Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
  • A61K38/04—Peptides having up to 20 amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
  • A61K38/08—Peptides having 5 to 11 amino acids
  • A61K38/09—Luteinising hormone-releasing hormone [LHRH], i.e. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone [GnRH]; Related peptides
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/13—Amines
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/13—Amines
  • A61K31/135—Amines having aromatic rings, e.g. ketamine, nortriptyline
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
  • A61K31/35—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having six-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
  • A61K31/415—1,2-Diazoles
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
  • A61K31/4164—1,3-Diazoles
  • A61K31/417—Imidazole-alkylamines, e.g. histamine, phentolamine
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
  • A61K31/445—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/55—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having seven-membered rings, e.g. azelastine, pentylenetetrazole
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/56—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids
  • A61K31/565—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids not substituted in position 17 beta by a carbon atom, e.g. estrane, estradiol
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
  • A61P1/06—Anti-spasmodics, e.g. drugs for colics, esophagic dyskinesia

Definitions

• the present invention relates to treating endogenous, painful gastrointestinal conditions, such as abdominal migraine and irritable bowel syndrome, which involve neither inflammation nor ulcers.
• Endogenous in this context denotes a condition that is not attributed to an exogenous casual factor such as a food allergy, a bacterial or viral infection, a parasitic infestation, a drug reaction or trauma. More specifically, the present invention relates to treating a patient suffering from such a condition with a pharmaceutically effective amount of a mast cell degranulation-blocking agent.
• abdominal pain indicates pain associated with the gastrointestinal tract. Functional abdominal pain usually is classified either as dyspepsia not associated with ulcers or as irritable bowel syndrome.
• IBS Irritable bowel syndrome
• spastic colon and “mucous colitis,” is an intestinal motility disorder and ranks among the most common pathological conditions of the intestine.
• IBS is characterized by periodic or chronic bowel symptoms which include abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation, a sense of incomplete evacuation, bloating, and excess gas sensation. This disorder seems to afflict type A (highly driven, perfectionist) personalities predominantly, and is two to five times more prevalent in women (20 times higher in Jewish women) than in men . It affects about 3 percent of the population. Drossman, Hospital Practice 93: 95-108 (1988). Pain and flatulence are the most prominent symptoms in patients suffering from IBS. The pain is usually situated in the left lower quadrant or suprapubically.
• abdominal pain and associated symptoms can occur in the absence of a headache and still be considered a "migraine equivalent,” especially in children. Lundbert, Headache 15: 122-25 (1975). It is appropriate, therefore, to consider the pathophysiology and therapy of the category of endogenous, painful gastrointestinal conditions of non-inflammatory, non-ulcerative origin, including but not limited to abdominal migraine and IBS.
• agents that prevent vasodilation such as the 3-blocker propranolol
• the abdominal pain appears not to be associated with the vasculature, in contrast to the migraine headache.
• none of the drugs used prophylactically or acutely (symptomatically) for the treatment of migraine headaches would be expected to work, since the prophylactic agents prevent vasodilation while the acute agents constrict dilated vessels.
• drugs effective against migraine headaches must cross the blood-brain barrier, while a drug effective against abdominal migraine would be concentrated preferentially in the intestine.
• intracranial mast cells which have been associated with migraine headaches, see Theoharides, Life Sciences 46: 607-17 (1980), and U.S.
• patent No. 5,250,529 differ from gastrointestinal mast cells. For instance, the former but not the latter are inhibited by disodium cromoglycate. Pierce et al . , J. Immunol . 128: 2481-86 (1982); Labracht-Hall et al . , Neuroscience 39: 199-207 (1990).
• a method for treating endogenous, painful gastrointestinal conditions of non-inflammatory, non-ulcerative origin comprises administering to a patient a pharmacologically effective amount of a mast cell-degranulation blocking agent.
• the mast cell- degranulation blocking agent is selected from the group consisting of naturally occurring polyamines, heterocyclichistamine-1 receptor antagonists, histamine- 3 receptor agonists, and agents that counteract the influence of female sex hormones (female sex hormone antagonists or inhibitors, referred to collectively as "anti-female sex hormones") .
• the mast cell-degranulation blocking agent is spermine or spermidine, hydroxyzine or ketotifen, ⁇ , ⁇ - difluoro-N ⁇ -fluoromethyl histamine, tamoxifen or a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (leutinizing hormone releasing hormone) analogue.
• the mast cell-degranulation blocking agent is N ⁇ -dimethyl histamine, R ⁇ -methyl histamine, ⁇ , ⁇ - dimethyl-N ⁇ (dimethyl) histamine, histamine, ⁇ -methyl,j8-fluoro-N ⁇ (fluoromethyl) histamine.
• clomiphene, mifepristone, tamoxifen, and a GnRH analogue such as LUPRON.
• Mast cells are normal components of the connective and mucosal tissues and play an important role in allergy. These cells are mostly localized in the gastrointestinal mucosa, skin and lung. Mast cells are so located, it is believed, because these tissues are the main entry points for infective organisms and allergens, the chemicals that trigger the body's immune response.
• mast cells in the mucosa of the small intestine differ from mast cells in other tissues, especially connective tissues as well as brain. These mucosal mast cells also have been shown to be in close proximity to nerve endings. See Stead et al . , J. Gastroenterol. 97: 575-85 (1989).
• Every mast cell contains up to 500 secretory granules, each storing more than 20 potent biological compounds.
• Mast cells secrete the contents of these granules, i.e., degranulate, when triggered by various specific and non-specific mechanisms. Accordingly, "degranulation" is used in this description to denote the release of any or all mediators from any or all mast cell secretory granules, whether in parallel, differentially or selectively.
• the degranulation of mast cells in response to various agents is usually a biological consequence of the activation of one or more receptors located on the surface of the mast cell. The best known of these are the immunoglobulin E (IgE) receptors involved in allergic reactions, to date the most fully characterized pathological processes that involve mast cells.
• IgE immunoglobulin E
• IgE binds strongly to mast cells through its Fc receptor.
• Fc receptor Fc receptor
• neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine and neuropeptides such as substance P, all being molecules that are released from neurons in the central (brain) and peripheral (gastrointestinal) nervous systems, may augment or trigger mast cell degranulation primarily through specific receptors, for example, in response to stress.
• direct nerve stimulation causes mast cell activation and release of relevant chemical agents. See, for instance, Dimitriadou et al . , Neuroscience 44: 97-112 (1991); Theoharides, .Life Sciences 46: 607-17 (1990).
• Female sex hormones such as estradiol and progesterone likewise may augment or trigger mast cell degranulation. See Vliagoftis et al .
• RBL basophilic leukemia
• mast cell degranulation Other triggers of mast cell degranulation include viral and bacterial toxins, drugs such as aspirin, morphine and curare, contrast media used in radiology, extreme heat, cold, solar radiation and hyperosmotic media. It is deemed important, therefore, to block the mast cell degranulation which all of these stimuli elicit, rather than to antagonize specific receptors, such as opioid receptors as taught in U.S. patent No. 4,684,620.
• the compounds released by the mast cells following degranulation are known to cause many biological processes which are part of the overall response of the body to invasion by infective organisms and allergens. Examples of such processes are vasoconstriction or vasodilation, leukocyte chemotaxis, and pain.
• Compounds released by mast cell degranulation which may be associated with irritable bowel syndrome include bradykinin, histamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, serotonin, tumor necrosis factor and vasoactive intestinal peptide.
• Interleukins and proteolytic enzymes which can affect intestinal function, can augment pain or cause pain directly.
• Histamine and other mediators bind to specific receptors on the surface of endothelial cells on vessels or on peripheral sensory neurons which become activated, directly or indirectly (through vessel tone) , to transmit pain stimuli.
• Vasodilation and chemoattraction permit lymphocytes to leave the circulation and enter the tissue, where they cause additional mast cell degranulation and other responses. The process of degranulation continues, eventually involving many mast cells.
• mast cell degranulation especially in response to neurohormonal triggers, now has been discovered to contribute to the symptoms experienced by patients suffering from abdominal migraine, irritable bowel syndrome and other endogenous, painful gastrointestinal conditions of non-inflammatory, non-ulcerative origin. It also has been found an effective treatment for such conditions entails the administration of a mast cell degranulation-blocking agent, i.e., a compound that counteracts mast cell degranulation-inducing stimuli, either by binding to specific receptors or by inactivating crucial steps in the degranulation process.
• a mast cell degranulation-blocking agent i.e., a compound that counteracts mast cell degranulation-inducing stimuli
• histologic sections of colonic tissue biopsied from a patient with irritable bowel syndrome were stained with monoclonal anti-tryptase antibody to identify tryptase-immunoreactive mast cells, and other sections were stained with polyclonal anti-SP antibody to reveal nerve fibers positive for substance P, a nociceptive neuropeptide capable of degranulating mast cells.
• Microscopic examination of the sections revealed numerous mast cells, identifiable by staining for tryptase, a proteolytic enzyme which is specific for the mast cells, and numerous nerve fibers stained for their content of substance P. Particularly noteworthy in this context was the close anatomic association observed to exist between mucosal mast cells and substance P- containing nerve fibers.
• mast cell degranulation-inducing stimuli is illustrated by: (i) immune molecules, for example, immunoglobulin (IgE) , anaphylatoxins such as C5a, and cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor; (ii) neural substances, including neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine and neuropeptides such as substance P, calcitonin gene related peptide and vasoactive intestinal peptide; (iii) hormones, such as estrogens and progestins; and (iv) any other molecules that may be liberated within the body during endogenous conditions such as stress.
• Particularly preferred mast cell degranulation-blocking agents are: (a) natural polyamines; (b) certain heterocyclic histamine-1 receptor antagonists; (c) histamine-3 receptor agonists and (d) anti-female sex hormones.
• polyamines include spermine and spermidine, as well as metabolites, including acetylated metabolites thereof and oxidized metabolites, of these two compounds. See Vliagoftis et al . , Biochem . Pharmacol . 43: 2237-45 (1992), the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
• heterocyclic histamine-1 (H-l) receptor antagonists which are particularly suitable for the present invention, by virtue of their potency in inhibiting neuronally-induced mast cell secretion (as distinct from immunologic degranulation of mast cells) , are Azelastine, Azatadine, Cetirizine, Hydroxyzine, Ketotifen, Loratadine and Oxatomide.
• a particularly suitable agent of this type is Ketotifen (Sigma Chemicals; St. Louis, Missouri) and the pharmaceutically acceptable, non-toxic salts thereof.
• suitable H-l receptor antagonists are those that display an affinity for the H-l receptor that is greater than about 5 x
• HISTAMINE-1 RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS THAT CAUSE MAST CELL DEGRANULATION Compound ED 20 for Histamine Release
• ED 20 effective dose causing 20% secretion.
• M molar concentration.
• Illustrative histamine-3 receptor agonists include N ⁇ -methyl histamine (Calbiochem Corporation, LaJolla, California), N ⁇ -methyl- ⁇ (dimethyl) histamine and ⁇ , ⁇ - difluoro-N ⁇ (fluoromethyl) histamine.
• anti-female sex hormones are tamoxifen or NOLVADEX (Zeneca Pharmaceuticals; Wilmington, Delaware) , clomiphene or SEROPHENE (Serono Labs; Norwell, Massachusetts) , and analogues of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) , a/k/a "leutinizing hormone releasing hormone” (LHRH) , such as LUPRON (TAP Pharmaceuticals, Deerfield, Illinois) .
• Phosphatase inhibitors make up another class of compounds which is characterized by mast cell degranulation-inhibitory activity.
• Exemplary compounds in this class are Nedocromil, Minocromil, Kaempferol, Quercetin, 2 '-carboxyl-atochromone-5•-yl-2-hydroxypropane derivatives, 1,3-bis [2 *-[ [ (acetoxymethyl) oxyl] carbony1]chromone-5•-yl] 2-hydroxypropane, pyrano [3,2,- g] quinoline-2,8-dicarboxylic acid derivatives, and 5- chlorobenzoxazole-2-carboxylic acid.
• These compounds and others in this class obstruct a phoshatase from mediating protein dephosphorylation, an integral step in various phosphorylation/dephosphorylation events which are essential to intracellular regulation.
• protein phosphatase inhibitors have been shown to attenuate the release of histamine and leukotriene mediators from human lung mast cells.
• Phosphatase inhibitors are distinguishable by an ability to inhibit one of the four major classes of phosphatases.
• Type 1 phosphatase (PP1) dephosphorylates the beta subunit of phosphorylase kinase and is inhibited by thermostable inhibitors 1 and 2 and inactivated by okadaic acid (LC Services Corporation, Nottingham, UK) .
• Type 2 phosphatases include three subtypes (PP2A, PP2B, and PP2C) , each of which dephosphorylates the alpha subunit of phosphorylase kinase. Each of PP2A and PP2B are inhibited by okadaic acid. PP2C is insensitive to okadaic acid but is completely dependent on Mg 2+ .
• the class of protein phosphatase inhibitors also includes okadaic acid, analogues of okadaic acid, okadaol and nor-okadaone (LC Services Corporation, supra ; Biomol, Madison Meeting, PA) , and okadaic acid methyl ester [see Nishiwaki, Carcinogenesis 11: 1837 (1990)], as well as calyculin (LC Services Corporation) .
• each member of the foregoing classes inhibits mast cell degranulation to the same extent.
• the ability of a particular substance to inhibit mast cell degranulation can be readily determined empirically.
• mast cells from rats (pieces of small intestine) or humans (intestinal biopsies) can be obtained; otherwise, RBL cells or immortalized human mucosal-like mast cells (HMC-1) are kept in culture. Any of these cells then are exposed to various concentrations of a putative inhibitory compound, to allow for action by the putative inhibitor at critical sites.
• Efficacy with respect to inhibition of mast cell degranulation then is ascertained; that is, the intestinal biopsies, explants or cultured cells thus treated are used as such or washed free of unbound test compound before exposure to a stimulus known to induce mast cell degranulation.
• a compound suitable for use in accordance with the present invention is recognized as one that prevents the stimulus from causing degranulation, presumably by binding to specific receptors or by inactivating a crucial step in the degranulation process.
• any mast cell-degranulation inhibitor according to the present invention must be tempered by clinical considerations, including toxicity, bioavailability, distribution, half-life and clearance, which are conventional to this field. See, for example, GOODMAN AND GILMAN'S THE PHARMACOLOGICAL BASIS OF THERAPEUTICS ⁇ I & XVII (7th ed.) .
• dosage forms for the delivery of the selected mast cell degranulation blocking agent should be those that achieve and retain high levels of the drug in the gastrointestinal tract with reasonable rapidity. These dosage forms are adapted for a variety of conventional routes of administration, including oral, parenteral and rectal.
• a mast cell degranulation-blocking agent is administered in a pharmaceutically effective amount.
• the dosage range for pharmaceutical effectiveness can be determined by reference to standard laboratory tests for inhibition of gastrointestinal mast cell degranulation, as discussed above.
• a pharmaceutically effective dose for a given mast cell degranulation-blocking agent can be approximated by its ID 20 , which is the dose necessary to cause 20% inhibition in mast cells when applied to mast cells stimulated in vitro.
• the ID 20 values for selected inhibitor compounds are shown in Table 2.
• ID 20 inhibitory dose causing 20% inhibition.
• M molar concentration.
• the agent can best be . administered systemically or directly in the intestinal loops (suppository, enema or injection) of the live mammal.
• the mast cell inhibitory effect of certain of these compounds has been described for non-intestinal mast cells. See, for example,
• rat-immobilization assay in which a rat is pre-treated with an agent and then restrained for one hour in a clear plexiglass cylinder. After the immobilization, a specific gastrointestinal mast cell mediator, rat mast cell protease II (RMCPII) , is measured. This assay is accepted as a non-ulcerogenic model of stress. See Williams et al . , Am . J. Physiol . 253: 582-86 (1987).
• ketotifen was administered intraperitoneally to rats (1 mg/kg body weight, twice daily) for four days prior to immobilization.
• ®n ⁇ /ml _ n number o f rats tested * p ⁇ 0.05 vs. non-immobilized ** p ⁇ 0.001 vs. immobilized
• Table 3 shows that intestinal mast cells are activated during stress to secrete a specific proteolytic enzyme, RMCPII, and that ketotifen acts as a mast cell degranulation-blocking agent in preventing secretion of RMCPII from such cells.
• the equivalent proteolytic enzyme in humans is tryptase, which also can be measured from colonic fluid or biopsies.
• mast cell degranulation-blocking agents such as disodium cromoglycate (CROMOLYN) , which do not have an inhibitory effect specifically on mucosal mast cells, see Pearce et al . , J. Immunol . 128: 2481-86 (1982), are not within the scope of the present invention. No work has so far involved H3 receptor agonists in the inhibition of gastrointestinal mast cell degranulation.
• CROMOLYN disodium cromoglycate
• a mast cell degranulation-blocking agent can be administered, according to the present invention, in the form of the active agent itself or as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the active agent.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salt denotes a non-toxic, substantially non-irritating salt of the compound used.
• Typical salts are ammonium salts and salts containing an cation that is an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal, such as sodium, potassium, calcium or magnesium.
• the category of suitable cations for the salt also includes sulphate, phosphate, tartrate and citrate.
• Other acceptable salts are those with non-toxic organic acids, such as fatty acids of one to six carbon atoms in length.
• a mast cell degranulation-blocking agent can be delivered via methods known for drug administration.
• the agents are typically administered as pharmaceutical compositions in combination with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
• compositions may be prepared from conventional materials by procedures well known in the art.
• compositions within the present invention can be adapted for oral or parenteral administration, as well as for enteral administration or through mucous membranes, such as transdermally.
• An oral formulation which will keep the drug for an extended time in the gastrointestinal tract is preferred, since such a formulation allows long exposure of the mucosal mast cells present there to the drug.
• Forms suitable for oral administration include tablets, dispersible powders, granules, capsules, syrups, elixirs and suspensions. Also preferred in this regard are encapsulated forms.
• a preferred mode of administration would be via liposomes, multilammelar phospholipid vesicles, or lipospheres, which protect the active agent from destruction in the stomach and allows for slow release in the intestine as each phospholipid layer is dissolved, resulting in sustained high intestinal levels of the drug. Alving, C.R., S. Shichijo, I. Mattsby-Baltzec, R.L. Richards and N.M.
• compositions for oral use contain one or more conventional adjuvants, such as sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents and preserving agents, in order to provide a presentable and palatable preparation.
• Tablets may contain the active ingredients in a mixture with conventional pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. These include inert carriers, such as calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, lactose, and talc; granulating and disintegrating agents, such as starch and alginic acid; binding agents such as starch, gelatin acacia; and lubricating agents, such as magnesium stearate, stearic acid and talc.
• Tablets may be uncoated or coated by known techniques to delay disintegration and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, thereby providing a sustained action over a longer period of time.
• suspensions, syrups and elixirs may contain active ingredients in mixture with any of the conventional excipients utilized in the preparation of such compositions. This includes suspending agents such as methylcellulose, tragacanth and sodium alginate; wetting agents such as lecithin, polyoxyethylene stearate or polyoxyethylene sorbitan monoleate; and preservatives.
• Capsules may contain the active ingredients alone or in an admixture with an inert solid carrier, such as calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin.
• These pharmaceutical compositions may contain up to 90% of active ingredients in combination with the carrier or adjuvant.
• the compounds preferably are put up in unit dosage forms, particularly for oral administration, for example, in 20 mg tablets. Such forms may contain the active ingredient separately, for example in separate layers.
• the agents can be administered in sustained release form or in divided dosages.
• mast cell degranulation-blocking agent is orally active.
• Transdermal administration also is preferred. More specifically, in the case of mast cell degranulation- blocking agents which are substantially destroyed or deactivated upon oral administration, or where a more prolonged duration of activity is desired, a mast cell degranulation-blocking agent also can be administered transdermally or via other body membranes, such as rectally.
• a preferred formulation within the present invention comprises both a suitable mast cell-degranulation inhibitor and an agent that inhibits or counteracts intestinal motility, thereby increasing the transit time and, hence, the effect of the inhibitor in the intestinal tract.
• a suitable antimotility agent is dicyclomine capsules, such as BENTYL (Taylor Pharmaceutical Company, Decatur, Illinois) .
• BENTYL Teylor Pharmaceutical Company, Decatur, Illinois
• the use of an antimotility agent in this context is especially preferred when the mast cell- degranulation inhibitor is contained in a lipid- containing delivery vehicle, as discussed above.
• the antimotility agent can be "co-administered" with the delivery vehicle, i.e., can be administered in such a way that the motility-counteractive influence of the agent increases the residence time of the delivery vehicle in the intestine.
• Example 1 The following experiment was performed in order to evaluate rat mucosal mast cell (MMC) degranulation by measuring rat mast cell protease II (RMCPII) , a specific marker for MMC, and by electron microscopy.
• MMC rat mucosal mast cell
• RCPII rat mast cell protease II
• Rats were treated intragastrically for four (4) days with either 0.5 ml of saline containing ketotifen (1 mg/kg twice daily) or saline alone. On day five, the animals were euthanized, ileum was removed and ileal explants were placed in organ culture. The explants were incubated at 37°C in a medium containing either 5 ⁇ g/ml of toxin A in 0.01 ml of 50 mM Tris buffer, or buffer alone. Aliquots (50 ⁇ l) of medium were collected at specified times and RMCPII levels were determined. Results are expressed in Table 4 as nanograms of RMCPII released per milligram of tissue wet weight (Pothoulakis et al., Gastroenterology 105:701-707, 1993).
• Electron microscopy showed significant mucosal mast cell degranulation in rat ileum within 15 minutes of exposure to toxin A, and complete degranulation at 60 minutes.
• Example 2 A female patient, age 49, suffered from irritable bowel syndrome for approximately 10 years. Symptoms were so severe that she had difficulty in functioning as a nurse, mother and wife. After treatment with hydroxyzine hydrochloride (ATARAX; 50 mg/day) for three months, her gastrointestinal discomfort was almost completely eliminated, and she was able to resume her professional and family responsibilities. On several occasions when she attempted to withdraw from the use of hydroxyzine hydrochloride, she experienced a marked increase in symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. The symptoms disappeared when she resumed taking the medication.
• ATARAX hydroxyzine hydrochloride
• VIP hydroxyzine pamoate
• ZADITEN ketotifen
• NOVADEX 40 mg/day, administered orally

Landscapes

• Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
• Public Health (AREA)
• Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
• Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
• Epidemiology (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
• Gastroenterology & Hepatology (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Endocrinology (AREA)
• Reproductive Health (AREA)
• Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
• Immunology (AREA)
• Proteomics, Peptides & Aminoacids (AREA)
• General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Acyclic And Carbocyclic Compounds In Medicinal Compositions (AREA)
• Medicines That Contain Protein Lipid Enzymes And Other Medicines (AREA)
• Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
• Medicines Containing Material From Animals Or Micro-Organisms (AREA)

Priority Applications (1)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Related Child Applications (1)

Publications (2)

Family

ID=22714282

Family Applications (2)

Family Applications After (1)

Country Status (8)

Cited By (1)

Families Citing this family (49)

Citations (3)

Family Cites Families (4)

• 1994
  • 1994-02-09 US US08/193,597 patent/US5648355A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
• 1995
  • 1995-02-09 AT AT95909451T patent/ATE221776T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 1995-02-09 EP EP95909451A patent/EP0748217B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1995-02-09 AU AU17412/95A patent/AU1741295A/en not_active Abandoned
  • 1995-02-09 DE DE69527706T patent/DE69527706T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 1995-02-09 EP EP02075270A patent/EP1203586A3/fr not_active Withdrawn
  • 1995-02-09 ES ES95909451T patent/ES2180626T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1995-02-09 CA CA002183069A patent/CA2183069A1/fr not_active Abandoned
  • 1995-02-09 WO PCT/US1995/001392 patent/WO1995021611A2/fr active IP Right Grant

Patent Citations (3)

Non-Patent Citations (14)

Also Published As

Similar Documents

Legal Events