EP0806703B1 - Boom crane for a cameraman - Google Patents

Boom crane for a cameraman Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0806703B1
EP0806703B1 EP95916096A EP95916096A EP0806703B1 EP 0806703 B1 EP0806703 B1 EP 0806703B1 EP 95916096 A EP95916096 A EP 95916096A EP 95916096 A EP95916096 A EP 95916096A EP 0806703 B1 EP0806703 B1 EP 0806703B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
boom
crane
cameraman
counterweight
carriage
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP95916096A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0806703A4 (en
EP0806703A1 (en
Inventor
Anatoly Akimovich Kokush
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Publication of EP0806703A1 publication Critical patent/EP0806703A1/en
Publication of EP0806703A4 publication Critical patent/EP0806703A4/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0806703B1 publication Critical patent/EP0806703B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B66—HOISTING; LIFTING; HAULING
    • B66F—HOISTING, LIFTING, HAULING OR PUSHING, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR, e.g. DEVICES WHICH APPLY A LIFTING OR PUSHING FORCE DIRECTLY TO THE SURFACE OF A LOAD
    • B66F11/00—Lifting devices specially adapted for particular uses not otherwise provided for
    • B66F11/04—Lifting devices specially adapted for particular uses not otherwise provided for for movable platforms or cabins, e.g. on vehicles, permitting workmen to place themselves in any desired position for carrying out required operations
    • B66F11/048—Mobile camera platform
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16M—FRAMES, CASINGS OR BEDS OF ENGINES, MACHINES OR APPARATUS, NOT SPECIFIC TO ENGINES, MACHINES OR APPARATUS PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE; STANDS; SUPPORTS
    • F16M11/00—Stands or trestles as supports for apparatus or articles placed thereon ; Stands for scientific apparatus such as gravitational force meters
    • F16M11/02—Heads
    • F16M11/18—Heads with mechanism for moving the apparatus relatively to the stand
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16M—FRAMES, CASINGS OR BEDS OF ENGINES, MACHINES OR APPARATUS, NOT SPECIFIC TO ENGINES, MACHINES OR APPARATUS PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE; STANDS; SUPPORTS
    • F16M11/00—Stands or trestles as supports for apparatus or articles placed thereon ; Stands for scientific apparatus such as gravitational force meters
    • F16M11/20—Undercarriages with or without wheels
    • F16M11/2007—Undercarriages with or without wheels comprising means allowing pivoting adjustment
    • F16M11/2014—Undercarriages with or without wheels comprising means allowing pivoting adjustment around a vertical axis
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16M—FRAMES, CASINGS OR BEDS OF ENGINES, MACHINES OR APPARATUS, NOT SPECIFIC TO ENGINES, MACHINES OR APPARATUS PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE; STANDS; SUPPORTS
    • F16M11/00—Stands or trestles as supports for apparatus or articles placed thereon ; Stands for scientific apparatus such as gravitational force meters
    • F16M11/20—Undercarriages with or without wheels
    • F16M11/2007—Undercarriages with or without wheels comprising means allowing pivoting adjustment
    • F16M11/2021—Undercarriages with or without wheels comprising means allowing pivoting adjustment around a horizontal axis
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16M—FRAMES, CASINGS OR BEDS OF ENGINES, MACHINES OR APPARATUS, NOT SPECIFIC TO ENGINES, MACHINES OR APPARATUS PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE; STANDS; SUPPORTS
    • F16M11/00—Stands or trestles as supports for apparatus or articles placed thereon ; Stands for scientific apparatus such as gravitational force meters
    • F16M11/20—Undercarriages with or without wheels
    • F16M11/2092—Undercarriages with or without wheels comprising means allowing depth adjustment, i.e. forward-backward translation of the head relatively to the undercarriage
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16M—FRAMES, CASINGS OR BEDS OF ENGINES, MACHINES OR APPARATUS, NOT SPECIFIC TO ENGINES, MACHINES OR APPARATUS PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE; STANDS; SUPPORTS
    • F16M11/00—Stands or trestles as supports for apparatus or articles placed thereon ; Stands for scientific apparatus such as gravitational force meters
    • F16M11/42—Stands or trestles as supports for apparatus or articles placed thereon ; Stands for scientific apparatus such as gravitational force meters with arrangement for propelling the support stands on wheels
    • F16M11/425—Stands or trestles as supports for apparatus or articles placed thereon ; Stands for scientific apparatus such as gravitational force meters with arrangement for propelling the support stands on wheels along guiding means
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16M—FRAMES, CASINGS OR BEDS OF ENGINES, MACHINES OR APPARATUS, NOT SPECIFIC TO ENGINES, MACHINES OR APPARATUS PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE; STANDS; SUPPORTS
    • F16M2200/00—Details of stands or supports
    • F16M2200/04—Balancing means
    • F16M2200/044—Balancing means for balancing rotational movement of the undercarriage
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16M—FRAMES, CASINGS OR BEDS OF ENGINES, MACHINES OR APPARATUS, NOT SPECIFIC TO ENGINES, MACHINES OR APPARATUS PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE; STANDS; SUPPORTS
    • F16M2200/00—Details of stands or supports
    • F16M2200/06—Arms

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of machines for lifting loads, and in particular to boom cranes for a cameraman to be used for movement of a shooting apparatus during film-or television-program shooting.
  • a boom crane for a cameraman is known (RU-A-2,028,271), wherein a shooting apparatus comprising a boom installed on a support by means of a hinged coupling that provides turning around in both vertical and horizontal planes and consists of at least two parts connected by additional couplings, a cantilever with a system of crane boom mass compensation (counterweight), central and lateral struts with rope pulleys on the ends thereof, and tension wires extending around the pulleys, one end thereof being connected with stretching mechanisms arranged on the end of a cantilever and the other end thereof being connected with the additional couplings.
  • a shooting apparatus comprising a boom installed on a support by means of a hinged coupling that provides turning around in both vertical and horizontal planes and consists of at least two parts connected by additional couplings, a cantilever with a system of crane boom mass compensation (counterweight), central and lateral struts with rope pulleys on the ends thereof, and tension wires extending around the pulley
  • the known device has the disadvantage that the shooting apparatus arranged on the above-mentioned crane can be moved only in vertical and horizontal planes so as to follow all movements of the end of the crane boom, so that it can not provide views which are necessary for shooting an object located within a hemisphere circumscribed by an end of a crane boom radius.
  • US-A-4 952 953 describes a camera mounting arrangement comprising a carriage and a movable counter weight.
  • the problem underlying the invention is to provide a boom crane for a cameraman permitting the film or television shooting of an object positioned at any point within the hemisphere circumscribed by the end of the crane boom radius, from any view.
  • the technical result that can be obtained by the present invention is the fact that the mass center of the boom is kept constant with regard to the hinge thereof for turning around in vertical plane during reciprocating of the shooting apparatus along the boom of the crane.
  • FIG.1 A general view of the boom crane for a cameraman is shown in Fig.1 (side view).
  • Fig. 2 shows the sectional view A-A of the boom crane, explaining the method for moving a shooting apparatus on a boom crane for a cameraman during film or televison and the design of the boom crane for a cameraman.
  • the boom crane for a cameraman has a support 1 (Fig. 1) provided with a fixed base 2.
  • the boom crane is on the support 1 by a bearing unit 4 so that a column 3 can turn around a vertical axis of the support 1.
  • a central section 5 is turnably mounted on the column 3 by means of a bearing unit 6 for turning in a vertical plane running through the central section 5.
  • a cantilever 7 is fixed on which a big counterweight 8 (or a boom mass compensation element) for balancing the crane and stretching mechanisms 9 are arranged.
  • central couplings 10 On the other side of the central section 5 sections of an assembled hollow boom 11 are attached by connecting couplings 10. On the connecting couplings 10 there are arranged central struts 12 and lateral struts 13 the free ends of which are provided with guides 14 for laying of tension wires 15 having one end fastened to the connecting couplings 10 and the another end fastened to the tensioning mechanisms 9 of the central tension wires 16 and the lateral tension wires 17, respectively.
  • a carriage 19 with a shooting apparatus 20 is arranged on rollers 18 (Fig. 2), connected by means of a rope-pulley system 21 with a counterweight 22 thereof arranged inside the assembled hollow boom 11 on rollers 23.
  • Sections of the outer surfaces 24 and inner surfaces 25 of the assembled hollow boom 11 serve as guide means for the rollers 18 of the carriage 19 with the shooting apparatus 20 and for the rollers 23 of the counterweight 22, respectively, along the whole length thereof.
  • a trolley 26 is arranged on the assembled hollow boom 11 for picking up and tensioning of a connecting cable for the shooting apparatus 20.
  • the shooting apparatus 20 (Fig. 1) is mounted on the carriage 19 with the rollers 18 on the end of the assembled hollow boom 11 of the crane while an object for shooting is placed at a particular distance from the assembled hollow boom 11 within its turning radius in its opposite part closer to the counterweight 8.
  • a cameraman turns the assembled hollow boom 11 toward the object and translates the shooting apparatus 20 along the outer guide surface sections 24 of the assembled hollow boom 11 toward the object, i.e. to the side of the counterweight 8.
  • the counterweight 22 moves on the rollers 23 parallel to the advance movement of the shooting apparatus 20 along the inner guide surface sections 25 of the assembled hollow boom 11 in the opposite direction (toward the boom end), toward the end of the boom along the inner guides 25 of the boom 11, whereby the center of mass of the assembled hollow boom 11 is kept constant relative to the bearing unit 6 for turning the boom in the vertical plane.
  • the apparatus is moved until the necessary view for shooting the object is achieved.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Jib Cranes (AREA)
  • Nitrogen And Oxygen Or Sulfur-Condensed Heterocyclic Ring Systems (AREA)

Description

Technical field
The present invention relates to the field of machines for lifting loads, and in particular to boom cranes for a cameraman to be used for movement of a shooting apparatus during film-or television-program shooting.
Background art
A boom crane for a cameraman is known (RU-A-2,028,271), wherein a shooting apparatus comprising a boom installed on a support by means of a hinged coupling that provides turning around in both vertical and horizontal planes and consists of at least two parts connected by additional couplings, a cantilever with a system of crane boom mass compensation (counterweight), central and lateral struts with rope pulleys on the ends thereof, and tension wires extending around the pulleys, one end thereof being connected with stretching mechanisms arranged on the end of a cantilever and the other end thereof being connected with the additional couplings.
The known device has the disadvantage that the shooting apparatus arranged on the above-mentioned crane can be moved only in vertical and horizontal planes so as to follow all movements of the end of the crane boom, so that it can not provide views which are necessary for shooting an object located within a hemisphere circumscribed by an end of a crane boom radius.
US-A-4 952 953 describes a camera mounting arrangement comprising a carriage and a movable counter weight.
Disclosure of the invention
The problem underlying the invention is to provide a boom crane for a cameraman permitting the film or television shooting of an object positioned at any point within the hemisphere circumscribed by the end of the crane boom radius, from any view.
The technical result that can be obtained by the present invention is the fact that the mass center of the boom is kept constant with regard to the hinge thereof for turning around in vertical plane during reciprocating of the shooting apparatus along the boom of the crane.
The underlying problem is solved by a crane as set out in the claims.
By using in the proposed boom crane for a cameraman a hollow boom assembled of at least two elements and installed on a support turnable in vertical and horizontal planes, a system of crane boom mass compensation, struts, tension wires extending around the struts, tension wire stretching mechanisms, a carriage with a shooting apparatus arranged on the assembled hollow crane boom for reciprocal movement and connected by means of a rope-pulley system with a counterweight thereof, which is arranged on rollers inside the assembled hollow crane boom, and the sections of the outer and inner surfaces of the assembled hollow crane boom serving as guide means for the rollers of the carriage with the shooting apparatus and the rollers of the counterweight, respectively, along the whole length of the boom, a smooth and free movement of the shooting apparatus within area of the hemisphere circumscribed by the end of the crane boom radius is achieved, which essentially enhances the possibilities of shooting an object.
It is the features claimed for in the boom crane for a cameraman, i.e. the carriage with a shooting apparatus arranged on the assembled hollow crane boom for reciprocal movement and connected by means of a rope-pulley system with a counterweight thereof, which is arranged on the rollers inside the assembled hollow crane boom, which permit the reciprocal movement of the shooting apparatus on a boom crane for a cameraman during film or televison shooting along the crane boom und thus allow to solve the underlying problem.
Short description of the drawings
A general view of the boom crane for a cameraman is shown in Fig.1 (side view). Fig. 2 shows the sectional view A-A of the boom crane, explaining the method for moving a shooting apparatus on a boom crane for a cameraman during film or televison and the design of the boom crane for a cameraman.
The boom crane for a cameraman has a support 1 (Fig. 1) provided with a fixed base 2. The boom crane is on the support 1 by a bearing unit 4 so that a column 3 can turn around a vertical axis of the support 1. A central section 5 is turnably mounted on the column 3 by means of a bearing unit 6 for turning in a vertical plane running through the central section 5. On one side of the central section 5 a cantilever 7 is fixed on which a big counterweight 8 (or a boom mass compensation element) for balancing the crane and stretching mechanisms 9 are arranged.
On the other side of the central section 5 sections of an assembled hollow boom 11 are attached by connecting couplings 10. On the connecting couplings 10 there are arranged central struts 12 and lateral struts 13 the free ends of which are provided with guides 14 for laying of tension wires 15 having one end fastened to the connecting couplings 10 and the another end fastened to the tensioning mechanisms 9 of the central tension wires 16 and the lateral tension wires 17, respectively.
On the assembled hollow boom 11 a carriage 19 with a shooting apparatus 20 is arranged on rollers 18 (Fig. 2), connected by means of a rope-pulley system 21 with a counterweight 22 thereof arranged inside the assembled hollow boom 11 on rollers 23. Sections of the outer surfaces 24 and inner surfaces 25 of the assembled hollow boom 11 serve as guide means for the rollers 18 of the carriage 19 with the shooting apparatus 20 and for the rollers 23 of the counterweight 22, respectively, along the whole length thereof.
A trolley 26 is arranged on the assembled hollow boom 11 for picking up and tensioning of a connecting cable for the shooting apparatus 20.
Embodiment of the invention
The shooting apparatus 20 (Fig. 1) is mounted on the carriage 19 with the rollers 18 on the end of the assembled hollow boom 11 of the crane while an object for shooting is placed at a particular distance from the assembled hollow boom 11 within its turning radius in its opposite part closer to the counterweight 8.
In order to choose an appropriate view for shooting of the object, a cameraman turns the assembled hollow boom 11 toward the object and translates the shooting apparatus 20 along the outer guide surface sections 24 of the assembled hollow boom 11 toward the object, i.e. to the side of the counterweight 8.
Simultaneously the counterweight 22 moves on the rollers 23 parallel to the advance movement of the shooting apparatus 20 along the inner guide surface sections 25 of the assembled hollow boom 11 in the opposite direction (toward the boom end), toward the end of the boom along the inner guides 25 of the boom 11, whereby the center of mass of the assembled hollow boom 11 is kept constant relative to the bearing unit 6 for turning the boom in the vertical plane.
The apparatus is moved until the necessary view for shooting the object is achieved.

Claims (3)

  1. A boom crane for a cameraman comprising
    a central section (5) mounted on a support (1) and being turnable in vertical and horizontal planes,
    a cantilever (7) fixed on one side of the central section (5), a big counterweight (8) for balancing the crane being arranged on the cantilever (7) and
    a boom (11) attached on the other side of the central section (5),
    a carriage (19) with a shooting apparatus (20) arranged on the boom (11) for reciprocating movement, a counterweight (22) of the carriage (19) and the shooting apparatus (20 being connected to the carriage (19) by means of a rope-pulley system (21),
    whereby while moving of the carriage (19) with the shooting apparatus (20) in one direction the counterweight (22) thereof moves in the opposite direction, such that the center of mass of the boom 11 is kept constant.
  2. A boom crane for a cameraman according to claim 1, characterized in that the boom (11) is hollow and assembled from at least two elements, whereby the counterweight (22) is arranged on rollers (23) inside the crane boom (11).
  3. A boom crane for a cameraman according to claim 1, characterized by struts (12, 13), tension wires (15, 16, 17) extending around the struts (12, 13) and tension wire stretching mechanisms (9).
EP95916096A 1994-04-29 1995-04-14 Boom crane for a cameraman Expired - Lifetime EP0806703B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
UA94042097 1994-04-29
UA94042097A UA11298C2 (en) 1994-04-29 1994-04-29 jib operator's crane
PCT/UA1995/000002 WO1995030174A1 (en) 1994-04-29 1995-04-14 Method of moving a camera on a cameraman's jib crane during film or television shooting, and a cameraman's jib crane

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0806703A1 EP0806703A1 (en) 1997-11-12
EP0806703A4 EP0806703A4 (en) 1999-03-03
EP0806703B1 true EP0806703B1 (en) 2003-08-13

Family

ID=21688983

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP95916096A Expired - Lifetime EP0806703B1 (en) 1994-04-29 1995-04-14 Boom crane for a cameraman

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US5856862A (en)
EP (1) EP0806703B1 (en)
DE (1) DE69531504T2 (en)
UA (1) UA11298C2 (en)
WO (1) WO1995030174A1 (en)

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US6769771B2 (en) * 2002-03-14 2004-08-03 Entertainment Design Workshop, Llc Method and apparatus for producing dynamic imagery in a visual medium
US6752541B1 (en) 2003-02-28 2004-06-22 John Dykyj Camera jib
US7209176B2 (en) * 2004-02-19 2007-04-24 Chapman/Leonard Studio Equipment Three-axis remote camera head
US20050052531A1 (en) * 2003-09-04 2005-03-10 Chapman/Leonard Studio Equipment Stabilized camera platform system
US7128479B2 (en) * 2004-03-01 2006-10-31 Chapman/Leonard Studio Equipment Telescoping camera crane
US7121745B2 (en) * 2004-03-01 2006-10-17 Chapman/Leonard Studio Equipment Telescoping camera crane
US7854555B2 (en) * 2004-03-01 2010-12-21 Chapman/Leonard Studio Equipment, Inc. Camera platform stabilizing systems
US7544001B2 (en) * 2005-01-14 2009-06-09 Chapman/Leonard Studio Equipment Balancing system for a camera crane
US8142083B2 (en) * 2008-11-14 2012-03-27 Brown Garrett W Extendable camera support and stabilization apparatus
US7931412B2 (en) * 2008-11-14 2011-04-26 Brown Garrett W Extendable camera support and stabilization apparatus
US8506180B2 (en) 2008-11-14 2013-08-13 Garrett W. Brown Extendable camera support and stabilization apparatus
US8033742B1 (en) 2010-04-15 2011-10-11 Chapman/Leonard Studio Equipment, Inc. Telescoping camera crane
US8328439B2 (en) * 2010-02-17 2012-12-11 Chapman/Leonard Studio Equipment, Inc. Electronic dampening for a camera crane
CN102844604B (en) * 2009-11-13 2014-11-26 加勒特·W·布朗 Extendable camera support and stablization apparatus
RU2448036C1 (en) * 2010-08-04 2012-04-20 Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "Научно-производственное предприятие "Резонанс" Automotive safety device with graphical display
CN103780804A (en) * 2012-10-24 2014-05-07 刘建新 Six-axis intelligent full-electronic-control swing arm type track video-photographing device
USD725694S1 (en) 2013-11-25 2015-03-31 Lite Pro Gear Collapsible camera crane
USD814550S1 (en) 2013-11-25 2018-04-03 Lite Pro Gear Collapsible camera crane
US10151966B2 (en) 2015-04-10 2018-12-11 Chapman/Leonard Studio Equipment, Inc. Balanced camera slider
US10146108B2 (en) 2015-04-10 2018-12-04 Chapman/Leonard Studio Equipment, Inc. Balanced camera slider
USD815183S1 (en) * 2016-01-20 2018-04-10 Dan Vance Camera crane
CA2979143C (en) * 2016-09-30 2019-02-05 Chapman/Leonard Studio Equipment, Inc. Balanced camera slider
CN110159884B (en) * 2019-06-05 2021-02-26 洪海光电集团有限公司 Spiral screen and multimedia equipment thereof
CN110697436B (en) * 2019-10-16 2020-12-01 长沙理工大学 Horizontal rotation's folding arm conveyer
US11999602B2 (en) * 2020-04-01 2024-06-04 Terex South Dakota, Inc. Boom assembly with translatable counterbalance mass

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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0806703A4 (en) 1999-03-03
WO1995030174A1 (en) 1995-11-09
EP0806703A1 (en) 1997-11-12
DE69531504D1 (en) 2003-09-18
US5856862A (en) 1999-01-05
DE69531504T2 (en) 2004-06-24
UA11298C2 (en) 1996-12-25

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