EP0764474B1 - Process for manufacturing colored thermoplastic pieces having a metallic look finish - Google Patents
Process for manufacturing colored thermoplastic pieces having a metallic look finish Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0764474B1 EP0764474B1 EP19960402008 EP96402008A EP0764474B1 EP 0764474 B1 EP0764474 B1 EP 0764474B1 EP 19960402008 EP19960402008 EP 19960402008 EP 96402008 A EP96402008 A EP 96402008A EP 0764474 B1 EP0764474 B1 EP 0764474B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- coloured
- component
- approximately
- protective varnish
- nacre
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D5/00—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces to obtain special surface effects, finishes or structures
- B05D5/06—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces to obtain special surface effects, finishes or structures to obtain multicolour or other optical effects
- B05D5/065—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces to obtain special surface effects, finishes or structures to obtain multicolour or other optical effects having colour interferences or colour shifts or opalescent looking, flip-flop, two tones
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D5/00—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces to obtain special surface effects, finishes or structures
- B05D5/06—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces to obtain special surface effects, finishes or structures to obtain multicolour or other optical effects
- B05D5/067—Metallic effect
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B44—DECORATIVE ARTS
- B44F—SPECIAL DESIGNS OR PICTURES
- B44F9/00—Designs imitating natural patterns
- B44F9/08—Designs imitating natural patterns of crystalline structures, pearl effects, or mother-of-pearl effects
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method of manufacturing a colored piece of material thermoplastic, with a finished appearance metallized, according to which said part is molded by injection of a colored thermoplastic material.
- the invention also relates to a colored piece made by injecting a thermoplastic material colored, with a metallic finish appearance.
- the invention finds a particularly application advantageous for the production of vehicle hubcaps automobiles and in particular a wheel cover motor vehicle.
- gray polyamide is a material first more expensive than gray polypropylene, this one is most often used in this type of process.
- the present invention provides a new method of manufacturing a such piece, characterized in that after the step of molding, is applied to said colored molded part, a protective varnish that incorporates mother-of-pearl glitter giving said piece the metallic finish appearance wish.
- the metallized appearance is given according to the conforming process to the invention by the varnish itself, this varnish being a special varnish including a base of usual varnish in which has been incorporated mother-of-pearl flakes for return the desired metallic finish to the room out of production.
- the method according to the invention has the advantage in in addition to eliminating the use of said metallized base which is an expensive material, to use a single cabin paint for the application of protective varnish, unlike the already known methods which use two paint booths for base application metallized and the application of protective varnish.
- the process according to the present invention is a shorter process which increases production rates (i.e. the number of parts per hour manufactured) and thereby reduce production costs of these parts.
- the removal metallized base contributes to cost reduction of production of said parts.
- the molding of the part of color is made with polypropylene including a 20% charge of tinted talc.
- polypropylene allows further reduce production costs compared to process already known, using polyamide.
- a protective varnish comprising 2 % by mass of mother-of-pearl flakes with a diameter included approximately between 50 and 150 ⁇ m.
- This protective varnish glitter is based on polyurethane.
- the present invention also relates to a piece of color produced by injecting a material colored thermoplastic, with a finished appearance metallized, characterized in that it is coated with a protective varnish that incorporates mother-of-pearl glitter giving said piece the appearance of a finished metal metallic desired.
- a part is made using of polypropylene loaded with tinted talc.
- the varnish of protection constituting the external coating of this part can be polyurethane-based and includes mother of pearl flakes with a diameter of approximately between 50 and 150 ⁇ m.
- such a colored piece constitutes a wheel cover for a motor vehicle wheel.
- the process according to the present invention is a process for manufacturing a colored piece of material thermoplastic, with a finished appearance metallized, such as for example, a wheel cover motor vehicle which in the majority of cases, has a metallic gray appearance.
- This manufacturing process includes a first step consisting in molding said part by injection of a colored thermoplastic, such as polypropylene loaded with 20% tinted talc.
- a colored thermoplastic such as polypropylene loaded with 20% tinted talc.
- the blank is intended to be covered with a metallized base comprising a gray coloring that gives the room in addition to the desired metallic finish, color final.
- the blank leaving the mold is so classic cleaned manually with isopropanol, then undergoes a flame operation to activate the surface of the part to allow the attachment of the protective varnish constituting the outer layer of the room.
- the protective varnish used comprises approximately 2% in mass of mother-of-pearl glitter with a diameter advantageously between 50 and 150 ⁇ m.
- This varnish of glitter protection is based on polyurethane.
- the protective varnish obtained is a special varnish which allows to give to a raw part mold output, the desired color and metallic finish appearance.
- parts can be obtained colored with a metallic finish appearance and in particular, vehicle wheel covers automobile.
- the protective varnish incorporating the glitter of mother-of-pearl remains the same, since it is colorless and essentially contributes to the finish metallized of said parts.
Landscapes
- Injection Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
Description
La présente invention concerne un procédé de fabrication d'une pièce de couleur en matière thermoplastique, présentant un aspect de finition métallisée, selon lequel on moule ladite pièce par injection d'une matière thermoplastique colorée.The present invention relates to a method of manufacturing a colored piece of material thermoplastic, with a finished appearance metallized, according to which said part is molded by injection of a colored thermoplastic material.
L'invention concerne également une pièce de couleur réalisée par injection d'une matière thermoplastique colorée, présentant un aspect de finition métallisée.The invention also relates to a colored piece made by injecting a thermoplastic material colored, with a metallic finish appearance.
L'invention trouve une application particulièrement avantageuse pour la réalisation d'enjoliveurs de véhicules automobiles et en particulier, un enjoliveur d'une roue de véhicule automobile.The invention finds a particularly application advantageous for the production of vehicle hubcaps automobiles and in particular a wheel cover motor vehicle.
On connaít déjà des procédés de fabrication de pièces de couleur grise en matière thermoplastique, présentant un aspect de finition métallisée, selon lequel on moule les pièces par injection de polyamide gris, puis on applique sur chaque pièce moulée colorée une base métallisée comprenant un agent de coloration et des paillettes métallisées. Enfin, on applique sur la pièce moulée et recouverte de la base métallisée, un vernis de protection.We already know parts manufacturing processes gray in thermoplastic material, having a metallic finish appearance, according to which the parts by injection of gray polyamide, then we apply a metallic base on each colored molded part including coloring agent and glitter metallized. Finally, we apply to the molded part and covered with the metallic base, a protective varnish.
Selon une variante de ce type de procédé déjà connu, on utilise au lieu du polyamide gris, un polypropylène gris.According to a variant of this type of process already known, instead of gray polyamide, polypropylene is used Grey.
Pour réaliser des enjoliveurs de roues de véhicules automobiles, le procédé le plus couramment mis en oeuvre est celui qui utilise du polyamide gris, car le polypropylène pose des problèmes de résistance à l'échauffement.Il est donc nécessaire de prévoir un moyen de fixation spécial de ces enjoliveurs réalisés en polypropylène pour qu'une fois montés sur des roues, ils tiennent en place lors d'un freinage du véhicule.To make wheel covers for vehicles automobiles, the most commonly used process is the one who uses gray polyamide because the polypropylene poses resistance problems it’s necessary to provide a means special fixing for these hubcaps made in polypropylene so that once mounted on wheels, they hold in place when the vehicle is braking.
Il n'est pas évident pour l'homme du métier de mettre en place de tels moyens de fixation spéciaux.It is not obvious to a person skilled in the art to put in place of such special fastening means.
De ce fait, même si le polyamide gris est une matière première plus onéreuse que le polypropylène gris, celle-ci est le plus souvent utilisée dans ce type de procédé.Therefore, even if gray polyamide is a material first more expensive than gray polypropylene, this one is most often used in this type of process.
Par ailleurs, on connaít des documents DE-B-1083537 et DE-B-1233570, des procédés pour fabriquer des pièces en matière plastique présentant un aspect nacré à partir d'une résine synthétique comprenant une essence de perles.In addition, documents DE-B-1083537 and DE-B-1233570, processes for manufacturing parts from plastic material with a pearlescent appearance from of a synthetic resin comprising an essence of pearls.
De tels procédés ne sont pas adaptés à la réalisation d'enjoliveurs de véhicules automobiles.Such methods are not suitable for carrying out motor vehicle hubcaps.
Dans le but d'augmenter la cadence de production et de réduire les coûts de production de pièces moulées par injection d'une matière thermoplastique colorée, et présentant un aspect de finition métallisée, la présente invention propose un nouveau procédé de fabrication d'une telle pièce, caractérisé en ce qu'après l'étape de moulage, on applique sur ladite pièce moulée colorée, un vernis de protection qui intègre des paillettes de nacre conférant à ladite pièce l'aspect de finition métallisée souhaité.In order to increase the rate of production and reduce production costs of molded parts by injection of a colored thermoplastic material, and having a metallic finish appearance, the present invention provides a new method of manufacturing a such piece, characterized in that after the step of molding, is applied to said colored molded part, a protective varnish that incorporates mother-of-pearl glitter giving said piece the metallic finish appearance wish.
Ainsi, par rapport aux procédés de fabrication déjà connus, on supprime l'étape consistant à appliquer la base métallisée comprenant un agent de coloration et des paillettes métallisées.So compared to the manufacturing processes already known, we remove the step of applying the base metallized comprising a coloring agent and metallic glitter.
L'aspect métallisé est donné selon le procédé conforme à l'invention par le vernis lui-même, ce vernis étant un vernis spécial comprenant une base de vernis usuel dans lequel il a été incorporé des paillettes de nacre pour rendre l'aspect de finition métallisée souhaité à la pièce sortant de production.The metallized appearance is given according to the conforming process to the invention by the varnish itself, this varnish being a special varnish including a base of usual varnish in which has been incorporated mother-of-pearl flakes for return the desired metallic finish to the room out of production.
Le procédé selon l'invention présente l'avantage en outre de supprimer l'utilisation de ladite base métallisée qui est une matière onéreuse, d'utiliser une seule cabine de peinture pour l'application du vernis de protection, contrairement aux procédés déjà connus qui utilisent deux cabines de peinture pour l'application de la base métallisée et l'application du vernis de protection.The method according to the invention has the advantage in in addition to eliminating the use of said metallized base which is an expensive material, to use a single cabin paint for the application of protective varnish, unlike the already known methods which use two paint booths for base application metallized and the application of protective varnish.
En conséquence, le procédé conforme à la présente invention est un procédé plus court qui permet d'augmenter les cadences de production (c'est-à-dire le nombre de pièces par heure fabriquées) et par là même, réduire les coûts de production de ces pièces. De plus, la suppression de la base métallisée, contribue à la réduction des coûts de production desdites pièces.Consequently, the process according to the present invention is a shorter process which increases production rates (i.e. the number of parts per hour manufactured) and thereby reduce production costs of these parts. In addition, the removal metallized base, contributes to cost reduction of production of said parts.
Selon une caractéristique du procédé de fabrication conforme à la présente invention, le moulage de la pièce de couleur est réalisé avec du polypropylène comprenant une charge de 20 % de talc teinté.According to a characteristic of the manufacturing process in accordance with the present invention, the molding of the part of color is made with polypropylene including a 20% charge of tinted talc.
Ainsi, l'utilisation du polypropylène permet de réduire encore les coûts de production par rapport au procédé déjà connu, utilisant du polyamide.Thus, the use of polypropylene allows further reduce production costs compared to process already known, using polyamide.
En outre, selon le procédé conforme à la présente invention, on utilise un vernis de protection comprenant 2 % en masse de paillettes de nacre d'un diamètre compris environ entre 50 et 150 µm. Ce vernis de protection pailletée est à base de polyuréthane.Furthermore, according to the process in accordance with this invention, a protective varnish is used comprising 2 % by mass of mother-of-pearl flakes with a diameter included approximately between 50 and 150 µm. This protective varnish glitter is based on polyurethane.
La présente invention concerne également une pièce de couleur réalisée par injection d'une matière thermoplastique colorée, présentant un aspect de finition métallisée, caractérisée en ce qu'elle est revêtue d'un vernis de protection qui intègre des paillettes de nacre conférant à ladite pièce l'aspect de métal de finition métallisée souhaité. Une telle pièce est réalisée à l'aide de polypropylène chargé en talc teinté. Le vernis de protection constituant le revêtement externe de cette pièce peut être à base de polyuréthane et comprend des paillettes de nacre d'un diamètre compris environ entre 50 et 150 µm.The present invention also relates to a piece of color produced by injecting a material colored thermoplastic, with a finished appearance metallized, characterized in that it is coated with a protective varnish that incorporates mother-of-pearl glitter giving said piece the appearance of a finished metal metallic desired. Such a part is made using of polypropylene loaded with tinted talc. The varnish of protection constituting the external coating of this part can be polyurethane-based and includes mother of pearl flakes with a diameter of approximately between 50 and 150 µm.
Avantageusement, une telle pièce de couleur constitue un enjoliveur d'une roue de véhicule automobile.Advantageously, such a colored piece constitutes a wheel cover for a motor vehicle wheel.
La description détaillée qui va suivre d'un mode de réalisation particulier de l'invention fera bien comprendre en quoi consiste cette invention et comment elle peut être réalisée.The detailed description which follows of a mode of particular realization of the invention will do well understand what this invention is and how it can be done.
Le procédé conforme à la présente invention, est un procédé de fabrication d'une pièce de couleur en matière thermoplastique, présentant un aspect de finition métallisée, tel que par exemple, un enjoliveur d'une roue de véhicule automobile qui dans la majorité des cas, présente un aspect de couleur grise métallisée.The process according to the present invention is a process for manufacturing a colored piece of material thermoplastic, with a finished appearance metallized, such as for example, a wheel cover motor vehicle which in the majority of cases, has a metallic gray appearance.
Ce procédé de fabrication comporte une première étape consistant à mouler ladite pièce par injection d'une matière thermoplastique colorée, tel que le polypropylène chargé de 20 % de talc teinté.This manufacturing process includes a first step consisting in molding said part by injection of a colored thermoplastic, such as polypropylene loaded with 20% tinted talc.
Selon l'invention, il est avantageux que la charge de talc teinté utilisée comprenne :
- environ entre 0,25 et 0,35 % de pigments blanc 6,
- environ entre 0,02 et 0,05 % de pigments bleu 29,
- environ entre 0,4 et 0,9 % de pigments jaune 53, et
- environ entre 0,01 et 0,06 % de pigments noir 7.
- approximately between 0.25 and 0.35% of white pigments 6,
- approximately between 0.02 and 0.05% of blue pigments 29,
- approximately between 0.4 and 0.9% of yellow pigments 53, and
- approximately between 0.01 and 0.06% of black pigments 7.
Ainsi, la pièce brute moulée colorée que l'on obtient après injection présente la couleur grise définitive.So the colored molded blank that we get after injection has the final gray color.
Il est à noter que cela n'est pas du tout le cas dans les procédés connus de l'état de la technique, puisque selon ces procédés, la pièce brute est destinée à être recouverte d'une base métallisée comprenant un agent de coloration grise qui confère à la pièce en plus de l'aspect de finition métallisée souhaité, la couleur finale.Note that this is not at all the case in the known processes of the state of the art, since according to these methods, the blank is intended to be covered with a metallized base comprising a gray coloring that gives the room in addition to the desired metallic finish, color final.
La pièce brute sortant du moulage est de manière classique nettoyée manuellement avec de l'isopropanol, puis subit une opération de flammage permettant d'activer la surface de la pièce pour permettre l'accrochage du vernis de protection constituant la couche externe de la pièce.The blank leaving the mold is so classic cleaned manually with isopropanol, then undergoes a flame operation to activate the surface of the part to allow the attachment of the protective varnish constituting the outer layer of the room.
En effet, selon l'invention, après l'opération de flammage de la pièce injectée, on applique sur celle-ci un vernis de protection incolore qui intègre des paillettes de nacre conférant à ladite pièce l'aspect de finition métallisée souhaité.Indeed, according to the invention, after the operation of flame of the injected part, we apply a colorless protective varnish that incorporates glitter mother-of-pearl giving the finished piece the appearance metallic desired.
Le vernis de protection utilisé comprend environ 2 % en masse de paillettes de nacre d'un diamètre avantageusement compris entre 50 et 150 µm. Ce vernis de protection pailletée est à base de polyuréthane. The protective varnish used comprises approximately 2% in mass of mother-of-pearl glitter with a diameter advantageously between 50 and 150 μm. This varnish of glitter protection is based on polyurethane.
Pour préparer un tel vernis, on peut procéder de la manière suivante.To prepare such a varnish, one can proceed from the next way.
On incorpore sous agitation, 2 % en masse de paillettes de nacre d'un diamètre compris entre 50 et 150 µm, au vernis usuel à base de polyuréthane, le temps de mélange étant de l'ordre de dix minutes. Au bout de ce temps de mélange, on arrête l'agitation pour laisser reposer la mixture pendant dix minutes puis on reprend l'agitation pendant une minute. Enfin, on filtre l'ensemble dans un filtre à environ 120 µm.2% by mass of mother of pearl flakes with a diameter between 50 and 150 µm, using the usual polyurethane varnish, the mixture being of the order of ten minutes. At the end of this mixing time, the stirring is stopped to leave rest the mixture for ten minutes then resume agitation for one minute. Finally, we filter the whole in a filter at about 120 μm.
Le vernis de protection obtenu est un vernis spécial qui permet de donner à une pièce brute sortie de moulage, l'aspect de couleur et de finition métallisée souhaité.The protective varnish obtained is a special varnish which allows to give to a raw part mold output, the desired color and metallic finish appearance.
A l'aide d'un tel procédé, on peut obtenir des pièces de couleur présentant un aspect de finition métallisée et en particulier, des enjoliveurs de roue de véhicule automobile.Using such a process, parts can be obtained colored with a metallic finish appearance and in particular, vehicle wheel covers automobile.
Bien entendu, un tel procédé ne se limite pas à la fabrication de pièces de couleur grise mais en fonction de la charge de talc teinté et de la matière thermoplastique utilisée, on peut fabriquer des pièces d'autres couleurs.Of course, such a process is not limited to the manufacturing of gray parts but depending on the charge of tinted talc and the thermoplastic material used, parts of other colors can be made.
Le vernis de protection intégrant les paillettes de nacre reste le même, puisque celui-ci est incolore et contribue essentiellement à l'aspect de finition métallisée desdites pièces.The protective varnish incorporating the glitter of mother-of-pearl remains the same, since it is colorless and essentially contributes to the finish metallized of said parts.
Claims (10)
- Process for the manufacture of a coloured thermoplastic component exhibiting a metallic look finish, according to which the said component is moulded by injection of a coloured thermoplastic, characterized in that a protective varnish which incorporates nacre platelets is applied to the said coloured moulded component, the nacre platelets conferring the desired metallic look finish on the said component.
- Manufacturing process according to Claim 1, characterized in that use is made of a protective varnish comprising approximately 2% by mass of nacre platelets with a diameter of approximately between 50 and 150 µm.
- Manufacturing process according to either of Claims 1 and 2, characterized in that use is made of a polyurethane-based platelet-comprising protective varnish.
- Manufacturing process according to one of Claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the moulding of the coloured component is carried out with polypropylene comprising a filler of 20% of coloured talc.
- Manufacturing process according to Claim 4, characterized in that the coloured talc filler used comprises:approximately between 0.25 and 0.35% of pigments white 6,approximately between 0.02 and 0.05% of pigments blue 29,approximately between 0.4 and 0.9% of pigments yellow 53, andapproximately between 0.01 and 0.06% of pigments black 7.
- Coloured component exhibiting a metallic look finish produced by injection of a coloured thermoplastic, characterized in that it is coated with a protective varnish which incorporates nacre platelets conferring the desired metallic look finish on the said component.
- Coloured component according to Claim 6, characterized in that it is produced using polypropylene comprising coloured talc as filler.
- Coloured component according to either of Claims 6 and 7, characterized in that the protective varnish constituting the external coating of the said component comprises approximately 2% by mass of nacre platelets with a diameter of approximately between 50 and 150 µm.
- Coloured component according to any one of Claims 6 to 8, characterized in that the protective varnish constituting the external coating of the said component is based on polyurethane.
- Coloured component according to any one of Claims 6 to 9, characterized in that it constitutes a hubcap of a motor vehicle wheel.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR9511216A FR2739040B1 (en) | 1995-09-25 | 1995-09-25 | PROCESS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF COLORED PARTS IN THERMOPLASTIC MATERIAL WITH A METALLIC FINISH |
| FR9511216 | 1995-09-25 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0764474A1 EP0764474A1 (en) | 1997-03-26 |
| EP0764474B1 true EP0764474B1 (en) | 2002-04-24 |
Family
ID=9482881
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP19960402008 Expired - Lifetime EP0764474B1 (en) | 1995-09-25 | 1996-09-23 | Process for manufacturing colored thermoplastic pieces having a metallic look finish |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0764474B1 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE69620840T2 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2174040T3 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2739040B1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2767075B1 (en) * | 1997-08-05 | 2001-09-21 | Peguform France | METHOD FOR PRODUCING A CHROME-LOOKING SURFACE ON A PLASTIC MATERIAL SUPPORT AND ELEMENT COMPRISING SUCH A SUPPORT AND SUCH A SURFACE |
| FR2853789B1 (en) * | 2003-04-09 | 2005-06-24 | Sagem | OBJECT HULL AND METHOD OF MAKING |
| CA2517940A1 (en) | 2004-09-24 | 2006-03-24 | Ems-Chemie Ag | Injection molding method for manufacturing plastic parts |
Family Cites Families (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE1083537B (en) * | 1957-07-03 | 1960-06-15 | Patrician Plastic Corp | Process for the production of objects from a plastic mixture consisting of unsaturated synthetic resins and pearl essence |
| DE1233570B (en) * | 1961-06-19 | 1967-02-02 | Mearl Corp Ossining | Plastic body made of cast resin with mother-of-pearl effect and process for its production |
| CA2034608A1 (en) * | 1990-01-22 | 1991-07-23 | Sol Panush | Laminer graphite containing pigment composition |
| FR2715160A1 (en) * | 1994-01-19 | 1995-07-21 | Montupet Sa | Wheel or body element or metal accessory, for a motor vehicle, coated with an iridescent metallic paint and method of manufacture. |
-
1995
- 1995-09-25 FR FR9511216A patent/FR2739040B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1996
- 1996-09-23 EP EP19960402008 patent/EP0764474B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-09-23 ES ES96402008T patent/ES2174040T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-09-23 DE DE1996620840 patent/DE69620840T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE69620840D1 (en) | 2002-05-29 |
| DE69620840T2 (en) | 2002-11-07 |
| ES2174040T3 (en) | 2002-11-01 |
| FR2739040A1 (en) | 1997-03-28 |
| EP0764474A1 (en) | 1997-03-26 |
| FR2739040B1 (en) | 1997-12-19 |
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