EP0824623A1 - Building component - Google Patents

Building component

Info

Publication number
EP0824623A1
EP0824623A1 EP96913652A EP96913652A EP0824623A1 EP 0824623 A1 EP0824623 A1 EP 0824623A1 EP 96913652 A EP96913652 A EP 96913652A EP 96913652 A EP96913652 A EP 96913652A EP 0824623 A1 EP0824623 A1 EP 0824623A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
building component
block unit
wall
overhang portion
capping
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP96913652A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0824623B1 (en
Inventor
Frederick Andrew Schofield
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from GBGB9509530.3A external-priority patent/GB9509530D0/en
Priority claimed from GBGB9600197.9A external-priority patent/GB9600197D0/en
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Publication of EP0824623A1 publication Critical patent/EP0824623A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0824623B1 publication Critical patent/EP0824623B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04D—ROOF COVERINGS; SKY-LIGHTS; GUTTERS; ROOF-WORKING TOOLS
    • E04D13/00—Special arrangements or devices in connection with roof coverings; Protection against birds; Roof drainage ; Sky-lights
    • E04D13/15—Trimming strips; Edge strips; Fascias; Expansion joints for roofs
    • E04D13/158—Trimming strips; Edge strips; Fascias; Expansion joints for roofs covering the overhang at the eave side, e.g. soffits, or the verge of saddle roofs
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04D—ROOF COVERINGS; SKY-LIGHTS; GUTTERS; ROOF-WORKING TOOLS
    • E04D13/00—Special arrangements or devices in connection with roof coverings; Protection against birds; Roof drainage ; Sky-lights
    • E04D13/15—Trimming strips; Edge strips; Fascias; Expansion joints for roofs
    • E04D13/158—Trimming strips; Edge strips; Fascias; Expansion joints for roofs covering the overhang at the eave side, e.g. soffits, or the verge of saddle roofs
    • E04D13/1585—Trimming strips; Edge strips; Fascias; Expansion joints for roofs covering the overhang at the eave side, e.g. soffits, or the verge of saddle roofs covering the verge of saddle roofs

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a building component for use in constructing a roof for a building primarily, but not only, a building constructed having a "double skin" outer wall(s) particularly, but not necessarily, having a cavity between said skins, the cavity normally being filled or substantially so with an insulation material.
  • a requirement of building regulations currently in force is the capping or closing-off of the top of such cavity.
  • This capping operation is normally achieved by fabrication on site using a board of natural or synthetic material in the same, a preceding or a succeeding operation including a gable wall overhang, a barge board and a soffit.
  • the present invention is a building component comprising a block unit having a capping portion and an overhang portion, the outer face of the overhang portion being to serve as a barge/fascia board.
  • a lower face of the overhang portion beneficially serves as a soffit.
  • the block unit is desirably for use with others of its kind in being laid side-by-side as a course on top of a wall.
  • a multi-block unit may be provided of desired length for use with others of its kind.
  • the capping portion of the block unit is of tile shape, in a first embodiment, to be positioned over a double-skinned wall and, in a second embodiment, is shaped to be positioned over and straddle the outer skin of the wall. In both embodiments, the overhang portion projects outwardly beyond the wall.
  • the capping portion is preferably of equal weight to or heavier than the overhang portion to counterbalance or overbalance inwardly the block unit when laid on a wall or the outer skin thereof.
  • the block unit is made of any durable material, for example cementitious material.
  • the overhang portion is beneficially hollow or may have multi-cavities therein, or may be cellular.
  • the block unit may alternatively be cast from two cementitious mixtures, one containing a stone aggregate in respect of the capping portion, and the other containing a light-weight aggregate in respect of the overhang portion which is solid.
  • Fig. 1 is a perspective view of a part of a top and one gable of a building showing a roof support structure with a gable overhang, a barge board and a soffit constructed conventionally;
  • Fig. 2A is a perspective view of a part of a top and one end of a building showing a roof support structure with a course of block units according to a first embodiment of the present invention; overlying the top of a gable wall;
  • Fig. 2B is a perspective view of a part of a top and one end of a building showing a roof support structure with a course of block units according to a second embodiment, overlying both the top of a gable wall and a front wall;
  • Figs. 3A and 3B are similar perspective views of a block unit according to a first embodiment showing different shaped hollow configurations provided in an overhang portion thereof;
  • Figs. 4A and 4B are respectively, a perspective view and a side elevational view of a modified block unit according to the first embodiment
  • Figs. 5A and 5B are respectively, a perspective view and a side elevational view of a block unit according to a second embodiment.
  • Figs. 6A and 6B are respectively, a perspective view and a side elevational view of a modified block unit according to a second embodiment having a batt of insulation material secured to the inner end of the block unit.
  • a building component comprises a block unit 8, 8' having a capping portion 10 /10' and an overhang portion 12 with the outer face of portion 12 serving as a barge or fascia board 14A and a lower face as a soffit 14B.
  • the block unit 8, 8' is for use with others of its kind in being laid side-by- side as a course on top of a double-skinned wall 16 with the capping portion 10 thereon and the overhang portion 12 projecting outwardly beyond the outer skin of the wall 16.
  • the capping portion 10 is of equal weight to or heavier than the overhang portion 12 to counterbalance or overbalance inwardly the block unit 8, 8' when laid on a gable wall 16.
  • the block unit 8, 8' is made of any durable material, for example cementitious material, and can be coloured to suit a particular colour scheme for the rest of the normally painted or coloured parts of a building, for example window frames, guttering or doors.
  • the overhang portion 12 is hollow as shown in Figs. 3A or 3B, 4A or 4B, 5A or 5B, 6A or 6B with a cylindrical tubular formed passage as shown in Fig. 3A or square tubular formed passage as shown in Figs. 3B, 4A, 4B, 5A, 5B, 6A and 6B.
  • Corner or end block units 18 are provided to terminate a course of block units 8, 8' as shown in Figs. 2A and 2B laid on top of the gable wall or front wall 17 in the same manner as conventional bricks or blocks are laid using mortar.
  • An apex 20 may be formed by providing mitre sides to the block units 8, 8' to be abutting at the vertex of the wall.
  • the top surfaces of the block units 8, 8" are flush with the top surfaces of a series of rafters 22 on the gable wall which rafters 22 together provide a roof support structure for a tiled or slated roof including battens and felt/underlay covering.
  • the outer face of the overhang portions 12 when being moulded may be provided with a wood grain or other ornamental/decorative effect.
  • a gable overhang and barge board when formed in the manner described above is beneficial over the existing provision for such and requires little or no maintenance.
  • the capping portion 10 of the block unit 8 overlies both skins and closes off the cavity between both skins in the gable wall 16.
  • the capping portion 10' of the block unit 8' overlies horizontally the outer skin of any outer wall and terminates with a downwardly extending leg portion 9 at right angles thereto, the capping portion 10' straddling the outer skin with leg portion 9 closing off the top of the cavity between the double skins of the wall.
  • the modified block unit of the first embodiment is provided with a drip channel 24 adjacent to the outer edge of soffit 14B, and a marked or recessed panel 26 is provided in the top face of the capping portion 10 as an indicator for the positioning of a restraining element in the form of a wooden batten (not shown) or the like forming part of a roof structure.
  • the block unit and modified block unit of the second embodiment is provided with a drip channel 24 adjacent to the outer edge of soffit 14B, and a marked or recessed panel 26 is provided in the top face of the capping portion 10 as an indicator for the positioning of a restraining element in the form of a wooden batten (not shown) or the like forming part of a roof structure.
  • the panel 26 when in a recessed form can have a secondary use as a collector of any rain or other water which penetrates between the roof structure and block units.
  • a multi-block unit is provided of a desired length equal to and to locate between a formed apex unit and a corner or end block unit in each gable wall.
  • Such length units may also be used in multiples along front or rear walls between corner or end block units.
  • the cementious mixtures can have a mat or fibre reinforcement of synthetic material.
  • the overhang portion is provided with multi-cavities/passages, normally axially parallel to each other, or is of a cellular structure.
  • the block unit may be cast from two cementitious mixtures, one containing a stone aggregate in respect of the capping portion and the other containing a light-weight aggregate, for example pumice, perlite (RTM) or expanded polystyrene, in respect of the overhang portion.
  • a stone aggregate in respect of the capping portion
  • a light-weight aggregate for example pumice, perlite (RTM) or expanded polystyrene
  • the inner end of the capping portion of the block unit is rebated to accommodate a heat insulation batt 28, namely the capping portion 10' and leg portion 9 have at their inner end a heat insulation batt 28 to abut or nearly abut against the outside of the inner skin of the wall.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Building Environments (AREA)
  • Transition And Organic Metals Composition Catalysts For Addition Polymerization (AREA)
  • Glass Compositions (AREA)
  • Finishing Walls (AREA)
  • Working Measures On Existing Buildindgs (AREA)
  • Building Awnings And Sunshades (AREA)

Abstract

A building component comprises a block unit (8, 8') having a capping portion (10, 10'') and an overhang portion (12) with the outer face of which serving as a barge/fascia board (14A). A lower face of the overhang portion serves as a soffit. The block unit is for use with others of its kind in being laid side-by-side as a course on top of a gable wall (16) or front/rear wall (17).

Description

BUILDING COMPONENT
This invention relates to a building component for use in constructing a roof for a building primarily, but not only, a building constructed having a "double skin" outer wall(s) particularly, but not necessarily, having a cavity between said skins, the cavity normally being filled or substantially so with an insulation material. A requirement of building regulations currently in force is the capping or closing-off of the top of such cavity. This capping operation is normally achieved by fabrication on site using a board of natural or synthetic material in the same, a preceding or a succeeding operation including a gable wall overhang, a barge board and a soffit. While this invention is primarily concerned with the provision of gable wall overhangs, barge boards and soffits, it is also applicable to the provision of front/rear wall overhangs, fascia boards and soffits. Heretofore, overhangs have been constructed of timber as have barge boards and soffits which require regular painting maintenance with both barge boards and soffits being susceptible to rot and decay and requiring periodic replacement. Barge boards and soffits have also been provided of synthetic plastics material. While these are beneficial in requiring little maintenance they tend to degrade when exposed to sunlight, due to ultra violet radiation and thermal stresses. These existing building components are disadvantageous and an object of the present invention is to obviate or mitigate these disadvantages.
Accordingly, the present invention is a building component comprising a block unit having a capping portion and an overhang portion, the outer face of the overhang portion being to serve as a barge/fascia board. A lower face of the overhang portion beneficially serves as a soffit.
The block unit is desirably for use with others of its kind in being laid side-by-side as a course on top of a wall. Alternatively, a multi-block unit may be provided of desired length for use with others of its kind. The capping portion of the block unit is of tile shape, in a first embodiment, to be positioned over a double-skinned wall and, in a second embodiment, is shaped to be positioned over and straddle the outer skin of the wall. In both embodiments, the overhang portion projects outwardly beyond the wall. The capping portion is preferably of equal weight to or heavier than the overhang portion to counterbalance or overbalance inwardly the block unit when laid on a wall or the outer skin thereof.
Preferably, the block unit is made of any durable material, for example cementitious material. The overhang portion is beneficially hollow or may have multi-cavities therein, or may be cellular. The block unit may alternatively be cast from two cementitious mixtures, one containing a stone aggregate in respect of the capping portion, and the other containing a light-weight aggregate in respect of the overhang portion which is solid.
Embodiments of the present invention will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:-
Fig. 1 is a perspective view of a part of a top and one gable of a building showing a roof support structure with a gable overhang, a barge board and a soffit constructed conventionally;
Fig. 2A is a perspective view of a part of a top and one end of a building showing a roof support structure with a course of block units according to a first embodiment of the present invention; overlying the top of a gable wall; Fig. 2B is a perspective view of a part of a top and one end of a building showing a roof support structure with a course of block units according to a second embodiment, overlying both the top of a gable wall and a front wall;
Figs. 3A and 3B are similar perspective views of a block unit according to a first embodiment showing different shaped hollow configurations provided in an overhang portion thereof;
Figs. 4A and 4B are respectively, a perspective view and a side elevational view of a modified block unit according to the first embodiment;
Figs. 5A and 5B are respectively, a perspective view and a side elevational view of a block unit according to a second embodiment; and
Figs. 6A and 6B are respectively, a perspective view and a side elevational view of a modified block unit according to a second embodiment having a batt of insulation material secured to the inner end of the block unit.
Referring to the drawings, a building component comprises a block unit 8, 8' having a capping portion 10 /10' and an overhang portion 12 with the outer face of portion 12 serving as a barge or fascia board 14A and a lower face as a soffit 14B.
The block unit 8, 8' is for use with others of its kind in being laid side-by- side as a course on top of a double-skinned wall 16 with the capping portion 10 thereon and the overhang portion 12 projecting outwardly beyond the outer skin of the wall 16.
The capping portion 10 is of equal weight to or heavier than the overhang portion 12 to counterbalance or overbalance inwardly the block unit 8, 8' when laid on a gable wall 16. The block unit 8, 8' is made of any durable material, for example cementitious material, and can be coloured to suit a particular colour scheme for the rest of the normally painted or coloured parts of a building, for example window frames, guttering or doors. The overhang portion 12 is hollow as shown in Figs. 3A or 3B, 4A or 4B, 5A or 5B, 6A or 6B with a cylindrical tubular formed passage as shown in Fig. 3A or square tubular formed passage as shown in Figs. 3B, 4A, 4B, 5A, 5B, 6A and 6B. Corner or end block units 18 are provided to terminate a course of block units 8, 8' as shown in Figs. 2A and 2B laid on top of the gable wall or front wall 17 in the same manner as conventional bricks or blocks are laid using mortar. An apex 20 may be formed by providing mitre sides to the block units 8, 8' to be abutting at the vertex of the wall. The top surfaces of the block units 8, 8" are flush with the top surfaces of a series of rafters 22 on the gable wall which rafters 22 together provide a roof support structure for a tiled or slated roof including battens and felt/underlay covering.
The outer face of the overhang portions 12 when being moulded may be provided with a wood grain or other ornamental/decorative effect. A gable overhang and barge board when formed in the manner described above is beneficial over the existing provision for such and requires little or no maintenance.
In a first embodiment, the capping portion 10 of the block unit 8 overlies both skins and closes off the cavity between both skins in the gable wall 16. In a second embodiment, the capping portion 10' of the block unit 8' overlies horizontally the outer skin of any outer wall and terminates with a downwardly extending leg portion 9 at right angles thereto, the capping portion 10' straddling the outer skin with leg portion 9 closing off the top of the cavity between the double skins of the wall. Although the invention has been described in connection with pitched gable walls, the building component can equally be used with gable walls 16 of flat-roofed structures and with front and rear walls 17 of pitched gable or flat- roofed structures.
As shown in Figs. 4A and 4B, the modified block unit of the first embodiment is provided with a drip channel 24 adjacent to the outer edge of soffit 14B, and a marked or recessed panel 26 is provided in the top face of the capping portion 10 as an indicator for the positioning of a restraining element in the form of a wooden batten (not shown) or the like forming part of a roof structure.
As shown in Figs 5A and 5B, 6A and 6B, the block unit and modified block unit of the second embodiment is provided with a drip channel 24 adjacent to the outer edge of soffit 14B, and a marked or recessed panel 26 is provided in the top face of the capping portion 10 as an indicator for the positioning of a restraining element in the form of a wooden batten (not shown) or the like forming part of a roof structure. The panel 26 when in a recessed form can have a secondary use as a collector of any rain or other water which penetrates between the roof structure and block units.
In a modification of the first embodiment, a multi-block unit is provided of a desired length equal to and to locate between a formed apex unit and a corner or end block unit in each gable wall. Such length units may also be used in multiples along front or rear walls between corner or end block units.
In the manufacture of the block units, the cementious mixtures can have a mat or fibre reinforcement of synthetic material.
In a first modification of both embodiments, the overhang portion is provided with multi-cavities/passages, normally axially parallel to each other, or is of a cellular structure.
In a second modification of both embodiments, the block unit may be cast from two cementitious mixtures, one containing a stone aggregate in respect of the capping portion and the other containing a light-weight aggregate, for example pumice, perlite (RTM) or expanded polystyrene, in respect of the overhang portion.
In a modification of the second embodiment as shown in Figs. 6A and 6B, the inner end of the capping portion of the block unit is rebated to accommodate a heat insulation batt 28, namely the capping portion 10' and leg portion 9 have at their inner end a heat insulation batt 28 to abut or nearly abut against the outside of the inner skin of the wall.
Variations and other modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the invention described above and as claimed hereinafter.

Claims

1. A building component comprising a block unit having a capping portion and an overhang portion, the outer face of the overhang portion being to serve as a barge/fascia board.
2. A building component as claimed in Claim 1 , wherein the lower face of the overhang portion serves as a soffit.
3. A building component as claimed in Claim 1 or 2, wherein a block unit is for use with others of its kind in being laid side-by-side as a course on top of a wall.
4. A building component as claimed in Claim 3, wherein, a multi-block unit is provided of desired length for use with others of its kind.
5. A building component as claimed in any one of the preceding Claims 1 to 4, wherein the capping portion of the block unit is of tile shape to be positioned over a double-skinned wall.
6. A building component as claimed in any one of the preceding Claims 1 to 4, wherein the capping portion of the block unit is shaped to be positioned over and straddle the outer skin of the wall.
7. A building component as claimed in any one of the preceding Claims 1 to 6, wherein the overhang portion projects outwardly beyond the wall.
8. A building component as claimed in any one of the preceding Claims 1 to 7, wherein the capping portion is of equal weight to or heavier than the overhang portion to counterbalance or overbalance inwardly the block unit when laid on a wall or the outer skin thereof.
9. A building component as claimed in any one of the preceding Claims 1 to 8, wherein the block unit is made of any durable material, for example cementitious material.
10. A building component as claimed in Claim 8, wherein the overhang portion is hollow, or has multi-cavities therein, or is cellular.
11. A building component as claimed in Claim 8, wherein the block unit is cast from two cementitious mixtures, one containing a stone aggregate in respect of the capping portion, and the other containing a light-weight aggregate in respect of the overhang portion which is solid.
12. A building component as claimed in Claim 9, wherein the block unit is moulded in a manner in which the under faces and/or outer face are provided with a wood grain or other ornamental/decorative effect.
13. A building component as claimed in any one of the preceding Claims 1 to 12, wherein a drip channel is provided adjacent to the outer edge of the soffit face of block unit.
14. A building component as claimed in any one of the preceding Claims 1 to 13, wherein a marked or recessed panel 26 is provided in the top face of the capping portion.
15. A building component as claimed in any one of the preceding Claims 9 to 14, wherein the cementatious material has a mat or fibre reinforcement of synthetic material.
16. A building component substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to Figs. 2A and 2B, and Figs. 3A and 3B, or Figs. 4A and 4B, or Figs. 5A and 5B, or Figs. 6A and 6B of the accompanying drawings.
EP96913652A 1995-05-11 1996-05-10 Building component Expired - Lifetime EP0824623B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GBGB9509530.3A GB9509530D0 (en) 1995-05-11 1995-05-11 Building component
GB9509530 1995-05-11
GB9600197 1996-01-05
GBGB9600197.9A GB9600197D0 (en) 1996-01-05 1996-01-05 Building component
PCT/GB1996/001124 WO1996035848A1 (en) 1995-05-11 1996-05-10 Building component

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0824623A1 true EP0824623A1 (en) 1998-02-25
EP0824623B1 EP0824623B1 (en) 2000-10-04

Family

ID=26307016

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP96913652A Expired - Lifetime EP0824623B1 (en) 1995-05-11 1996-05-10 Building component

Country Status (12)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0824623B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE196788T1 (en)
AU (1) AU714654B2 (en)
BR (1) BR9608703A (en)
CA (1) CA2220569A1 (en)
DE (1) DE69610554T2 (en)
DK (1) DK0824623T3 (en)
ES (1) ES2151657T3 (en)
MX (1) MX9708682A (en)
NZ (1) NZ307272A (en)
PT (1) PT824623E (en)
WO (1) WO1996035848A1 (en)

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB9611386D0 (en) * 1996-05-31 1996-08-07 Schofield Frederick A Building component a roof overhang cladding init
WO2011109703A2 (en) 2010-03-05 2011-09-09 J-Gable, Llc Gable overhang structure
FR2996867B1 (en) * 2012-10-17 2015-05-01 Franck Haddadi ROOF EXTENSION DEVICE
CN103266725A (en) * 2013-05-16 2013-08-28 湖州森保塑木新材有限公司 Veranda eave end socket

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB434730A (en) * 1934-03-08 1935-09-09 Alexander Mckinlay Robertson Combined facia and gutter bar for roofs
FR1119335A (en) * 1955-02-11 1956-06-19 New types of prefabricated elements for the building
FR1140555A (en) * 1956-01-19 1957-07-29 Genoese cornice
DE1162997B (en) * 1960-05-05 1964-02-13 Martin Menzel Reinforced concrete structural element serving as an abutment for roof structures made of wood or prefabricated reinforced concrete parts for holding cornice panels formed from precast reinforced concrete parts
FR2516131A1 (en) * 1981-11-10 1983-05-13 Serres Claude Decorative prefabricated building elements - are installed between top of wall and roof and incorporate externally directed decoration formed along major sides
FR2559187A1 (en) * 1984-02-02 1985-08-09 Chevanne Michel Prefabricated tile eaves (Génoises).
FR2619843A1 (en) * 1987-08-27 1989-03-03 Reyre Paul Prefabricated cornice gutter units
FR2634507B1 (en) * 1988-07-21 1993-11-19 Prefabrication Materiaux Const CONCRETE CORNICE ELEMENTS
FR2635347B1 (en) * 1988-08-09 1992-09-11 Valdebouze Jean Francois PREFABRICATED CORNICE FOR BUILDINGS
FR2639984B1 (en) * 1988-12-07 1993-02-19 Materiaux Modernes Constructio SET OF BUILDING BLOCKS FOR THE REALIZATION OF A CORNICE AT THE TOP OF A WALL
FR2654137B1 (en) * 1989-11-07 1995-03-31 Valdebouze Jean Francois PREFABRICATED CONSTRUCTION ELEMENT FOR THE MAKING OF A WALL AND ITS ASSEMBLY.
AT395333B (en) * 1991-05-21 1992-11-25 Gatterbauer Rupert Inferior purlin or the like, in particular for glass roofs
IT226594Z2 (en) * 1992-05-19 1997-06-24 Nuova Sacelit Spa CORRUGATED SHEET FOR BUILDING USE

Non-Patent Citations (1)

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Title
See references of WO9635848A1 *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0824623B1 (en) 2000-10-04
DK0824623T3 (en) 2000-10-30
ATE196788T1 (en) 2000-10-15
NZ307272A (en) 2000-02-28
AU714654B2 (en) 2000-01-06
PT824623E (en) 2001-01-31
AU5657296A (en) 1996-11-29
DE69610554T2 (en) 2001-06-07
DE69610554D1 (en) 2000-11-09
BR9608703A (en) 1999-12-07
CA2220569A1 (en) 1996-11-14
MX9708682A (en) 1998-02-28
ES2151657T3 (en) 2001-01-01
WO1996035848A1 (en) 1996-11-14

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