EP0754255A1 - Procede pour la fabrication d'une nappe textile non tissee par jets d'eau sous pression, et installation pour la mise en oeuvre de ce procede - Google Patents
Procede pour la fabrication d'une nappe textile non tissee par jets d'eau sous pression, et installation pour la mise en oeuvre de ce procedeInfo
- Publication number
- EP0754255A1 EP0754255A1 EP95943283A EP95943283A EP0754255A1 EP 0754255 A1 EP0754255 A1 EP 0754255A1 EP 95943283 A EP95943283 A EP 95943283A EP 95943283 A EP95943283 A EP 95943283A EP 0754255 A1 EP0754255 A1 EP 0754255A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- porous support
- water
- drum
- compressed
- ramp
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 62
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 20
- 239000004745 nonwoven fabric Substances 0.000 title 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000004753 textile Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000009736 wetting Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 6
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009960 carding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008520 organization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- -1 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000000750 progressive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010008 shearing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012209 synthetic fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002994 synthetic fiber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H18/00—Needling machines
- D04H18/04—Needling machines with water jets
Definitions
- the invention relates to an improved process for the manufacture of a light, non-woven textile sheet, by the technique known under the name of "water jets" under pressure; the invention also relates to an installation for implementing this method.
- this hydraulic interlacing technique consists first of all in making a base ply formed of elementary, natural, synthetic fibers, or formed of a mixture of these fibers, in particular with carding or lapping to obtain a highly aerated ply. several centimeters, even ten centimeters thick, and weighing only a few tens of grams per square meter, for example one hundred grams per 80 mm thick.
- the elementary fibers of this sheet are then entangled by means of a ramp of contiguous jets of water under high pressure (50 to 200 bars) to bring the aerated base sheet to a thickness of the order of one to several millimeters.
- the invention overcomes these drawbacks.
- this process is characterized in that, continuously:
- the base web is positively advanced on an endless porous support
- This base ply is brought to the moving porous support in the vicinity of a perforated rotary cylindrical drum, inside which a partial vacuum is applied;
- the base ply is mechanically compressed between the porous support and the rotary drum which both advance at substantially the same speed; - Then, when the base ply is compressed, a curtain of water is directed over it successively passing through the porous support, the compressed ply, the perforated drum, so as to suck up the excess water by partial vacuum;
- the elementary fibers are intermingled by directing the ramp of high pressure water jets on the wet compressed sheet obtained.
- the invention consists, continuously, first of all in positively advancing the base ply on an endless porous support, then in compressing the ply when it is in place on this porous support by a perforated drum advancing at the same speed as the porous support, and finally wetting the compressed sheet with a curtain of water under slight pressure acting through the assembly: porous support, compressed sheet, rotating drum, so that the sheet wet tablet obtained adheres to the periphery of the perforated rotary drum, before undergoing on this drum which rotates the intermingling action of at least one ramp of contiguous jets of water under high pressure.
- the dry sheet leaving the card or lapper is compressed between a porous support fabric and a perforated rotary cylindrical drum, then after having been previously wetted, is subjected to tangling by hydraulic means in the compressed state. wet, on the same drum.
- the vacuum inside the perforated rotary drum is between one hundred and one thousand millimeters of water column; indeed, it has been observed that if this partial vacuum is less than 100 mm of water, the sheet is too wet to be effectively tangled; Similarly, if it is a partial vacuum greater than 1000 mm of water, no proportional improvement is observed and energy is spent unnecessarily.
- the endless porous support in motion, supporting the aerated base ply is supported on a sector of the rotary drum to compress the ply just before wetting. It follows a slight entanglement of the elementary fibers, favorable for giving a handling cohesion to the compressed tablecloth wetted before the action of the jets of water under high pressure, which cause the main entanglement.
- the invention also relates to an installation for implementing this method. This installation is characterized in that it includes:
- an endless porous support conveyor intended to receive an aerated fibrous sheet of base formed of elementary fibers
- perforated rotary cylindrical drum comprising drive means, in synchronism with the speed of advance of the porous support, arranged tangentially by one of its generatrices to the porous support;
- At least a second ramp of high pressure water jets disposed in the vicinity of the rotary drum, opposite a second slot disposed on a generator of the fixed drum, for intermingling the elementary fibers;
- the endless porous support is a canvas made of synthetic monofilament, in particular polyester, having a porosity of between 30 and 60%, that is to say a ratio between the solid surfaces and the empty surfaces of between 30 and 60%, preferably close to 50%. It is therefore important that the support is strongly perforated to let the dampening water pass under slight pressure and allow the curtain of water not only to wet the compressed sheet, but to carry out a first light intermingling, favorable for the immediate continuation of the process.
- the first ramp of water jets intended to form the continuous curtain of water under slight pressure, is arranged opposite the porous support fabric at a distance of between 10 and 100 mm from said porous support.
- the pressure of the water from these jets is between 3 and 15 bars, preferably around 5 to 8 bars. Below 3 bars, the curtain disperses too quickly, and beyond 15 bars, the additional cost is no longer justified. It is important that the curtain of water coming from this first ramp perpendicularly hits the moving base sheet which advances and compresses, so as to wet it under optimal conditions.
- the perforated rotary drum intended to come into contact with the moving fabric is advantageously covered with a fabric made of steel or plastic monofilaments, having a porosity of between 10 and 20%, so as to allow the evacuation of the while remaining compatible with the tangle of hydraulic entanglement.
- the rotary drum has a diameter of between 300 and 1000 mm, so as not to unnecessarily increase the investment cost.
- the perforated rotary cylindrical drum surrounds a second hollow fixed coaxial cylindrical drum, connected to a source of partial vacuum to form a suction box.
- This fixed hollow drum has a vacuum of one hundred to a thousand millimeters of water column, so as to properly evacuate the water not retained by the sheet, coming either from the pre-wetting ramp or from the entangling injectors.
- the first slot arranged on the generator of the fixed internal drum facing the water ramp, has a width of between 10 and 20 mm, in order to recover all the excess water coming from the ramp and not retained by the water table. compressed.
- This mooring ramp is formed of contiguous conventional injectors arranged at predetermined distances to ensure the formation of a continuous and thin curtain.
- the aerated base sheet is held positively and that the dampening water curtain exerts its action orthogonally on a compressed sheet and through a porous support, and that the pre-wetting water completely crosses the sheet not only to cause a first slight tangling, but above all to be eliminated entirely by the partial vacuum of the suction box, it follows that not only are surface defects due to the action of the first low pressure jets eliminated, but also it facilitates the transfer of the web from the porous supply support to the periphery of the perforated rotary drum, before the action of the jets of intermingling water under high pressure.
- the compression carried out between two porous surfaces minimises the elimination of air from the aerated base sheet without disturbing the organization of the elementary fibers. Furthermore, the slight partial vacuum of the fixed drum forming a suction box ensures good retention of the wet sheet against the periphery of the rotary drum and thereby ensures the transfer to the jets of water under high entanglement pressure.
- the compressed wet sheet which advances on the rotary drum is then tangled in a conventional manner by one or more parallel ramps of jets of water under high pressure, alternated or not, according to the desired results.
- Each ramp arranged in the vicinity of the rotary drum is parallel to the pre-wetting ramp and is also arranged opposite a slot provided for this purpose on a generator of the fixed drum forming a suction box.
- the single attached figure is a schematic representation of an installation according to the invention.
- the installation according to the invention comprises an endless porous conveyor (1), formed by a canvas of polyester monofilaments having a porosity close to 50%, that is to say having a ratio between the solid surfaces and the empty surfaces close to half.
- This endless fabric (1) is driven in movement by a driving roller (2), actuated for example by an asynchro motor, and passes over guide rollers (3,4,5) for return.
- the tensioning of the fabric (1) is carried out by a tension cylinder not shown.
- a base ply referenced (10) from a card or a conventional tabler not shown is deposited.
- This tablecloth (10) which advances in the direction indicated by the arrow (FI), for example made of polyester fibers 60 mm in length, has at this stage an average thickness of eight centimeters, for an average weight of one hundred grams at square meter.
- the installation comprises a perforated rotary cylindrical drum (20) disposed in the immediate vicinity and in contact with the fabric (1) on the descending portion, disposed between the driving roller (2) and the guide roller (3).
- This perforated rotary drum (20) is rotated by an asynchronous motor not shown, at the same linear peripheral speed as the speed of movement of the fabric (1).
- This rotary drum (20) is covered with a steel monofilament fabric which has a porosity of 15%.
- the perforated rotary drum (20) is in contact with the fabric (1) which runs over a portion of an arc of a circle.
- this rotary perforated cylindrical drum (20) has inside a second fixed hollow coaxial cylindrical drum (25) connected to a vacuum source not shown, so as to form a suction box.
- the installation comprises a first ramp (30) of water jets, arranged to the left of the fabric (1) relative to the area (A), so as to form a curtain d 'water
- the fixed hollow drum (25) forming a suction box present in alignment with the water curtain
- a window (32) fifteen millimeters in width disposed over the entire generator of the cylinder (25), so as to suck the excess water from the water curtain (31).
- the sheet (10) which advances on the porous support (1) is progressively compressed by pinching between the porous support (1) and the rotary perforated drum (20), which both advance at the same linear speed, then is wetted by the curtain of water (31) and the excess water not retained by the compressed base ply, is sucked into the central box (25).
- the obtained wet compressed web (40) is held on the periphery of the perforated rotary roller (20) due to the vacuum in (25).
- This ply (40) which advances in the direction of arrow F2 is then subjected to the action of three injector ramps, respectively (41,42,43), directing on this ply (40) a plurality of jets of contiguous water at a pressure of 100 bars.
- the hollow fixed central cylinder (25) has slots (45,46,47) similar to (32) and also arranged on generators, for suctioning and remove the intermingling water.
- the tangled spunlace sheet obtained (50) is detached from the rotary cylinder (20) by passing over a detour roller (51), then from there is conveyed at (52) to the rest of the usual interlacing installation.
- a spunlace sheet (50) of polyester fibers having a density of 0.14 g / cm 3 is thus obtained.
- the method and the installation according to the invention make it possible to successfully treat hydrophobic fibers or mixtures of these fibers with other hydrophilic fibers or even sheets entirely of natural fibers.
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE29521570U DE29521570U1 (de) | 1995-02-03 | 1995-12-27 | Vorrichtung zum Herstellen eines nicht-gewebten textilen Tuches mittels Druckwasserstrahlen |
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR9501473 | 1995-02-03 | ||
FR9501473A FR2730246B1 (fr) | 1995-02-03 | 1995-02-03 | Procede pour la fabrication d'une nappe textile non tissee par jets d'eau sous pression, et installation pour la mise en oeuvre de ce procede |
PCT/FR1995/001741 WO1996023921A1 (fr) | 1995-02-03 | 1995-12-27 | Procede pour la fabrication d'une nappe textile non tissee par jets d'eau sous pression, et installation pour la mise en oeuvre de ce procede |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0754255A1 true EP0754255A1 (fr) | 1997-01-22 |
EP0754255B1 EP0754255B1 (fr) | 1997-10-01 |
Family
ID=9475965
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP95943283A Expired - Lifetime EP0754255B1 (fr) | 1995-02-03 | 1995-12-27 | Procede pour la fabrication d'une nappe textile non tissee par jets d'eau sous pression, et installation pour la mise en oeuvre de ce procede |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5718022A (fr) |
EP (1) | EP0754255B1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JPH09511288A (fr) |
AT (1) | ATE158826T1 (fr) |
DE (2) | DE69500811T2 (fr) |
ES (1) | ES2109106T3 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2730246B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO1996023921A1 (fr) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US7631406B2 (en) | 2004-06-23 | 2009-12-15 | Fleissner Gmbh | Device for hydrodynamic intertwining of fibers in a fiber web |
Families Citing this family (32)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0859076B1 (fr) * | 1997-02-12 | 2002-08-28 | Fleissner GmbH & Co. Maschinenfabrik | Dispositif d'hydro-enchevêtrement de fibres d'une nappe fibreuse |
FR2781818B1 (fr) | 1998-07-31 | 2000-09-01 | Icbt Perfojet Sa | Procede pour la realisation d'un materiau non-tisse complexe et nouveau type de materiau ainsi obtenu |
CA2341714C (fr) * | 1999-06-25 | 2008-12-23 | Milliken & Company | Tissu laine et procede |
FR2799214B1 (fr) * | 1999-10-05 | 2001-11-16 | Icbt Perfojet Sa | Procede pour la realisation de nappes non tissees dont la cohesion est obtenue par l'action de jets de fluide |
DE10006763A1 (de) * | 2000-02-15 | 2001-08-16 | Fleissner Gerold | Vorrichtung zum hydrodynamischen Beaufschlagen der Fasern einer Faserbahn mit einem Fluid |
DE10018920A1 (de) * | 2000-04-17 | 2001-10-18 | Fleissner Gerold | Absaugeinrichtung an einer Textilmaschine wie insbesondere Wasservernadelungseinrichtung |
SE516427C2 (sv) * | 2000-05-08 | 2002-01-15 | Sca Hygiene Prod Ab | Förfarande och anordning för framställning av nonwovenmaterial samt användning av ett nät vid förfarandet |
MXPA03003966A (es) * | 2000-11-08 | 2003-10-15 | Milliken & Co | Afelpamiento hidraulico de telas de tejidos de grandes dibujos. |
US6668435B2 (en) | 2001-01-09 | 2003-12-30 | Milliken & Company | Loop pile fabrics and methods for making same |
FR2821866B1 (fr) * | 2001-03-06 | 2003-05-16 | Rieter Perfojet | Dispositif et procede de compactage d'une nappe de fibres a reglage de la pression applique a la nappe |
US20070154678A1 (en) * | 2002-07-15 | 2007-07-05 | Emery Nathan B | Napped fabric and process |
FR2845697B1 (fr) * | 2002-10-11 | 2005-05-27 | Rieter Perfojet | Procede et machine de production d'un non-tisse a reduction de la vitesse de deplacement de la nappe compactee |
ATE280256T1 (de) * | 2002-12-19 | 2004-11-15 | Reifenhaeuser Masch | Vorrichtung für die ablage und förderung einer vliesbahn aus kunststofffäden |
FR2861750B1 (fr) * | 2003-10-31 | 2006-02-24 | Rieter Perfojet | Machine de production d'un nontisse fini. |
DE102005033070A1 (de) * | 2005-07-15 | 2007-01-25 | Fleissner Gmbh | Vorrichtung zum Verfestigen einer Faserbahn mit Druckwasserstrahlen |
US20070056674A1 (en) * | 2005-09-12 | 2007-03-15 | Sellars Absorbent Materials, Inc. | Method and device for making towel, tissue, and wipers on an air carding or air lay line utilizing hydrogen bonds |
IL177788A (en) * | 2006-08-30 | 2011-03-31 | N R Spuntech Ind Ltd | Cylindrical suction box assembly |
WO2009112008A1 (fr) * | 2008-03-12 | 2009-09-17 | Fleissner Gmbh | Procédé et dispositif pour la présolidification d'un non-tissé |
RU2519879C2 (ru) | 2008-09-11 | 2014-06-20 | Олбани Интернешнл Корп. | Техническая ткань и способ ее изготовления |
CA2751352C (fr) | 2008-09-11 | 2017-01-31 | Albany International Corp. | Bande permeable pour la fabrication de mouchoirs, serviettes ou non-tisses |
US8728280B2 (en) | 2008-12-12 | 2014-05-20 | Albany International Corp. | Industrial fabric including spirally wound material strips with reinforcement |
US8764943B2 (en) | 2008-12-12 | 2014-07-01 | Albany International Corp. | Industrial fabric including spirally wound material strips with reinforcement |
BRPI0923260A2 (pt) | 2008-12-12 | 2016-01-26 | Albany Int Corp | tecido, correia ou manga industrial e respectivo método de formação |
EP2391754B1 (fr) | 2009-01-28 | 2016-04-13 | Albany International Corp. | Support de toile pour la production de nontissé et procédé de fabrication |
EP2847379B2 (fr) | 2012-05-11 | 2022-03-02 | Albany International Corp. | Tissu industriel comportant des bandes de matériau enroulées en spirale avec renfort |
DE102013101431B4 (de) * | 2013-02-13 | 2016-06-23 | TRüTZSCHLER GMBH & CO. KG | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum hydrodynamischen Verfestigen von Vliesen, Geweben und Gewirken |
MA53353A (fr) | 2016-05-16 | 2021-06-09 | Intarcia Therapeutics Inc | Polypeptides sélectifs pour le récepteur du glucagon et méthodes pour leur utilisation |
DE202018107163U1 (de) | 2018-12-14 | 2020-03-13 | Autefa Solutions Germany Gmbh | Strahlsaugkasten |
DE102021107902A1 (de) * | 2021-03-29 | 2022-09-29 | Andritz Küsters Gmbh | Anlage zur Verfestigung mindestens einer nass- oder trockengelegten Faserlage zu einer Vliesbahn, mit einem Förderer, der ein umlaufendes Band mit einem oberen Trum umfasst, auf welches die mindestens eine Faserlage ablegbar und in einer Produktionsrichtung verlagerbar ist |
DE102021111469A1 (de) | 2021-05-04 | 2022-11-10 | Andritz Küsters Gmbh | Anlage und Verfahren zur Herstellung einer fluidstrahlvernadelten Faserstoffbahn aus mindestens einer Faserstoffsuspension |
CN113293520B (zh) * | 2021-06-01 | 2022-05-13 | 山西鑫隆植物纤维科技有限公司 | 一种蜂窝板生产设备及制造工艺 |
CN115058828B (zh) * | 2022-06-17 | 2023-12-29 | 江西美润环保制品有限公司 | 一种湿法水刺无纺布加工装置 |
Family Cites Families (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3214819A (en) * | 1961-01-10 | 1965-11-02 | Method of forming hydrauligally loomed fibrous material | |
US3508308A (en) * | 1962-07-06 | 1970-04-28 | Du Pont | Jet-treatment process for producing nonpatterned and line-entangled nonwoven fabrics |
US3485706A (en) * | 1968-01-18 | 1969-12-23 | Du Pont | Textile-like patterned nonwoven fabrics and their production |
US3917785A (en) * | 1971-01-27 | 1975-11-04 | Johnson & Johnson | Method for producing nonwoven fabric |
US4190695A (en) * | 1978-11-30 | 1980-02-26 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Hydraulically needling fabric of continuous filament textile and staple fibers |
JPH0663165B2 (ja) * | 1985-11-20 | 1994-08-17 | ユニ・チヤ−ム株式会社 | 不織布の製造方法および装置 |
ES2002406A6 (es) * | 1985-09-20 | 1988-08-01 | Uni Charm Corp | Procedimiento para la fabricacion de generos no tejidos dotados de aberturas |
US5136761A (en) * | 1987-04-23 | 1992-08-11 | International Paper Company | Apparatus and method for hydroenhancing fabric |
US5098764A (en) * | 1990-03-12 | 1992-03-24 | Chicopee | Non-woven fabric and method and apparatus for making the same |
US5142752A (en) * | 1990-03-16 | 1992-09-01 | International Paper Company | Method for producing textured nonwoven fabric |
CA2065120C (fr) * | 1992-04-03 | 1997-08-05 | Roger Boulanger | Methode et appareil de conjection de tissu non tisse porteur de marque imprimee |
-
1995
- 1995-02-03 FR FR9501473A patent/FR2730246B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-12-27 DE DE69500811T patent/DE69500811T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-12-27 AT AT95943283T patent/ATE158826T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1995-12-27 US US08/718,376 patent/US5718022A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-12-27 DE DE29521570U patent/DE29521570U1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-12-27 ES ES95943283T patent/ES2109106T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-12-27 EP EP95943283A patent/EP0754255B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-12-27 JP JP8523296A patent/JPH09511288A/ja not_active Ceased
- 1995-12-27 WO PCT/FR1995/001741 patent/WO1996023921A1/fr active IP Right Grant
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO9623921A1 * |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US7631406B2 (en) | 2004-06-23 | 2009-12-15 | Fleissner Gmbh | Device for hydrodynamic intertwining of fibers in a fiber web |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
ATE158826T1 (de) | 1997-10-15 |
DE69500811D1 (de) | 1997-11-06 |
DE29521570U1 (de) | 1997-08-28 |
WO1996023921A1 (fr) | 1996-08-08 |
JPH09511288A (ja) | 1997-11-11 |
EP0754255B1 (fr) | 1997-10-01 |
ES2109106T3 (es) | 1998-01-01 |
FR2730246A1 (fr) | 1996-08-09 |
DE69500811T2 (de) | 1998-01-29 |
FR2730246B1 (fr) | 1997-03-21 |
US5718022A (en) | 1998-02-17 |
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Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
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