EP0762054B1 - Conduit pour fluide-porteur et un manchon pour destiné à être placé autour dudit élément - Google Patents

Conduit pour fluide-porteur et un manchon pour destiné à être placé autour dudit élément Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0762054B1
EP0762054B1 EP96202391A EP96202391A EP0762054B1 EP 0762054 B1 EP0762054 B1 EP 0762054B1 EP 96202391 A EP96202391 A EP 96202391A EP 96202391 A EP96202391 A EP 96202391A EP 0762054 B1 EP0762054 B1 EP 0762054B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
duct element
duct
fluid carrying
fluid
flange
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP96202391A
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German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0762054A1 (fr
Inventor
Ietse Jan Pestoor
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Muelink and Grol BV
Original Assignee
Muelink and Grol BV
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Muelink and Grol BV filed Critical Muelink and Grol BV
Publication of EP0762054A1 publication Critical patent/EP0762054A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0762054B1 publication Critical patent/EP0762054B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23J—REMOVAL OR TREATMENT OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OR COMBUSTION RESIDUES; FLUES 
    • F23J13/00—Fittings for chimneys or flues 
    • F23J13/02—Linings; Jackets; Casings
    • F23J13/025—Linings; Jackets; Casings composed of concentric elements, e.g. double walled
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23L—SUPPLYING AIR OR NON-COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS OR GASES TO COMBUSTION APPARATUS IN GENERAL ; VALVES OR DAMPERS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR CONTROLLING AIR SUPPLY OR DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; INDUCING DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; TOPS FOR CHIMNEYS OR VENTILATING SHAFTS; TERMINALS FOR FLUES
    • F23L17/00—Inducing draught; Tops for chimneys or ventilating shafts; Terminals for flues
    • F23L17/02—Tops for chimneys or ventilating shafts; Terminals for flues
    • F23L17/04—Balanced-flue arrangements, i.e. devices which combine air inlet to combustion unit with smoke outlet
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23J—REMOVAL OR TREATMENT OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OR COMBUSTION RESIDUES; FLUES 
    • F23J2211/00—Flue gas duct systems
    • F23J2211/10—Balanced flues (combining air supply and flue gas exhaust)
    • F23J2211/101—Balanced flues (combining air supply and flue gas exhaust) with coaxial duct arrangement

Definitions

  • the invention relates to conducting a fluid flow along the outside of a fluid-carrying duct element, for example the combustion air supply of a flue gas discharge of a combustion chamber.
  • the invention relates to flues projecting beyond a building, which flues may be directed vertically, horizontally or at any angle in between.
  • flues projecting beyond a building, which flues may be directed vertically, horizontally or at any angle in between.
  • a specific example of such flues are the combustion air supply pipes and flue gas discharge pipes which, with a space in between, run essentially concentrically and whose orifices opening into the environment (the air intake orifice and the combustion gas discharge orifice, respectively) open into the environment at a considerable distance from one another.
  • a fluid carrying duct element according to the preamble of claim 1 is disclosed in EP-A-0.654.638.
  • This publication shows a supply hood arranged over the mouth of the combustion air supply pipe.
  • This hood defines a supply channel to said mouth, which supply channel has a downwardly facing inlet opening.
  • On the outside of the supply pipe there are provided two head up rings, one of which is arranged at a distance below the inlet opening of the hood.
  • Inside the hood there is provided a number of radial plate-like spacers distributed in circumferential direction. These spacers carry the hood, and will probably have a guiding effect on air supply to the supply pipe via the hood.
  • FR-A-2.546.612 discloses a fluid-carrying duct element carrying a supply hood arranged over the mouth of the combustion air supply pipe which hood defines a supply channel to said mouth.
  • the inlet opening of the supply channel is defined between the underside of the hood and a flange slanting in downward direction from the mouth of the combustion air supply pipe.
  • In the hood are arranged vertical partitions, extending from inside the hood up to the slanting flange.
  • the object of the invention is to improve the control of a fluid flow along the outside of the duct element, in particular with an eye to improved control of the flow conditions within the duct element, such as the uniformity of the fluid flow velocity or the level of the fluid pressure.
  • the present invention presents a fluid-carrying duct element in accordance with the combination of measures summarized in the appended Claim 1 as well as a sleeve section according to claim 13 or 16. Due to the cooperation of the delimiting members and the resistance elements, the fluid flow at the outside of the duct element encounters a flow resistance so that it can be directed into a direction suitable for the intended effect. It will be obvious to those skilled in the art how the delimiting members and the resistance elements have to be designed in order to achieve a flow resistance in the direction essentially parallel to the fluid-carrying duct element and essentially in the circumferential direction of said fluid-carrying duct element, respectively.
  • the delimiting member is designed, to that end, as a projecting circumferential flange, whereas the resistance elements are protrusions designed to be spaced from one another around the circumference of the duct element, a principal plane of said protrusions forming an angle with the direction transverse to the longitudinal direction of the duct element.
  • the delimiting members and resistance elements are used in conjunction with a shell section having an end baffle being arranged loosely around the duct element and around the mouth for connection to the inside of the duct element, so that the shell section with end baffle, preferably positioned essentially concentrically around the duct element, forms a preferably annular feeder duct towards said mouth (i.e. the inflow mouth of the duct element), and which opens in the direction of, and at a distance from, the resistance elements.
  • a shell section with end baffle is, in the context of flues, sometimes referred to as ventilation bowl, which in that context cooperates with the duct for supplying combustion air to a furnace.
  • the resistance elements and delimiting members, at least one of the delimiting members are designed as components which are separate from the fluid-carrying duct element, so that they can be kept in stock as separate components and it is also possible for their position with respect to the mouth for inward connection in the duct element to be adjustable.
  • a cowl is positioned around and over the mouth of the duct element so as to form a feeder duct towards said mouth, the inlet of the feeder duct being delimited by the cowl and the duct element and opening towards the delimiting member which is situated outside the cowl, preferably at a distance from the inlet, and the resistance elements being positioned around the duct element, outside the cowl, at that side of the delimiting member which faces the inlet, and at a distance from the inlet.
  • Figure 1 shows a flue 1 according to the invention.
  • This comprises two tubes 2, 3, fitted concentrically inside one another and at a distance from one another.
  • the inner tube 2 is designed to be connected to the flue gas discharge of an otherwise essentially closed combustion chamber, for example of a hot-water supply or a central heating facility for domestic application, said combustion chamber optionally being situated inside a building.
  • the tube 3 is suitable for connection to the combustion air supply of such a furnace.
  • the lower end, in the drawing, of the tube 3 may be connected in a conventional manner, via a branchpipe part of known design, to the air supply orifice of said furnace.
  • the flue 1 is provided with a circumferential recess, running all the way round, in a pipe 3 section thickened for insulation purposes, to achieve an essentially airtight penetration through the roof 5 of a building.
  • the tube 3 ends within a ventilation cowl 6 (sometimes referred to as ventilation bowl), whereas the tube 2 continues past said ventilation cowl 6, so that the respective mouths of the tubes 2 and 3 open into the environment, outside the building, at a distance from one another, seen in the longitudinal direction of the flue 1.
  • the ventilation bowl 6 comprises a loosely fitting shell 7 which surrounds the tube 3 at a distance and essentially concentrically and, at its end facing away from the mouth 9 of the tube 3, carries an end baffle 8 via which the ventilation bowl 6 is fastened to the tube 2.
  • the cowl 6 forms a feeder duct towards the (inflow) mouth 9 of the tube 3.
  • the latter's inlet 20 situated on the underside of the cowl 6 is delimited by the cowl 6 and the tube 3.
  • the shell section 7 is of conical shape. Other suitable shapes are also conceivable, however.
  • the end baffle 8 can further be formed by a continuation of the preferably conical design of the shell section or may exhibit a different shape, tapering towards the tube 2.
  • the shell section 7 and/or the end baffle 8 may carry further ventilation facilities such as orifices, so that a gas flow from the environment towards the mouth 9 (said mouth 9 forming the inflow mouth of the so-called duct element, in this case the tube 3) is not exclusively restricted to the area at the end of the shell section 7, facing away from the end baffle 8.
  • That end 10 of the tube 2 which opens into the environment carries a cowl 11, provided with a condensate drain, a leakage ring 12 and a condensate collecting bowl 13 by means of which condensate is passed back into the tube 2.
  • the design of the end 10 is not essential for the invention; other designs are likewise conceivable.
  • a flange 15 which projects essentially radially from the tube 3 and, at the side of said flange which faces the mouth 9 of the tube 3, a series of lips 16 which have spaces in between and which project in a ring-shaped pattern from the circumference of the tube 3.
  • the principal surface of the lips 16 is directed essentially perpendicularly to the principal surface of the flange 15. Other angles between the principal surfaces of the lips 16 and the flange 15 are, however, likewise conceivable.
  • the flange 15 and the lips 16 should be designed to achieve a flow resistance in the longitudinal direction and the circumferential direction, respectively, of the tube 3.
  • the lips 16 are punched from a ring 17 which is designed, integrally with the flange 15, as a separate component 14.
  • the shape of the lips may also take any other conceivable form, such as rounded or, for example, tapering to a point.
  • the principal surfaces of the lips 16 and the flange 15 may be planar, but may also, for example, be corrugated, fluted or nonplanar in some other way, for example so as to exert an additional flow resistance on the fluid flow.
  • the features 14 may be made of any suitable material such as metal or plastic.
  • the elements 14 have a beneficial effect on the flow behaviour along the outside of the tube 3.
  • the ventilation bowl 6, especially its baffle 8, forms also a delimiting member, so that there are two delimiting members with the resistance elements and the mouth in between them.
  • FIG. 3 shows a variation on the elements 14 giving rise to a flow resistance.
  • the lips 16 have now been replaced by dish elements which have arisen from a pleated collar which is fitted around the tube 13.
  • Both the flange 15 and the baffle elements or lips 16 may be provided with, for example, further profiling or alternatively orifices for further control of the fluid flow.
  • orifices in the flange 15 and/or the baffle elements 16 it is possible to allow a portion of a fluid flow to pass said elements 15 and/or 16.
  • the invention is based on the insight that by means of the cooperation of elements, which cause a flow resistance or an obstacle to a flow in the longitudinal direction of the duct element respectively in the circumferential direction, the fluid flow outside the duct element can be controlled in the direction to the mouth.
  • This is advantageous, in particular, in the case of, for example, flues which are subject to varying wind directions, so that the prevailing wind direction and wind speed has a verifiable effect on, for example the behaviour of the fluid flow and, for example, the pressure within the duct element.
  • the abovementioned effect can be achieved very simply by positioning, below the air inlet cowl at some distance from its inflow orifice situated underneath, a ring which fits around the duct element, extends transversely to the duct element and, at its top side facing the inflow orifice, is provided with baffles which essentially extend vertically.
  • the invention therefore also relates to an annular disc for fitting on/around a duct element, the annular disc at one of its sides being provided with baffles which essentially extend transversely with respect to the disc.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Pipe Accessories (AREA)
  • Measurement And Recording Of Electrical Phenomena And Electrical Characteristics Of The Living Body (AREA)
  • Liquid Developers In Electrophotography (AREA)
  • Professional, Industrial, Or Sporting Protective Garments (AREA)
  • Ventilation (AREA)
  • Rigid Pipes And Flexible Pipes (AREA)

Claims (17)

  1. Elément (3) de conduit de transport de fluide, comprenant
    à une embouchure extérieure (9), une cloche de ventilation (6) qui est disposée à jeu et concentriquement autour de l'élément (3) de conduit et par dessus l'embouchure (9) de l'élément (3) de conduit de façon à former un conduit d'alimentation vers ladite embouchure (9) de l'élément (3) de conduit, ledit conduit d'alimentation ayant une entrée (20) débouchant vers le bas;
    un ou plusieurs éléments de résistance (6) servant à créer une résistance à l'écoulement ou un obstacle contrariant l'écoulement dans une direction circonférentielle autour de l'élément (3) de conduit, transversalement à la direction longitudinale de l'élément (3) de conduit, lesdits éléments de résistance étant disposés à l'extérieur de l'élément (3) de conduit, espacés les uns des autres sur le pourtour de l'élément de conduit; et
    à l'extérieur de l'élément (3) de conduit, au moins une pièce de délimitation (15) servant à créer une résistance à l'écoulement ou un obstacle à l'écoulement dans la direction longitudinale de l'élément (3) de conduit, ladite pièce de délimitation étant disposée à l'extérieur de la cloche de ventilation (6), à une certaine distance de l'entrée (20) du conduit d'alimentation débouchant vers le bas;
    caractérisé en ce que les éléments de résistance (16) sont placés sur le côté de la pièce de délimitation (15) qui fait face à l'entrée (20) débouchant vers le bas, à l'extérieur de la cloche de ventilation (6) et du conduit d'alimentation, et à une certaine distance de l'entrée (20) débouchant vers le bas, de façon que les éléments de résistance (16) et la pièce de délimitation (15) puissent coopérer pour diriger l'écoulement du fluide sur la face extérieure de l'élément (3) de conduit dans la direction de l'entrée (20) débouchant vers le bas.
  2. Elément de conduit de transport de fluide selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que les éléments de résistance comportent des saillies (16) telles que des lèvres qui dépassent du pourtour de l'élément (3) de conduit et qui ont des plans principaux formant un angle par rapport à un plan transversal perpendiculaire à la direction longitudinale de l'élément (3) de conduit.
  3. Elément de conduit de transport de fluide selon la revendication 2, caractérisé en ce que les axes verticaux des plans principaux des saillies (16) sont orientés sensiblement parallèlement à la direction longitudinale de l'élément (3) de conduit.
  4. Elément de conduit de transport de fluide selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que la pièce de délimitation au moins unique comporte une collerette (15), discontinue ou continue, qui fait sensiblement le tour de l'élément de conduit de transport de fluide et dépasse de son pourtour, de préférence d'une manière sensiblement radiale.
  5. Elément de conduit de transport de fluide selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que la pièce de délimitation comporte une collerette (15), qui fait sensiblement le tour de l'élément de conduit de transport de fluide et qui fait corps avec une bague (17) contiguë au contour intérieur de la collerette, et en ce que les éléments de résistance comportent des lèvres découpées dans la bague et recourbées vers l'extérieur.
  6. Elément de conduit de transport de fluide selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisé en ce que l'élément de résistance comporte un collier plissé, qui est installé autour de l'élément de conduit et possède une pluralité d'éléments déflecteurs (16) créant une résistance à l'écoulement dans la direction circonférentielle.
  7. Elément de conduit de transport de fluide selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que les éléments de résistance (16) coopèrent avec la cloche de ventilation pour réguler l'écoulement de fluide.
  8. Elément de conduit de transport de fluide selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que le conduit d'alimentation est annulaire.
  9. Elément de conduit de transport de fluide selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que l'élément de conduit de transport de fluide est un conduit d'alimentation en air de combustion pour une chambre de combustion qui, par ailleurs, est de préférence sensiblement fermée.
  10. Elément de conduit de transport de fluide selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que l'élément de conduit est l'un des deux éléments de conduit s'entourant l'un l'autre d'une manière sensiblement concentrique avec un espace entre eux; le premier, de préférence celui situé à l'extérieur, formant un moyen d'alimentation en air de combustion pour une chambre de combustion qui, par ailleurs, est de préférence sensiblement fermée, et l'autre formant un moyen de refoulement de gaz de combustion de la chambre de combustion.
  11. Elément de conduit de transport de fluide selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce qu'une des pièces de délimitation et l'élément de résistance adjacent coopérant avec celle-ci constituent un organe séparé, qui est séparé de l'élément de conduit, et dans lequel la pièce de délimitation et l'élément de résistance adjacent font de préférence partie d'un tronçon de manchon séparé (14) qui entoure l'élément de conduit.
  12. Elément de conduit de transport de fluide selon la revendication 11, caractérisé en ce que l'organe séparé (14) est un tronçon de manchon séparé entourant l'élément (3) de conduit, le tronçon de manchon comprenant:
    une bague (17) dont le profil intérieur correspond sensiblement au pourtour extérieur de l'élément (3) de conduit de transport de fluide,
    une collerette (15), continue ou discontinue, définissant la pièce de délimitation, et faisant sensiblement le tour de la bague (17) dans la direction circonférentielle,
    des saillies (16) définissant les éléments de résistance, lesquelles saillies ont la forme de lèvres ou une autre forme,
    sachant que la collerette (15) et les saillies (16) dépassent toutes du pourtour de la bague (17), et sachant que les plans principaux des saillies (16) forment des angles avec le plan dans lequel est située la collerette (15).
  13. Elément de conduit de transport de fluide selon la revendication 11 ou 12, caractérisé en ce que la position de ladite pièce de délimitation et dudit élément de résistance adjacent est réglable par rapport à l'embouchure (9).
  14. Tronçon de manchon (14) susceptible d'être placé autour d'un élément (3) de conduit de transport de fluide, à une certaine distance de l'entrée (20) d'une cloche de ventilation (6) débouchant vers le bas, disposé de manière concentrique autour de l'élément (3) de conduit et par dessus une embouchure (9) de l'élément (3) de conduit de façon à former un conduit d'alimentation vers ladite embouchure (9) de l'élément de conduit, le tronçon de manchon (14) étant caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend:
    une bague (17) dont le profil intérieur correspond sensiblement au pourtour extérieur de l'élément (3) de conduit de transport de fluide,
    une collerette (15), continue ou discontinue, faisant sensiblement le tour de la bague (17) dans la direction circonférentielle pour créer une résistance à l'écoulement ou un obstacle à l'écoulement dans la direction longitudinale de l'élément de conduit,
    des saillies (16) servant à créer une résistance à l'écoulement ou un obstacle à l'écoulement dans la direction circonférentielle autour de l'élément (3) de conduit, transversalement à la direction longitudinal de l'élément (3) de conduit
    sachant que les saillies ont la forme de lèvres ou ont une autre forme et ont des plans principaux formant un angle avec le plan dans lequel est située la collerette, et sachant que la collerette (15) et les saillies (16) dépassent toutes du pourtour de la bague (17), de façon que les saillies (16) et la collerette (15) puissent coopérer pour diriger l'écoulement du fluide sur la face extérieure de l'élément (3) de conduit dans la direction de l'entrée (20) de la cloche.
  15. Tronçon de manchon selon la revendication 14, caractérisé en ce que le plan principal des saillies (16) est perpendiculaire au plan de la collerette.
  16. Tronçon de manchon selon la revendication 14 ou 15, caractérisé en ce que les saillies (16) sont des lèvres découpées dans la bague (17) et recourbées vers l'extérieur.
  17. Tronçon de manchon susceptible d'être placé autour d'un élément de conduit de transport de fluide à une certaine distance de l'entrée (20) d'une cloche de ventilation (6) débouchant vers le bas, disposé de manière concentrique autour de l'élément (3) de conduit et par dessus une embouchure (9) de l'élément (3) de conduit, de façon à former un conduit d'alimentation vers ladite embouchure (9) de l'élément (3) de conduit, caractérisé en ce que le tronçon de manchon comprend un collier plissé autour d'un profilé intérieur, de telle sorte que les plis forment une pluralité d'éléments déflecteurs servant à créer une résistance à l'écoulement ou un obstacle à l'écoulement dans une direction circonférentielle autour de l'élément (3) de conduit transversalement à la direction longitudinale de l'élément (3) de conduit, le profil intérieur du collier correspondant sensiblement au pourtour extérieur de l'élément de conduit de transport de fluide, et en ce que le tronçon de manchon est pourvu d'un disque annulaire (15) faisant transversalement saillie depuis le profil intérieur jusqu'au pourtour extérieur du collier pour créer une résistance à l'écoulement ou un obstacle à l'écoulement dans la direction longitudinale de l'élément de conduit, les éléments déflecteurs et le disque pouvant coopérer pour diriger l'écoulement de fluide sur la face extérieure de l'élément (3) de conduit dans la direction de l'entrée (20) de la cloche (6).
EP96202391A 1995-08-28 1996-08-28 Conduit pour fluide-porteur et un manchon pour destiné à être placé autour dudit élément Expired - Lifetime EP0762054B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NL1001077A NL1001077C2 (nl) 1995-08-28 1995-08-28 Van weerstandsorganen voorzien fluïdumvoerend kanaalelement alsmede van weerstandsorganen voorzien hulsdeel voor aanbrenging op een dergelijk kanaalelement.
NL1001077 1995-08-28

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0762054A1 EP0762054A1 (fr) 1997-03-12
EP0762054B1 true EP0762054B1 (fr) 1999-05-06

Family

ID=19761503

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP96202391A Expired - Lifetime EP0762054B1 (fr) 1995-08-28 1996-08-28 Conduit pour fluide-porteur et un manchon pour destiné à être placé autour dudit élément

Country Status (4)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0762054B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE179791T1 (fr)
DE (1) DE69602326T2 (fr)
NL (1) NL1001077C2 (fr)

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20140209087A1 (en) * 2013-01-25 2014-07-31 M&G DuraVent, Inc. Dual category venting system
CN105863181B (zh) * 2016-04-07 2018-07-17 中国十七冶集团有限公司 一种屋面构造层新型结构排汽道

Family Cites Families (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2546612B3 (fr) * 1983-05-24 1986-06-20 Zaniewski Michel Ensemble de dispositifs facilitant la construction des cheminees d'appartement et ameliorant leurs performances
NL8700395A (nl) * 1987-02-17 1988-09-16 Cox Geelen Bv Schoorsteenkap.
NL9002786A (nl) * 1990-12-17 1992-07-16 Burgerhout Bv Gecombineerde branderluchttoevoer en -verbrandingsgasafvoer.
NL9301246A (nl) * 1993-07-15 1995-02-01 Muelink & Grol Bv Gecombineerde branderluchttoevoer en verbrandingsgasafvoer.
NL9302032A (nl) * 1993-11-24 1995-06-16 Ubbink Nederland Bv Uitmondingsconstructie voor gesloten gastoestellen.

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0762054A1 (fr) 1997-03-12
DE69602326T2 (de) 1999-12-30
DE69602326D1 (de) 1999-06-10
ATE179791T1 (de) 1999-05-15
NL1001077C2 (nl) 1997-03-03

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