EP0777918B1 - Microwave signal switch - Google Patents
Microwave signal switch Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0777918B1 EP0777918B1 EP96910994A EP96910994A EP0777918B1 EP 0777918 B1 EP0777918 B1 EP 0777918B1 EP 96910994 A EP96910994 A EP 96910994A EP 96910994 A EP96910994 A EP 96910994A EP 0777918 B1 EP0777918 B1 EP 0777918B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- electrically conductive
- contact
- pads
- conductive part
- lines
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- H01H1/00—Contacts
- H01H1/06—Contacts characterised by the shape or structure of the contact-making surface, e.g. grooved
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
- H01P1/00—Auxiliary devices
- H01P1/10—Auxiliary devices for switching or interrupting
- H01P1/12—Auxiliary devices for switching or interrupting by mechanical chopper
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a switch for signals. microwave.
- switches which include, inside a metal cavity, two pads electrically conductors, each comprising a contact face, and a part electrically conductive movable between a closed position in which it rests on the contact faces of the pads and connects these electrically and an open position in which it is set back from said contact faces.
- the microwave signal is transmitted, at least by capacitive coupling, between the contact faces of the pads and the part electrically conductive.
- switches are often used to convey not only microwave signals, but also currents direct, for example bias currents, or currents medium or low frequency AC, for example currents feed.
- the switch operates satisfactory, whatever its conditions of use, for which is microwave signals but faults in operation may appear with regard to the currents of medium or low frequency, or direct currents.
- Friction wear would be even faster if the tops of the ripples had a sharp edge.
- the present invention aims to provide a switch for microwave signals, also usable for low frequency signals and continuous signals which solves the problems mentioned above and in particular has a very high reliability, whatever are the operating conditions to which it is subject.
- the subject of the present invention is a switch for microwave and continuous signals including inside a box metallic, an electrically conductive part and two studs electrically conductive, each having a contact face with a surface facing said piece, said piece electrically conductive being movable between a closed position in which it rests on the contact faces of the two studs and connects them electrically and an open position in which it is set back from said contact faces, characterized by the fact that at least one of the contact faces and / or the surface of said electrically conductive part are provided with protrusions comprising, according to at least one section plane perpendicular to the face contact, a sharp-edged section with an angle at the top less than 110 ° and a radius of curvature less than 0.05 mm.
- the device according to the invention allows, by reducing the bearing surface between the electrically conductive part and the faces contact pads, increase contact pressure.
- the grooves which separate two adjacent protrusions of the contact face of the pads allow to evacuate the impurities broken by the tops of the protuberances.
- protrusions are all contact zones between the studs and the electrically conductive part, which limits the risks false contacts.
- the protrusions extend along parallel section lines constant.
- these lines are rectilinear.
- these lines are circular and concentric.
- these lines are in a spiral.
- the face of contact of the studs may include a peripheral crown on which extend the circular or spiral lines while a recess is formed in the central part delimited by said crown of the contact face of the stud.
- the invention applies equally well to switches in which the contact face of the pads is provided with protuberances, while the surface of the electrically conductive part facing contact faces of the pads is smooth or provided with protrusions having the geometric characteristics defined above, that switches in which the contact face of the pads is smooth while the surface of the electrically conductive part facing contact faces of the pads is provided with said protrusions.
- the switch of Figure 1 has, inside a box 1 electrically conductive and earthed, two pads 2 electrically conductive, each connected to a terminal of a circuit electric, and an electrically conductive elongated part 3, is here in the form of a metal blade carried by a piston 4, axially movable as indicated by the double arrow.
- the metal blade 3 Due to the movements of the piston 4, the metal blade 3 is likely to assume a closed position, shown on the drawing, in which it rests on the end faces 5 pads 2, called contact faces in the sense of the invention, and a open position in which it is set back from the studs 2, preferably bearing against the wall of the housing 1 of so as not to be able to play the role of an antenna which would transmit electrical signals from one pad to another by radiation.
- the pads 2 of the switch of Figure 1 are circular and have protuberances 6 on their upper face 5 as visible in Figure 2.
- protrusions 6 are distributed over a crown peripheral 7 of the contact face 5 of the stud, a recess 8 being formed inside this crown 7 in the central part of the contact face of the stud.
- the protrusions 6 extend along lines of constant section, these lines being circular and concentric.
- the protrusions 6 have, according to an axial section plane of the stud, an acute section clearly visible in Figure 4.
- the radius has been transferred curvature (r) and the opening angle ⁇ at the top of each protuberance.
- the radius of curvature r is equal to 0.01 mm and the angle at the top is 75 °.
- the protuberances result from a crossing of circular and concentric projecting lines and radial broken lines.
- the protuberances result from a crossing of protruding straight lines extending in two constant directions perpendicular to each other.
- the protrusions 6, which have have been described on the contact face 5 of each stud, can also be provided on the surface 9 of the part electrically conductor 3 opposite the contact faces 5 of the pads, as shown in Figure 10 where we see that the end of the part contact 3 is triangular in shape.
- the geometry of the protrusions 6 must then present the same geometrical characteristics as those defined above for the protrusions provided on the contact face of the studs.
- the contact face of the pads can be smooth or also have protuberances.
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- Contacts (AREA)
Abstract
Description
La présente invention concerne un commutateur pour signaux hyperfréquences.The present invention relates to a switch for signals. microwave.
On connaít déjà par exemple par JP-A-5075302 de tels commutateurs qui comprennent, à l'intérieur d'une cavité métallique, deux plots électriquement conducteurs, comportant chacun une face de contact, et une pièce électriquement conductrice mobile entre une position de fermeture dans laquelle elle prend appui sur les faces de contact des plots et relie ces derniers électriquement et une position d'ouverture dans laquelle elle se trouve en retrait desdites faces de contact.We already know for example from JP-A-5075302 such switches which include, inside a metal cavity, two pads electrically conductors, each comprising a contact face, and a part electrically conductive movable between a closed position in which it rests on the contact faces of the pads and connects these electrically and an open position in which it is set back from said contact faces.
Ces commutateurs sont utilisés pour constituer des relais électriques pour des signaux hyperfréquences, pour lesquels ils assurent convenablement leur fonction de fermeture et d'ouverture du circuit hyperfréquence, même dans des conditions de fonctionnement difficiles, par exemple dans un environnement pollué par des impuretés.These switches are used to build relays electric for microwave signals, for which they properly perform their closing and opening function microwave circuit, even under operating conditions difficult, for example in an environment polluted by impurities.
En effet, même en cas de mauvais contact électrique entre la pièce électriquement conductrice et les faces de contact des plots, le signal hyperfréquence se transmet, au moins par couplage capacitif, entre les faces de contact des plots et la pièce électriquement conductrice.Indeed, even in the event of poor electrical contact between the electrically conductive part and the contact faces of the pads, the microwave signal is transmitted, at least by capacitive coupling, between the contact faces of the pads and the part electrically conductive.
En revanche, pour de basses fréquences, voire pour des courants continus, un contact électrique de qualité est nécessaire pour réaliser une bonne liaison électrique entre les plots et la pièce électriquement conductrice.On the other hand, for low frequencies, even for direct current, quality electrical contact is required to make a good electrical connection between the studs and the part electrically conductive.
Or, ces commutateurs sont souvent utilisés pour véhiculer non seulement des signaux hyperfréquences, mais également des courants continus, par exemple des courants de polarisation, ou des courants alternatifs de moyenne ou basse fréquence, par exemple des courants d'alimentation.However, these switches are often used to convey not only microwave signals, but also currents direct, for example bias currents, or currents medium or low frequency AC, for example currents feed.
Dans ces circonstances, le commutateur fonctionne de façon satisfaisante, quelles que soient ses conditions d'utilisation, pour ce qui est des signaux hyperfréquences, mais des défauts de fonctionnement peuvent apparaítre en ce qui concerne les courants de moyenne ou basse fréquence, ou les courants continus.In these circumstances, the switch operates satisfactory, whatever its conditions of use, for which is microwave signals but faults in operation may appear with regard to the currents of medium or low frequency, or direct currents.
Ce dysfonctionnement occasionnel du commutateur est d'autant plus gênant qu'il n'est pas reproductible. This occasional malfunction of the switch is all the more annoying since it is not reproducible.
Il est donc difficile de déterminer précisément quelles seraient les conditions à respecter pour garantir un fonctionnement fiable du commutateur, pour une large plage de fréquences du courant transmis.It is therefore difficult to determine precisely which would be the conditions to be respected to guarantee an operation reliable switch, for a wide range of current frequencies transmitted.
Il est par ailleurs connu d'après GB-A-579 365, dans un agencement de contact électrique utilisé pour des conducteurs coaxiaux hautes fréquences, de munir d'ondulations la surface périphérique d'un élément tubulaire coulissant axialement dans un autre élément tubulaire. Lors du mouvement relatif des éléments, les sommets des ondulations, qui s'étendent parallèlement à l'axe, frottent contre la surface en regard et s'usent rapidement. Après un nombre réduit de cycles, l'effet de contact serré recherché n'a plus lieu.It is also known from GB-A-579 365, in an arrangement of electrical contact used for high frequency coaxial conductors, to provide undulations the peripheral surface of a tubular element sliding axially in another tubular element. During the relative movement of the elements, the vertices of undulations, which extend parallel to the axis, rub against the facing surface and wear out quickly. After a reduced number of cycles, the desired tight contact effect no longer takes place.
L'usure par frottement serait encore plus rapide si les sommets des ondulations présentaient une arête vive.Friction wear would be even faster if the tops of the ripples had a sharp edge.
La présente invention vise à fournir un commutateur pour des signaux hyperfréquences, également utilisable pour des signaux à fréquences faibles et des signaux continus qui résout les problèmes mentionnés ci-dessus et présente notamment une très grande fiabilité, quelles que soient les conditions de fonctionnement auxquelles il est soumis.The present invention aims to provide a switch for microwave signals, also usable for low frequency signals and continuous signals which solves the problems mentioned above and in particular has a very high reliability, whatever are the operating conditions to which it is subject.
La présente invention a pour objet un commutateur pour signaux hyperfréquences et continus comprenant à l'intérieur d'un boitier métallique,une pièce électriquement conductrice et deux plots électriquement conducteurs comportant chacun une face de contact avec une surface en regard de ladite pièce, ladite pièce électriquement conductrice étant mobile entre une position de fermeture dans laquelle elle prend appui sur les faces de contact des deux plots et les relie électriquement et une position d'ouverture dans laquelle elle se trouve en retrait desdites faces de contact, caractérisé par le fait que l'une au moins des faces de contact et/ou la surface de ladite pièce électriquement conductrice sont munies de protubérances comportant, selon au moins un plan de coupe perpendiculaire à la face de contact, une section à arête vive, ayant un angle au sommet inférieur à 110° et un rayon de courbure inférieur à 0,05 mm.The subject of the present invention is a switch for microwave and continuous signals including inside a box metallic, an electrically conductive part and two studs electrically conductive, each having a contact face with a surface facing said piece, said piece electrically conductive being movable between a closed position in which it rests on the contact faces of the two studs and connects them electrically and an open position in which it is set back from said contact faces, characterized by the fact that at least one of the contact faces and / or the surface of said electrically conductive part are provided with protrusions comprising, according to at least one section plane perpendicular to the face contact, a sharp-edged section with an angle at the top less than 110 ° and a radius of curvature less than 0.05 mm.
Le dispositif selon l'invention permet, en diminuant la surface d'appui entre la pièce électriquement conductrice et les faces de contact des plots, d'augmenter la pression de contact.The device according to the invention allows, by reducing the bearing surface between the electrically conductive part and the faces contact pads, increase contact pressure.
Ainsi, lorsque la pièce électriquement conductrice arrive au contact des faces de contact des plots, l'arête vive des protubérances brise d'éventuels films d'impuretés qui se seraient déposés sur la pièce électriquement conductrice ou au sommet des protubérances.So when the electrically conductive piece arrives in contact with the contact faces of the studs, the sharp edge of the protrusions breaks possible films of impurities which may have deposited on the electrically conductive part or on top of protuberances.
L'action néfaste d'impuretés dans l'environnement du commutateur peut donc être évitée.The harmful action of impurities in the environment of switch can therefore be avoided.
De même, lorsque le commutateur est soumis à de fortes variations de température, il se produit des cycles de vaporisation, condensation et solidification de l'eau présente dans l'air ambiant, ce qui engendre la formation de pellicules de givre sur les faces de contact des plots et sur la pièce électriquement conductrice. Likewise, when the switch is subjected to strong temperature variations, vaporization cycles occur, condensation and solidification of the water present in the ambient air, which causes the formation of frost films on the faces of contact of the pads and on the electrically conductive part.
L'action mécanique des protubérances permet, là encore, de briser le film de givre et assure un bon contact électrique entre les plots et la pièce électriquement conductrice.The mechanical action of the protrusions again allows break the frost film and ensure good electrical contact between the pads and the electrically conductive part.
Conformément à l'invention, les gorges qui séparent deux protubérances adjacentes de la face de contact des plots permettent d'évacuer les impuretés brisées par les sommets des protubérances.According to the invention, the grooves which separate two adjacent protrusions of the contact face of the pads allow to evacuate the impurities broken by the tops of the protuberances.
Un autre avantage procuré par la présence de protubérances sur les faces de contact des plots provient du fait que lesdites protubérances sont autant de zones de contact entre les plots et la pièce électriquement conductrice, ce qui permet de limiter les risques de faux contacts.Another advantage provided by the presence of protrusions on the contact faces of the pads comes from the fact that said protrusions are all contact zones between the studs and the electrically conductive part, which limits the risks false contacts.
Dans un mode de réalisation préféré de l'invention, les protubérances s'étendent selon des lignes parallèles de section constante.In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the protrusions extend along parallel section lines constant.
Selon une première variante, ces lignes sont rectilignes.According to a first variant, these lines are rectilinear.
Selon une seconde variante, ces lignes sont circulaires et concentriques.According to a second variant, these lines are circular and concentric.
Selon une troisième variante, ces lignes sont en spirale.According to a third variant, these lines are in a spiral.
Dans ces seconde et troisième variantes, la face de contact des plots peut comporter une couronne périphérique sur laquelle s'étendent les lignes circulaires ou en spirale tandis qu'un évidement est ménagé dans la partie centrale délimitée par ladite couronne de la face de contact du plot.In these second and third variants, the face of contact of the studs may include a peripheral crown on which extend the circular or spiral lines while a recess is formed in the central part delimited by said crown of the contact face of the stud.
L'invention s'applique aussi bien à des commutateurs dans lesquels la face de contact des plots est munie de protubérances, tandis que la surface de la pièce électriquement conductrice en regard des faces de contact des plots est lisse ou munie de protubérances présentant les caractéristiques géométriques définies ci-dessus, qu'à des commutateurs dans lesquels la face de contact des plots est lisse tandis que la surface de la pièce électriquement conductrice en regard des faces de contact des plots est munie desdites protubérances.The invention applies equally well to switches in which the contact face of the pads is provided with protuberances, while the surface of the electrically conductive part facing contact faces of the pads is smooth or provided with protrusions having the geometric characteristics defined above, that switches in which the contact face of the pads is smooth while the surface of the electrically conductive part facing contact faces of the pads is provided with said protrusions.
Dans le but de mieux faire comprendre l'invention, on va en décrire maintenant des modes de réalisation, donnés à titre d'exemples non limitatifs, en référence au dessin annexé dans lequel :
- la figure 1 est une vue en coupe d'un commutateur selon un mode de réalisation de l'invention,
- la figure 2 est une vue en perspective d'un plot du commutateur de la figure 1,
- la figure 3 est une vue en coupe selon III-III de la figure 2,
- la figure 4 est une vue rapprochée des protubérances du plot de la figure 3,
- la figure 5 est une vue de détail de la
partie 5 de la figure 4, - les figures 6 à 9 sont des vues de dessus de plots comportant des protubérances de différents types, et
- la figure 10 est une vue en perspective d'une pièce électriquement conductrice d'un commutateur selon la figure 1.
- FIG. 1 is a sectional view of a switch according to an embodiment of the invention,
- FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a pad of the switch in FIG. 1,
- FIG. 3 is a sectional view along III-III of FIG. 2,
- FIG. 4 is a close-up view of the protuberances of the pad of FIG. 3,
- FIG. 5 is a detailed view of
part 5 of FIG. 4, - FIGS. 6 to 9 are top views of studs comprising protuberances of different types, and
- FIG. 10 is a perspective view of an electrically conductive part of a switch according to FIG. 1.
Le commutateur de la figure 1 comporte, à l'intérieur d'un
boítier 1 électriquement conducteur et relié à la masse, deux plots 2
électriquement conducteurs, reliés chacun à une borne d'un circuit
électrique, et une pièce allongée 3 électriquement conductrice, se
présentant ici sous la forme d'une lame métallique portée par un
piston 4, axialement mobile comme indiqué par la double flèche.The switch of Figure 1 has, inside a
Du fait des déplacements du piston 4, la lame métallique 3
est susceptible de prendre une position de fermeture, représentée sur
le dessin, dans laquelle elle prend appui sur les faces d'extrémité 5
des plots 2, appelées faces de contact au sens de l'invention, et une
position d'ouverture dans laquelle elle se situe en retrait des plots
2, en prenant appui de préférence contre la paroi du boítier 1 de
manière à ne pas pouvoir jouer le rôle d'une antenne qui transmettrait
des signaux électriques d'un plot à l'autre par radiation.Due to the movements of the
Les plots 2 du commutateur de la figure 1 sont circulaires
et présentent des protubérances 6 sur leur face supérieure 5 comme
visible sur la figure 2.The
Ces protubérances 6 sont réparties sur une couronne
périphérique 7 de la face de contact 5 du plot, un évidement 8 étant
ménagé à l'intérieur de cette couronne 7 dans la partie centrale de la
face de contact du plot.These
Dans l'exemple représenté sur les figures 2 et 3, les
protubérances 6 s'étendent selon des lignes de section constante, ces
lignes étant circulaires et concentriques. In the example shown in Figures 2 and 3, the
Conformément à l'invention, les protubérances 6
présentent, selon un plan de coupe axial du plot, une section aiguë
clairement visible sur la figure 4.In accordance with the invention, the
Sur la vue de détail de la figure 5, on a reporté le rayon de courbure (r) et l'angle d'ouverture au sommet de chaque protubérance.In the detail view of FIG. 5, the radius has been transferred curvature (r) and the opening angle at the top of each protuberance.
Dans l'exemple illustré, le rayon de courbure r est égal à 0,01 mm et l'angle au sommet est égal à 75°.In the example illustrated, the radius of curvature r is equal to 0.01 mm and the angle at the top is 75 °.
D'autres variantes de protubérances sont représentées aux figures 6 à 9.Other protuberance variants are shown in Figures 6 to 9.
Sur la figure 6, les lignes de protubérance s'étendent radialement par rapport au plot.In Figure 6, the protrusion lines extend radially with respect to the stud.
Sur la figure 7, elles s'étendent parallèlement entre elles suivant une direction constante.In FIG. 7, they extend parallel between they in a constant direction.
Sur la figure 8, les protubérances résultent d'un croisement de lignes saillantes circulaires et concentriques et de lignes brisées radiales.In FIG. 8, the protuberances result from a crossing of circular and concentric projecting lines and radial broken lines.
Sur la figure 9, les protubérances résultent d'un croisement de lignes saillantes rectilignes s'étendant suivant deux directions constantes perpendiculaires entre elles.In FIG. 9, the protuberances result from a crossing of protruding straight lines extending in two constant directions perpendicular to each other.
Conformément à l'invention, les protubérances 6, qui ont
été décrites sur la face de contact 5 de chaque plot, peuvent
également être prévues sur la surface 9 de la pièce électriquement
conductrice 3 en regard des faces de contact 5 des plots, comme
représenté sur la figure 10 où l'on voit que l'extrémité de la pièce
de contact 3 est de forme triangulaire.According to the invention, the
La géométrie des protubérances 6 doit alors présenter les
mêmes caractéristiques géométriques que celles définies ci-dessus pour
les protubérances prévues sur la face de contact des plots.The geometry of the
Dans cette variante, la face de contact des plots peut être lisse ou comporter également des protubérances.In this variant, the contact face of the pads can be smooth or also have protuberances.
Il est bien entendu que les modes de réalisation qui viennent d'être décrits ne présentent aucun caractère limitatif et qu'ils pourront recevoir toutes modifications désirables sans sortir pour cela du cadre de l'invention.It is understood that the embodiments which have just been described have no limiting character and that they can receive any desirable changes without going out for this the scope of the invention.
Claims (5)
- Switch for hyperfrequency and continuous signals comprising, within a metal housing, an electrically conductive part and two electrically conductive studs each comprising a contact face with a surface facing said part, the said electrically conductive part being movable between a closed position in which it rests on the contact faces of the two studs and an open position in which it is withdrawn from the said contact faces, characterised in that at least one of the contact faces (5) and/or the surface (9) of said electrically conductive part (3) are provided with protuberances (6) comprising, according to at least one cross-section perpendicular to a contact face, a sharp-edged section having a peak angle () less than 110° and a radius of curvature (r) less than 0.05 mm.
- Switch according to claim 1 characterised in that the protuberances (6) extend along parallel lines of constant section.
- Switch according to claim 2 characterised in that the lines are straight.
- Switch according to claim 2 characterised in that the lines are circular and concentric.
- Switch according to claim 2 characterised in that the lines are spiral.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR9503613A FR2732508B1 (en) | 1995-03-28 | 1995-03-28 | SWITCH FOR MICROWAVE SIGNALS |
FR9503613 | 1995-03-28 | ||
PCT/FR1996/000471 WO1996030961A1 (en) | 1995-03-28 | 1996-03-28 | Microwave signal switch |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0777918A1 EP0777918A1 (en) | 1997-06-11 |
EP0777918B1 true EP0777918B1 (en) | 2000-12-27 |
Family
ID=9477486
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP96910994A Expired - Lifetime EP0777918B1 (en) | 1995-03-28 | 1996-03-28 | Microwave signal switch |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0777918B1 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2191253A1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE69611345T2 (en) |
FR (1) | FR2732508B1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1996030961A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6856212B2 (en) * | 2002-12-16 | 2005-02-15 | Com Dev Ltd. | Incomplete mechanical contacts for microwave switches |
EP1840917B1 (en) | 2006-03-27 | 2013-09-25 | Abb Ab | A contactor |
Family Cites Families (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB579365A (en) * | 1941-06-06 | 1946-08-01 | Standard Telephones Cables Ltd | Improvements in or relating to electrical contact arrangements particularly for use with high frequencies |
FR1170621A (en) * | 1957-04-04 | 1959-01-16 | Kienzle Uhrenfabriken Ag | Electrical contact device |
DE1539783A1 (en) * | 1966-06-21 | 1969-07-24 | Conradty Fa C | Arrangement to improve the contact with static or moving electrical carbon, graphite and metal contacts |
JPH0575302A (en) * | 1991-09-12 | 1993-03-26 | Nec Corp | Coaxial changeover device |
-
1995
- 1995-03-28 FR FR9503613A patent/FR2732508B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1996
- 1996-03-28 WO PCT/FR1996/000471 patent/WO1996030961A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1996-03-28 CA CA 2191253 patent/CA2191253A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1996-03-28 DE DE69611345T patent/DE69611345T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-03-28 EP EP96910994A patent/EP0777918B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CA2191253A1 (en) | 1996-10-03 |
DE69611345T2 (en) | 2001-07-19 |
FR2732508A1 (en) | 1996-10-04 |
FR2732508B1 (en) | 1997-05-09 |
EP0777918A1 (en) | 1997-06-11 |
WO1996030961A1 (en) | 1996-10-03 |
DE69611345D1 (en) | 2001-02-01 |
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