Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03B—APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR TAKING PHOTOGRAPHS OR FOR PROJECTING OR VIEWING THEM; APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS EMPLOYING ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ACCESSORIES THEREFOR
  • G03B15/00—Special procedures for taking photographs; Apparatus therefor
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
  • G09B—EDUCATIONAL OR DEMONSTRATION APPLIANCES; APPLIANCES FOR TEACHING, OR COMMUNICATING WITH, THE BLIND, DEAF OR MUTE; MODELS; PLANETARIA; GLOBES; MAPS; DIAGRAMS
  • G09B23/00—Models for scientific, medical, or mathematical purposes, e.g. full-sized devices for demonstration purposes
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
  • G09B—EDUCATIONAL OR DEMONSTRATION APPLIANCES; APPLIANCES FOR TEACHING, OR COMMUNICATING WITH, THE BLIND, DEAF OR MUTE; MODELS; PLANETARIA; GLOBES; MAPS; DIAGRAMS
  • G09B25/00—Models for purposes not provided for in G09B23/00, e.g. full-sized devices for demonstration purposes
  • G09B25/06—Models for purposes not provided for in G09B23/00, e.g. full-sized devices for demonstration purposes for surveying; for geography, e.g. relief models
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
  • G09B—EDUCATIONAL OR DEMONSTRATION APPLIANCES; APPLIANCES FOR TEACHING, OR COMMUNICATING WITH, THE BLIND, DEAF OR MUTE; MODELS; PLANETARIA; GLOBES; MAPS; DIAGRAMS
  • G09B27/00—Planetaria; Globes
  • G09B27/08—Globes

Definitions

• the problem that the invention proposes to solve is the reproduction in volume of three-dimensional objects and whose exterior surface is non-developable.
• a surface is considered "non developable” if it cannot be reduced to a plane, that is to say laid flat. This is the case of the sphere and, a fortiori, of all awkward or complex surfaces.
• a developable surface on the contrary, can be printed flat and then placed in volume. This is the case of the cylinder, the cone, the pyramid and, more generally, volumes having a straight generator.
• the works are then photographed in color and in large format with extreme rigor and according to scientific methods.
• the iconography on the one hand (the external appearance of the object to be reproduced) and the three-dimensional nature on the other hand (the three-dimensional shape of the object to be reproduced) are thus memorized.
• the photographs are taken on sensitive paper (paper support and photographic emulsion) then, using an original process, the emulsion is separated from the support paper.
• the photographic emulsion (or "gelatin") carrying the image has a thickness of l / 1,000th of a millimeter and has a natural elasticity, so that after being transferred to the wall in relief, the whole constitutes a reconstruction extremely faithful and realistic of the original work.
• This method requires each operation to memorize works in photogrammetry, colorimetry and large format photography and requires, at all stages of the process, an intense effort of research and development.
• the present invention makes it possible, on the contrary, to obtain reproductions in three dimensions, either with a view to their direct distribution, or to record holographic images, by using much lighter means, allowing mass production.
• the subject of the invention is a process for the reproduction of three-dimensional objects, of the type according to which a template is used having, in three dimensions, the shape of the object to be reproduced, a template which is covers at least partially to give it the appearance external to said object to be reproduced, characterized in that one captures, perpendicular to the surface to be reproduced, a plurality of partial representations of the appearance of the external surface of the object, according to a series centered along an external characteristic line of the object, then we capture another plurality of partial representations of the appearance of the external surface of the object, according to a series centered along another line close to the previous one and so on until having grasped the entire external surface of the object, then it is reproduced either on a flat material support, such as paper, a film or the like, or by light projection on a g abarit, the totality of partial reproductions, juxtaposed series by series.
• a flat material support such as paper, a film or the like, or by light projection on a
• each series is formed flat according to a plan projection of the corresponding characteristic line, then each of the series is cut from the material support into a strip of shape coordinated to that of the corresponding area of the object, then the cut strips are fixed side by side on the template;
• a template is formed by a hollow and transparent wall, the projection being made on this wall from the inside of the template, observers having to be outside said template;
• each graphic representation is transcribed into digital information, then each series of representations is reproduced according to any known means for printing a flat material support such as paper;
• the object having the shape of a regular volume such as a sphere a plurality of partial representations of the appearance of the external surface of the object are captured, according to a series centered on a large circle, or meridian, then we seize another plurality of partial representations of the appearance of the external surface of the object, according to a series centered according to another large circle, or meridian, close to the preceding one and so on until having grasped the whole of the external surface of the object, then one reproduces either on a plane material support, such as paper, or by light projection on a template, all the partial reproductions, juxtaposed according to a plan projection of the large circle , or meridian, corresponding; the object having the shape of a sphere, all the partial reproductions are reproduced on a flat material support, such as paper, then the material support is cut into strips having a spindle outline, the axis of which longitudinal straight corresponds to the orthogonal projection of a large circle, or meridian, and the edges of
• the invention also relates to a device for capturing a plurality of partial representations of the appearance of the external surface of an object with a view to its reproduction in three dimensions, characterized in that it comprises at least one support, a device for capturing the external representations of an object and means for obtaining a relative displacement between an object and the gripping device.
• the support is intended for the object and comprises a base which carries uprights at the top of which are pivots to which the object must be subjected and which is pivotally mounted, motor means being associated on the one hand with the base and on the other hand to at least one of the pivots so that the object can be moved along two axes Q perpendicular to the gripping device maintained in a fixed position;
• the support is intended for a gripping device and is mounted movable relative to the substantially fixed object, means being provided so that said gripping device can be moved in at least two dimensions relative to the object;
• the support is a vehicle such as a flying machine, plane, helicopter, artificial satellite and the like.
• the invention also relates to a device for reproducing a plurality of partial representations of the appearance of the external surface of an object with a view to its reproduction in three dimensions, characterized in that it comprises a template and at least an apparatus for projecting light images onto said template. ", ⁇ precede ⁇
• the template is formed by a translucent wall which determines an interior space in which is located the image projection device (s) and an exterior space possibly provided with equipment intended for the convenience of observers.
• Figure 1 is a schematic view of an object to be reproduced having a complex shape.
• FIG. 2 is a schematic view of an object to be reproduced having the simple geometric shape of a sphere.
• FIG. 3 is a schematic view illustrating the phase of a method according to the invention which consists in taking pictures of the object of FIG. 2.
• Figure 4 is a schematic representation of a series of shots of the object of Figure 2, reproduced on a support to be cut.
• Figure 5 is a schematic view illustrating the phase of a method according to the invention which consists in digitizing the shots of the object to be reproduced.
• Figure 6 is a schematic view showing strips already cut for attachment to a spherical template.
• FIG. 7 is a schematic view showing a spherical template partially covered with cut bands reproducing the external appearance of the object of FIG. 2.
• Figure 8 is a schematic representation of a series of shots of the object of Figure 1, reproduced on a support to be cut.
• production is meant that one reproduces not only the shape but also the external appearance, so that one obtains a true facsimile of the original object and not a more or less approximate copy.
• the problem of the relief shape and the problem of the external appearance are dealt with separately.
• the relief form is given by a template of any material and having any aspect, its only quality being to reproduce the relief form as close to reality.
• the details of the relief are more or less marked and are therefore to be considered more or less.
• the input is carried out along an axis perpendicular to the center of the corresponding area of the object, so that the orientation of the input device varies more or less depending on whether the object is very worked or on the contrary geometrically very simple.
• the partial representations were entered by filming the object continuously, along its characteristic lines evoked very schematically in FIG. 1 by dashed lines _, by means of a CANON brand camcorder, type Hi8. We thus obtained series, or sequences, more or less long depending on whether the lines x_ extend from top to bottom of the object or not.
• images are extracted in greater or lesser number depending on the length of each line x_ and according to the details of the object: a large flat and uniform area can be faithfully reproduced with a small number of images while a more restricted but very tormented area rich in details requires a large number of close-up images.
• These images are identified individually (image-by-image numbering) and then are digitized on a suitably programmed ad hoc computer, equipped for example with a "MEDIAPRO" video acquisition card.
• the external aspect of the object to be reproduced is therefore entirely captured area by area, a series of selected and digitized images corresponding to an area.
• Each zone is reconstituted on the computer, with control by the display screen, then each series of corresponding images is reproduced on film by any known process such as that known under the name of
• corrections may cause slight shifts at the edges of the strips, shifts which may not be equidistant along the length of the strip since the corrections concern an entire image and that all the images do not necessarily have the same height.
• This layout can be obtained during the flashing operation.
• the cutting can be obtained automatically when printing on paper, so that at the output of the printing machine we receive printed forms and not strips to be cut later. Each cut strip is placed in its place on the template and fixed to it.
• FIG. 2 represents a terrestrial globe constituting an object to be reproduced.
• the globe is subject to two horizontal pivots 1 and 2 centered on a north-south axis ⁇ of the coated globe, and located at the top of two vertical uprights 3 and 4 fixed to a base 5.
• the pivot 1 is kinematically connected to a motor 6, preferably of the "stepping" type, in order to be able to rotate the globe at an angle corresponding to the arc separating two large axial circles £ from neighboring spindles.
• the base 5 is connected to a motor 7, preferably of the "stepping" type, in order to be able to rotate the globe from north to south and / or vice versa, at an angle corresponding to the center-line separating two representations successive axes centered on the large axial circle z. of each zone.
• a camera 8, placed on a rigid base 9 is positioned so that its shooting axis ⁇ is exactly orthogonal to the equator of the globe.
• a zone centered along the characteristic line that constitutes the axial meridian z., Which is perceived as a straight line, is brought to the vertical of the shooting axis ⁇ . the rectilinear projection of a large circle.
• the camera 8 is of the cinematographic type: video camera (or “camcorder”) for example, making it possible to film continuously the entire north-south zone centered on a large axial circle £.
• the motor 6 After entering the representation of a north-south zone, the motor 6 is activated in order to bring the large axial circle z in front of the shooting axis ⁇ . of the neighboring zone, then we enter the corresponding north - south zone and so on until we have entered the entire surface of the globe.
• the selected views are numbered individually, here 101 to 112) for a rigorous location, then, as shown in Figure 5 for the views 103, 104 and 105, they are digitized and viewed on a computer screen and readjusted if necessary, which is noticeable in Figure 4 where we see on the right and left slight angular shifts, accentuated by the lines 12, and which reveal small irregularities in the shots which the method of the invention therefore makes it possible to correct.
• the labels 13 are applied near the poles and appear on the extreme views of each series ( Figure 4), at the place where they are intended to be removed. By means of an operation called “flashing”, this information is transferred to a film, for black and white reproduction, or to several films if there is color selection.
• This or these films are used for printing the images on a material support such as paper, which is represented in FIG. 4.
• the invention makes it possible, in particular, to reproduce historical globes by grasping the aspect of them no longer by drawing, from real, photographic or electronic images.
• a material support such as paper
• a template made of translucent material is used, according to a complete or partial sphere, formed of a wall in one or more pieces and determining an interior space from which images are projected onto the internal face of said wall.
• the wall of the template also determines an outside space which can advantageously be used and arranged for observers, in particular by providing equipment conducive to their convenience: passages, sound beacons, seats, etc.
• the whole earth (or a large part of its extent) but a relatively small fraction of its surface: the Himalayan chain, a city or even a more restricted site.
• the Earth the ground
• the camera must be mobile, that is to say associated with a support constituted by a vehicle such as an airplane, a helicopter or another flying object.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Educational Technology (AREA)
• Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
• Educational Administration (AREA)
• Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
• Astronomy & Astrophysics (AREA)
• Algebra (AREA)
• Computational Mathematics (AREA)
• Mathematical Analysis (AREA)
• Mathematical Optimization (AREA)
• Mathematical Physics (AREA)
• Pure & Applied Mathematics (AREA)
• Silver Salt Photography Or Processing Solution Therefor (AREA)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Publications (1)

Family

ID=9467018

Family Applications (1)

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• 1994
  • 1994-09-16 FR FR9411096A patent/FR2724738A1/fr active Granted
• 1995
  • 1995-09-15 WO PCT/FR1995/001190 patent/WO1996008805A1/fr not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 1995-09-15 EP EP95931254A patent/EP0800697A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
  • 1995-09-15 JP JP8509965A patent/JPH10509807A/ja not_active Ceased
  • 1995-09-15 AU AU34759/95A patent/AU3475995A/en not_active Abandoned

Non-Patent Citations (1)

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