EP0845154A1 - Fluorescent lamp - Google Patents
Fluorescent lampInfo
- Publication number
- EP0845154A1 EP0845154A1 EP96931379A EP96931379A EP0845154A1 EP 0845154 A1 EP0845154 A1 EP 0845154A1 EP 96931379 A EP96931379 A EP 96931379A EP 96931379 A EP96931379 A EP 96931379A EP 0845154 A1 EP0845154 A1 EP 0845154A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- lighting apparatus
- fibrous
- fibers
- qaim
- field emitter
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J63/00—Cathode-ray or electron-stream lamps
- H01J63/06—Lamps with luminescent screen excited by the ray or stream
Definitions
- the present invention relates to lighting, and more particularly to lighting articles employing a suitable phosphor in combination with a cold cathode field emitter. This invention is the result of a contact with the Department of Energy (Contract No. W-7405-ENG-36).
- Fluorescent lighting has been the standard illumination method in commercial buildings for many years. While it is used in a lessor degree in homes, it is generally applied where large areas need to be economically lighted. Although incandescent tungsten lighting is less efficient and more costly than fluorescent lighting, incandescent bulbs are the primary method of home lighting because of superior convenience and ascetics. Although fluorescent lighting is a highly efficient method of lighting, it does suffer from several deficiencies. Among these deficiencies are ecological concerns. Fluorescent light tubes are now classified as hazardous mate ⁇ als by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as these tubes contain mercury, a highly toxic and regulated material. This problem has lead to developments such as in U.S. Patent Nos.
- the ballast resistor required in most, if not all, fluorescent lighting systems can contain polychlorinated biphenyl oils (PCB's) such materials being highly carcinogenic materials also regulated by the EPA.
- PCB's polychlorinated biphenyl oils
- the production of light in a fluorescent bulb takes several steps. First, liquid mercury within the tube is electronically heated to volatilize at least some of the mercury. Then, an electric current is passed through the mercury vapor to excite the mercury into a plasma state. The excited mercury plasma emits ultraviolet (UV) light. Finally, the UV light strikes a phosphor in the bulb with the phosphor converting the UV light energy into emitted visible light.
- UV light strikes a phosphor in the bulb with the phosphor converting the UV light energy into emitted visible light.
- This light production pathway has certain performance shortcomings. In comparison to conventional incandescent tungsten lighting systems, fluorescent lighting systems are slow to start as the mercury must first be heated to provide mercury vapor. Also, fluorescent lights are known to make acoustic noise due to the transformer and ballast register electronics needed to start and keep the current flowing through the mercury vapor.
- U.S. 4,818,914 discloses a lamp comprising a cathode formed with an array of needle-like members projecting from one surface thereof, an accelerator electrode formed with an array of apertures there through, a layer of phosphor and an anode electrode. Voltages applied across the cathode and the accelerator electrode and across the cathode and the anode result in field emission from the cathode and collection of the electrons by the anode.
- Impingement of the electrons on the phosphor layer results in the emission of light.
- Dworsky et al., U.S. 5,180,951 discloses a uniform light source comprised of a substantially planar (flat) polycrystalline diamond film electron emitter.
- Y. Taniguichi et al., WO 94 28571 disclose a fluorescent tube light source comprising a layer of amorphic diamond film deposited over a conductive filament and an anode surrounding this filament and film which radiates light when struck by the emitted electrons.
- the amorphic diamond film is said to be comprised of a plurality of distributed localized electron emission sites, each sub-site having a plurality of sub ⁇ regions with differing electron affinities between sub-regions. It is an object of the present invention to provide a mercury-free fluorescent light employing a fibrous field emission element.
- Still another object ofthe present invention is to provide a low voltage, low power backlight.
- the present invention provides a lighting apparatus including a fibrous cold cathode field emitter wherein fibers of said cold cathode have a diameter of less than about 100 microns, an anode for reaction of electrons emitted by the fibrous cold cathode field emitter, a phosphor capable upon contact with emitted electrons from the cold cathode field emitter of generating a persistent light, an evacuated enclosure of less than about IO" 5 Torr containing within the enclosure the cold cathode field emitter, the anode and the phosphor.
- the persistent light preferably has a luminous intensity of at least 20 lumens per watt.
- BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIGURE 1 shows an elongated tube device in accordance with the lighting apparatus of present invention.
- FIGURE 2 shows an exploded view of a flat plate device in accordance with the lighting apparatus of present invention.
- FIGURE 3 shows a bulb device in accordance with the lighting apparatus of present invention.
- FIGURE 4 shows a light beam producing device in accordance with the lighting apparatus of present invention.
- FIGURE 5 shows a test device in accordance with the lighting apparatus of present invention.
- FIGURE 6 shows driver circuits for the lighting device of the present invention.
- FIGURE 7 shows a bulb device for use in standard light bulb sockets.
- the present invention relates to a field emission lighting apparatus and to a fiber field emission lighting (FFEL) apparatus.
- FFEL fiber field emission lighting
- the lighting apparatus ofthe present invention uses field emission to generate light output from a phosphor, e.g., a cathodoluminescent material.
- the field emission lighting apparatus involves a fibrous cold cathode field emitter.
- the field emission electron emitting material can be any material that can be provided in the form of a fiber.
- the field emission electron emitting material ofthe fibrous cathode is diamond, diamond-like carbon or glassy carbon. Diamond is especially preferred.
- the fibrous cathode is formed of one or more diamond, diamond-like carbon or glassy carbon composite fibers consisting essentially of diamond, diamond-like carbon or glassy carbon on non-diamond core fibers.
- the non-diamond core can be made of a conductive or semi-conductive material.
- the core can be made of a non-conductive material surrounded by a film coating of a conductive or semi-conductive material.
- the core material in the diamond fiber can be, e.g., a conductive carbon such as graphite or a metal such as tungsten, or can be, e.g., silicon, copper, molybdenum, titanium or silicon carbide.
- the core may consist of a more complex structure, for example, a non-conductive material surrounded by a thin coating of conductive or semi-conductive material. A diamond, diamond-like or glassy carbon layer is then coated on the sheath.
- the non-conductive core can be a synthetic fiber such as nylon, KEVLAR® (KEVLAR® is a registered trademark of E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, DE), or polyester or inorganic materials such as ceramics or glass.
- a diamond, diamond-like carbon or glassy carbon precursor can be coated onto the non-diamond core or the core can be a diamond, diamond-like carbon or glassy carbon precursor and the diamond, diamond-like carbon or glassy carbon is then formed by appropriate treatment ofthe precursor.
- the field emission lighting apparatus involves a fibrous cold cathode field emitter which can be of the type described by Valone, in U.S.
- the cold cathode field emitter can be any other suitable emitting fibrous material such as a suitable graphite fiber treated by exposure to intense ion beam treatment or a suitable graphite fiber treated by exposure to a laser as described by Friedmann, in U.S. provisional patent application number 60/002,277, entitled “Method for Creation of Controlled Field Emission Sites” filed August 14, 1995, or a diamond-coated or diamond-like-coated nickel-coated KEVLAR® fiber as described in U S. patent application number 08/387,539, filed February 13, 1995, or fibers containing glassy carbon, an amorphous material exhibiting Raman peaks at about 1380 cm -1 and 1598 cm" 1 .
- a suitable graphite fiber treated by exposure to intense ion beam treatment or a suitable graphite fiber treated by exposure to a laser as described by Friedmann, in U.S. provisional patent application number 60/002,277, entitled “Method for Creation of Controlled Field Emission Sites” filed August
- the fibrous cold cathode may generally be of an conductive material having an activated surface, i.e., capable of allowing electrons to be drawn off at a relatively low bias voltage, with suitable dimensions, i.e., diameters of generally less than about 100 microns, preferably less than about 15 microns, and more preferably less than about 10 microns.
- suitable materials may be included thin fibers of magnesium oxide and the like, suitably with an activated surface based on treatment ofthe fibers by, e.g., flash heating.
- the fibers of the fibrous cathode each have diameter of less than about 100 microns, preferably less than about 15 microns, and more preferably less than about 10 microns. Smaller diameter fibers reduce the voltage necessary to generate the field emission. Preferably, the diameter exceeds 1 micron.
- diameters ofthe fibers ofthe cold cathodes are substantially smaller in dimensions than the metallic filaments commonly used in presendy available lighting apparatus. While a single fiber can be used as the fibrous cathode, it is generally preferred to use more than a single fiber as the fibrous cathode to provide redundancy in electron emission.
- the phosphor used in the lighting apparatus of the present invention can generally be of any type suitable to generate visible light upon being struck by electron emission.
- the phosphor can be zinc oxide:zinc, zinc sulfide, cadmium sulfide, zinc cadmium sulfide, zinc selenide, zinc cadmium selenide yittrium silicate: cesium, zinc phosphatermaganese, or other well known materials which emit light following suitable excitation. Blends or combinations of phosphors may also be employed.
- the phosphor used in the present invention is further capable of producing a persistent light, i.e., the light from a particular point of the phosphor does not readily fade wid time as it is excited.
- the output from the excited phosphor may be capable of generating this persistent visible light with a luminous intensity of at least 20 lumens per watt.
- the lighting apparatus of the present invention includes a fibrous cold cathode field emitter, a phosphor, an anode for attraction of emitted electrons from the cold cathode field emitter, all generally contained within an evacuated enclosure. Unlike a standard mercury vapor fluorescent light, the lighting apparatus ofthe present invention can turn on instantly without the need for heating the mercury to form a plasma. Without the need for rnaintaining a plasma, the light generated by the lighting apparatus of the present invention can be readily and easily dimmed or brightened by adjustment ofthe voltage applied to the fiber.
- a current limiting circuit can consist, e.g., of a small resistor/inductor in series with the fibrous cold cathode.
- the evacuated enclosure typically maintains a low pressure of least as low as about IO" 5 Torr.
- Such an evacuated enclosure can be, e.g., a glass bulb or multiple glass sheets with appropriate spacer material therebetween.
- the lighting apparatus of the present invention uses electron emission induced by a directed, shapable applied field. This is in contrast with lighting using a plasma which results in a non-directed light source. This allows practical, but varied, shape configurations ofthe present lighting apparatus without limitations to the traditional elongated tube. No matter what shape the lighting apparatus has, electron emission from the fibers ofthe fibrous cathode occurs along the length of the fibers utilized and not from the fiber tip or end.
- a light IQ included a glass tube 12 as an evacuable enclosure.
- the inner or interior surface of glass tube 12 can be coated with a transparent conductor as an anode and a phosphor or cathodoluminescent material 12.
- a fibrous cathode element 14, the fibrous field emitter, is situated widiin glass tube 12.
- An end cap 1£ includes electrodes connected to fibrous cathode element 14 and to the transparent conductor coating or anode.
- the fibrous cathode element can consist of a single fiber, can include a multiple of fibers or can include a thicker single fiber.
- the single fiber or individual fibers making up the multiple fibers can have a diameter of from about 1 micron to about 20 microns, preferably about 5 microns to about 10 microns.
- the glass tube can be a circular cylinder as shown or it can have a configured surface.
- light 20 has a flat plate design with a flat plate 22 having a fibrous cathode element array 24 thereon.
- a transparent second flat plate 26 includes a coating of transparent conductor 2& upon the surface of flat plate 26 facing cathode element array 24 and a coating of a phosphor or cathodoluminescent material 20. upon transparent conductor coating 2&.
- a spacer plate 2£ separates flat plate 22 and flat plate 2 ⁇ and provides an evacuable enclosure for fibrous cathode element array 24.
- Conductor electrodes are connected to transparent conductor coating 28. and fibrous cathode element array 24.
- a bulb- shaped light 4Q includes a glass globe 42 having an interior coating of a transparent conductor 44 and a coating of a phosphor or camodoluminescent material 4£.
- a fibrous cathode element 4& the fibrous field emitter, is situated within glass globe 42.
- Conductors are connected to fibrous cathode element 4S and to the transparent conductor coating or anode 44-
- the fibrous cathode element 4£ can consist of a single fiber or can include a multiple of fibers.
- the single fiber or individual fibers making up the multiple fibers can have a diameter offrom about 1 micron to about 20 microns, preferably about 5 microns to about 10 microns.
- a light 50 capable of producing a light beam output 52 includes glass hemispherical support £4 having coatings upon the concave inner surface of a reflector material 5 ⁇ , a transparent conductive material 58 . , and a phosphor or cathodoluminescent material 6 ⁇ -
- a fibrous cathode element £- the fibrous field emitter, is situated within glass hemisphere 54.
- Conductors are connected to fibrous cad ode element 62 and to the transparent conductor coating or anode 53.- Varying the shape of the glass support 54 can result in a more concentrated light beam. For example, a parabolic support would accomplish this result.
- Figure 5 shows a simple test device used to test field emission variables of the fibrous cad odes including a clear plastic, e.g., Lucite® plastic, tube 2 ⁇ capped with end caps 22 and 24 to form an evacuable enclosure.
- End cap 22 includes an opening 26 connected to a vacuum pump.
- a grounded copper screen mesh 28 Suspended within the evacuable enclosure is a grounded copper screen mesh 28 coated with a phosphor or cathodoluminescent material £0_.
- a fibrous cathode element £ is situated within grounded copper screen mesh 2S- Conductors are connected to fibrous cathode element £ and to copper screen mesh or anode 2S- This test device can prove useful for determining emission uniformity of emissive fibers.
- FIG. 6 shows a current limiting circuit for use with the lighting apparatus of the present invention.
- the current limiting circuit 9_ ⁇ includes resistor 22 and an inductor 24 in series with the emissive fiber or fibrous cathode element 26.
- Power source 9_£ is connected through a rectifying voltage step-up circuit IQO to the anode 102 and the current limiting circuit 9_ ⁇ in series with cathode element 26 *
- light 120 is in the form of a standard light bulb with a screw type base.
- the inner surface of the glass bulb 121 is coated with a transparent conducting oxide 122 and a phosphor or cathodoluminescent material 123.
- a fibrous cathode field emitter comprised of a field emission electron emitting fiber 124 is in the central region of the bulb.
- the fiber emitter is shown in a triangular configuration but could be in other configurations, e.g., a circle or a figure having four or more sides.
- the fiber emitter is supported by a non-emitting current carrier 125. Emitted electrons are shown by the arrows 126.
- the screw type base 127 is essentially the same as used for standard incandescent bulbs.
- power density of about 1.5 watts per inch from the cathode can generally be necessary to generate sufficient electron emission.
- the bias voltage on the fibrous cathode is at least 1500 Volts, then the emission current per inch must be at least about 1 milliamperes.
- EXAMPLE 1 A lighting apparatus was assembled essentially as shown in Figure 5 using a carbon fiber that was exposed to a single intense ion beam treatment.
- the carbon fiber was prepared as follows. Untreated graphite fibers (commercially available IM7 graphite fibers from
- Hercules, Inc., Wilmington, DE from a graphite yam were spread out across a frame and the frame placed in me padi of an intense ion beam operated in accordance with the teachings of Rej et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 64(10), pp. 2753-2760, Oct. 1993.
- the voltage was about 300 kilovolts.
- the distance of the frame from me focus of the ion beam was varied between about six inches to 18 inches.
- the energy density ofthe ion beam was estimated at from about 2 joules per square centimeter to about 10 joules per square centimeter.
- the time of a pulse ofthe ion beam was about one microsecond. After a single pulse, the frame was tumed over (180°) and the reverse side of the fibers was exposed to a single pulse of the intense ion beam.
- the resultant fibers were tested and shown to be excellent field emission electron emitters.
- a fiber was then attached to conductor "A" shown in Figure 5.
- a zinc oxide :zinc phosphor was coated onto the copper mesh screen.
- a potential difference of about 3.5 keV was applied to the cathode and anode, i.e., to conductors "A" and "B".
- a current of 2-3 mA was obtained over a one inch
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US226295P | 1995-08-14 | 1995-08-14 | |
US602262 | 1996-02-15 | ||
PCT/US1996/013091 WO1997007531A1 (en) | 1995-08-14 | 1996-08-12 | Fluorescent lamp |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0845154A1 true EP0845154A1 (en) | 1998-06-03 |
EP0845154B1 EP0845154B1 (en) | 1999-11-10 |
Family
ID=21699955
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP96931379A Expired - Lifetime EP0845154B1 (en) | 1995-08-14 | 1996-08-12 | Fluorescent lamp |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0845154B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JPH11510951A (en) |
KR (1) | KR100397720B1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN1199503A (en) |
AU (1) | AU696412B2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2229067A1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE69605118T2 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1997007531A1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6573643B1 (en) * | 1992-03-16 | 2003-06-03 | Si Diamond Technology, Inc. | Field emission light source |
Families Citing this family (21)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
SE510413C2 (en) * | 1997-06-13 | 1999-05-25 | Lightlab Ab | A field emission cathode and a light source comprising a field emission cathode |
SE510412C2 (en) * | 1997-06-13 | 1999-05-25 | Lightlab Ab | A light source comprising a field emission cathode and a field emission cathode for use in a light source |
JP3555844B2 (en) | 1999-04-09 | 2004-08-18 | 三宅 正二郎 | Sliding member and manufacturing method thereof |
EP1061554A1 (en) * | 1999-06-15 | 2000-12-20 | Iljin Nanotech Co., Ltd. | White light source using carbon nanotubes and fabrication method thereof |
JP2001052652A (en) * | 1999-06-18 | 2001-02-23 | Cheol Jin Lee | White light source and its manufacture |
SE515377C2 (en) * | 1999-07-30 | 2001-07-23 | Nanolight Internat Ltd | Light source including a field emission cathode |
AU2002325587A1 (en) * | 2002-04-17 | 2003-10-27 | Alexandr Nikolaevich Obraztsov | Cathodoluminescent light source |
US6969198B2 (en) | 2002-11-06 | 2005-11-29 | Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. | Low-friction sliding mechanism |
JP4863152B2 (en) | 2003-07-31 | 2012-01-25 | 日産自動車株式会社 | gear |
KR20060039932A (en) | 2003-08-06 | 2006-05-09 | 닛산 지도우샤 가부시키가이샤 | Low-friction sliding mechanism, low-friction agent composition and method of friction reduction |
JP4973971B2 (en) | 2003-08-08 | 2012-07-11 | 日産自動車株式会社 | Sliding member |
US7771821B2 (en) | 2003-08-21 | 2010-08-10 | Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. | Low-friction sliding member and low-friction sliding mechanism using same |
EP1508611B1 (en) | 2003-08-22 | 2019-04-17 | Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. | Transmission comprising low-friction sliding members and transmission oil therefor |
WO2005048294A1 (en) * | 2003-11-13 | 2005-05-26 | Nihon University | Field emission ultraviolet lamp |
TWI404449B (en) | 2004-03-25 | 2013-08-01 | Pureron Japan Co Ltd | Lighting device |
CN1725922A (en) | 2004-07-22 | 2006-01-25 | 清华大学 | Field transmitting plane light source device and its cathode |
US7511415B2 (en) * | 2004-08-26 | 2009-03-31 | Dialight Japan Co., Ltd. | Backlight for liquid crystal display device |
CN105696139B (en) | 2004-11-09 | 2019-04-16 | 得克萨斯大学体系董事会 | The manufacture and application of nano-fibre yams, band and plate |
ATE488860T1 (en) | 2005-06-30 | 2010-12-15 | Lightlab Sweden Ab | ELECTRON AND PHOTON SOURCE WITH MUTUAL AMPLIFICATION |
JP5196800B2 (en) * | 2007-02-16 | 2013-05-15 | 株式会社ピュアロンジャパン | Field emission lamp |
CN103972030A (en) * | 2013-01-29 | 2014-08-06 | 海洋王照明科技股份有限公司 | Field emission light source |
Family Cites Families (8)
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GB1394055A (en) * | 1971-07-09 | 1975-05-14 | Nat Res Dev | Electron emitters |
US3860852A (en) * | 1974-04-04 | 1975-01-14 | Gte Sylvania Inc | Fluorescent lamp containing amalgam-forming material |
US4173730A (en) * | 1978-07-11 | 1979-11-06 | Westinghouse Electric Corp. | Compact fluorescent lamp unit having integral circuit means for DC operation |
GB2126006B (en) * | 1982-08-19 | 1985-11-27 | Gen Electric Co Plc | Cathodoluminescent light sources |
JPH0471158A (en) * | 1990-07-10 | 1992-03-05 | Stanley Electric Co Ltd | Cold-cathode fluorescent-lamp lighting device |
US5141460A (en) * | 1991-08-20 | 1992-08-25 | Jaskie James E | Method of making a field emission electron source employing a diamond coating |
US5229687A (en) * | 1991-10-09 | 1993-07-20 | Gte Products Corporation | Mercury vapor discharge lamp containing means for reducing mercury leaching |
US5578901A (en) * | 1994-02-14 | 1996-11-26 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Diamond fiber field emitters |
-
1996
- 1996-08-12 KR KR1019980700278A patent/KR100397720B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-08-12 CN CN96197582A patent/CN1199503A/en active Pending
- 1996-08-12 AU AU70075/96A patent/AU696412B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1996-08-12 JP JP9509409A patent/JPH11510951A/en not_active Ceased
- 1996-08-12 CA CA002229067A patent/CA2229067A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1996-08-12 WO PCT/US1996/013091 patent/WO1997007531A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1996-08-12 DE DE69605118T patent/DE69605118T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1996-08-12 EP EP96931379A patent/EP0845154B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO9707531A1 * |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6573643B1 (en) * | 1992-03-16 | 2003-06-03 | Si Diamond Technology, Inc. | Field emission light source |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AU7007596A (en) | 1997-03-12 |
DE69605118T2 (en) | 2000-05-25 |
CN1199503A (en) | 1998-11-18 |
EP0845154B1 (en) | 1999-11-10 |
JPH11510951A (en) | 1999-09-21 |
DE69605118D1 (en) | 1999-12-16 |
WO1997007531A1 (en) | 1997-02-27 |
KR100397720B1 (en) | 2006-03-16 |
AU696412B2 (en) | 1998-09-10 |
KR19990028976A (en) | 1999-04-15 |
CA2229067A1 (en) | 1997-02-27 |
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