EP0805266A1 - Internal combustion engine with pilot injection - Google Patents

Internal combustion engine with pilot injection Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0805266A1
EP0805266A1 EP97400943A EP97400943A EP0805266A1 EP 0805266 A1 EP0805266 A1 EP 0805266A1 EP 97400943 A EP97400943 A EP 97400943A EP 97400943 A EP97400943 A EP 97400943A EP 0805266 A1 EP0805266 A1 EP 0805266A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
spark plug
engine
combustion chamber
cylinder head
exhaust duct
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP97400943A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0805266B1 (en
Inventor
Serge Bauraud
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Automobiles Peugeot SA
Automobiles Citroen SA
Original Assignee
Automobiles Peugeot SA
Automobiles Citroen SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from FR9605580A external-priority patent/FR2748295B1/en
Priority claimed from FR9606012A external-priority patent/FR2748777B1/en
Application filed by Automobiles Peugeot SA, Automobiles Citroen SA filed Critical Automobiles Peugeot SA
Publication of EP0805266A1 publication Critical patent/EP0805266A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0805266B1 publication Critical patent/EP0805266B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B77/00—Component parts, details or accessories, not otherwise provided for
    • F02B77/08—Safety, indicating or supervising devices
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B3/00—Engines characterised by air compression and subsequent fuel addition
    • F02B3/06—Engines characterised by air compression and subsequent fuel addition with compression ignition

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an internal combustion engine, with controlled fuel injection, directly into at least one combustion chamber provided with at least one exhaust duct orifice closed cyclically by a valve.
  • the injection pump is in phase with the engine cycle. Fuel is injected into the chamber only a few degrees before top dead center (TDC). The fuel pressure reached is around 15 x 10 6 Pa.
  • the present invention aims to provide an engine of the type defined above, which can be equipped with injectors controlled by solenoid valve without risk of damage caused by an overpressure in the combustion chamber of each cylinder of the engine.
  • the engine according to the invention is characterized in that the combustion chamber is associated with a device for protection against overpressures in this chamber, able to put the latter in communication with an engine exhaust duct when the pressure prevailing in the combustion chamber exceeds a predetermined value.
  • the overpressure protection device comprises a relief valve mounted in a channel formed in the cylinder head of the engine and capable of establishing the abovementioned communication between the combustion chamber and the exhaust.
  • the discharge valve is formed by a member such as a ball maintained in the closed state on a seat under the effect of a return means such as a spring.
  • the channel of the protective device communicates, behind the relief valve, with the exhaust duct, via a connecting channel.
  • the protection device comprises means for fixing the spark plug arranged so as to give way under the action of an overpressure prevailing in the combustion chamber and thus allow the expulsion of the spark plug and the communication, by the part free from the well, from the combustion chamber with the engine exhaust duct.
  • the means for fixing the spark plug comprise a sleeve through which the spark plug passes and secured, for example by screwing, to the engine cylinder head, and an elastic washer clamped between one end of the sleeve and a shoulder of the cylinder head and the central part of which is supported on a shoulder of the spark plug so as to keep the latter supported on its seat, the central part of the elastic washer comprising zones breaking by shearing under the action of the above-mentioned overpressure.
  • the aforementioned sleeve comprises at its end opposite to the elastic washer an internal shoulder against which the shoulder of the spark plug abuts when it is expelled.
  • the spark plug comprises an upper sleeve secured, for example by screwing, to the cylinder head and a lower body connected to the sleeve by a frangible annular zone capable of passing axially through the latter by breaking this zone under the action of the aforementioned overpressure.
  • the means for fixing the spark plug are of the bayonet type where the body of the spark plug comprises at least two lugs respectively engaging in two grooves for holding the lugs made in a cylindrical bushing through which the spark plug is secured, for example by screwing, to the cylinder head of the engine so as to keep the spark plug resting on its seat, the pins being able to break by shearing from the action of the above-mentioned overpressure.
  • the free part of the well is connected to the exhaust duct by a cylinder head channel.
  • the reference 1 designates a cylinder head of an internal combustion engine of the diesel type, with piloted injectors (not shown), fixed to cylinders, only one of which is represented at 2.
  • the reference 4 designates a chamber of combustion defined between the cylinder head 1 and a piston 3 and into which the fuel is directly injected by the associated pilot injector.
  • the cylinder head is provided with a device 7 for protection against overpressures in the combustion chamber 4.
  • This device essentially comprises a discharge valve 8 produced in the form of a ball mounted in a channel 9 which is formed in the cylinder head and opens, at one end, into the combustion chamber 4 and, at its other end, towards the outside.
  • the channel has two parts with circular cross section, of different diameters. The part opening into the combustion chamber 4 has a smaller diameter.
  • the junction of the two channel parts is configured so as to form a seat 10 for the valve ball 8.
  • a helical spring 11 is provided in the channel portion of larger diameter and pushes the valve ball on its seat by taking support on a closure cap 12 of the channel.
  • FIG. 3 shows the relative arrangement of the channel 9 which houses the overload valve 8 and the two exhaust ducts 15 shown in FIG. 2.
  • the ball 8 is held on its seat 10 under the action of the spring 11.
  • the ball 8 lifts from its seat at against the spring, which puts the combustion chamber 4 in communication with the exhaust conduits 15, via the channels 9 and 14. Thanks to this communication, the overpressure in the chamber 4 is eliminated or even avoided.
  • the cylinder head 1 comprises, for each of the combustion chambers 4, a well 17 opening into the chamber 4 and receiving a glow plug 18 which closes the well 17 when it is held therein for use by fixing means.
  • the spark plug 18 has its central electrode 19 protruding into the combustion chamber 4 so as to heat the fuel when the engine starts.
  • the means for fixing the spark plug 18 comprise a sleeve 20 crossed by the spark plug 18 and secured to the cylinder head 1, for example by being screwed into a corresponding tapped hole 21 in the cylinder head 1 and coaxial with the well 17
  • These fixing means also comprise an elastic washer 22 mounted between a lower end of the sleeve 20 and a shoulder 1a of the cylinder head 1 so as to be tightened on the shoulder 1a by the sleeve 20.
  • this washer has its central part made up of a certain number of radial fins 22a, for example three in number, coming to bear, in the mounted position, on a shoulder 18a of the body of the spark plug 18 so as to maintain the latter in abutment on its seat 1b of the cylinder head 1.
  • the fins 22a of the washer 22 are connected to the body of the latter by zones z 1 which can rupture by shearing as will now be described.
  • FIG. 4 shows in lower axial half-view the spark plug 18 in the position of use in the cylinder head and in upper axial half-view the spark plug 18 expelled.
  • the shoulder 18a of the body thereof comes to bear on an internal shoulder of the sleeve 20 opposite the washer 22 by means of a metal seal 23.
  • the overpressure in the chamber 4 is avoided or interrupted by evacuation of the gases from the combustion chamber towards the exhaust conduits C1 and C2 via channels 24 produced in the cylinder head 1.
  • the seal 23 also eliminates risks gas leak during overpressure and also in normal operation while protecting the spark plug 18 against vibration.
  • Figures 9 and 10 show a third embodiment allowing the expulsion of a glow plug during an overpressure in the combustion chamber 4.
  • the parts of Figures 9 and 10 common to those of Figures 4 and 5 bear the same references.
  • the spark plug 18 comprises an upper sleeve 25 secured to the cylinder head 1, for example by screwing into a corresponding tapped hole 26 of the cylinder head 1 coaxial with the well 17 for receiving the spark plug 18, and a lower body 18b connected to the sleeve 25 by a frangible annular zone z2 and suitable for passing axially through the latter by breaking the frangible zone z2.
  • the annular zone z2 can rupture during an overpressure prevailing in the combustion chamber 4 so as to expel outward the spark plug 18 as shown in FIG. 9 in lower axial half-view of the spark plug 18.
  • the free part of the well 17 communicates, via a channel 24 of the cylinder head 1, with at least one exhaust circuit so as to evacuate the overpressure gases from the combustion chamber 4.
  • the means for fixing the spark plug 18 in the well 17 of the cylinder head 1 are of the bayonet type, c '' that is to say comprising at least two pins 27 secured to the body of the spark plug 18 and a cylindrical socket 28 traversed by the spark plug 18 while being secured to the cylinder head 1, for example by screwing into a corresponding tapped hole 29 of the cylinder head 1, the socket 28 comprising two grooves 28a, 28b shaped so as to allow an axial engagement of the pins 27 therein, then by rotation of the body of the spark plug 18, the engagement of the pins 28 in the parts curvilinear grooves 28a, 28b until they come into abutment against the extreme walls of the latter, thus blocking the spark plug 18 relative to the cylinder head 1 in order to keep the spark plug resting on its seat 1b.
  • the pins 28 can break by shearing under the action of a possible overpressure prevailing in the combustion chamber 4 so as to expel the spark plug 18 as shown in FIG. 11 on the lower axial half-view of the spark plug 18.
  • the free part of the well 17 communicates with at least one exhaust circuit through a channel 24 of the cylinder head 1 identical to that shown in FIG. 9.
  • the invention described above in the three embodiments allows effective protection of the engine against deterioration caused by a possible abnormal overpressure in at least one of the combustion chambers of the engine by expelling the or each corresponding glow plug and by evacuating the overpressure gases through a discharge channel.

Abstract

The engine has at least one combustion chamber with direct fuel injection and an exhaust duct which is closed cyclically by a valve. It incorporates a valve (7) designed to prevent excessive pressure in the combustion chamber. The valve is linked to an exhaust duct and opening automatically when the pressure in the chamber exceeds a set level. The pressure relief valve consists of a spring-loaded ball (8) located in a channel (9) in the engine's cylinder head which connects the combustion chamber to the exhaust duct. In a variant of the design a pre-heater plug in the cylinder head can play the part of the relief valve, being expelled when the pressure exceeds the set value.

Description

L'invention concerne un moteur à combustion interne, à injection pilotée de carburant, directement dans au moins une chambre de combustion pourvue d'au moins un orifice de conduit d'échappement obturé cycliquement par une soupape.The invention relates to an internal combustion engine, with controlled fuel injection, directly into at least one combustion chamber provided with at least one exhaust duct orifice closed cyclically by a valve.

Dans les moteurs de ce type, qui sont connus, la pompe d'injection est en phase avec le cycle moteur. L'injection du carburant dans la chambre est effectuée quelques degrés seulement avant le point mort haut (PMH). La pression du combustible atteinte est de l'ordre de 15 x 106 Pa.In engines of this type, which are known, the injection pump is in phase with the engine cycle. Fuel is injected into the chamber only a few degrees before top dead center (TDC). The fuel pressure reached is around 15 x 10 6 Pa.

Or, des nouveaux dispositifs d'injection ont été développés, dans lesquels les injecteurs sont commandés par des électrovannes, sans synchronisation "mécanique" avec le cycle moteur. Il y a donc un risque que l'injection du carburant se fasse en tout point du cycle. Si une injection intempestive se produit très tôt dans la phase de compression, par exemple à 40° avant le point mort haut, ou si l'injecteur est bloqué à l'état ouvert, la pression de combustion dans la chambre peut atteindre 25 x 106 Pa à 30 x 106 Pa. Or cette pression est beaucoup trop élevée et va détériorer le moteur en pouvant provoquer notamment une torsion de bielle, un écrasement de coussinet, une fuite au joint de culasse.However, new injection devices have been developed, in which the injectors are controlled by solenoid valves, without "mechanical" synchronization with the engine cycle. There is therefore a risk that fuel injection takes place at any point in the cycle. If an untimely injection occurs very early in the compression phase, for example at 40 ° before top dead center, or if the injector is blocked in the open state, the combustion pressure in the chamber can reach 25 x 10 6 Pa at 30 x 10 6 Pa. However, this pressure is much too high and will deteriorate the engine, in particular causing torsion of the connecting rod, crushing of the bearing, leakage at the cylinder head gasket.

La présente invention a pour but de proposer un moteur du type défini plus haut, qui puisse être équipé d'injecteurs commandés par électrovanne sans risque de détérioration provoquée par une surpression dans la chambre de combustion de chaque cylindre du moteur.The present invention aims to provide an engine of the type defined above, which can be equipped with injectors controlled by solenoid valve without risk of damage caused by an overpressure in the combustion chamber of each cylinder of the engine.

Pour atteindre ce but, le moteur selon l'invention est caractérisé en ce qu'à la chambre de combustion est associé un dispositif de protection contre des surpressions dans cette chambre, apte à mettre celle-ci en communication avec un conduit d'échappement du moteur lorsque la pression régnant dans la chambre de combustion dépasse une valeur prédéterminée.To achieve this object, the engine according to the invention is characterized in that the combustion chamber is associated with a device for protection against overpressures in this chamber, able to put the latter in communication with an engine exhaust duct when the pressure prevailing in the combustion chamber exceeds a predetermined value.

Selon un mode de réalisation de l'invention, le dispositif de protection contre des surpressions comprend un clapet de décharge monté dans un canal pratiqué dans la culasse du moteur et susceptible d'établir la communication précitée entre la chambre de combustion et le conduit d'échappement.According to one embodiment of the invention, the overpressure protection device comprises a relief valve mounted in a channel formed in the cylinder head of the engine and capable of establishing the abovementioned communication between the combustion chamber and the exhaust.

Le clapet de décharge est formé par un organe tel qu'une bille maintenue à l'état fermé sur un siège sous l'effet d'un moyen de rappel tel qu'un ressort.The discharge valve is formed by a member such as a ball maintained in the closed state on a seat under the effect of a return means such as a spring.

Le canal du dispositif de protection communique, en arrière du clapet de décharge, avec le conduit d'échappement, via un canal de liaison.The channel of the protective device communicates, behind the relief valve, with the exhaust duct, via a connecting channel.

Selon un autre mode de réalisation de l'invention, selon lequel débouche dans la chambre de combustion un puits de réception d'une bougie de préchauffage qui obture le puits lorsqu'elle y est maintenue en position d'utilisation par des moyens de fixation, le dispositif de protection comprend des moyens de fixation de la bougie agencés de manière à céder sous l'action d'une surpression régnant dans la chambre de combustion et à permettre ainsi l'expulsion de la bougie et la mise en communication, par la partie libre du puits, de la chambre de combustion avec le conduit d'échappement du moteur.According to another embodiment of the invention, according to which there opens into the combustion chamber a well for receiving a glow plug which closes the well when it is held there in the position of use by fixing means, the protection device comprises means for fixing the spark plug arranged so as to give way under the action of an overpressure prevailing in the combustion chamber and thus allow the expulsion of the spark plug and the communication, by the part free from the well, from the combustion chamber with the engine exhaust duct.

Selon une première variante de réalisation, les moyens de fixation de la bougie comprennent un manchon traversé par la bougie et solidaire, par exemple par vissage, de la culasse du moteur, et une rondelle élastique serrée entre une extrémité du manchon et un épaulement de la culasse et dont la partie centrale est en appui sur un épaulement de la bougie de façon à maintenir celle-ci en appui sur son siège, la partie centrale de la rondelle élastique comprenant des zones se rompant par cisaillement sous l'action de la surpression précitée.According to a first alternative embodiment, the means for fixing the spark plug comprise a sleeve through which the spark plug passes and secured, for example by screwing, to the engine cylinder head, and an elastic washer clamped between one end of the sleeve and a shoulder of the cylinder head and the central part of which is supported on a shoulder of the spark plug so as to keep the latter supported on its seat, the central part of the elastic washer comprising zones breaking by shearing under the action of the above-mentioned overpressure.

Le manchon précité comprend à son extrémité opposée à la rondelle élastique un épaulement interne contre lequel vient en butée l'épaulement de la bougie lors de l'expulsion de celle-ci.The aforementioned sleeve comprises at its end opposite to the elastic washer an internal shoulder against which the shoulder of the spark plug abuts when it is expelled.

Selon une seconde variante de réalisation, la bougie comprend un manchon supérieur solidaire, par exemple par vissage, de la culasse et un corps inférieur relié au manchon par une zone annulaire frangible et propre à traverser axialement ce dernier par rupture de cette zone sous l'action de la surpression précitée.According to a second alternative embodiment, the spark plug comprises an upper sleeve secured, for example by screwing, to the cylinder head and a lower body connected to the sleeve by a frangible annular zone capable of passing axially through the latter by breaking this zone under the action of the aforementioned overpressure.

Selon une troisième variante de réalisation, les moyens de fixation de la bougie sont du type baïonnette où le corps de la bougie comprend au moins deux ergots s'engageant respectivement dans deux rainures de maintien des ergots réalisées dans une douille cylindrique traversée par la bougie et solidaire, par exemple par vissage, de la culasse du moteur de façon à maintenir la bougie en appui sur son siège, les ergots pouvant se rompre par cisaillement de l'action de la surpression précitée.According to a third alternative embodiment, the means for fixing the spark plug are of the bayonet type where the body of the spark plug comprises at least two lugs respectively engaging in two grooves for holding the lugs made in a cylindrical bushing through which the spark plug is secured, for example by screwing, to the cylinder head of the engine so as to keep the spark plug resting on its seat, the pins being able to break by shearing from the action of the above-mentioned overpressure.

La partie libre du puits est reliée au conduit d'échappement par un canal de la culasse.The free part of the well is connected to the exhaust duct by a cylinder head channel.

L'invention sera mieux comprise et d'autres buts, caractéristiques, détails et avantages de celle-ci apparaîtront plus clairement au cours de la description explicative qui va suivre faite en référence aux dessins schématiques annexés donnés uniquement à titre d'exemple illustrant plusieurs modes de réalisation de l'invention et dans lesquels :

  • La figure 1 est une vue en coupe suivant la ligne I-I de la figure 3 d'une partie d'une culasse d'un moteur diesel à injecteur piloté, équipée d'un dispositif selon l'invention ;
  • La figure 2 est une vue de cette culasse, non équipée, en coupe suivant la ligne II-II de la figure 1 ;
  • La figure 3 est une vue de cette culasse non équipée suivant la flèche III de la figure 1 ;
  • La figure 4 est une vue analogue à celle de la figure 1 d'une partie de culasse d'un moteur à combustion interne à bougie de préchauffage suivant un autre mode de réalisation de l'invention ;
  • La figure 5 est une vue en coupe suivant la ligne V-V de la figure 4 ;
  • La figure 6 est une vue en bout suivant la flèche VI de la figure 4 ;
  • La figure 7 est une vue de profil d'une rondelle élastique utilisée en figure 4 ;
  • La figure 8 est une vue de dessus suivant la flèche VIII de la rondelle de la figure 7 ;
  • La figure 9 est une demi-vue en coupe semblable à celle de la figure 4 représentant encore un autre mode de réalisation de l'invention ;
  • La figure 10 est une vue agrandie en coupe longitudinale d'une bougie de préchauffage utilisée dans le mode de réalisation de la figure 9 ;
  • La figure 11 est une demi-vue en coupe semblable à celle de la figure 4 et représentant encore un autre mode de réalisation de l'invention ;
  • La figure 12 est une vue agrandie en élévation de la bougie utilisée dans le mode de réalisation de la figure 11 ;
  • La figure 13 est une vue en coupe suivant la ligne XIII-XIII de la figure 12 ;
  • La figure 14 est une vue en coupe d'un manchon de fixation de la bougie, représentée en figure 12, dans la culasse de la figure 11 ; et
  • La figure 15 est une vue de dessus suivant la flèche XV de la figure 14.
The invention will be better understood and other aims, characteristics, details and advantages thereof will appear more clearly during the explanatory description which follows, made with reference to the appended schematic drawings given solely by way of example illustrating several embodiments of the invention and in which:
  • Figure 1 is a sectional view along line II of Figure 3 of a portion of a cylinder head of a diesel engine with pilot injector, equipped with a device according to the invention;
  • Figure 2 is a view of this cylinder head, not equipped, in section along line II-II of Figure 1;
  • Figure 3 is a view of this cylinder head not equipped along arrow III of Figure 1;
  • Figure 4 is a view similar to that of Figure 1 of a cylinder head portion of an internal combustion engine with glow plug according to another embodiment of the invention;
  • Figure 5 is a sectional view along line VV of Figure 4;
  • Figure 6 is an end view along arrow VI of Figure 4;
  • Figure 7 is a side view of an elastic washer used in Figure 4;
  • Figure 8 is a top view along arrow VIII of the washer of Figure 7;
  • Figure 9 is a half-sectional view similar to that of Figure 4 showing yet another embodiment of the invention;
  • Figure 10 is an enlarged view in longitudinal section of a glow plug used in the embodiment of Figure 9;
  • Figure 11 is a half-sectional view similar to that of Figure 4 and showing yet another embodiment of the invention;
  • Figure 12 is an enlarged elevational view of the spark plug used in the embodiment of Figure 11;
  • Figure 13 is a sectional view along line XIII-XIII of Figure 12;
  • Figure 14 is a sectional view of a spark plug mounting sleeve, shown in Figure 12, in the cylinder head of Figure 11; and
  • FIG. 15 is a top view along arrow XV of FIG. 14.

En se référant à la figure 1, la référence 1 désigne une culasse de moteur à combustion interne du type diesel, à injecteurs pilotés (non représentés), fixée à des cylindres, dont un seul est représenté en 2. La référence 4 désigne une chambre de combustion délimitée entre la culasse 1 et un piston 3 et dans laquelle est directement injecté le carburant par l'injecteur piloté associé. Selon l'invention, la culasse est pourvue d'un dispositif 7 de protection contre des surpressions dans la chambre de combustion 4.Referring to FIG. 1, the reference 1 designates a cylinder head of an internal combustion engine of the diesel type, with piloted injectors (not shown), fixed to cylinders, only one of which is represented at 2. The reference 4 designates a chamber of combustion defined between the cylinder head 1 and a piston 3 and into which the fuel is directly injected by the associated pilot injector. According to the invention, the cylinder head is provided with a device 7 for protection against overpressures in the combustion chamber 4.

Ce dispositif comprend essentiellement un clapet de décharge 8 réalisé sous forme d'une bille montée dans un canal 9 qui est pratiqué dans la culasse et débouche, à une extrémité, dans la chambre de combustion 4 et, à son autre extrémité, vers l'extérieur. Le canal comporte deux parties à section transversale circulaire, de diamètres différents. La partie débouchant dans la chambre de combustion 4 présente un diamètre plus faible. La jonction des deux parties de canal est configurée de façon à former un siège 10 pour la bille de clapet 8. Un ressort hélicoïdal 11 est prévu dans la portion de canal de plus grand diamètre et pousse la bille de clapet sur son siège en prenant appui sur un bouchon de fermeture 12 du canal.This device essentially comprises a discharge valve 8 produced in the form of a ball mounted in a channel 9 which is formed in the cylinder head and opens, at one end, into the combustion chamber 4 and, at its other end, towards the outside. The channel has two parts with circular cross section, of different diameters. The part opening into the combustion chamber 4 has a smaller diameter. The junction of the two channel parts is configured so as to form a seat 10 for the valve ball 8. A helical spring 11 is provided in the channel portion of larger diameter and pushes the valve ball on its seat by taking support on a closure cap 12 of the channel.

La partie de canal, située en arrière du clapet, c'est-à-dire du côté opposé de la chambre de combustion 4, communique via des canaux transversaux 14 avec des conduits d'échappement 15, comme cela est montré sur la figure 2, qui débouchent dans la chambre de combustion 4, de façon usuelle, chacun par un orifice 16 obturable cycliquement par une soupape non représentée ici. La figure 3 montre la disposition relative du canal 9 qui loge le clapet de surcharge 8 et les deux conduits d'échappement 15 figurant sur la figure 2.The channel part, located behind the valve, that is to say on the opposite side of the combustion chamber 4, communicates via transverse channels 14 with exhaust ducts 15, as shown in Figure 2 , which open into the combustion chamber 4, in the usual manner, each through an orifice 16 which can be closed cyclically by a valve not shown here. FIG. 3 shows the relative arrangement of the channel 9 which houses the overload valve 8 and the two exhaust ducts 15 shown in FIG. 2.

Concernant le fonctionnement du dispositif de protection 8, lors d'une combustion normale, la bille 8 est maintenue sur son siège 10 sous l'action du ressort 11. Lorsqu'une surpression se produit dans la chambre de combustion 4, qui dépasse le seuil de pression déterminé par le ressort, la bille 8 se soulève de son siège à l'encontre du ressort, ce qui met la chambre de combustion 4 en communication avec les conduits d'échappement 15, via les canaux 9 et 14. Grâce à cette communication, la surpression dans la chambre 4 est éliminée ou même évitée.Regarding the operation of the protection device 8, during normal combustion, the ball 8 is held on its seat 10 under the action of the spring 11. When an overpressure occurs in the combustion chamber 4, which exceeds the threshold pressure determined by the spring, the ball 8 lifts from its seat at against the spring, which puts the combustion chamber 4 in communication with the exhaust conduits 15, via the channels 9 and 14. Thanks to this communication, the overpressure in the chamber 4 is eliminated or even avoided.

Bien entendu, diverses modifications peuvent être apportées à l'invention telle qu'elle vient d'être décrite en se référant aux figures 1 à 3. Par exemple, la bille pourrait être remplacée par un piston, et les canaux de liaison 14 peuvent déboucher dans tout autre conduit d'échappement que ceux débouchant dans la chambre de combustion à laquelle le dispositif de protection est associé.Of course, various modifications can be made to the invention as it has just been described with reference to Figures 1 to 3. For example, the ball could be replaced by a piston, and the connecting channels 14 can open out in any other exhaust duct than those opening into the combustion chamber with which the protection device is associated.

Selon le mode de réalisation du dispositif de protection représenté aux figures 4 à 8 où les parties identiques à celles des figures 1 à 3 portent les mêmes références, la culasse 1 comprend, pour chacune des chambres de combustion 4, un puits 17 débouchant dans la chambre 4 et recevant une bougie de préchauffage 18 qui obture le puits 17 lorsqu'elle est maintenue dans celui-ci pour son utilisation par des moyens de fixation. La bougie 18 a son électrode centrale 19 faisant saillie dans la chambre de combustion 4 de manière à réchauffer le carburant lors du démarrage du moteur.According to the embodiment of the protection device shown in Figures 4 to 8 where the parts identical to those of Figures 1 to 3 have the same references, the cylinder head 1 comprises, for each of the combustion chambers 4, a well 17 opening into the chamber 4 and receiving a glow plug 18 which closes the well 17 when it is held therein for use by fixing means. The spark plug 18 has its central electrode 19 protruding into the combustion chamber 4 so as to heat the fuel when the engine starts.

Selon ce mode de réalisation, les moyens de fixation de la bougie 18 comprennent un manchon 20 traversé par la bougie 18 et solidaire de la culasse 1, par exemple en étant vissé dans un trou taraudé correspondant 21 de la culasse 1 et coaxial au puits 17. Ces moyens de fixation comprennent également une rondelle élastique 22 montée entre une extrémité inférieure du manchon 20 et un épaulement 1a de la culasse 1 de façon à être serrée sur l'épaulement 1a par le manchon 20. La figure 7 représente la rondelle élastique 22 à l'état libre et la figure 8 montre que cette rondelle a sa partie centrale constituée d'un certain nombre d'ailettes radiales 22a, par exemple au nombre de trois, venant en appui, en position montée, sur un épaulement 18a du corps de la bougie 18 de façon à maintenir celle-ci en appui sur son siège 1b de la culasse 1.According to this embodiment, the means for fixing the spark plug 18 comprise a sleeve 20 crossed by the spark plug 18 and secured to the cylinder head 1, for example by being screwed into a corresponding tapped hole 21 in the cylinder head 1 and coaxial with the well 17 These fixing means also comprise an elastic washer 22 mounted between a lower end of the sleeve 20 and a shoulder 1a of the cylinder head 1 so as to be tightened on the shoulder 1a by the sleeve 20. FIG. the elastic washer 22 in the free state and FIG. 8 shows that this washer has its central part made up of a certain number of radial fins 22a, for example three in number, coming to bear, in the mounted position, on a shoulder 18a of the body of the spark plug 18 so as to maintain the latter in abutment on its seat 1b of the cylinder head 1.

Les ailettes 22a de la rondelle 22 sont reliées au corps de celle-ci par des zones z1 pouvant se rompre par cisaillement comme cela va être décrit maintenant.The fins 22a of the washer 22 are connected to the body of the latter by zones z 1 which can rupture by shearing as will now be described.

En effet, lorsque la pression régnant dans la chambre de combustion 4 est supérieure à une valeur maximale atteinte en fonctionnement normal du moteur et en particulier de l'injection pilotée, une telle surpression est appliquée à l'extrémité inférieure de la bougie 18 et la rondelle 22 se rompt par cisaillement dans les zones z1 prévues à cet effet, de sorte que la bougie 18 est expulsée vers l'extérieur. La figure 4 montre en demi-vue axiale inférieure la bougie 18 en position d'utilisation dans la culasse et en demi-vue axiale supérieure la bougie 18 expulsée. Lors de l'expulsion de la bougie 18, l'épaulement 18a du corps de celle-ci vient en appui sur un épaulement interne du manchon 20 opposé à la rondelle 22 par l'intermédiaire d'un joint métallique 23. En position expulsée de la bougie 18, la surpression dans la chambre 4 est évitée ou interrompue par évacuation des gaz de la chambre de combustion vers les conduits d'échappement C1 et C2 via des canaux 24 réalisés dans la culasse 1. Le joint 23 élimine par ailleurs des risques de fuite de gaz lors de la surpression et également en fonctionnement normal tout en protégeant la bougie 18 contre les vibrations.In fact, when the pressure prevailing in the combustion chamber 4 is greater than a maximum value reached in normal operation of the engine and in particular of the controlled injection, such an overpressure is applied to the lower end of the spark plug 18 and the washer 22 is broken by shearing in the zones z 1 provided for this purpose, so that the plug 18 is expelled outwards. Figure 4 shows in lower axial half-view the spark plug 18 in the position of use in the cylinder head and in upper axial half-view the spark plug 18 expelled. During the expulsion of the spark plug 18, the shoulder 18a of the body thereof comes to bear on an internal shoulder of the sleeve 20 opposite the washer 22 by means of a metal seal 23. In the expelled position of the spark plug 18, the overpressure in the chamber 4 is avoided or interrupted by evacuation of the gases from the combustion chamber towards the exhaust conduits C1 and C2 via channels 24 produced in the cylinder head 1. The seal 23 also eliminates risks gas leak during overpressure and also in normal operation while protecting the spark plug 18 against vibration.

Les figures 9 et 10 représentent un troisième mode de réalisation permettant l'expulsion d'une bougie de préchauffage lors d'une surpression dans la chambre de combustion 4. Les parties des figures 9 et 10 communes à celles des figures 4 et 5 portent les mêmes références.Figures 9 and 10 show a third embodiment allowing the expulsion of a glow plug during an overpressure in the combustion chamber 4. The parts of Figures 9 and 10 common to those of Figures 4 and 5 bear the same references.

Selon ce troisième mode de réalisation, la bougie 18 comprend un manchon supérieur 25 solidaire de la culasse 1, par exemple par vissage dans un trou taraudé correspondant 26 de la culasse 1 coaxial au puits 17 de réception de la bougie 18, et un corps inférieur 18b relié au manchon 25 par une zone annulaire frangible z2 et propre à traverser axialement ce dernier par rupture de la zone frangible z2. La zone annulaire z2 peut se rompre lors d'une surpression régnant dans la chambre de combustion 4 de façon à expulser vers l'extérieur la bougie 18 comme représenté en figure 9 en demi-vue axiale inférieure de la bougie 18. En position expulsée de la bougie 18, la partie libre du puits 17 communique, par l'intermédiaire d'un canal 24 de la culasse 1, avec au moins un circuit d'échappement de façon à évacuer les gaz de surpression de la chambre de combustion 4.According to this third embodiment, the spark plug 18 comprises an upper sleeve 25 secured to the cylinder head 1, for example by screwing into a corresponding tapped hole 26 of the cylinder head 1 coaxial with the well 17 for receiving the spark plug 18, and a lower body 18b connected to the sleeve 25 by a frangible annular zone z2 and suitable for passing axially through the latter by breaking the frangible zone z2. The annular zone z2 can rupture during an overpressure prevailing in the combustion chamber 4 so as to expel outward the spark plug 18 as shown in FIG. 9 in lower axial half-view of the spark plug 18. In the expelled position of the spark plug 18, the free part of the well 17 communicates, via a channel 24 of the cylinder head 1, with at least one exhaust circuit so as to evacuate the overpressure gases from the combustion chamber 4.

Suivant le mode de réalisation représenté aux figures 11 à 15, où les éléments identiques à ceux des figures 4 et 5 portent les mêmes références, les moyens de fixation de la bougie 18 dans le puits 17 de la culasse 1 sont du type baïonnette, c'est-à-dire comprenant au moins deux ergots 27 solidaires du corps de la bougie 18 et une douille cylindrique 28 traversée par la bougie 18 en étant solidaire de la culasse 1, par exemple par vissage dans un trou taraudé correspondant 29 de la culasse 1, la douille 28 comprenant deux rainures 28a, 28b conformées de façon à permettre un engagement axial des ergots 27 dans celles-ci, puis par rotation du corps de la bougie 18, l'engagement des ergots 28 dans les parties curvilignes des rainures 28a, 28b jusqu'à venir en butée contre les parois extrêmes de celles-ci, bloquant ainsi la bougie 18 relativement à la culasse 1 pour maintenir la bougie en appui sur son siège 1b.According to the embodiment shown in Figures 11 to 15, where the elements identical to those of Figures 4 and 5 bear the same references, the means for fixing the spark plug 18 in the well 17 of the cylinder head 1 are of the bayonet type, c '' that is to say comprising at least two pins 27 secured to the body of the spark plug 18 and a cylindrical socket 28 traversed by the spark plug 18 while being secured to the cylinder head 1, for example by screwing into a corresponding tapped hole 29 of the cylinder head 1, the socket 28 comprising two grooves 28a, 28b shaped so as to allow an axial engagement of the pins 27 therein, then by rotation of the body of the spark plug 18, the engagement of the pins 28 in the parts curvilinear grooves 28a, 28b until they come into abutment against the extreme walls of the latter, thus blocking the spark plug 18 relative to the cylinder head 1 in order to keep the spark plug resting on its seat 1b.

Les ergots 28 peuvent se rompre par cisaillement sous l'action d'une surpression éventuelle régnant dans la chambre de combustion 4 de façon à expulser la bougie 18 comme représenté en figure 11 sur la demi-vue axiale inférieure de la bougie 18. Lorsque la bougie 18 est expulsée, la partie libre du puits 17 communique avec au moins un circuit d'échappement par un canal 24 de la culasse 1 identique à celui représenté en figure 9.The pins 28 can break by shearing under the action of a possible overpressure prevailing in the combustion chamber 4 so as to expel the spark plug 18 as shown in FIG. 11 on the lower axial half-view of the spark plug 18. When the spark plug 18 is expelled, the free part of the well 17 communicates with at least one exhaust circuit through a channel 24 of the cylinder head 1 identical to that shown in FIG. 9.

L'invention ci-dessus décrite dans les trois modes de réalisation permet une protection efficace du moteur contre une détérioration provoquée par une éventuelle surpression anormale dans au moins une des chambres de combustion du moteur en expulsant la ou chaque bougie de préchauffage correspondante et en évacuant les gaz de surpression par un canal de décharge.The invention described above in the three embodiments allows effective protection of the engine against deterioration caused by a possible abnormal overpressure in at least one of the combustion chambers of the engine by expelling the or each corresponding glow plug and by evacuating the overpressure gases through a discharge channel.

Claims (10)

Moteur à combustion interne, à injection pilotée de carburant, directement dans au moins une chambre de combustion pourvue d'au moins un orifice de conduit d'échappement obturé cycliquement par une soupape, caractérisé en ce qu'à la chambre de combustion (4) est associé un dispositif (7) de protection contre des surpressions dans cette chambre, apte à mettre celle-ci en communication avec un conduit d'échappement (15 ; C1, C2) du moteur lorsque la pression régnant dans la chambre de combustion (4) dépasse une valeur prédéterminée.Internal combustion engine, with fuel injection, directly into at least one combustion chamber provided with at least one exhaust duct orifice closed cyclically by a valve, characterized in that at the combustion chamber (4) is associated a device (7) for protection against overpressure in this chamber, capable of putting the latter in communication with an exhaust duct (15; C1, C2) of the engine when the pressure prevailing in the combustion chamber (4 ) exceeds a predetermined value. Moteur selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que le dispositif de protection (7) contre des surpressions précitées comprend un clapet de décharge (8) monté dans un canal (9) pratiqué dans la culasse (1) du moteur et susceptible d'établir la communication précitée entre la chambre de combustion (4) et le conduit d'échappement (15).Engine according to claim 1, characterized in that the protection device (7) against said overpressures comprises a relief valve (8) mounted in a channel (9) formed in the cylinder head (1) of the engine and capable of establishing the aforementioned communication between the combustion chamber (4) and the exhaust duct (15). Moteur selon la revendication 2, caractérisé en ce que le clapet de décharge (8) est formé par un organe tel qu'une bille maintenue à l'état fermé sur un siège (10) sous l'effet d'un moyen de rappel tel qu'un ressort (11).Motor according to claim 2, characterized in that the relief valve (8) is formed by a member such as a ball maintained in the closed state on a seat (10) under the effect of a return means such that a spring (11). Moteur selon l'une des revendications 2 ou 3, caractérisé en ce que le canal (9) du dispositif de protection (7) communique, en arrière du clapet de décharge, avec le conduit d'échappement (15), via un canal de liaison (14).Motor according to one of claims 2 or 3, characterized in that the channel (9) of the protection device (7) communicates, behind the relief valve, with the exhaust duct (15), via a channel link (14). Moteur selon la revendication 1, du type où débouche dans la chambre de combustion (4) notamment un puits (17) de réception d'une bougie de préchauffage (18) qui obture le puits (17) lorsqu'elle y est maintenue en position d'utilisation par des moyens de fixation, caractérisé en ce que le dispositif de protection précité comprend les moyens de fixation de la bougie (18) agencés de manière à céder sous l'action d'une surpression régnant dans la chambre de combustion (4) et à permettre ainsi l'expulsion de la bougie (18) et la mise en communication, par la partie libre du puits (17), de la chambre de combustion (4) avec le conduit d'échappement du moteur.Engine according to claim 1, of the type which opens into the combustion chamber (4) in particular a well (17) for receiving a glow plug (18) which closes the well (17) when it is held there in position of use by fixing means, characterized in that the aforementioned protection device comprises the means for fixing the spark plug (18) arranged so as to give way under the action of an overpressure prevailing in the combustion chamber (4 ) and thus allow the expulsion of the spark plug (18) and the communication, by the free part of the well (17), of the combustion chamber (4) with the engine exhaust duct. Moteur selon la revendication 5, caractérisé en ce que les moyens de fixation de la bougie (18) comprennent un manchon (20) traversé par la bougie (18) et solidaire, par exemple par vissage, de la culasse (1) du moteur et une rondelle élastique (22) serrée entre une extrémité inférieure du manchon (20) et un épaulement (1a) de la culasse (1) et dont la partie centrale est en appui sur un épaulement (18a) de la bougie (18) de façon à maintenir celle-ci en appui sur son siège (1b), la partie centrale de la rondelle élastique (22) comprenant des zones (z1) se rompant par cisaillement sous l'action de la surpression précitée.Engine according to claim 5, characterized in that the means for fixing the spark plug (18) comprise a sleeve (20) traversed by the spark plug (18) and secured, for example by screwing, to the cylinder head (1) of the engine and an elastic washer (22) clamped between a lower end of the sleeve (20) and a shoulder (1a) of the cylinder head (1) and the central part of which bears on a shoulder (18a) of the spark plug (18) so to maintain the latter in abutment on its seat (1b), the central part of the elastic washer (22) comprising zones (z1) breaking by shearing under the action of the above-mentioned overpressure. Moteur selon la revendication 6, caractérisé en ce que le manchon (20) précité comprend à son extrémité opposée à la rondelle élastique (22) un épaulement interne contre lequel vient en butée l'épaulement (18a) de la bougie (18) lors de l'expulsion de celle-ci.Engine according to claim 6, characterized in that the aforementioned sleeve (20) comprises at its end opposite to the elastic washer (22) an internal shoulder against which the shoulder (18a) of the spark plug (18) abuts when the expulsion of it. Moteur selon la revendication 5, caractérisé en ce que la bougie (18) comprend un manchon supérieur (25) solidaire, par exemple par vissage, de la culasse et un corps inférieur (18b) relié au manchon (25) par une zone annulaire frangible (z2) et propre à traverser axialement ce dernier par rupture de cette zone (z2) sous l'action de la surpression précitée.Engine according to claim 5, characterized in that the spark plug (18) comprises an upper sleeve (25) secured, for example by screwing, to the cylinder head and a lower body (18b) connected to the sleeve (25) by a frangible annular zone (Z2) and capable of crossing the latter axially by breaking this zone (z2) under the action of the aforementioned overpressure. Moteur selon la revendication 5, caractérisé en ce que les moyens de fixation de la bougie (18) sont du type baïonnette où le corps de la bougie (18) comprend au moins deux ergots (28) s'engageant respectivement dans deux rainures (18a, 18b) de maintien des ergots (28) réalisées dans une douille cylindrique (29) traversée par la bougie (18) et solidaire, par exemple par vissage, de la culasse (1) du moteur de façon à maintenir la bougie (18) en appui sur son siège (1b), les ergots (28) pouvant se rompre par cisaillement sous l'action de la surpression précitée.Engine according to claim 5, characterized in that the means for fixing the spark plug (18) are of the bayonet type where the body of the spark plug (18) comprises at least two pins (28) respectively engaging in two grooves (18a , 18b) for holding the lugs (28) produced in a cylindrical bushing (29) through which the spark plug (18) passes and secured, for example by screwing, to the cylinder head (1) of the engine so as to hold the spark plug (18) resting on its seat (1b), the pins (28) can break by shearing under the action of the aforementioned overpressure. Moteur selon l'une des revendications 5 à 9, caractérisé en ce que la partie libre du puits (7) est reliée au conduit d'échappement (C1, C2) par un canal (24) de la culasse.Engine according to one of claims 5 to 9, characterized in that the free part of the well (7) is connected to the exhaust duct (C1, C2) by a channel (24) of the cylinder head.
EP19970400943 1996-05-03 1997-04-25 Internal combustion engine with pilot injection Expired - Lifetime EP0805266B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9605580 1996-05-03
FR9605580A FR2748295B1 (en) 1996-05-03 1996-05-03 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE HAS AT LEAST ONE EXPULSIBLE SPARK PLUG
FR9606012A FR2748777B1 (en) 1996-05-14 1996-05-14 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE WITH PILOT FUEL INJECTION
FR9606012 1996-05-14

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EP0805266A1 true EP0805266A1 (en) 1997-11-05
EP0805266B1 EP0805266B1 (en) 2001-11-14

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DE (1) DE69708199T2 (en)
ES (1) ES2166512T3 (en)

Cited By (2)

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GB2329677A (en) * 1997-09-30 1999-03-31 Bosch Gmbh Robert Preventing damage to a compression-ignition i.c. engine when a fuelling fault occurs by relieving the combustion chamber pressure to the intake side
GB2359589A (en) * 2000-02-23 2001-08-29 Richard Alan Bastable I.c. engine with pressure relief valve for combustion chamber

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GB2329677A (en) * 1997-09-30 1999-03-31 Bosch Gmbh Robert Preventing damage to a compression-ignition i.c. engine when a fuelling fault occurs by relieving the combustion chamber pressure to the intake side
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GB2359589A (en) * 2000-02-23 2001-08-29 Richard Alan Bastable I.c. engine with pressure relief valve for combustion chamber
WO2001063107A1 (en) * 2000-02-23 2001-08-30 Richard Alan Bastable Internal combustion engines
GB2359589B (en) * 2000-02-23 2004-03-17 Richard Alan Bastable Improvements in and relating to internal combustion engines

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ES2166512T3 (en) 2002-04-16
DE69708199D1 (en) 2001-12-20
DE69708199T2 (en) 2002-09-12
EP0805266B1 (en) 2001-11-14

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