EP0819802A3 - Structural members - Google Patents

Structural members Download PDF

Info

Publication number
EP0819802A3
EP0819802A3 EP97118158A EP97118158A EP0819802A3 EP 0819802 A3 EP0819802 A3 EP 0819802A3 EP 97118158 A EP97118158 A EP 97118158A EP 97118158 A EP97118158 A EP 97118158A EP 0819802 A3 EP0819802 A3 EP 0819802A3
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
body part
attachment portion
opposed walls
fastening means
edge portions
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP97118158A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0819802B1 (en
EP0819802A2 (en
Inventor
Malcolm Robert Wallis
David St. Quinton
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Kingspan Metl Con Ltd
Original Assignee
WARD BUILDING SYSTEMS Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by WARD BUILDING SYSTEMS Ltd filed Critical WARD BUILDING SYSTEMS Ltd
Publication of EP0819802A2 publication Critical patent/EP0819802A2/en
Publication of EP0819802A3 publication Critical patent/EP0819802A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0819802B1 publication Critical patent/EP0819802B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C3/06—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal with substantially solid, i.e. unapertured, web
    • E04C3/07—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal with substantially solid, i.e. unapertured, web at least partly of bent or otherwise deformed strip- or sheet-like material
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
    • E04B1/24—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons the supporting parts consisting of metal
    • E04B1/2403—Connection details of the elongated load-supporting parts
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/38—Arched girders or portal frames
    • E04C3/40—Arched girders or portal frames of metal
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
    • E04B1/24—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons the supporting parts consisting of metal
    • E04B1/2403—Connection details of the elongated load-supporting parts
    • E04B2001/2415—Brackets, gussets, joining plates
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
    • E04B1/24—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons the supporting parts consisting of metal
    • E04B1/2403—Connection details of the elongated load-supporting parts
    • E04B2001/2418—Details of bolting
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
    • E04B1/24—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons the supporting parts consisting of metal
    • E04B1/2403—Connection details of the elongated load-supporting parts
    • E04B2001/2454—Connections between open and closed section profiles
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
    • E04B1/24—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons the supporting parts consisting of metal
    • E04B1/2403—Connection details of the elongated load-supporting parts
    • E04B2001/2457—Beam to beam connections
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
    • E04B1/24—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons the supporting parts consisting of metal
    • E04B2001/2466—Details of the elongated load-supporting parts
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C2003/0404—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects
    • E04C2003/0408—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by assembly or the cross-section
    • E04C2003/0413—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by assembly or the cross-section being built up from several parts
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C2003/0404—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects
    • E04C2003/0408—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by assembly or the cross-section
    • E04C2003/0413—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by assembly or the cross-section being built up from several parts
    • E04C2003/0417—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by assembly or the cross-section being built up from several parts demountable
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C2003/0404—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects
    • E04C2003/0408—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by assembly or the cross-section
    • E04C2003/0421—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by assembly or the cross-section comprising one single unitary part
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C2003/0404—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects
    • E04C2003/0426—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by material distribution in cross section
    • E04C2003/043—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by material distribution in cross section the hollow cross-section comprising at least one enclosed cavity
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C2003/0404—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects
    • E04C2003/0426—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by material distribution in cross section
    • E04C2003/0434—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by material distribution in cross section the open cross-section free of enclosed cavities
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C2003/0404—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects
    • E04C2003/0443—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by substantial shape of the cross-section
    • E04C2003/0452—H- or I-shaped
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C2003/0404—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects
    • E04C2003/0443—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by substantial shape of the cross-section
    • E04C2003/0465—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by substantial shape of the cross-section square- or rectangular-shaped
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C2003/0404—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects
    • E04C2003/0443—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by substantial shape of the cross-section
    • E04C2003/0473—U- or C-shaped

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Joining Of Building Structures In Genera (AREA)
  • Connection Of Plates (AREA)

Abstract

An elongate structural member comprising an elongate body part made of sheet metal which has been cold formed into the cross-sectional shape required and provided with an attachment portion at each end wherein at least one attachment portion comprises an attachment component (120) formed separately from said body part and fastened thereto characterised in that the body part has at least two opposed walls (102, 103) and the attachment portion (120) is within and in face-to-face relationship with the two opposed walls (102, 103) of the body part and adjacent to the opposed walls (102, 103), and connected thereto by fastening means (125), the body part comprising wall portions (21, 22, 104, 105) having edge portions extending lengthwise of the member and lying adjacent to one another, said edge portions being secured to one another by fastening means provided at least at spaced intervals along the members, the attachment portion being adapted (18) to co-operate with fasteners (38).
EP97118158A 1993-08-19 1994-08-09 Structural members Expired - Lifetime EP0819802B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB9317282 1993-08-19
GB939317282A GB9317282D0 (en) 1993-08-19 1993-08-19 Structural members
EP19940305891 EP0639684B1 (en) 1993-08-19 1994-08-09 Structural members

Related Parent Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP19940305891 Division EP0639684B1 (en) 1993-08-19 1994-08-09 Structural members

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0819802A2 EP0819802A2 (en) 1998-01-21
EP0819802A3 true EP0819802A3 (en) 1999-04-28
EP0819802B1 EP0819802B1 (en) 2005-01-12

Family

ID=10740750

Family Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP97118158A Expired - Lifetime EP0819802B1 (en) 1993-08-19 1994-08-09 Structural members
EP19940305891 Expired - Lifetime EP0639684B1 (en) 1993-08-19 1994-08-09 Structural members

Family Applications After (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP19940305891 Expired - Lifetime EP0639684B1 (en) 1993-08-19 1994-08-09 Structural members

Country Status (3)

Country Link
EP (2) EP0819802B1 (en)
DE (2) DE69434233D1 (en)
GB (2) GB9317282D0 (en)

Families Citing this family (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
AUPN088395A0 (en) * 1995-02-02 1995-02-23 Broken Hill Proprietary Company Limited, The Structural member
FR2739643B1 (en) * 1995-10-06 1997-12-12 Pab Services COLLABORATING METAL BEAM
AUPO009896A0 (en) * 1996-05-27 1996-06-20 Armacel Pty Limited A multi-piece housing
GB2354538B (en) * 1997-01-18 2001-08-08 Ward Building Components Ltd Structural members
US20040098944A1 (en) 2000-07-28 2004-05-27 Hoffend, Donald A. Batten for lift assembly
CN112854452B (en) * 2021-02-25 2022-07-01 中铁华联建设工程有限公司 Steel structure assembling unit for building

Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB150061A (en) * 1919-05-26 1920-08-26 Albert Stanley Adams Improvements in or relating to structural beams or uprights
FR958763A (en) * 1950-03-17
FR1173027A (en) * 1956-03-17 1959-02-18 structural element consisting of profiled metal bars of bent sheet steel or light alloy and metal constructions made using these elements
FR2034774A1 (en) * 1969-03-10 1970-12-18 Armco Steel Corp UNIFORM FRAMEWORK ELEMENT
FR2265938A1 (en) * 1974-03-13 1975-10-24 Scanovator Ab Constructional sheet metal hollow member - stiffened by forming groove down each side with free edges connected
US4109440A (en) * 1976-10-05 1978-08-29 Bill David Hewitt Structural section
DE2710298A1 (en) * 1977-03-09 1978-09-14 Steidle Gmbh & Co Emil Split steel tie for concrete formwork - has two pressed steel channels with hexagonal perforations in webs
EP0177634A1 (en) * 1984-10-12 1986-04-16 SAE SADELMI S.p.A. Structural element particularly for obtaining electric line support girders
DE8713079U1 (en) * 1987-09-29 1987-11-12 Durlum-Leuchten Gmbh Lichttechnische Spezialfabrik, 7860 Schopfheim Wide span beams

Family Cites Families (16)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR666100A (en) * 1928-06-11 1929-09-26 Truss bar
US2457148A (en) * 1943-08-02 1948-12-28 Great Lakes Steel Corp Structural beam
GB618642A (en) * 1946-11-07 1949-02-24 Frederick John Charlesworth Improvements connected with tubular members for structural purposes
FR1056719A (en) * 1951-05-26 1954-03-02 Ontwikkeling Mij Polynorm Nv Low stacking height profile bar
FR1078020A (en) * 1952-06-10 1954-11-15 Ontwikkelingmij Polynorm Nv Profile bar with channel-shaped section
FR1298059A (en) * 1961-08-07 1962-07-06 Hollow bar of sheet metal or other sheet material for construction
GB1232494A (en) * 1968-11-29 1971-05-19
GB1319623A (en) * 1970-04-17 1973-06-06 British Aluminium Co Ltd Structural elements and structures
US4051640A (en) * 1972-08-08 1977-10-04 Vincens Rene F Composite structures
FR2247597B1 (en) * 1973-10-12 1978-03-24 Vallourec
SE7407353L (en) * 1974-06-05 1975-12-08 Scanovator Handel WAY TO PRODUCE BAR PROFILE.
GB1476324A (en) * 1974-07-17 1977-06-10 Ward Bros Ltd Elongate structural members
GB1476323A (en) * 1974-07-17 1977-06-10 Ward Bros Ltd Building structures
GB1562688A (en) * 1975-11-13 1980-03-12 Ward Bros Ltd Lightweight buildings
US4616453A (en) * 1982-05-20 1986-10-14 Sheppard Jr Isaac Light gauge steel building system
GB2278621B (en) * 1992-03-06 1995-08-16 Bhp Steel Sheet metal structural member and frames incorporating same

Patent Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR958763A (en) * 1950-03-17
GB150061A (en) * 1919-05-26 1920-08-26 Albert Stanley Adams Improvements in or relating to structural beams or uprights
FR1173027A (en) * 1956-03-17 1959-02-18 structural element consisting of profiled metal bars of bent sheet steel or light alloy and metal constructions made using these elements
FR2034774A1 (en) * 1969-03-10 1970-12-18 Armco Steel Corp UNIFORM FRAMEWORK ELEMENT
FR2265938A1 (en) * 1974-03-13 1975-10-24 Scanovator Ab Constructional sheet metal hollow member - stiffened by forming groove down each side with free edges connected
US4109440A (en) * 1976-10-05 1978-08-29 Bill David Hewitt Structural section
DE2710298A1 (en) * 1977-03-09 1978-09-14 Steidle Gmbh & Co Emil Split steel tie for concrete formwork - has two pressed steel channels with hexagonal perforations in webs
EP0177634A1 (en) * 1984-10-12 1986-04-16 SAE SADELMI S.p.A. Structural element particularly for obtaining electric line support girders
DE8713079U1 (en) * 1987-09-29 1987-11-12 Durlum-Leuchten Gmbh Lichttechnische Spezialfabrik, 7860 Schopfheim Wide span beams

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0639684A1 (en) 1995-02-22
GB9416080D0 (en) 1994-09-28
EP0819802B1 (en) 2005-01-12
GB9317282D0 (en) 1993-10-06
DE69418657T2 (en) 1999-12-02
DE69418657D1 (en) 1999-07-01
GB2282162B (en) 1997-01-22
EP0639684B1 (en) 1999-05-26
DE69434233D1 (en) 2005-02-17
EP0819802A2 (en) 1998-01-21
GB2282162A (en) 1995-03-29

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