851943B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
feedstock
aluminum alloy
strip
rolling
weight
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP96935838A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0851943A1 (en
Inventor
Edwin J. Westerman
Gavin F. Wyatt-Mair
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Howmet Aerospace Inc
Original Assignee
Alcoa Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US08/531,554 external-priority patent/US5772799A/en
Priority claimed from US08/529,644 external-priority patent/US5655593A/en
Priority claimed from US08/529,522 external-priority patent/US6391127B1/en
Priority claimed from US08/538,415 external-priority patent/US5772802A/en
Priority claimed from US08/548,337 external-priority patent/US5769972A/en
Application filed by Alcoa Inc filed Critical Alcoa Inc
Publication of EP0851943A1 publication Critical patent/EP0851943A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0851943B1 publication Critical patent/EP0851943B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
    • B22D11/06—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into moulds with travelling walls, e.g. with rolls, plates, belts, caterpillars
    • B22D11/0605—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into moulds with travelling walls, e.g. with rolls, plates, belts, caterpillars formed by two belts, e.g. Hazelett-process
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
    • C22F1/04—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
    • C22F1/04—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon
    • C22F1/047—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon of alloys with magnesium as the next major constituent

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a process for making aluminum alloy beverage containers, and more particularly, to a process for making such can bodies, ends and tabs for such containers allowing them to be produced more economically and efficiently.
  • formability is a key characteristic of aluminum alloy to be used in manufacturing cans.
  • Such cans are most frequently produced from aluminum alloys of the 3000 series.
  • Such aluminum alloys contain alloy elements of both magnesium and manganese.
  • the amount of manganese and magnesium used in can body stock is generally present at levels less than about 1% by weight.
  • the present invention provides the method of independent claim 1.
  • the dependent claims specify preferred but optional steps.
  • the concepts of the present invention reside in the discovery that aluminum alloys containing lesser amounts of alloying elements can, nonetheless, be used in fabricating can ends and tabs without sacrificing strength by utilizing a fabrication process in which the aluminum alloy, preferably containing less than 2% by weight of magnesium as an alloying element, is formed into sheet stock for making can bodies, ends and tabs.
  • the aluminum alloy is strip cast between a pair of continuous moving metal belts to form a hot strip cast feedstock, and then the feedstock is rapidly cooled to prevent substantial precipitation of aluminum alloying elements as intermetallic compounds.
  • the fabrication process can be applied to alloys of the 3000 series such as AA3104 without the need to increase the thickness of the can ends and tabs to achieve comparable strips.
  • the techniques of strip casting followed by rapid cooling provide an alloy sheet stock having improved strength by reason of its eutectic constituents which provide increased strengths.
  • formability of the sheet stock of this invention used in forming can ends and tabs is improved over aluminum alloys containing greater qualities of alloying elements because it is unnecessary, in the practice of the invention, to use an annealing step typically used by the prior art.
  • the present invention allows can ends and tabs to be produced from less expensive aluminum alloys without sacrificing the metallurgical properties of those more expensive alloys.
  • the sequence of steps of strip casting, cooling and rolling is preferably greater within a continuous, in-line sequence. That has a further advantage of eliminating process and material handling steps typically employed in the prior art.
  • the strip casting can be used to produce a cast strip having a thickness less than 25.4 mm (1.0 inches), and preferably within the range of 0.254 mm (0.01) to 5.08 mm (0.2 inches).
  • the width of the strip is narrow contrary to conventional wisdom. That facilitates ease of in-line threading and processing and allows production lines for the manufacture of can ends and tabs to be physically located with or as part of a can making facility.
  • a filler location that has the further advantage of eliminating additional handling and shipping costs, thus promoting the overall economics of a can making operation.
  • the intermediate annealing step which provides re-solution of soluble elements and earing control through recrystallization of the sheet, may be a limiting factor on the speed at which the process can be operated.
  • the continuous annealing furnace preferably used in the practice of the process disclosed in the foregoing application must be made longer and be run at higher energy levels, representing an increase in the cost of capital equipment and the cost in operating the process. It would, therefore, be desirable that the continuous annealing step be avoided.
  • aluminum alloy sheet stock and preferably aluminum alloy can body stock having desirable metallurgical properties by using, in one continuous sequence of steps, the steps of providing a hot aluminum alloy feedstock which is subjected to a series of rolling steps to rapidly and continuously cool the feedstock to the thickness and metallurgical properties without the need to employ an annealing step conventionally used in the prior art.
  • aluminum alloy can body stock can be produced by strip casting, followed by rolling and coiling whereby the rolled feedstock in the form of coils is allowed to slowly cool. Thereafter, the coil is later annealed to improve the metallurgical properties of the sheet stock.
  • the feedstock produced by the method of the present invention is characterized as being produced in a highly economical fashion without the need to employ a costly annealing step.
  • annealing has been used in the prior art to minimize earing. It has been found, in accordance with the practice of this invention, that, the conditions (time and temperature) of hot rolling, the thickness of the alloy as strip cast and the speed at which it is cast can be used to control earing. For example, casting the aluminum alloy at reduced thickness is believed to reduce earing; similarly, casting at higher speeds can likewise reduce earing. Nonetheless, where use is made of processing conditions which tend to yield an aluminum alloy strip having a tendency toward higher earing, that phenomenon can be controlled by means of an alternative embodiment.
  • the high earing that can occur on the feedstock can be compensated for by cutting the processed feedstock into non-circular blanks prior to cupping, using what has become known in the art as convoluted die.
  • the use of a convoluted die compensates for any earing tendencies of the sheet stock, by removing metal from those peripheral portions of the blank which would be converted to ears on cup-drawing.
  • the convoluted die offsets any earing that would otherwise be caused by the omission of high temperature annealing.
  • the strip is fabricated by strip casting to produce a cast thickness less than 25.4 mm (1.0 inches), and preferably within the range of 0.254 to 5.08 mm (0.01 to 0.2 inches).
  • the width of the strip, slab or plate is narrow, contrary to conventional wisdom; this facilitates ease of in-line threading and processing, minimizes investment in equipment and minimizes cost in the conversion of molten metal to can body stock.
  • the preferred process of the present invention involves a new method for the manufacture of aluminum alloy cups and can bodies utilizing the following process steps in one, continuous in-line sequence:
  • the rolling of the freshly cast strip be effected rapidly, before there is sufficient time for the diffusion-controlled reaction by which alloying elements are precipitated from solid solution as intermetallic compounds.
  • the process of the present invention makes it possible to omit high temperature annealing as is required in the prior art to effect solution of soluble alloying elements.
  • the cast feedstock must be cooled to cold rolling temperatures in less than 30 second, and preferably in less than 10 seconds.
  • the overall process of the present invention embodies characteristics which differ from the prior art processes:
  • the in-line arrangement of the processing steps in a narrow width (for example, 305 mm (12 inches)) makes it possible for the process to be conveniently and economically located in or adjacent to can production facilities. In that way, the process of the invention can be operated in accordance with the particular technical and throughput needs for can stock of can making facilities.
  • Fig. 1 the sequence of steps employed in the practice of the present invention is illustrated.
  • One of the advances of the present invention is that the processing steps for producing can body sheet can be arranged in one continuous line whereby the various process steps are carried out in sequence. Thus, numerous handling operations are entirely eliminated.
  • molten metal is delivered from a furnace 1 to a metal degassing and filtering device 2 to reduce dissolved gases and particulate matter from the molten metal, as shown in Fig. 1
  • the molten metal is immediately converted to a cast feedstock 4 in casting apparatus 3.
  • feedstock refers to any of a variety of aluminum alloys in the form of ingots, plates, slabs and strips delivered to the hot rolling step at the required temperatures.
  • an aluminum "ingot” typically has a thickness ranging from about 152 mm (6 inches) to about 762 mm (30 inches), and is usually produced by direct chill casting or electromagnetic casting.
  • An aluminum “plate”, on the other hand, herein refers to an aluminum alloy having a thickness from about 12.7 mm (0.5 inches) to about 152 mm (6 inches), and is typically produced by direct chill casting or electromagnetic casting alone or in combination with hot rolling of an aluminum alloy.
  • the term “slab” is used herein to refer to an aluminum alloy having a thickness ranging from 9.53 mm (0.375 inches) to about 76.2 mm (3 inches), and thus overlaps with an aluminum plate.
  • the term “strip” is herein used to refer to an aluminum alloy, typically having a thickness less than 9.53 mm (0.375 inches). In the usual case, both slabs and strips are produced by continuous casting techniques well known to those skilled in the art.
  • the feedstock employed in the practice of this embodiment of the present invention can be prepared by any of a number of casting techniques well known to those skilled in the art, including twin belt casters like those described in U.S. Patent No. 3,937,270 and the patents referred to therein.
  • it is preferable to employ as the technique for casting the aluminum strip the method and apparatus described in co-pending Application Serial Nos. 184,581, filed June 21, 1994, 173,663, filed December 23, 1993 and 173,369, filed December 23, 1990 .
  • the strip casting technique described in the foregoing co-pending applications which can advantageously be employed in the practice of this invention is illustrated in Fig. 2 of the drawing.
  • the apparatus includes a pair of endless belts 10 and 12 carried by a pair of upper pulleys 14 and 16 and a pair of corresponding lower pulleys 18 and 20.
  • Each pulley is mounted for rotation, and is a suitable heat resistant pulley.
  • Either or both of the upper pulleys 14 and 16 are driven by suitable motor means or like driving means not illustrated in the drawing for purposes of simplicity.
  • the same is true for the lower pulleys 18 and 20.
  • Each of the belts 10 and 12 is an endless belt and is preferably formed of a metal which has low reactivity with the aluminum being cast. Low-carbon steel or copper are frequently preferred materials for use in the endless belts.
  • the pulleys are positioned, as illustrated in Fig. 2, one above the other with a molding gap therebetween corresponding to the desired thickness of the aluminum strip being cast.
  • Molten metal to be cast is supplied to the molding gap through suitable metal supply means such as a tundish 28.
  • suitable metal supply means such as a tundish 28.
  • the inside of the tundish 28 corresponds substantially in width to the width of the belts 10 and 12 and includes a metal supply delivery casting nozzle 30 to deliver molten metal to the molding gap between the belts 10 and 12.
  • the casting apparatus also includes a pair of cooling means 32 and 34 positioned opposite that position of the endless belt in contact with the metal being cast in the molding gap between the belts.
  • the cooling means 32 and 34 thus serve to cool belts 10 and 12, respectively, before they come into contact with the molten metal.
  • coolers 32 and 34 are positioned as shown on the return run of belts 10 and 12, respectively.
  • the cooling means 32 and 34 can be conventional cooling devices such as fluid nozzles positioned to spray a cooling fluid directly on the inside and/or outside of belts 10 and 12 to cool the belts through their thicknesses Further details respecting the strip casting apparatus may be found in the cited co-pending applications.
  • the feedstock 4 is moved through optional pinch rolls 5 into one or more hot rolling stands 6 where its thickness is decreased.
  • the rolling stands serve to rapidly cool the feedstock to prevent or inhibit precipitation of the strengthening alloying components such as manganese, copper, magnesium and silicon present in the aluminum alloy.
  • the exit temperature from the strip caster 3 varies within the range of about 371°C (700°F) to the solidus temperature of the alloy.
  • the rolling operations rapidly cool the temperature of the cast strip 4 to temperatures suitable for cold rolling, below 177°C (350°F) in less than 30 seconds, and preferably in less than 10 seconds, to ensure that the cooling is effected sufficiently rapidly to avoid or substantially minimize precipitation of alloying elements from solid solution.
  • the effect of the rapidly cooling may be illustrated by reference to Fig. 3 of the drawing, showing the formation of intermetallic precipitates in aluminum as a function of temperature and time.
  • Such curves which are generally knwon in the art as time-temperature transformation or "C" curves, show the formation of coarse and fine particles formed by the precipitation of alloying elements as intermetallic compounds as an aluminum alloy is heated or cooled. It is important in the practice of the present invention to rapidly cool the feedstock during the rolling operations so that the strip 4 is cooled along a temperature time line that does not intersect the curves shown on Fig. 3 of the drawing.
  • the prior art practice of allowing a slow cool of, for example, a coil results in a temperature time line which intersects those curves, maintaining that the slow cooling causes precipitation of alloying elements as intermetallic compounds.
  • the feedstock is passed from where it is cooled to one or more cold rolling stands in which the feedstock is worked to harden the alloy and reduce its thickness to finish gauge.
  • the cast strip which has been aged can either be coiled until needed or it can be immediately formed into can ends and/or tabs using conventional techniques.
  • the use of the cold rolling step is an optional process step of the present invention, and can be omitted entirely or it can be carried out in an off-line fashion, depending on the end use of the alloy being processed.
  • the effect of the reductions in thickness likewise effected by the rolling operations are subject to wide variation, depending upon the types of feedstock employed, their chemistry and the manner in which they are produced. For that reason, the percent reduction in thickness of the rolling operations is not critical to the practice of the invention. In general, good results are obtained when the rolling operation effects a reduction in thickness within the range of 40 to 99 percent of the original thickness of the cast strip.
  • convoluted dies useful in the practice of the present invention are known to the art, and are described in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,711,611 and 5,095,733. Such dies are now conventional and well known to those skilled in the art.
  • the convoluted dies used in the practice of this invention may be used to form a non-circular blank having the configuration shown in Fig. 4 which in turn can be used to form a cup having the configuration shown in the same Figure.
  • the convoluted die can be used, where necessary, to minimize earing tendencies of the sheet stock.
  • alloys suitable for use in the practice of the present invention are those aluminum alloys containing from about 0 to about 0.6% by weight silicon, from 0 to about 0.8% by weight iron, from about 0 to about 0.6% by weight copper, from about 0.2 to about 1.5% by weight manganese, from about 0.2 to about 4% by weight magnesium, from about 0 to about 0.25% by weight zinc, with the balance being aluminum with its usual impurities.
  • suitable alloys include aluminum alloys from the 3000 and 5000 series, such as AA 3004, AA 3104 and AA 5017.
  • a sheet of finish gauge can stock which was not annealed was formed into a cup using a conventional round die. The earing was measured as 6.6%.
  • An adjacent sheet from the same processing (still without an anneal) was formed into a cup with a convolute cut edge on the blanking die.
  • the earing was measured as 3.1%.
  • a thin strip of metal 2.286 mm (0.09 inch) thick was cast at 91.44 m (300 feet) per minute and immediately rolled in three passes at high speed from 2.286 mm (0.090 inch) thick to 0.2896 mm (0.0114 inch) thick while decreasing in temperature during rolling from 482°C (900°F) to 149°C (300°F).
  • the earing of the sheet so produced was 3.8%.
  • the ultimate tensile strength of the sheet was 299,234 kN.m -2 (43,400 psi) and the elongation 4.4%.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Continuous Casting (AREA)
  • Metal Rolling (AREA)
  • Shaping Metal By Deep-Drawing, Or The Like (AREA)
EP96935838A 1995-09-18 1996-09-17 A method for making beverage can sheet Expired - Lifetime EP0851943B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (11)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US548337 1983-11-03
US08/531,554 US5772799A (en) 1995-09-18 1995-09-18 Method for making can end and tab stock
US08/529,644 US5655593A (en) 1995-09-18 1995-09-18 Method of manufacturing aluminum alloy sheet
US529644 1995-09-18
US529522 1995-09-18
US531554 1995-09-18
US08/529,522 US6391127B1 (en) 1992-06-23 1995-09-18 Method of manufacturing aluminum alloy sheet
US538415 1995-10-02
US08/538,415 US5772802A (en) 1995-10-02 1995-10-02 Method for making can end and tab stock
US08/548,337 US5769972A (en) 1995-11-01 1995-11-01 Method for making can end and tab stock
PCT/US1996/014877 WO1997011205A1 (en) 1995-09-18 1996-09-17 A method for making beverage can sheet

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0851943A1 EP0851943A1 (en) 1998-07-08
EP0851943B1 true EP0851943B1 (en) 2003-05-21

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EP96935838A Expired - Lifetime EP0851943B1 (en) 1995-09-18 1996-09-17 A method for making beverage can sheet

Country Status (9)

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EP (1) EP0851943B1 (pt)
JP (1) JP3878214B2 (pt)
CN (1) CN1085743C (pt)
AU (1) AU722391B2 (pt)
BR (1) BR9611416A (pt)
CA (1) CA2232436C (pt)
DE (1) DE69628312T2 (pt)
ES (1) ES2196183T3 (pt)
WO (1) WO1997011205A1 (pt)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8381796B2 (en) 2007-04-11 2013-02-26 Alcoa Inc. Functionally graded metal matrix composite sheet
US8403027B2 (en) 2007-04-11 2013-03-26 Alcoa Inc. Strip casting of immiscible metals
US8956472B2 (en) 2008-11-07 2015-02-17 Alcoa Inc. Corrosion resistant aluminum alloys having high amounts of magnesium and methods of making the same

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JP4278116B2 (ja) * 1997-03-07 2009-06-10 ノベリス・インコーポレイテッド アルミニウムシートの製造法
AU2684300A (en) 1998-12-10 2000-06-26 Pechiney Rolled Products, Llc Aluminum alloy sheet having high ultimate tensile strength and methods for making their own
US6143241A (en) * 1999-02-09 2000-11-07 Chrysalis Technologies, Incorporated Method of manufacturing metallic products such as sheet by cold working and flash annealing
AU5735400A (en) * 1999-12-06 2001-06-12 Pechiney Rolled Products, Llc High strength aluminum alloy sheet and process
US6581675B1 (en) 2000-04-11 2003-06-24 Alcoa Inc. Method and apparatus for continuous casting of metals
US7182825B2 (en) * 2004-02-19 2007-02-27 Alcoa Inc. In-line method of making heat-treated and annealed aluminum alloy sheet
CN102634704B (zh) * 2012-05-08 2013-10-02 王季庄 耐腐抗压抑爆材料及其制备方法
US9856552B2 (en) 2012-06-15 2018-01-02 Arconic Inc. Aluminum alloys and methods for producing the same
MX2016002941A (es) * 2013-09-06 2016-08-18 Alcoa Inc Productos de aleacion de aluminio y metodos para generar los mismos.
US11142815B2 (en) 2015-07-07 2021-10-12 Arconic Technologies Llc Methods of off-line heat treatment of non-ferrous alloy feedstock
KR20180102044A (ko) * 2015-07-07 2018-09-14 아르코닉 인코포레이티드 비철 합금 공급 원료의 오프라인 열처리 방법
CN106424325B (zh) * 2015-08-06 2019-07-26 珠海鼎立包装制品有限公司 一种加强型拉环的生产工艺及专用设备
TWI601836B (zh) * 2016-06-02 2017-10-11 中國鋼鐵股份有限公司 鋁片之製造方法
DE102016112953A1 (de) * 2016-07-14 2018-01-18 Gregor Anton Piech Metallische Dose und zugehöriger Dosendeckel
ES2905306T3 (es) 2016-10-27 2022-04-07 Novelis Inc Aleaciones de aluminio serie 7xxx de alta resistencia y procedimientos para fabricar las mismas
MX2019004840A (es) * 2016-10-27 2019-06-20 Novelis Inc Sistemas y metodos para fabricar articulos de aleacion de aluminio de calibre grueso.
US11821065B2 (en) 2016-10-27 2023-11-21 Novelis Inc. High strength 6XXX series aluminum alloys and methods of making the same
CN106756673A (zh) * 2016-12-20 2017-05-31 上海赛科利汽车模具技术应用有限公司 一种7075铝合金材料的汽车b柱加工工艺
JP6427290B1 (ja) * 2017-11-22 2018-11-21 株式会社Uacj 磁気ディスク用アルミニウム合金基板及びその製造方法、ならびに、当該磁気ディスク用アルミニウム合金基板を用いた磁気ディスク
CN108385044A (zh) * 2018-03-06 2018-08-10 东北大学 一种汽车车身用5182铝合金板材的制备方法
KR20220050197A (ko) * 2019-10-02 2022-04-22 노벨리스 인크. 경량 포장 솔루션을 위한 고재활용 함량을 갖는 알루미늄 평판 압연 제품 및 그 제조방법
CN113042564B (zh) * 2021-03-12 2023-03-10 浙江永杰铝业有限公司 一种铝镁合金带材及其制备方法
CN114875279A (zh) * 2022-05-24 2022-08-09 龙口南山铝压延新材料有限公司 一种低制耳率小口径旋开瓶盖用铝合金带材及其制备方法

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CA2096366C (en) * 1992-06-23 2008-04-01 Gavin F. Wyatt-Mair A method of manufacturing can body sheet
US5514228A (en) * 1992-06-23 1996-05-07 Kaiser Aluminum & Chemical Corporation Method of manufacturing aluminum alloy sheet
US5356495A (en) * 1992-06-23 1994-10-18 Kaiser Aluminum & Chemical Corporation Method of manufacturing can body sheet using two sequences of continuous, in-line operations
US5469912A (en) * 1993-02-22 1995-11-28 Golden Aluminum Company Process for producing aluminum alloy sheet product
JP3454578B2 (ja) * 1993-08-31 2003-10-06 日本軽金属株式会社 平版印刷版用アルミニウム合金素板およびその製造方法
JP3290274B2 (ja) * 1993-11-15 2002-06-10 富士写真フイルム株式会社 平版印刷版支持体の製造方法

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8381796B2 (en) 2007-04-11 2013-02-26 Alcoa Inc. Functionally graded metal matrix composite sheet
US8403027B2 (en) 2007-04-11 2013-03-26 Alcoa Inc. Strip casting of immiscible metals
US8697248B2 (en) 2007-04-11 2014-04-15 Alcoa Inc. Functionally graded metal matrix composite sheet
US8956472B2 (en) 2008-11-07 2015-02-17 Alcoa Inc. Corrosion resistant aluminum alloys having high amounts of magnesium and methods of making the same

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AU722391B2 (en) 2000-08-03
ES2196183T3 (es) 2003-12-16
CN1200771A (zh) 1998-12-02
CA2232436C (en) 2008-06-17
JP3878214B2 (ja) 2007-02-07
BR9611416A (pt) 1999-02-23
JPH11511389A (ja) 1999-10-05
CN1085743C (zh) 2002-05-29
EP0851943A1 (en) 1998-07-08
AU7362596A (en) 1997-04-09
CA2232436A1 (en) 1997-03-27
DE69628312T2 (de) 2004-03-25
MX9802071A (es) 1998-08-30
DE69628312D1 (de) 2003-06-26
WO1997011205A1 (en) 1997-03-27

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