EP0745170A1 - Industrial floor including a non-adhesive wear coat on a concrete base - Google Patents

Industrial floor including a non-adhesive wear coat on a concrete base

Info

Publication number
EP0745170A1
EP0745170A1 EP95910574A EP95910574A EP0745170A1 EP 0745170 A1 EP0745170 A1 EP 0745170A1 EP 95910574 A EP95910574 A EP 95910574A EP 95910574 A EP95910574 A EP 95910574A EP 0745170 A1 EP0745170 A1 EP 0745170A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
concrete
support
layer
coating
floor according
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP95910574A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0745170B1 (en
Inventor
Jean-Paul Guerinet
Hervé NOUAILHETAS
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Lafarge Materiaux de Specialites SA
Original Assignee
Lafarge Nouveaux Materiaux SA
Lafarge Materiaux de Specialites SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Lafarge Nouveaux Materiaux SA, Lafarge Materiaux de Specialites SA filed Critical Lafarge Nouveaux Materiaux SA
Publication of EP0745170A1 publication Critical patent/EP0745170A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0745170B1 publication Critical patent/EP0745170B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04F—FINISHING WORK ON BUILDINGS, e.g. STAIRS, FLOORS
    • E04F15/00—Flooring
    • E04F15/12—Flooring or floor layers made of masses in situ, e.g. seamless magnesite floors, terrazzo gypsum floors

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an improved industrial floor composed of at least two layers:
  • crete support • a first layer of concrete, hereinafter called “concrete support", in which a shrinkage phenomenon is likely to appear or to have appeared at the time of setting or hardening;
  • This second layer can preferably be obtained from a composition based on at least one hydraulic binder and / or at least one organic binder.
  • the invention also relates to a method for producing such an improved floor.
  • industrial soil means sheltered soil on which all the economic activity of industrial buildings based on a wide variety of activities is based, excluding so-called pedestrian soils: factories, warehouses, workshops, laboratories, loading docks partially sheltered, station platforms ...
  • the industrial floor is therefore intended to receive significant static and dynamic loads.
  • the role of the concrete support is to receive, transmit or distribute them in the soil so that the coating does not degrade quickly and that industrial soil does not require too frequent renovations.
  • 'choosing a type of industrial floor is determined based on the achievement of time (in this case, preparation or execution of the concrete substrate, coating and execution time required prior to service), weather and conditions, etc.
  • a coating is often provided on the concrete supports in the form of an incorporated screed (ie a wear layer placed on fresh concrete) or an added screed (ie a wear layer placed on hardened concrete).
  • the upper surface of the concrete support is provided rough and, if necessary, is covered with a product in order to create an adhesion bridge between the support and the coating.
  • Concrete is therefore a material which, when it sets and hardens, decreases in volume: this is the phenomenon of shrinkage.
  • the shrinkage is measured in microns per meter: for ordinary concrete, it can go beyond 1000 microns per meter.
  • the consequence of the shrinkage is the almost inevitable appearance of cracks in the concrete.
  • cast concrete supports due to their large linear dimensions, lead to significant shrinkages in absolute value.
  • Tackling the root causes of the appearance of withdrawal phenomena is not always industrially possible, because they are numerous and if some of them are fairly well known, others are still poorly understood.
  • the joints are conventionally provided in industrial soils of large area to limit the appearance of shear stresses, resulting from differential expansions between the support in concrete and coating. These expansions generally originate either from thermal and hygrometric variations, or from mechanical deformations due to the forces to which the industrial soil is subjected, in particular during its loading.
  • Cutting the joints has the effect of creating a section of less resistance in the concrete which will therefore crack preferentially.
  • the other desired effect is the clean and straight appearance of the crack on the surface, which makes it possible to treat it by various known methods: profiles, filling plasters, etc.
  • a well-known technique for reducing or even eliminating the rise in cracks from the concrete support to the coating consists in providing an intermediate layer between them to make the coating non-adherent to the concrete support. In such a case, the coating (or wear screed) is said to be "floating".
  • the main problem arising from this technique lies in the poor mechanical performance of the "floating" coating. In fact, under the action of loads of the type encountered in an industrial activity, such as the traffic in handling equipment, this type of coating has a high propensity to crack.
  • the invention aims to reduce or even eliminate the appearance of random cracks on the surface of a soil, these cracks being able to result from normal mechanical stresses and high intensity encountered in an industrial environment and / or fact that the support, prepared using a concrete, is likely to manifest a phenomenon of shrinkage and subsequently dimensional variations different from those of the coating.
  • the invention also aims to limit the number of joints necessary so that a soil does not crack, or even to eliminate them, in particular in the following cases: - floors located in buildings subject to slight hygrometric and / or thermal variations;
  • the invention provides an improved floor for the needs of industrial activities, comprising at least one coating layer on a concrete support, new or existing, characterized in that the coating is separated from the concrete support and in that the upper face of the concrete support is treated successively as follows: a) smoothing of this upper face so that its flatness / roughness is less than 2 mm under the 2 meter rule (in the conditions of DTU 26-2 but with different requirements), this smoothing can be obtained by mechanical float but, preferably, by application of at least one layer of a self-leveling product (hereinafter referred to as a smoothing layer), this smoothing layer must also adhere to the concrete support; b) depositing at least one means for rendering the first coating layer of the smoothed surface non-adherent (hereinafter referred to as "decoupling means"); c) depositing one (or more) layer of reinforced coating over the entire surface to be treated which has just been poured onto the decoupling means.
  • decoupling means depositing one (or more) layer of reinforced coating over the
  • the Applicant recommends separating the coating from the concrete support after smoothing its upper face, preferably using a self-leveling product that adheres to the concrete.
  • the upper surface of the concrete support is improved and, therefore, the regularity of the contacts between the support and the coating. Therefore, it has been observed that the coating is then able to receive and distribute the mechanical stresses undergone, and to effectively oppose the appearance of random cracks and various deformations on the visible face of the industrial floor. .
  • the invention relates as well to the production of a floor from an existing and renovated concrete support as that of a new concrete support.
  • new soil will designate a soil comprising a new support, as opposed to a “renovated soil” comprising a renovated support.
  • the invention does not exempt the production of the concrete support by respecting the rules of the art, in particular with regard to the production of fractioning joints, in particular the respect of the maximum distance between joints and sawing on time.
  • one or more profiles are available on the foundations, chosen from a material which adheres little or not to concrete.
  • This advantageous embodiment of the invention makes it possible to densify the distribution of the cracks induced due to the shrinkage of the concrete and to better distribute them over the surfaces. Consequently, it is possible to envisage a significant increase in the distances between the joints cut out on the concrete support, or even their total elimination, because it is thus possible to guarantee the good mechanical performance of the coating vertically of the induced cracks, on the one hand by the presence of the reinforcement, on the other hand by the control of the width of the induced cracks which is, in this case, limited.
  • composition of the concrete is not critical. However, it is easily understood that the invention is useful when the nature of the concrete, the operating and climatic conditions during the manufacture of the soil and the conditions of use of the soil make the appearance of shrinkage phenomena and dimensional variations critical. in this layer.
  • the invention is particularly well suited to standardized concrete compositions in which there is essentially at least one hydraulic binder, aggregates with proportions well dosed according to the rules of the art, and various mineral or organic additives. 1
  • the proposed invention does not exempt compliance with the rules of traditional art regarding the manufacturing of concrete and its implementation. Thus, it is recommended to comply with concrete manufacturing standards, in particular with regard to water / cement ratios, particle size curves of concrete, aggregate form coefficients, mixing time, and temperature.
  • the upper face of the concrete support is first of all covered with a smoothing layer to counter the notorious difficulty of smoothing with the desired precision using mechanical means.
  • a composition of a material capable of both forming a smooth surface and of adhering to the concrete support is used. It is moreover recommended to provide a composition making it possible to achieve, once hardened, a minimum compressive strength of the order of 10 MPa, preferably at least equal to 20 MPa. More preferably, a composite, a conventional self-leveling cementitus, is chosen. Normally, a thickness of 3 mm of the smoothing layer is sufficient to obtain correct smoothing. Greater thicknesses may be necessary to smooth very rough concrete.
  • a layer is deposited to improve the adhesion and regulate the porosity of the surface of the support by means of an impregnating product which also acts as a pore and designated by specialists under the names "primary bonding" or "primary adhesion”. This impregnation product also helps prevent the appearance of laitances on the surface.
  • an aqueous phase composition or an authorized solvent of a resin which can be a vinyl acetate, a versatate, a ethylenic derivative, epoxy, polyurethane, neoprene, styrene-butadiene, styrene-acrylic, etc.
  • the coating undergoes almost no tension, originating from the dimensional variations liable to occur in the support whatever the causes (cracks, hygrometric and / or thermal variations, significant external stresses).
  • the reduction in friction with the support is also made possible due to the absence of attachment points on the support, the upper face of which has been made smooth, preferably thanks to the smoothing layer.
  • products are preferably used which are either non-adherent to the smoothing layer, or non-adherent to the wear layer, or else which do not adhere to either of these two layers.
  • Paraffins, silicones, waxes of petroleum origin, stearates such as magnesia stearates and any other product, generally essentially organic, are suitable as separation products.
  • the thickness of the layer formed with the (or the) separation means is adapted to ensure the non-adhesion of the coating with the smoothing layer: it is recommended to provide a thickness of the order of 100 ⁇ m to 200 ⁇ m.
  • the smoothing layer is able to support an operator and the machines useful for making the soil without damaging the smoothing, the non-stick products can be applied to it manually or mechanically (for example, by spraying). It is also possible to use, as a means of separation, thin films of non-adherent products, for example films made with polyolefins such as polyethylene or any other material capable of being deposited in large areas on the smooth support, condition that they do not adhere to the smoothed support or the coating.
  • polyolefins such as polyethylene
  • the release means when it is in the form of a thin film, the release means must be deposited with great care so as not to create surface irregularities such as folds or pockets of air and, in this way, lead to an irregular surface appearance and affect the perfect support of the coating on the support. Therefore, it is recommended to pull it and stick it on the smoothing layer.
  • the coating layer takes full advantage of the technical effects provided by the reinforcement
  • the latter is advantageously placed on means making it possible to raise the reinforcement, in part or totally, above the separation layer, these means whether integral or not of the reinforcement.
  • the frame is well embedded in the mass of the layer forming the coating.
  • the frame is generally in the form of a trellis and can be made of any material compatible with the soil materials as soon as it has sufficient tensile strengths.
  • the reinforcement is integrated into the thicker layer.
  • the format and dimension of the meshes drawn by the lattice-shaped reinforcement may also vary. They are often the consequence of the type of material constituting the reinforcement due to the manufacturing techniques.
  • the dimensions of the mesh of the reinforcement are greater than the dimensions of the particles and / or of the fibers contained in the coating composition in order to avoid a sieving effect of this composition.
  • the choice of the density of the meshes and of the material of the reinforcement is of course made as a function of the level of tensile strength which one wishes to see developed by the reinforcement.
  • the last step to form the floor according to the invention consists in pouring one or more layers to form the covering. It is recommended to provide, for the coating, a thickness at least equal to 10 mm because, below, the mechanical resistance in bending of the industrial floor may be insufficient.
  • the thickness of the coating layer can reach up to 30 mm. However, for essentially economic reasons, it is preferred to retain a thickness of the order of 15 mm.
  • the invention makes possible a considerable reduction in the thickness of the screed, when it is compared with that usually currently provided, which is usually 50 mm so as not to crack.
  • a major benefit of the invention is that the precise composition of the coating layer is not critical. The choice of this composition is essentially based on the characteristics which one wishes to give to the covering layer (in particular minimum shrinkage) and to the use which will be made of the finished floor. However, it is preferred to use coating layer compositions comprising at least one hydraulic binder and at least one organic binder, because under these conditions, the process according to the invention has proved to be very efficient (absence of cracking on the upper surface paving).
  • the known principle of directing the cracks is retained, but with a significant modification: the induction of the cracking takes place from below the ground by means of the profiles, and it is directed upwards, in a substantially vertical plane, in line with the profiles, unlike the cutting of the withdrawal joints, of which
  • the induction is made from the surface to the bottom of the paving.
  • the concrete support is weakened by reducing its section in line with the profiles: consequently, if the tensions resulting from the shrinkage are sufficient, cracking will occur precisely at the level of the profiles.
  • the concrete surface is smoothed, as soon as it has reached sufficient strengths to support light loads such as the weight of one or more operators, preferably before the appearance induced cracking, more preferably using at least one smoothing layer;
  • the concrete support is weakened so as to form an induced cracking in line with the majority, if not all, of the sections, and thus prevent the formation of rare and large cracks.
  • the prescriptions of the DTU of September 1982 are followed, which leads to placing the profiles at least every 5 meters, so that they define surfaces not greater than 25 m 2 .
  • the profiles must be made of a material with little or no adhesion to the concrete, in order to minimize the attachment of the concrete to the profiles. They must also be sufficiently rigid. As examples of materials which can be used to manufacture profiles, mention may be made of plastics such as polyethylene or polypropylene which are perfectly suitable as long as they are rigid enough to support without deforming the concrete support. They can also be made of wood.
  • the format of these profiles may vary. They are preferably chosen from a height of at least one sixth of the height provided for the concrete support, so as to reduce the area of its cross section to at least one sixth. More preferably, the height of the profiles is at least equal to one third of the height of the support. The best results on the aesthetic level of new floors in accordance with the invention have been obtained when the height of the profiles is at least equal to half the height of the support.
  • the profile has a section substantially in the shape of a "V" which is reversed on the foundations of industrial soil, this so that the salient angle of the "V" is directed towards the upper surface of support.
  • the profile has a section substantially in the shape of a "T" which is reversed on the foundations of industrial soil, this so that the vertical bar of the "T” is arranged vertically and directed towards the upper surface of the support.
  • the profile has a section substantially in the shape of a "Y”, which is arranged stably on the foundations of industrial soil, so that one of the branches of the "Y” is arranged vertically and directed towards the upper surface of the support.
  • the concrete is poured in order to form the support, then, as soon as the support has reached sufficient mechanical strengths, the concrete surface is smoothed advantageously by covering it with at least one smoothing layer; then the smoothed surface is successively covered with at least one separation means, with a lattice-shaped reinforcement, then with at least one layer to form the coating.
  • the invention makes it possible to give this coating, which is thin and separated from the concrete support, mechanical performance of an industrial level, therefore much higher than that encountered in the case of known residential and pedestrian floors, and thus to transfer all the advantages of this coating construction technique to industrial environments.
  • the invention is particularly suitable for industrial floors for the needs of, for example, car parks, industrial or commercial buildings and more particularly for: - industries where the presence of seals is detrimental (food industry ); - Or even when the soil resistance over time can only be limited due to the activities carried out (heavy machinery, chemical industries, food industry, cold rooms, steel industry, etc.).
  • the invention is also suitable for realization of residential and pedestrian floors (for example, those of hospital or school buildings).
  • the foundations of the industrial floor are a layer of all comings made from a mixture of rough quarry aggregates, and the foundations also include an insulating plastic sheet under the foundations, compacted with a roller. Concrete support
  • Such concrete guarantees a characteristic resistance to 28 days according to standard NF P 18305 of 35 MPa. Concrete setting is quick. It is indeed possible to walk on concrete ten hours after pouring.
  • the temperature varied from 3 to 5 ° C.
  • An adhesion primer is then applied to the entire surface of the support in a single layer.
  • This primer consists of an aqueous phase dispersion of vinyl copolymers. This primer is left to dry for two hours. Consumption is around 200 g per m 2 of surface.
  • the smoothing layer is then applied to the upper face of the support to make it smooth and to eliminate any possible attachment points.
  • the applied product is a smoothing coating based essentially on cement, sold by the company OMNIPLASTIC under the name OMNIPLAN. This coating is chosen because of the level of its mechanical characteristics which allow it to withstand the indirect load of industrial mechanical stresses.
  • This product is quickly applied using the application pump of trade name SERVAPLAN, described in European patent application No. 92420025.6 in an average thickness of 3 to 4 mm.
  • the smoothing product is then left to harden for 24 hours, sufficient time for it to withstand pedestrian traffic.
  • the smoothing layer is then coated with a viscous liquid product, which will allow the non-adhesion of the wear layer and the smoothing layer.
  • This product creates a waterproof, resistant and completely non-adherent film.
  • These are petroleum derivatives in aqueous dispersion marketed under the name ELVECURE by the company CHRYSO. The consumption of this product is 150 grams per m 2 . This product is allowed to dry for 4 hours to make it suitable for supporting a man's walk.
  • the coating used to form the wear layer consists of:
  • the wear layer support is an aged concrete, of suitable characteristics, dry, having correct cohesion, but having irregularly distributed cracks. The whole is stabilized.
  • An adhesion primer is then applied to the entire surface in a single layer.
  • This primer consists of an aqueous phase dispersion of vinyl copolymers. This primer is left to dry for two hours. Consumption is around 200 g per m 2 of surface.
  • the smoothing layer is then applied to the upper face of the support to make it smooth and to eliminate any possible attachment points.
  • the applied product is a smoothing coating based essentially on cement, sold by the company OMNIPLASTIC under the name OMNIPLAN. This coating is chosen because of the level of its mechanical characteristics which allow it to withstand the indirect load of industrial mechanical stresses.
  • This product is quickly applied using the application pump of trade name SERVAPLAN, described in European patent application No. 92420025.6 in an average thickness of 3 to 4 mm.
  • the smoothing product is then left to harden for 24 hours, sufficient time for it to withstand pedestrian traffic.
  • the smoothing layer is then coated with a viscous liquid product, which will allow the non-adhesion of the wear layer and the smoothing layer.
  • This product creates a waterproof, resistant and completely non-adherent film.
  • These are petroleum derivatives in aqueous dispersion marketed under the name ELVECURE by the company CHRYSO. The consumption of this product is 150 grams per m 2 .
  • This product is allowed to dry for 4 hours to make it suitable for supporting a man's walk.
  • the coating or wear layer is the coating or wear layer
  • the coating used to form the wear layer consists of:
  • - fluidizer 0.05% to 1%
  • setting regulator 0.01% to 0.3%
  • Other components can be added to this formulation, in order to improve the characteristics and performance of the coating (dyes, hardeners, retarders, etc.).
  • the coating is left as it is for 18 hours, then a liquid product is applied which makes it possible to inhibit the evaporation of the water from the hydraulic coating and, thereby, its early cracking.
  • This product, called cure is specially studied to allow the subsequent application of all other aesthetic coatings: paints, textiles, plastics or others.
  • the soil is left out of the way for 48 hours, then returned to heavy traffic within 5 days without any damage: storage of electric motors of 1 ton, handling by forklifts with wheels with solid tires.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Floor Finish (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)

Abstract

PCT No. PCT/FR95/00182 Sec. 371 Date Oct. 9, 1996 Sec. 102(e) Date Oct. 9, 1996 PCT Filed Feb. 15, 1995 PCT Pub. No. WO95/22671 PCT Pub. Date Aug. 24, 1995An industrial floor, comprising at least one covering layer on a new or existing concrete base, said covering being not bound to the concrete base and obtained from a composition based on at least one hydraulic binder, said floor further comprising, between the concrete base and the covering layer, from the upper face of the concrete base: (a) a smoothing layer enabling the flatness/roughness of said upper face to be less than 2 mm under a 2 meter rule; (b) on the smoothing layer, at least one separating layer for preventing the first covering layer from adhering to the smoothing layer on the base; (c) on the separating layer, at least one covering layer having a maximum of 30 mm.

Description

SOL INDUSTRIEL COMPRENANT UNE COUCHE D'USURE NON ADHERENTE SUR UN SUPPORT EN BETON L'invention a trait à un sol industriel perfectionné composé d'au moins deux couches : The invention relates to an improved industrial floor composed of at least two layers:
• une première couche en béton, dite ci-après "support en béton", dans laquelle un phénomène de retrait est susceptible de se manifester ou de s'être manifesté au moment de la prise ou du durcissement ;• a first layer of concrete, hereinafter called "concrete support", in which a shrinkage phenomenon is likely to appear or to have appeared at the time of setting or hardening;
• et au moins une autre couche, dite ci-après "couche d'usure ou revêtement" désolidarisée du support en béton. Cette seconde couche peut être de préférence obtenue à partir d'une composition à base d'au moins un liant hydraulique et/ou d'au moins un liant organique. L'invention se rapporte encore à un procédé pour la réalisation d'un tel sol perfectionné. • and at least one other layer, hereinafter called "wear layer or coating" separated from the concrete support. This second layer can preferably be obtained from a composition based on at least one hydraulic binder and / or at least one organic binder. The invention also relates to a method for producing such an improved floor.
Par l'expression "sol industriel", on entend un sol abrité sur lequel repose toute l'activité économique des bâtiments industriels d'activités très variées à l'exclusion des sols dits piétonniers : usines, entrepôts, ateliers, laboratoires, quais de déchargements partiellement abrités, quais de gare... Le sol industriel est dès lors destiné à recevoir des charges statiques et dynamiques importantes.The expression "industrial soil" means sheltered soil on which all the economic activity of industrial buildings based on a wide variety of activities is based, excluding so-called pedestrian soils: factories, warehouses, workshops, laboratories, loading docks partially sheltered, station platforms ... The industrial floor is therefore intended to receive significant static and dynamic loads.
Alors que le revêtement est directement en contact avec les contraintes extérieures mécaniques, le support en béton a pour rôle de les recevoir, les transmettre ou les répartir dans le sol afin que le revêtement ne se dégrade pas rapidement et que le sol industriel ne nécessite pas des opérations de rénovation trop fréquentes.While the coating is directly in contact with external mechanical stresses, the role of the concrete support is to receive, transmit or distribute them in the soil so that the coating does not degrade quickly and that industrial soil does not require too frequent renovations.
Du fait de l'évolution de la technique, les contraintes extérieures auxquelles les sols industriels sont soumis sont de plus en plus importantes : à cet égard, on peut citer le trafic intense des engins de manutention, le stockage en grande hauteur, ...Due to the evolution of the technique, the external constraints to which industrial floors are subjected are increasingly important: to this regard, we can cite the intense traffic of handling equipment, high-rise storage, ...
Parallèlement à cette évolution de la technique, on exige de plus en plus d'un sol industriel qu'il conserve durablement une grande planéité et une surface lisse et non glissante (i.e. exempte de trous, saillies, fissures ou autres obstacles) pour :In parallel with this evolution of the technique, it is increasingly required of an industrial floor that it durably retains a great flatness and a smooth and non-slippery surface (i.e. free of holes, protrusions, cracks or other obstacles) for:
• permettre une circulation facile et en toute sécurité des personnes et des engins, notamment de manutention, et en conséquence, pour ne pas être à l'origine d'accidents du travail ;• allow easy and safe movement of people and equipment, in particular handling equipment, and consequently, so as not to cause work accidents;
• offrir des qualités de confort, d'esthétique voire d'aspect décoratif et de facilité d'entretien pour 1'amélioration du cadre de travail ; • limiter les travaux de réfection qui peuvent entraîner un arrêt de l'entreprise. C'est pourquoi, on exige notamment des sols industriels qu'ils assurent au moins l'ensemble des caractéristiques mécaniques suivantes : • un comportement au roulage suffisant pour résister au trafic des engins ainsi qu'à leur poids ;• offer qualities of comfort, aesthetics and even decorative appearance and ease of maintenance for improving the working environment; • limit repair work which may cause the company to stop working. This is why, in particular, industrial floors are required to provide at least all of the following mechanical characteristics: • sufficient rolling behavior to withstand the traffic of the machines as well as their weight;
• une résistance au poinçonnement sous l'action de fortes charges par 1'intermédiaire de surfaces réduites tels que structure de stockage, etc. ; • des résistances en compression et en flexion/traction pour résister aux charges lourdes ; • puncture resistance under the action of heavy loads by 1'intermédiaire of small areas such as storage structure, etc. ; • compressive and flexural / tensile strengths to resist heavy loads;
• un comportement aux chocs suffisant pour faire face sans éclatement ou fissuration à des chocs prévisibles et quantifiés lors de la conception du sol, du type dépose brutale d'éléments lourds, chute d'objets ; • sufficient impact behavior to face predictable and quantified impacts without bursting or cracking during the design of the floor, such as the sudden removal of heavy elements, falling objects;
• et, le cas échéant, un comportement aux contraintes thermiques découlant de la température d'utilisation (par exemple, risque de gel du sol industriel) ou des variations thermiques qu'il peut subir. Egalement, pour des raisons économiques essentiellement,' le choix d'un type de sol industriel se détermine en fonction du délai de réalisation (en l'espèce, préparation ou exécution du support en béton, exécution du revêtement et délai nécessaire avant la mise en service) , de la situation et des conditions climatiques, etc.• and, where appropriate, behavior under thermal stresses arising from the temperature of use (for example, risk of freezing of industrial soil) or thermal variations which it may undergo. Also, for economic reasons mainly, 'choosing a type of industrial floor is determined based on the achievement of time (in this case, preparation or execution of the concrete substrate, coating and execution time required prior to service), weather and conditions, etc.
Pour satisfaire à ces exigences, on prévoit le plus souvent sur les supports en béton un revêtement sous la forme d'une chape incorporée (i.e. une couche d'usure mise en place sur un béton frais) ou d'une chape rapportée (i.e. une couche d'usure mise en place sur un béton durci) .To meet these requirements, a coating is often provided on the concrete supports in the form of an incorporated screed (ie a wear layer placed on fresh concrete) or an added screed (ie a wear layer placed on hardened concrete).
Plus particulièrement dans le cas d'une chape rapportée, la surface supérieure du support en béton est prévue rugueuse et, si nécessaire, est recouverte d'un produit afin de réaliser un pont d'adhérence entre le support et le revêtement.More particularly in the case of an added screed, the upper surface of the concrete support is provided rough and, if necessary, is covered with a product in order to create an adhesion bridge between the support and the coating.
Mais ces sols industriels dans lequel le revêtement adhère au support en béton, doivent, pour la plupart, comporter des joints en nombre important et suffisant, sinon il y a un risque non négligeable d'apparition de fissures aléatoires sur la surface visible du sol. En effet, ces joints servent essentiellement à prendre en compte les phénomènes de dilatation différentielle entre le revêtement et le béton, à isoler une partie du sol (notamment autour des poteaux et des socles de machines) pour permettre les mouvements verticaux de toutes origines et à prendre en compte les phénomènes du retrait du béton lors de la prise.But these industrial floors in which the coating adheres to the concrete support, must, for the most part, include seals in large and sufficient numbers, otherwise there is a significant risk of the appearance of random cracks on the visible surface of the floor. Indeed, these joints are essentially used to take into account the phenomena of differential expansion between the coating and the concrete, to isolate part of the ground (especially around the posts and machine bases) to allow vertical movements of all origins and to take into account the phenomena of concrete shrinkage when setting.
Ainsi, le béton est un matériau qui, lors de sa prise et de son durcissement, diminue de volume : il s'agit du phénomène de retrait. Le retrait se mesure en microns par mètre : pour les bétons ordinaires, il peut aller au-delà de 1000 microns par mètre. Le retrait a pour conséquence l'apparition quasi inévitable de fissurations dans le béton. En outre, les supports en béton coulé, du fait de leurs dimensions linéaires importantes, conduisent à des retraits importants en valeur absolue.Concrete is therefore a material which, when it sets and hardens, decreases in volume: this is the phenomenon of shrinkage. The shrinkage is measured in microns per meter: for ordinary concrete, it can go beyond 1000 microns per meter. The consequence of the shrinkage is the almost inevitable appearance of cracks in the concrete. In addition, cast concrete supports, due to their large linear dimensions, lead to significant shrinkages in absolute value.
Lutter contre les causes profondes de 1'apparition des phénomènes de retrait n'est pas toujours industriellement envisageable, car elles sont nombreuses et si certaines d'entre elles sont assez bien connues, d'autres sont encore maintenant mal appréhendées.Tackling the root causes of the appearance of withdrawal phenomena is not always industrially possible, because they are numerous and if some of them are fairly well known, others are still poorly understood.
Tous ces phénomènes de retrait et dès lors, d'apparition de fissures dans le béton pendant ou après la fin de prise, entraînent, selon l'importance des fissures, des obligations de réparation souvent coûteuses et un aspect inesthétique.All these phenomena of shrinkage and therefore of the appearance of cracks in the concrete during or after the end of setting, entail, depending on the size of the cracks, often costly repair obligations and an unsightly appearance.
Comme indiqué plus haut, vu qu'il n'est pas possible d'éviter le retrait dans des conditions économiques acceptables, on cherche à le diriger et à le conformer de telle sorte que ses effets néfastes soient minimisés. Ainsi, pour diriger et conformer la fissuration due au retrait, dès que le béton présente une consistance suffisante, on prescrit, dans :As indicated above, since it is not possible to avoid withdrawal under acceptable economic conditions, efforts are being made to direct and comply with it so that its harmful effects are minimized. Thus, to direct and conform the cracking due to shrinkage, as soon as the concrete has a sufficient consistency, we prescribe, in:
- le Bulletin du ciment n°5 de mai 1990 (chapitre intitulé "Les chapes - Structures de revêtement de sol, Chapes à base de ciment. Directives pour le projet et l'exécution") ;- Cement Bulletin No. 5 of May 1990 (chapter entitled "Screeds - Floor covering structures, Cement-based screeds. Guidelines for project and execution");
- et le Document Technique Unifié (D.T.U.) de septembre 1982 (cahier 1794, n°26.2, intitulé "Chapes et dalles à base de liants hydrauliques) ; la découpe de joints de retrait, qui sont exécutés :- and the Unified Technical Document (D.T.U.) of September 1982 (notebook 1794, n ° 26.2, entitled "Screeds and slabs based on hydraulic binders); the cutting of shrinkage joints, which are executed:
- tous les 25 m2 et au plus tous les 8 m si la surface est destinée à rester nue ou à recevoir un film de peinture ;- every 25 m 2 and at most every 8 m if the surface is intended to remain bare or to receive a film of paint;
- tous les 50 m2 et au plus tous les 10 m dans les autres cas. En pratique, l'homme du métier sait qu'il doit prévoir des joints de retrait, de dilatation et d'isolement :- every 50 m 2 and at most every 10 m in other cases. In practice, a person skilled in the art knows that he must provide shrinkage, expansion and isolation joints:
- au plus tous les 5 m pour limiter les phénomènes de fissuration aléatoire ; - et dans toutes les régions où des concentrations de tension peuvent conduire à une fissuration aléatoire, comme par exemple les discontinuités d'épaisseur ou les interruptions de la continuité de la surface par suite de la présence d'un pilier, d'un regard, d'une porte ou d'un angle saillant.- at most every 5 m to limit the phenomena of random cracking; - and in all regions where stress concentrations can lead to random cracking, such as discontinuities in thickness or interruptions in the continuity of the surface due to the presence of a pillar, a manhole, of a door or a salient angle.
En effet, comme rappelé plus haut, outre leur utilité à l'égard des phénomènes de retrait, les joints sont classiquement ménagés dans les sols industriels de grande surface pour limiter l'apparition de tensions de cisaillement, résultantes des dilatations différentielles entre le support en béton et le revêtement. Ces dilatations ont généralement pour origine soit des variations thermiques et hygrométriques, soit des déformations mécaniques dues aux efforts auxquels est soumis le sol industriel, notamment lors de son chargen.ant.Indeed, as recalled above, in addition to their usefulness with regard to shrinkage phenomena, the joints are conventionally provided in industrial soils of large area to limit the appearance of shear stresses, resulting from differential expansions between the support in concrete and coating. These expansions generally originate either from thermal and hygrometric variations, or from mechanical deformations due to the forces to which the industrial soil is subjected, in particular during its loading.
Classiquement, les joints sont exécutés dès que possible, le plus souvent par sciage mécanique.Classically, joints are executed as soon as possible, most often by mechanical sawing.
La découpe des joints a pour effet de créer une section de moindre résistance dans le béton qui de ce fait se fissurera prêférentiellement. L'autre effet recherché est l'aspect net et droit de la fissure en surface, ce qui permet de la traiter par diverses méthodes connues : profilés, enduits de remplissage, etc. Une technique bien connue pour diminuer, voire éliminer la remontée des fissures du support en béton au revêtement consiste à prévoir entre eux une couche intermédiaire pour rendre le revêtement non-adhérent au support en béton. Dans un tel cas, le revêtement (ou chape d'usure) est dit "flottant". Le problème principal découlant de cette technique réside dans les faibles performances mécaniques du revêtement "flottant". En effet, sous l'action de charges du type de celles rencontrées dans une activité industrielle, tel que le trafic des engins de manutention, ce type de revêtement présente une forte propension à fissurer.Cutting the joints has the effect of creating a section of less resistance in the concrete which will therefore crack preferentially. The other desired effect is the clean and straight appearance of the crack on the surface, which makes it possible to treat it by various known methods: profiles, filling plasters, etc. A well-known technique for reducing or even eliminating the rise in cracks from the concrete support to the coating consists in providing an intermediate layer between them to make the coating non-adherent to the concrete support. In such a case, the coating (or wear screed) is said to be "floating". The main problem arising from this technique lies in the poor mechanical performance of the "floating" coating. In fact, under the action of loads of the type encountered in an industrial activity, such as the traffic in handling equipment, this type of coating has a high propensity to crack.
Une solution à ce problème pourrait être de prévoir des revêtements de forte épaisseur(au moins 5-6 cm), mais ceci équivaut à former une nouvelle dalle de caractéristiques mécaniques similaires à celles du support en béton. Cette dernière solution n'est pas satisfaisante d'une part pour des raisons économiques et d'autre part en raison de la surélévation du niveau final du sol qui en résulte. C'est pourquoi, l'utilisation d'une chape flottante est habituellement réservée à la réalisation des sols résidentiels ou piétonniers, c'est à dire de sols destinés à subir des contraintes extérieures d'intensité modérée à faible. La présente invention a pour objectif de pallier tous les inconvénients précités des techniques connues de réalisation des sols, dans le cas des sols industriels. Plus particulièrement, l'invention vise à diminuer, voire éliminer l'apparition des fissurations aléatoires en surface d'un sol, ces fissurations pouvant résulter des contraintes d'ordre mécanique normales et d'intensité élevée rencontrées dans un milieu industriel et/ou du fait que le support, préparé à l'aide d'un béton, est susceptible de manifester un phénomène de retrait et ultérieurement des variations dimensionnelles différentes de celles du revêtement.One solution to this problem could be to provide thick coverings (at least 5-6 cm), but this is equivalent to forming a new slab with mechanical characteristics similar to those of the concrete support. This latter solution is not satisfactory on the one hand for economic reasons and on the other hand because of the resulting elevation of the final level of the soil. This is why, the use of a floating screed is usually reserved for the realization of residential or pedestrian floors, that is to say of floors intended to undergo external stresses of moderate to low intensity. The present invention aims to overcome all of the aforementioned drawbacks of known techniques for producing floors, in the case of industrial floors. More particularly, the invention aims to reduce or even eliminate the appearance of random cracks on the surface of a soil, these cracks being able to result from normal mechanical stresses and high intensity encountered in an industrial environment and / or fact that the support, prepared using a concrete, is likely to manifest a phenomenon of shrinkage and subsequently dimensional variations different from those of the coating.
L'invention vise également à limiter le nombre de joints nécessaires pour qu'un sol ne fissure pas, voire à les éliminer, notamment dans les cas suivants: - les sols localisés dans des bâtiments assujettis à de faibles variations hygrométriques et/ou thermiques ;The invention also aims to limit the number of joints necessary so that a soil does not crack, or even to eliminate them, in particular in the following cases: - floors located in buildings subject to slight hygrometric and / or thermal variations;
- les sols supportant peu ou pas de charges concentrées tels que les parkings;- floors supporting little or no concentrated loads such as parking lots;
- les sols présentant peu ou pas de discontinuités, tels que des poteaux, des regards, etc.- floors with little or no discontinuities, such as posts, manholes, etc.
DEFINITION GENERALE DE L'INVENTION A cet effet, l'invention propose un sol perfectionné pour les besoins des activités industrielles, comprenant au moins une couche de revêtement sur un support en béton, neuf ou existant, caractérisé en ce que le revêtement est désolidarisé du support en béton et en ce que la face supérieure du support en béton est traitée successivement de la façon suivante : a) lissage de cette face supérieure de sorte que sa planéité/rugosité soit inférieure à 2 mm sous la règle de 2 mètres (dans les conditions du D.T.U. 26-2 mais avec des exigences différentes) , ce lissage pouvant être obtenu par talochage mécanique mais, de préférence, par application d'au moins une couche d'un produit autolissant (ci-après désignée par couche de lissage) , cette couche de lissage devant en outre adhérer au support en bé on; b) dépôt d'au moins un moyen pour rendre non adhérente la première couche de revêtement de la surface lissée (ci-après désigné "moyen de désolidarisation") ; c) dépôt d'une (ou plusieurs) couche de revêtement armé sur toute la surface à traiter que 1'on vient couler sur le moyen de désolidarisation.GENERAL DEFINITION OF THE INVENTION For this purpose, the invention provides an improved floor for the needs of industrial activities, comprising at least one coating layer on a concrete support, new or existing, characterized in that the coating is separated from the concrete support and in that the upper face of the concrete support is treated successively as follows: a) smoothing of this upper face so that its flatness / roughness is less than 2 mm under the 2 meter rule (in the conditions of DTU 26-2 but with different requirements), this smoothing can be obtained by mechanical float but, preferably, by application of at least one layer of a self-leveling product (hereinafter referred to as a smoothing layer), this smoothing layer must also adhere to the concrete support; b) depositing at least one means for rendering the first coating layer of the smoothed surface non-adherent (hereinafter referred to as "decoupling means"); c) depositing one (or more) layer of reinforced coating over the entire surface to be treated which has just been poured onto the decoupling means.
A l'opposé des techniques habituellement employées pour la réalisation des sols industriels, la demanderesse préconise la désolidarisation du revêtement d'avec le support en béton après lissage de sa face supérieure, de préférence à l'aide d'un produit autolissant et adhérent au béton.In contrast to the techniques usually used for the production of industrial floors, the Applicant recommends separating the coating from the concrete support after smoothing its upper face, preferably using a self-leveling product that adheres to the concrete.
On a en effet trouvé que la forte propension à fissurer des revêtements (ou chapes) flottants sous l'action essentiellement des contraintes d'ordre mécanique rencontrées dans une activité industrielle ne résultaient pas seulement de 1'éventuelle mauvaise tenue du revêtement flottant au droit des fissures du support en béton, mais surtout de 1'irrégularité de la surface de contact entre le support et son revêtement, et par conséquent du fait que, soit le revêtement n'est pas complètement en appui sur le support, soit ces irrégularités provoquent des concentrations de tension localisées qui amorcent des fissures dans le revêtement.It has in fact been found that the high propensity to crack floating coatings (or screeds) mainly under the action of mechanical stresses encountered in an industrial activity does not only result from the possible poor behavior of the floating coating at right angles to cracks in the concrete support, but especially in the irregularity of the contact surface between the support and its coating, and consequently of the fact that either the coating is not completely supported on the support, or these irregularities cause localized stress concentrations which initiate cracks in the coating.
Grâce à l'invention, on améliore la surface supérieure du support en béton et, dès lors, la régularité des contacts entre le support et le revêtement. De ce fait, on a observé que le revêtement est alors en mesure de recevoir et de répartir les contraintes d'ordre mécanique subies, et de s'opposer efficacement à l'apparition de fissurations aléatoires et déformations diverses sur la face apparente du sol industriel.Thanks to the invention, the upper surface of the concrete support is improved and, therefore, the regularity of the contacts between the support and the coating. Therefore, it has been observed that the coating is then able to receive and distribute the mechanical stresses undergone, and to effectively oppose the appearance of random cracks and various deformations on the visible face of the industrial floor. .
Comme indiqué plus haut, l'invention concerne aussi bien la réalisation d'un sol à partir d'un support en béton existant et rénové que celle d'un support en béton neuf. Dans un souci de simplification, on désignera par "sol neuf" un sol comportant un support neuf, par opposition à un "sol rénové" comportant un support rénové. Sous sa forme habituelle, l'invention ne dispense pas la réalisation du support en béton en respectant les règles de l'art, notamment en ce qui concerne la réalisation des joints de fractionnement, en particulier le respect de la distance maximale entre joints et sciage dans les délais. Selon une forme avantageuse de réalisation de l'invention, applicable uniquement au sol neuf, on dispose sur les fondations un ou plusieurs profilés, choisis dans un matériau adhérant peu ou pas avec le béton. Lesdits profilés, en réduisant la section du support en béton au droit des profilés, permettent d'induire une fissure sensiblement verticale au droit de chaque inducteur si les tensions dans le béton résultant du retrait sont suffisantes. Puis on coule le béton sur les fondations et lesdits profilés, pour former le support en béton.As indicated above, the invention relates as well to the production of a floor from an existing and renovated concrete support as that of a new concrete support. For the sake of simplification, the term “new soil” will designate a soil comprising a new support, as opposed to a “renovated soil” comprising a renovated support. In its usual form, the invention does not exempt the production of the concrete support by respecting the rules of the art, in particular with regard to the production of fractioning joints, in particular the respect of the maximum distance between joints and sawing on time. According to an advantageous embodiment of the invention, applicable only to new soil, one or more profiles are available on the foundations, chosen from a material which adheres little or not to concrete. Said profiles, by reducing the section of the concrete support in line with the profiles, allow a substantially vertical crack to be induced to the right of each inductor if the tensions in the concrete resulting from the shrinkage are sufficient. Then the concrete is poured on the foundations and said sections, to form the concrete support.
Cette forme avantageuse de réalisation de 1'invention permet de densifier la distribution des fissures induites dues au retrait du béton et de mieux les distribuer sur les surfaces. Dès lors, on peut envisager un accroissement notable des distances entre les joints découpés sur le support en béton, voire leur élimination totale, car il est ainsi possible de garantir la bonne performance mécanique du revêtement à la verticale des fissures induites, d'une part par la présence de l'armature, d'autre part par la maîtrise de la largeur des fissures induites qui est, dans ce cas, limitée.This advantageous embodiment of the invention makes it possible to densify the distribution of the cracks induced due to the shrinkage of the concrete and to better distribute them over the surfaces. Consequently, it is possible to envisage a significant increase in the distances between the joints cut out on the concrete support, or even their total elimination, because it is thus possible to guarantee the good mechanical performance of the coating vertically of the induced cracks, on the one hand by the presence of the reinforcement, on the other hand by the control of the width of the induced cracks which is, in this case, limited.
DESCRIPTION DETAILLEE DE L'INVENTIONDETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
La composition précise du béton, dont est constitué le support, n'est pas critique. Mais on comprend aisément que 1'invention est utile dès lors que la nature du béton, les conditions opératoires et climatiques lors de la fabrication du sol et les conditions d'utilisation du sol rendent critique l'apparition des phénomènes de retrait et de variations dimensionnelles dans cette couche.The precise composition of the concrete, of which the support is made, is not critical. However, it is easily understood that the invention is useful when the nature of the concrete, the operating and climatic conditions during the manufacture of the soil and the conditions of use of the soil make the appearance of shrinkage phenomena and dimensional variations critical. in this layer.
L'invention est particulièrement bien adaptée aux compositions de béton normalisées dans lesquelles on trouve essentiellement au moins un liant hydraulique, des granulats aux proportions bien dosées selon les règles de l'art, et divers adjuvants minéraux ou organiques. L1 invention proposée ne dispense pas le respect des règles de l'art traditionnelles en ce qui concerne les fabrications du béton et sa mise en oeuvre. Ainsi, il est recommandé de respecter les normes de fabrication du béton, en particulier s'agissant des rapports eau/ciment, des courbes granulométriques du béton, les coefficients de forme des granulats, le temps de malaxage, et la température.The invention is particularly well suited to standardized concrete compositions in which there is essentially at least one hydraulic binder, aggregates with proportions well dosed according to the rules of the art, and various mineral or organic additives. 1 The proposed invention does not exempt compliance with the rules of traditional art regarding the manufacturing of concrete and its implementation. Thus, it is recommended to comply with concrete manufacturing standards, in particular with regard to water / cement ratios, particle size curves of concrete, aggregate form coefficients, mixing time, and temperature.
En outre, il est fortement recommandé, dans le cas d'un sol industriel, de choisir une composition de béton permettant au support d'atteindre à la fois :In addition, it is strongly recommended, in the case of an industrial floor, to choose a concrete composition allowing the support to reach both:
• une résistance en compression de l'ordre de 10 MPa ou supérieure, de préférence au moins égale à 20 MPa (selon la norme EN 196-1 de Mars 1990) , et • une résistance en flexion/traction au moins de l'ordre de 2,2 MPa ou supérieure, de préférence au moins égale à 2,5 MPa ;• a compressive strength of the order of 10 MPa or greater, preferably at least equal to 20 MPa (according to standard EN 196-1 of March 1990), and • a flexural / tensile strength of at least of the order 2.2 MPa or more, preferably at least 2.5 MPa;
• un bon état de surface (faible rugosité, absence de laitances) de sorte que la résistance à l'arrachement du revêtement soit de l'ordre de 1-1,5 • a good surface condition (low roughness, absence of laitance) so that the resistance to tearing of the coating is of the order of 1-1.5
MPa, voire au mieux de l'ordre de 2 MPa.MPa, or even at best of the order of 2 MPa.
Dans le cas d'un sol neuf renfermant un ou plusieurs profilés (se reporter à la forme avantageuse de réalisation de l'invention précitée), la présence des profilés permet de bien distribuer les fissurations sur toute la surface du sol. C'est pourquoi, dans ce cas, on peut plus facilement employer des compositions de béton incorporant des composés accélérateurs de la prise et du durcissement, qui tendent à intensifier les phénomènes de retrait.In the case of a new floor containing one or more profiles (see the advantageous embodiment of the aforementioned invention), the presence of the profiles makes it possible to distribute the cracks well over the entire surface of the floor. This is why, in this case, it is easier to use concrete compositions incorporating compounds that accelerate setting and hardening, which tend to intensify the phenomena of shrinkage.
Selon une variante avantageuse de 1'invention, la face supérieure du support en béton est tout d'abord recouverte d'une couche de lissage pour parer à la difficulté notoire de lisser avec la précision souhaitée à l'aide de moyen mécanique. Pour former la couche de lissage, on utilise une composition d'un matériau capable à la fois de former une surface lisse et d'adhérer au support en béton. Il est, par ailleurs, recommandé de prévoir une composition permettant d'atteindre, une fois durcie, une résistance en compression minimale de l'ordre de 10 MPa, de préférence au moins égale à 20 MPa. De préférence encore, on choisit une compositir , cimentière autolissante classique. Normalement, une épaisseur de 3 mm de la couche de lissage est suffisante pour obtenir un lissage correct. Des épaisseurs supérieures peuvent être nécessaires pour lisser des bétons très rugueux.According to an advantageous variant of the invention, the upper face of the concrete support is first of all covered with a smoothing layer to counter the notorious difficulty of smoothing with the desired precision using mechanical means. To form the smoothing layer, a composition of a material capable of both forming a smooth surface and of adhering to the concrete support is used. It is moreover recommended to provide a composition making it possible to achieve, once hardened, a minimum compressive strength of the order of 10 MPa, preferably at least equal to 20 MPa. More preferably, a composite, a conventional self-leveling cementitus, is chosen. Normally, a thickness of 3 mm of the smoothing layer is sufficient to obtain correct smoothing. Greater thicknesses may be necessary to smooth very rough concrete.
Si nécessaire, pour parfaire l'aspect lisse de la surface supérieure de la couche de lissage, avant de couler le produit autolissant, on effectue le dépôt d'une couche pour améliorer l'adhérence et réguler la porosité de la surface du support au moyen d'un produit d'imprégnation faisant également office de bouche pore et désigné par les spécialistes sous les appellations "primaire d'accrochage" ou "primaire d'adhérence". Ce produit d'imprégnation permet aussi de prévenir l'apparition des laitances en surface. A titre de produit d'imprégnation, on utilise le plus souvent une composition en phase aqueuse ou d'un solvant autorisé d'une résine (homo-, co-, voire terpolymère) qui peut être un acétate de vinyle, un versatate, un dérivé éthylénique, un époxy, un polyuréthane, un néoprène, un styrène-butadiène, un styrène-acrylique, etc.If necessary, to perfect the smooth appearance of the upper surface of the smoothing layer, before pouring the self-leveling product, a layer is deposited to improve the adhesion and regulate the porosity of the surface of the support by means of an impregnating product which also acts as a pore and designated by specialists under the names "primary bonding" or "primary adhesion". This impregnation product also helps prevent the appearance of laitances on the surface. As an impregnation product, an aqueous phase composition or an authorized solvent of a resin (homo-, co-, or even terpolymer) which can be a vinyl acetate, a versatate, a ethylenic derivative, epoxy, polyurethane, neoprene, styrene-butadiene, styrene-acrylic, etc.
Selon une autre caractéristique importante de l'invention, sur le support en béton, neuf ou rénové, une fois que le lissage désiré a été obtenu, on procède successivement au dépôt de : l. un (ou plusieurs) moyen de désolidarisation pour rendre non adhérente la couche d'usure (ou revêtement) à, selon le cas, la surface lissée du support ou la couche de lissage. De la sorte, le revêtement ne subit quasiment pas de tension ayant pour origine les variations dimensionnelles susceptibles de se produire dans le support quelles qu'en soient les causes (fissures, variations hygrométriques et/ou thermiques, sollicitations extérieures importantes) . La diminution du frottement d'avec le support est, en outre, rendue possible du fait de l'absence de points d'accrochage sur le support dont la face supérieure a été rendue lisse, de préférence grâce à la couche de lissage. A titre de moyen de désolidarisation, on utilise de préférence des produits qui sont soit non adhérents à la couche de lissage, soit non adhérents à la couche d'usure, ou encore qui n'adhèrent à aucune de ces deux couches. Conviennent comme produits de désolidarisation les paraffines, les silicones, les cires d'origine pétrolière, les stéarates tels que les stéarates de magnésie et tout autre produit, généralement essentiellement organique. L'épaisseur de la couche formée avec le (ou les) moyen de désolidarisation est adaptée pour assurer la non adhérence du revêtement avec la couche de lissage : il est recommandé de prévoir une épaisseur de l'ordre de 100 μm à 200 μm. Il est possible d'utiliser des épaisseurs supérieures, par exemple 3 mm ou plus, sous réserve que le matériau utilisé supporte, sans se déformer, la pression de la chape en service. Dès que la couche lissage est apte à supporter un opérateur et les machines utiles à la fabrication du sol sans endommager le lissage, on peut y appliquer les produits de non-adhérence manuellement ou mécaniquement (par exemple, par pulvérisation) . On peut également utiliser, à titre de moyen de désolidarisation, des films fins de produits non adhérents, par exemple les films réalisés avec des polyoléfines comme le polyéthylène ou tous autres matériaux susceptibles d'être déposés en larges surfaces sur le support lissé, à la condition qu'ils n'adhèrent pas au support lissé ou au revêtement. Toutefois, quand il est sous la forme d'un film fin, le moyen de désolidarisation doit être déposé avec beaucoup de précaution pour ne pas créer d'irrégularité de surface tels que des plis ou des poches d'air et, de la sorte, conduire à un aspect de surface irrégulier et nuire à l'appui parfait du revêtement sur le support. C'est pourquoi, il est recommandé de le tirer et de le coller sur la couche de lissage. 2. une ou plusieurs couches de revêtement que 1'on vient couler sur le moyen de désolidarisation. En pratique, premièrement on recouvre le moyen de désolidarisation d'une armature, puis on coule dessus l'enduit pour former le revêtement armé. Le principal critère de choix de 1'armature réside dans sa capacité à conférer une bonne répartition des tensions qui résultent des sollicitations auxquelles est soumis le revêtement. Egalement, pour que la couche de revêtement bénéficie pleinement des effets techniques procurés par l'armature, cette dernière est avantageusement posée sur des moyens permettant de surélever l'armature, en partie ou totalement, au-dessus de la couche de désolidarisation, ces moyens faisant partie intégrante ou non de l'armature. De la sorte, l'armature est bien noyée dans la masse de la couche formant le revêtement. L'armature est généralement en forme de treillis et peut être faite en tout matériau compatible avec les matériaux du sol dès lors qu'elle présente des résistances à la traction suffisantes. A titre d'exemple, on peut citer les grilles métalliques ou en fibres de verre traité, qui peuvent être sous le forme de grandes plaques ou de larges bandes.According to another important characteristic of the invention, on the concrete support, new or renovated, once the desired smoothing has been obtained, one successively deposits: l. one (or more) separation means to make the wear layer (or coating) non-adherent to, as the case may be, the smoothed surface of the support or the layer of smoothing. In this way, the coating undergoes almost no tension, originating from the dimensional variations liable to occur in the support whatever the causes (cracks, hygrometric and / or thermal variations, significant external stresses). The reduction in friction with the support is also made possible due to the absence of attachment points on the support, the upper face of which has been made smooth, preferably thanks to the smoothing layer. By way of separation, products are preferably used which are either non-adherent to the smoothing layer, or non-adherent to the wear layer, or else which do not adhere to either of these two layers. Paraffins, silicones, waxes of petroleum origin, stearates such as magnesia stearates and any other product, generally essentially organic, are suitable as separation products. The thickness of the layer formed with the (or the) separation means is adapted to ensure the non-adhesion of the coating with the smoothing layer: it is recommended to provide a thickness of the order of 100 μm to 200 μm. It is possible to use greater thicknesses, for example 3 mm or more, provided that the material used withstands, without deforming, the pressure of the screed in service. As soon as the smoothing layer is able to support an operator and the machines useful for making the soil without damaging the smoothing, the non-stick products can be applied to it manually or mechanically (for example, by spraying). It is also possible to use, as a means of separation, thin films of non-adherent products, for example films made with polyolefins such as polyethylene or any other material capable of being deposited in large areas on the smooth support, condition that they do not adhere to the smoothed support or the coating. However, when it is in the form of a thin film, the release means must be deposited with great care so as not to create surface irregularities such as folds or pockets of air and, in this way, lead to an irregular surface appearance and affect the perfect support of the coating on the support. Therefore, it is recommended to pull it and stick it on the smoothing layer. 2. one or more layers of coating which are poured onto the separation means. In practice, firstly, the means for separating an armature is covered, then the coating is poured over it to form the reinforced coating. The main criterion for choosing the reinforcement lies in its ability to impart a good distribution of the tensions which result from the stresses to which the coating is subjected. Also, so that the coating layer takes full advantage of the technical effects provided by the reinforcement, the latter is advantageously placed on means making it possible to raise the reinforcement, in part or totally, above the separation layer, these means whether integral or not of the reinforcement. In this way, the frame is well embedded in the mass of the layer forming the coating. The frame is generally in the form of a trellis and can be made of any material compatible with the soil materials as soon as it has sufficient tensile strengths. By way of example, mention may be made of metal or treated glass fiber grids, which may be in the form of large plates or wide strips.
Dans le cas où le revêtement est composé de plusieurs couches superposées, l'armature est intégrée dans la couche de plus forte épaisseur. Le format et la dimension des mailles dessinées par l'armature en forme de treillis peuvent également varier. Ils sont souvent la conséquence du type de matériau constituant 1'armature en raison des techniques de fabrication.In the case where the covering is made up of several superimposed layers, the reinforcement is integrated into the thicker layer. The format and dimension of the meshes drawn by the lattice-shaped reinforcement may also vary. They are often the consequence of the type of material constituting the reinforcement due to the manufacturing techniques.
Toutefois, on veillera à ce que les dimensions des mailles de l'armature soient supérieures aux dimensions des particules et/ou des fibres que renferme la composition de revêtement pour éviter un effet de tamisage de cette composition.However, care will be taken that the dimensions of the mesh of the reinforcement are greater than the dimensions of the particles and / or of the fibers contained in the coating composition in order to avoid a sieving effect of this composition.
Enfin, le choix de la densité des mailles et du matériau de l'armature est bien entendu fait en fonction du niveau de résistance à la traction que 1'on souhaite voir développer par l'armature. Une fois que 1'armature est posée la dernière étape pour former le sol selon l'invention consiste à couler une ou plusieurs couches pour former le revêtement. Il est recommandé de prévoir, pour le revêtement, une épaisseur au moins égale à 10 mm car, en deçà, les résistances mécaniques en flexion du sol industriel risquent d'être insuffisantes. L'épaisseur de la couche de revêtement peut atteindre jusqu'à 30 mm. Mais, pour des raisons économiques essentiellement, on préfère retenir une épaisseur de l'ordre de 15 mm. On remarquera que 1'invention rend possible une diminution considérable de l'épaisseur de la chape, quand on la compare à celle habituellement prévue actuellement, qui est habituellement de 50 mm pour ne pas fissurer. Un bénéfice majeur de l'invention est que la composition précise de la couche de revêtement n'est pas critique. Le choix de cette composition se fait essentiellement en fonction des caractéristiques que 1'on souhaite donner à la couche de revêtement (en particulier retrait minimum) et à l'usage, qui sera fait du sol fini. Néanmoins, on préfère utiliser des compositions de couche de revêtement comprenant au moins un liant hydraulique et au moins un liant organique, car dans ces conditions, le procédé selon 1'invention s'est révélé être très performant (absence de fissuration sur la surface supérieure du dallage) .Finally, the choice of the density of the meshes and of the material of the reinforcement is of course made as a function of the level of tensile strength which one wishes to see developed by the reinforcement. Once the reinforcement is laid, the last step to form the floor according to the invention consists in pouring one or more layers to form the covering. It is recommended to provide, for the coating, a thickness at least equal to 10 mm because, below, the mechanical resistance in bending of the industrial floor may be insufficient. The thickness of the coating layer can reach up to 30 mm. However, for essentially economic reasons, it is preferred to retain a thickness of the order of 15 mm. It will be noted that the invention makes possible a considerable reduction in the thickness of the screed, when it is compared with that usually currently provided, which is usually 50 mm so as not to crack. A major benefit of the invention is that the precise composition of the coating layer is not critical. The choice of this composition is essentially based on the characteristics which one wishes to give to the covering layer (in particular minimum shrinkage) and to the use which will be made of the finished floor. However, it is preferred to use coating layer compositions comprising at least one hydraulic binder and at least one organic binder, because under these conditions, the process according to the invention has proved to be very efficient (absence of cracking on the upper surface paving).
A l'issue de cette dernière étape, dès que le revête¬ ment est suffisamment durci, on obtient un sol multi- couches que l'on peut utiliser en l'état ou éventuellement recouvrir d'une ou de plusieurs couches de finition.At the end of this last step, as soon as the covering is sufficiently hardened, a multi-layer floor is obtained which can be used as it is or possibly cover with one or more finishing layers.
Conformément à une autre variante avantageuse de réalisation de l'invention indiquée plus haut, on retient le principe connu de diriger les fissurations, mais avec une modification importante : 1' induction de la fissuration se fait par le bas du sol au moyen des profilés, et elle est dirigée vers le haut, dans un plan sensiblement vertical, au droit des profilés, contrairement à la découpe des joints de retrait, dontIn accordance with another advantageous alternative embodiment of the invention indicated above, the known principle of directing the cracks is retained, but with a significant modification: the induction of the cracking takes place from below the ground by means of the profiles, and it is directed upwards, in a substantially vertical plane, in line with the profiles, unlike the cutting of the withdrawal joints, of which
1'induction est faite de la surface vers le bas du dallage. Ainsi, on fragilise le support en béton en réduisant sa section au droit des profilés : dès lors, si les tensions résultant du retrait sont suffisantes, la fissuration se fera précisément au droit des profilés.The induction is made from the surface to the bottom of the paving. Thus, the concrete support is weakened by reducing its section in line with the profiles: consequently, if the tensions resulting from the shrinkage are sufficient, cracking will occur precisely at the level of the profiles.
Ensuite, conformément à l'invention : - on procède au lissage de la surface du béton, dès qu'il a atteint des résistances suffisantes pour supporter des charges légères comme le poids d'un ou de plusieurs opérateurs, de préférence avant l'apparition de la fissuration induite, de préférence encore à 1'aide d'au moins une couche de lissage;Then, in accordance with the invention: - the concrete surface is smoothed, as soon as it has reached sufficient strengths to support light loads such as the weight of one or more operators, preferably before the appearance induced cracking, more preferably using at least one smoothing layer;
- ensuite, on dépose successivement au moins un moyen de désolidarisation, une armature en forme de treillis et au moins une couche pour former le revêtement. Avantageusement, le support en béton est fragilisé de sorte à former une fissuration induite au droit de la majorité, voire de la totalité- des profilés, et empêcher ainsi la formation de rares et larges fissures. Pour ce faire, on espace de préférence les profilés les uns des autres d'une distance allant de l mètre à 10 mètres environ. De préférence encore, on suit les prescriptions du D.T.U. de septembre 1982 (précisées plus haut) , ce qui conduit à disposer les profilés au moins tous les 5 mètres, de telle sorte qu'ils définissent des surfaces non supérieures à 25 m2.- Then, successively depositing at least one separation means, a lattice-shaped reinforcement and at least one layer to form the coating. Advantageously, the concrete support is weakened so as to form an induced cracking in line with the majority, if not all, of the sections, and thus prevent the formation of rare and large cracks. To do this, it is preferable to space the profiles from one another by a distance ranging from about 1 meter to 10 meters. Preferably again, the prescriptions of the DTU of September 1982 (specified above) are followed, which leads to placing the profiles at least every 5 meters, so that they define surfaces not greater than 25 m 2 .
En outre, on veillera à disposer les profilés dans toutes les régions où des concentrations de tension peuvent conduire à une fissuration indésirable, comme par exemple les discontinuités d'épaisseur ou les interruptions de la continuité de la surface par suite de la présence d'un pilier, d'un regard, d'une porte ou d'un angle saillant.In addition, care should be taken to arrange the profiles in all the regions where stress concentrations can lead to undesirable cracking, such as for example discontinuities in thickness or interruptions in the continuity of the surface due to the presence of a pillar, look, door or salient angle.
Malgré 1 'apparition probable des fissures dans le support du fait du retrait, la demanderesse a observé l'absence d'apparition de fissures visibles à la surface du revêtement. Il ressort que la désolidarisation du revêtement du support lissé permet au revêtement de ne pas se fissurer quand il prend appui sur un support lisse et présentant des fissures de largeur limitée.Despite the probable appearance of cracks in the support due to the shrinkage, the Applicant has observed the absence of visible cracks on the surface of the coating. It appears that the separation of the coating from the smoothed support allows the coating not to crack when it is supported on a smooth support and having cracks of limited width.
Les profilés doivent être faits dans un matériau peu ou non adhérent au béton, ceci afin de minimiser l'accrochage du béton sur les profilés. Ils doivent en outre être suffisamment rigides. A titre d'exemples de matériaux pouvant servir à fabriquer des profilés, on peut citer des plastiques tels que le polyéthylène ou le polypropylène qui conviennent parfaitement dès lors qu'ils sont suffisamment rigides pour supporter sans se déformer le support en béton. Ils peuvent également être en bois. Le format de ces profilés peut varier. On les choisit de préférence d'une hauteur d'au moins un sixième de la hauteur prévue pour le support en béton, de façon à bien réduire la surface de sa section transversale sur au moins un sixième. De préférence encore, la hauteur des profilés est au moins égale à un tiers de la hauteur du support. Les meilleurs résultats sur le plan esthétique des sols neufs conformes à 1'invention ont été obtenus quand la hauteur des profilés est au moins égale à la moitié de la hauteur du support.The profiles must be made of a material with little or no adhesion to the concrete, in order to minimize the attachment of the concrete to the profiles. They must also be sufficiently rigid. As examples of materials which can be used to manufacture profiles, mention may be made of plastics such as polyethylene or polypropylene which are perfectly suitable as long as they are rigid enough to support without deforming the concrete support. They can also be made of wood. The format of these profiles may vary. They are preferably chosen from a height of at least one sixth of the height provided for the concrete support, so as to reduce the area of its cross section to at least one sixth. More preferably, the height of the profiles is at least equal to one third of the height of the support. The best results on the aesthetic level of new floors in accordance with the invention have been obtained when the height of the profiles is at least equal to half the height of the support.
Les autres aspects du format ne sont pas critiques, et ne se destinent qu'à faciliter la pose et/ou la fixation sur les fondations du sol, le transport ou bien le fractionnement dans la longueur pour l'ajustement des dimensions.The other aspects of the format are not critical, and are intended only to facilitate the installation and / or fixing on the foundations of the ground, transport or even the splitting in the length for the adjustment of the dimensions.
Selon une première variante avantageuse, le profilé a une section sensiblement de la forme d'un "V" que l'on inverse sur les fondations du sol industriel, ceci afin que 1'angle saillant du "V" soit dirigé vers la surface supérieure du support.According to a first advantageous variant, the profile has a section substantially in the shape of a "V" which is reversed on the foundations of industrial soil, this so that the salient angle of the "V" is directed towards the upper surface of support.
Selon une seconde variante avantageuse, le profilé a une section sensiblement de la forme d'un "T" que l'on inverse sur les fondations du sol industriel, ceci afin que la barre verticale du "T" soit disposée verticalement et dirigée vers la surface supérieure du support.According to a second advantageous variant, the profile has a section substantially in the shape of a "T" which is reversed on the foundations of industrial soil, this so that the vertical bar of the "T" is arranged vertically and directed towards the upper surface of the support.
De préférence encore, selon une troisième variante avantageuse, le profilé a une section sensiblement de la forme d'un "Y", que l'on dispose de façon stable sur les fondations du sol industriel, de telle sorte que l'une des branches du "Y" soit disposée verticalement et dirigée vers la surface supérieure du support.More preferably, according to a third advantageous variant, the profile has a section substantially in the shape of a "Y", which is arranged stably on the foundations of industrial soil, so that one of the branches of the "Y" is arranged vertically and directed towards the upper surface of the support.
Comme indiqué précéder ant, une fois que les inducteurs de fissures profilés sont posés, et de préférence fixés sur les fondations du sol industriel à l'aide d'un moyen de fixation approprié tel que des pointes, on coule le béton afin de former le support, puis, dès que le support a atteint des résistances mécaniques suffisantes, on procède au lissage de la surface du béton avantageusement en la recouvrant d'au moins une couche de lissage; puis on recouvre successivement la surface lissée d'au moins un moyen de désolidarisation, d'une armature en forme de treillis, puis, d'au moins une couche pour former le revêtement.As indicated above, once the inductors of profiled cracks are installed, and preferably fixed on the foundations of industrial soil using an appropriate fixing means such as points, the concrete is poured in order to form the support, then, as soon as the support has reached sufficient mechanical strengths, the concrete surface is smoothed advantageously by covering it with at least one smoothing layer; then the smoothed surface is successively covered with at least one separation means, with a lattice-shaped reinforcement, then with at least one layer to form the coating.
AVANTAGES DE L'INVENTIONADVANTAGES OF THE INVENTION
De façon surprenante, l'invention permet de donner à ce revêtement de faible épaisseur et désolidarisé du support en béton des performances d'ordre mécanique de niveau industriel, par conséquent très supérieures à celles rencontrées dans le cas des sols résidentiels et piétonniers connus, et ainsi de transférer tous les avantages de cette technique de construction de revêtement aux milieux industriels.Surprisingly, the invention makes it possible to give this coating, which is thin and separated from the concrete support, mechanical performance of an industrial level, therefore much higher than that encountered in the case of known residential and pedestrian floors, and thus to transfer all the advantages of this coating construction technique to industrial environments.
Les avantages de l'invention sont, dès lors, les suivants :The advantages of the invention are therefore the following:
1. l'interruption de la transmission des fissures anarchiques du support à la surface du revêtement.1. interruption of the transmission of anarchic cracks in the support on the surface of the coating.
2. le pontage des joints de retrait du support par le revêtement sans dommage pour ce dernier sous réserve que ces joints soient bien calculés, c'est-à-dire que 1'amplitude de leurs mouvements soit prévisible et limitée. Dans le cas des sols industriels neufs, la technique d'induction des fissures de retrait par des profilés s'associe à la technique de fabrication de sol préconisée dans la présente invention. Il en résulte la possibilité de réaliser des sols industriels sans fissurations anarchiques, avec des espacements entre joints largement augmentés. Il est à remarquer toutefois que l'espacement entre les joints dépend, comme pour le support entre autres, des conditions de travail du sol, des charges en place et des variations thermiques et hygrométriques du milieu. Dans le cas où ces contraintes sont habituelles (i.e. variations du degré hygrométrique de l'ordre de 40 % et variations thermiques inférieures à 30°C) des surfaces supérieures à 1000 m2 sans joints peuvent être envisagées. Par opposition à la technique du sciage, l'invention, avec les variantes avantageuses utilisant la couche de lissage et les profilés inducteurs de fissures permet d'accélérer considérablement la vitesse de réalisation du support en béton. Des cadences supérieures à 2000 m2/ jour sont ainsi facilement atteintes.2. bridging of the support withdrawal joints by the coating without damage to the latter provided that these joints are well calculated, that is to say that the amplitude of their movements is predictable and limited. In the case of new industrial floors, the technique of inducing shrinkage cracks by profiles is associated with the technique of manufacturing soil recommended in the present invention. This results in the possibility of producing industrial floors without anarchic cracks, with spacings between joints greatly increased. It should be noted however that the spacing between the joints depends, as for the support among others, on the working conditions of the soil, loads in place and thermal and hygrometric variations of the medium. In the case where these constraints are usual (ie variations in the hygrometric degree of the order of 40% and thermal variations less than 30 ° C) surfaces greater than 1000 m 2 without joints can be envisaged. In contrast to the sawing technique, the invention, with the advantageous variants using the smoothing layer and the crack inducing profiles, considerably accelerates the speed of production of the concrete support. Rates higher than 2000 m 2 / day are thus easily reached.
3. il est essentiel, pour la rénovation, d'avoir des (sur)épaisseurs ajoutées les plus f~ibles possibles par rapport au niveau d'origine (en ra..-on notamment de la création de dénivelés, du niveau du poste du scellement des machines, de la hauteur du toit disponible, etc) . L'invention, qui respecte les conditions précitées, convient donc à la rénovation des sols industriels. 4. la facilité de réparation : la principale difficulté rencontrée dans les techniques actuelles réside dans l'élimination de la chape adhérente usée. L'invention permet de l'éliminer rapidement avec des moyens mécaniques très rapides et un minimum de nuisances (bruit, poussières, vibrations, immobilisation des locaux, équipements, etc) .3. it is essential, for the renovation, to have (over) added thicknesses as f ~ iible as possible compared to the original level (in ra ..- in particular the creation of elevations, the level of the post machine sealing, available roof height, etc.). The invention, which meets the above conditions, is therefore suitable for the renovation of industrial floors. 4. ease of repair: the main difficulty encountered in current techniques lies in the elimination of the worn adhesive screed. The invention makes it possible to eliminate it quickly with very rapid mechanical means and a minimum of nuisance (noise, dust, vibrations, immobilization of premises, equipment, etc.).
5. de plus, l'évolution de la technique est telle que, pour mieux répondre aux contraintes de planéité, finition et de performances des sols en général, en particulier des sols industriels, on est amené aujourd'hui à déposer une couche de finition aux caractéristiques distinctives du béton du support. Cette technique de fabrication de sols se marie donc avantageusement à cette tendance technologique. APPLICATIONS INDUSTRIELLES5. moreover, the evolution of the technique is such that, to better respond to the constraints of flatness, finish and performance of floors in general, in particular industrial floors, we are today led to deposit a finishing layer with the distinctive characteristics of the support concrete. This technique of manufacturing floors therefore blends advantageously with this technological trend. INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
En raison des avantages listés ci-dessus, l'invention convient particulièrement bien aux sols industriels pour les besoins par exemple des parkings, des bâtiments industriels ou commerciaux et plus particulièrement pour : - les industries où la présence de joints est préjudiciable (agro-alimentaire) ; - ou encore quand la tenue des sols dans le temps ne peut être que limitée en raison des activités pratiquées (mécaniques lourdes, industries chimiques, agro-alimentaire, chambres froides, sidérurgie, etc.) En outre, l'invention convient aussi à la réalisation des sols résidentiels et pietonniers (par exemple, ceux des bâtiments hospitaliers ou scolaires) .Due to the advantages listed above, the invention is particularly suitable for industrial floors for the needs of, for example, car parks, industrial or commercial buildings and more particularly for: - industries where the presence of seals is detrimental (food industry ); - Or even when the soil resistance over time can only be limited due to the activities carried out (heavy machinery, chemical industries, food industry, cold rooms, steel industry, etc.). In addition, the invention is also suitable for realization of residential and pedestrian floors (for example, those of hospital or school buildings).
L'invention est maintenant illustrée au travers de deux modes de réalisation particuliers.The invention is now illustrated through two particular embodiments.
EXEMPLESEXAMPLES
Fabrication d'un sol industriel neuf sans joint, de 200 m2-, dans un local industriel qui sert d'entrepôt et reçoit couramment des charges de 7 tonnes au m2- (palettes gerbées) . par temps froid avec des variations allant de 0 à 7°C.Manufacturing of a new industrial floor without joint, of 200 m 2 -, in an industrial premises which serves as warehouse and commonly receives loads of 7 tonnes per m 2 - (stacked pallets). in cold weather with variations ranging from 0 to 7 ° C.
Les fondations Les fondations du sol industriel sont une couche de tout venant faite à partir d'un mélange de granulats bruts de carrière, et les fondations comprennent en outre une feuille plastique isolante sous les fondations, compactée au rouleau. Le support en bétonThe foundations The foundations of the industrial floor are a layer of all comings made from a mixture of rough quarry aggregates, and the foundations also include an insulating plastic sheet under the foundations, compacted with a roller. Concrete support
Il est en béton non armé et sa hauteur est de 17 cm. Sur les fondations, on place tous les 5 mètres, afin de réaliser un quadrillage de "mailles" de 25 m2 de surface, des profilés commercialisés par la société MIERS sous la dénomination "CONCRACK" : ces profilés, qui possèdent une section en forme de "Y", ont une hauteur de 50 mm et sont prévus en polypropylène rigide. Les profilés "CONCRACK" sont fixés sur les fondations à l'aide de pointes. L'emplacement des profilés est précisément repéré. Ensuite, on procède à la mise en place du béton avec une règle manuelle sans rail. Le béton coulé comprend :It is made of unreinforced concrete and its height is 17 cm. On the foundations, we place every 5 meters, in order to produce a grid of "meshes" of 25 m 2 of surface, profiles marketed by the company MIERS under the name "CONCRACK": these profiles, which have a shaped section of "Y", have a height of 50 mm and are provided in rigid polypropylene. The "CONCRACK" profiles are fixed to the foundations using spikes. The location of the profiles is precisely identified. Then, we proceed to the placement of the concrete with a manual rule without rail. Poured concrete includes:
- sable : 820 kg/m3 dont 191 kg/m3 de sable fin ;- sand: 820 kg / m 3 including 191 kg / m 3 of fine sand;
- gravillon : 938 kg/m3 ;- gravel: 938 kg / m 3 ;
- liant hydraulique (ciment Portland CPA 55) , 370 kg/m3 ;- hydraulic binder (Portland cement CPA 55), 370 kg / m 3 ;
- eau de gâchage : 197 +/- 7 kg/m3 ; - un fluidifiant : 0,25 % du poids du liant hydraulique.- mixing water: 197 +/- 7 kg / m 3 ; - a fluidizer: 0.25% of the weight of the hydraulic binder.
Un tel béton garantit une résistance caractéristique à 28 jours selon la norme NF P 18305 de 35 MPa. La prise du béton est rapide. Il est en effet possible de marcher sur le béton dix heures après le coulage.Such concrete guarantees a characteristic resistance to 28 days according to standard NF P 18305 of 35 MPa. Concrete setting is quick. It is indeed possible to walk on concrete ten hours after pouring.
Pendant la préparation du support, la température a varié de 3 à 5°C.During the preparation of the support, the temperature varied from 3 to 5 ° C.
Un primaire d'adhérence est alors appliqué sur toute la surface du support en une seule couche. Ce primaire est constitué d'une dispersion en phase aqueuse de copolymères vinyliques. On laisse sécher ce primaire pendant deux heures. La consommation est de l'ordre de 200 g par m2 de surface. On applique ensuite la couche de lissage sur la face supérieure du support pour la rendre lisse et en éliminer tous les points d'accrochage éventuels. Le produit appliqué est un enduit de lissage à base essentiellement de ciment, commercialisé par la société OMNIPLASTIC sous la dénomination OMNIPLAN. Cet enduit est choisi en raison du niveau de ses caractéristiques mécaniques qui lui permettent de supporter la charge indirecte des contraintes mécaniques industrielles.An adhesion primer is then applied to the entire surface of the support in a single layer. This primer consists of an aqueous phase dispersion of vinyl copolymers. This primer is left to dry for two hours. Consumption is around 200 g per m 2 of surface. The smoothing layer is then applied to the upper face of the support to make it smooth and to eliminate any possible attachment points. The applied product is a smoothing coating based essentially on cement, sold by the company OMNIPLASTIC under the name OMNIPLAN. This coating is chosen because of the level of its mechanical characteristics which allow it to withstand the indirect load of industrial mechanical stresses.
Ce produit est rapidement appliqué à l'aide de la pompe d'application de dénomination commerciale SERVAPLAN, décrite dans la demande de brevet européen n° 92420025.6 en épaisseur moyenne de 3 à 4 mm. On laisse alors durcir le produit de lissage pendant 24 heures, temps suffisant pour qu'il puisse supporter un trafic piétonnier.This product is quickly applied using the application pump of trade name SERVAPLAN, described in European patent application No. 92420025.6 in an average thickness of 3 to 4 mm. The smoothing product is then left to harden for 24 hours, sufficient time for it to withstand pedestrian traffic.
On revêt alors d'un produit liquide visqueux la couche de lissage, qui permettra la non-adhérence de la couche d'usure et de la couche de lissage. Ce produit créé un film étanche, résistant, et totalement non-adhérent. Il s'agit de dérivés pétroliers en dispersion aqueuse commercialisés sous la dénomination ELVECURE par la société CHRYSO. La consommation de ce produit est de 150 grammes au m2. On laisse ce produit sécher pendant 4 heures pour le rendre apte à supporter la marche d'un homme.The smoothing layer is then coated with a viscous liquid product, which will allow the non-adhesion of the wear layer and the smoothing layer. This product creates a waterproof, resistant and completely non-adherent film. These are petroleum derivatives in aqueous dispersion marketed under the name ELVECURE by the company CHRYSO. The consumption of this product is 150 grams per m 2 . This product is allowed to dry for 4 hours to make it suitable for supporting a man's walk.
Après 4 heures, on répartit, à intervalles réguliers, sur le moyen de désolidarisation, espacés de 40 cm environ, des petits éléments permettant de soutenir le treillis. Il s'agit ici d'un treillis métallique galvanisé à maille de 10 mm x 10 mm et de diamètre de fil de 1 mm. Ce treillis est déroulé sur toute la surface à traiter. Le revêtement ou couche d'usureAfter 4 hours, small elements are distributed at regular intervals, on the separation means, spaced about 40 cm apart, making it possible to support the trellis. This is a galvanized wire mesh with a mesh of 10 mm x 10 mm and a wire diameter of 1 mm. This trellis is unwound over the entire surface to be treated. The coating or wear layer
On coule alors 2 cm de revêtement destiné à former la couche d'usure. On utilise, pour ce faire, la pompe automatique SERVAPLAN . L'application dure environ 2 heures.Then poured 2 cm of coating intended to form the wear layer. To do this, the SERVAPLAN automatic pump is used. The application takes approximately 2 hours.
L'enduit servant à former la couche d'usure est composé de :The coating used to form the wear layer consists of:
- ciment Portland : 18 % à 25 % - ciment alumineux : 1 % à 10 %- Portland cement: 18% to 25% - aluminous cement: 1% to 10%
- fillers : 5 % à 25 %- fillers: 5% to 25%
- sables siliceux : 35 % à 65 %- silica sands: 35% to 65%
- liant organique : 0,5 % à 5 %- organic binder: 0.5% to 5%
- fluidifiant : 0,05 % à 1 % - régulateur de prise : 0,01 % à 0,3 %- fluidizer: 0.05% to 1% - setting regulator: 0.01% to 0.3%
D'autres composants peuvent être ajoutés à cette formulation, en vue d'améliorer les caractéristiques et les performances de l'enduit (colorants, durcisseurs, retardateurs, etc.). On laisse le revêtement en l'état pendant 18 heures, puis on applique un produit liquide permettant d'inhiber 1'évaporation de l'eau du revêtement hydraulique et, par là, sa fissuration précoce. Ce produit, dit de cure, est spécialement étudié pour permettre l'application ultérieure de tous autres revêtements esthétiques peintures, textiles, plastiques ou autres.Other components can be added to this formulation, in order to improve the characteristics and performance of the coating (dyes, hardeners, retarders, etc.). The coating is left as it is for 18 hours, then a liquid product is applied which makes it possible to inhibit the evaporation of the water from the hydraulic coating and, thereby, its early cracking. This product, called cure, is specially studied to allow the subsequent application of all other aesthetic coatings, paints, textiles, plastics or others.
Le sol est laissé hors passage pendant 48 heures, puis remis à la circulation lourde sous 5 jours sans aucun dommage : stockage de palettes de 1,2 tonnes sur 5 niveaux, manutention par chariots élévateurs à roues à bandage plein.The ground is left out of the way for 48 hours, then returned to heavy traffic within 5 days without any damage: storage of 1.2-ton pallets on 5 levels, handling by forklifts with wheels with solid tires.
Aucune fissuration n'est apparue à quelque endroit que ce soit 28 jours après le coulage. Autre exemple de chantier : fabrication d'un sol industriel rénové sans joint, de 150 m2. par temps froid avec des variations allant de + l°C à + 15°C.No cracking appeared anywhere 28 days after pouring. Another example of a site: the manufacture of an industrial floor renovated without joints, 150 m2. in cold weather with variations ranging from + 1 ° C to + 15 ° C.
Le supportThe support
Le support de la couche d'usure est un béton âgé, de caractéristiques convenables, sec, possédant une cohésion correcte, mais comportant des fissures irrégulièrement réparties. L'ensemble est stabilisé.The wear layer support is an aged concrete, of suitable characteristics, dry, having correct cohesion, but having irregularly distributed cracks. The whole is stabilized.
Préparation du supportSubstrate preparation
L'ensemble du béton ancien est raboté, puis soigneusement aspiré afin d'éliminer toute partie non adhérente et d'homogénéiser la surface.All of the old concrete is planed, then carefully vacuumed in order to remove any non-adherent part and to homogenize the surface.
Un primaire d'adhérence est alors appliqué sur toute la surface en une seule couche. Ce primaire est constitué d'une dispersion en phase aqueuse de copolymères vinyliques. On laisse sécher ce primaire pendant deux heures. La consommation est de l'ordre de 200 g par m2 de surface.An adhesion primer is then applied to the entire surface in a single layer. This primer consists of an aqueous phase dispersion of vinyl copolymers. This primer is left to dry for two hours. Consumption is around 200 g per m 2 of surface.
On applique ensuite la couche de lissage sur la face supérieure du support pour la rendre lisse et en éliminer tous les points d'accrochage éventuels. Le produit appliqué est un enduit de lissage à base essentiellement de ciment, commercialisé par la société OMNIPLASTIC sous la dénomination OMNIPLAN. Cet enduit est choisi en raison du niveau de ses caractéristiques mécaniques qui lui permettent de supporter la charge indirecte des contraintes mécaniques industrielles.The smoothing layer is then applied to the upper face of the support to make it smooth and to eliminate any possible attachment points. The applied product is a smoothing coating based essentially on cement, sold by the company OMNIPLASTIC under the name OMNIPLAN. This coating is chosen because of the level of its mechanical characteristics which allow it to withstand the indirect load of industrial mechanical stresses.
Ce produit est rapidement appliqué à l'aide de la pompe d'application de dénomination commerciale SERVAPLAN, décrite dans la demande de brevet européen n° 92420025.6 en épaisseur moyenne de 3 à 4 mm. On laisse alors durcir le produit de lissage pendant 24 heures, temps suffisant pour qu'il puisse supporter un trafic piétonnier.This product is quickly applied using the application pump of trade name SERVAPLAN, described in European patent application No. 92420025.6 in an average thickness of 3 to 4 mm. The smoothing product is then left to harden for 24 hours, sufficient time for it to withstand pedestrian traffic.
On revêt alors d'un produit liquide visqueux la couche de lissage, qui permettra la non-adhérence de la couche d'usure et de la couche de lissage. Ce produit créé un film étanche, résistant, et totalement non-adhérent. Il s'agit de dérivés pétroliers en dispersion aqueuse commercialisés sous la dénomination ELVECURE par la société CHRYSO. La consommation de ce produit est de 150 grammes au m2.The smoothing layer is then coated with a viscous liquid product, which will allow the non-adhesion of the wear layer and the smoothing layer. This product creates a waterproof, resistant and completely non-adherent film. These are petroleum derivatives in aqueous dispersion marketed under the name ELVECURE by the company CHRYSO. The consumption of this product is 150 grams per m 2 .
On laisse ce produit sécher pendant 4 heures pour le rendre apte à supporter la marche d'un homme.This product is allowed to dry for 4 hours to make it suitable for supporting a man's walk.
Après 4 heures, on répartit, à intervalles réguliers, sur le moyen de désolidarisation, espacés de 40 cm environ, des petits éléments permettant de soutenir le treillis. Il s'agit d'un treillis de verre à maille deAfter 4 hours, small elements are distributed at regular intervals, on the separation means, spaced about 40 cm apart, making it possible to support the trellis. It is a glass mesh mesh of
1 cm. Ce treillis est déroulé sur toute la surface à traiter. Ce treillis autocollant adhère par endroit au sol et sa remontée intempestive est ainsi empêchée.1 cm. This trellis is unwound over the entire surface to be treated. This self-adhesive mesh adheres in places to the ground and its untimely rise is thus prevented.
Le revêtement ou couche d'usureThe coating or wear layer
On coule alors 2 cm de revêtement destiné à former la couche d'usure. On utilise, pour ce faire, la pompe automatique SERVAPLAN. L'application dure environThen poured 2 cm of coating intended to form the wear layer. To do this, the SERVAPLAN automatic pump is used. The application lasts approximately
2 heures.2 hours.
L'enduit servant à former la couche d'usure est composé de :The coating used to form the wear layer consists of:
- ciment Portland : 18 % à 25 % - ciment alumineux : 1 % à 10 %- Portland cement: 18% to 25% - aluminous cement: 1% to 10%
- fillers : 5 % à 25 %- fillers: 5% to 25%
- sables siliceux : 35 % à 65 %- silica sands: 35% to 65%
- liant organique : 0,5 % à 5 %- organic binder: 0.5% to 5%
- fluidifiant : 0,05 % à 1 % - régulateur de prise : 0,01 % à 0,3 % D'autres composants peuvent être ajoutés à cette formulation, en vue d'améliorer les caractéristiques et les performances de l'enduit- (colorants, durcisseurs, retardateurs, etc.) . On laisse le revêtement en l'état pendant 18 heures, puis on applique un produit liquide permettant d'inhiber l'évaporation de l'eau du revêtement hydraulique et, par là, sa fissuration précoce. Ce produit, dit de cure, est spécialement étudié pour permettre l'application ultérieure de tous autres revêtements esthétiques : peintures, textiles, plastiques ou autres.- fluidizer: 0.05% to 1% - setting regulator: 0.01% to 0.3% Other components can be added to this formulation, in order to improve the characteristics and performance of the coating (dyes, hardeners, retarders, etc.). The coating is left as it is for 18 hours, then a liquid product is applied which makes it possible to inhibit the evaporation of the water from the hydraulic coating and, thereby, its early cracking. This product, called cure, is specially studied to allow the subsequent application of all other aesthetic coatings: paints, textiles, plastics or others.
Le sol est laissé hors passage pendant 48 heures, puis remis à la circulation lourde sous 5 jours sans aucun dommage : stockage de moteurs électriques de i tonne, manutention par chariots élévateurs à roues à bandage plein.The soil is left out of the way for 48 hours, then returned to heavy traffic within 5 days without any damage: storage of electric motors of 1 ton, handling by forklifts with wheels with solid tires.
Aucune fissuration n'est apparue à quelque endroit que ce soit 28 jours après le coulage. No cracking appeared anywhere 28 days after pouring.

Claims

REVENDICATIONS
1. Sol perfectionné pour les besoins des activités industrielles comprenant au moins une couche de revêtement sur un support en béton neuf ou existant, caractérisé en ce que le revêtement est désolidarisé du support en béton et en ce que la face supérieure du support en béton est traitée successivement de la façon suivante :1. Improved soil for the needs of industrial activities comprising at least one coating layer on a new or existing concrete support, characterized in that the coating is detached from the concrete support and in that the upper face of the concrete support is treated successively as follows:
a) lissage de cette face supérieure de sorte que sa planéité/rugosité soit inférieure à 2 mm sous la règle de 2 mètres ; b) dépôt d'au moins un moyen pour rendre non adhérente la première couche de revêtement de la surface lissée du support (ci-après désigné "moyen de désolidarisation") ; c) dépôt d'au moins une couche de revêtement accolée au moyen de désolidarisation, le revêtement étant armé sur toute la surface traitée.a) smoothing of this upper face so that its flatness / roughness is less than 2 mm under the 2 meter rule; b) depositing at least one means for rendering the first coating layer of the smoothed surface of the support non-adherent (hereinafter referred to as "separation means"); c) depositing at least one coating layer joined by means of separation, the coating being reinforced over the entire treated surface.
2. Sol selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que le lissage est obtenu en recouvrant la face supérieure du support avec au moins une couche d'un produit autolissant (ci-après désignée "couche de lissage"), cette couche de lissage devant en outre adhérer au support en béton.2. Floor according to claim 1, characterized in that the smoothing is obtained by covering the upper face of the support with at least one layer of a self-leveling product (hereinafter called "smoothing layer"), this smoothing layer in front further adhere to the concrete support.
3. Sol selon la revendication l ou 2, caractérisé en ce que la résistance en compression du support en béton est de l'ordre de 10 MPa ou supérieure, de préférence au moins égale à 20 MPa (selon la norme EN 196-1 de Mars 1990) , en ce que sa résistance en flexion/traction est au moins de l'ordre de 2,2 MPa ou supérieure, de préférence au moins égale à 2,5 MPa, et en ce que son état de surface est tel que la résistance à l'arrachement du revêtement est de l'ordre de 1-1,5 MPa, de préférence de l'ordre de 2 MPa.3. Floor according to claim l or 2, characterized in that the compressive strength of the concrete support is of the order of 10 MPa or higher, preferably at least equal to 20 MPa (according to standard EN 196-1 of March 1990), in that its flexural / tensile strength is at least of the order of 2.2 MPa or greater, preferably at least equal to 2.5 MPa, and in that its surface condition is such that the tear resistance of the coating is of the order of 1-1.5 MPa, preferably of the order of 2 MPa.
4. Sol selon la revendication 2 ou 3, caractérisé en ce que la couche de lissage est réalisé au moyen d'un matériau, permettant d'atteindre, une fois durci, une résistance en compression minimale de l'ordre de 10 MPa, de préférence au moins égale à 20 MPa.4. Floor according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that the smoothing layer is produced by means of a material, making it possible to reach, once hardened, a minimum compressive strength of the order of 10 MPa, of preferably at least 20 MPa.
5. Sol selon la revendication 4, caractérisé en ce que l'épaisseur de la couche de lissage est de l'ordre de 3 mm ou supérieure.5. Floor according to claim 4, characterized in that the thickness of the smoothing layer is of the order of 3 mm or more.
Sol selon l'une des revendications 1 à 5, caractérisé en ce que l'épaisseur de la couche formée avec le (ou les) moyen de désolidarisation est de l'ordre de 100 μm à 200 μm.Soil according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the thickness of the layer formed with the (or the) separation means is of the order of 100 microns to 200 microns.
7. Sol selon l'une des revendications 1 à 5, caractérisé en ce que l'épaisseur de la couche formée avec le (ou les) moyen de désolidarisation est de 3 mm ou supérieure sous réserve que le matériau utilisé supporte, sans se déformer, la pression de la chape en service.7. Floor according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the thickness of the layer formed with (or the) means of separation is 3 mm or more provided that the material used supports, without deforming , the pressure of the yoke in service.
8. Sol selon l'une des revendications 1 à 7, caractérisé en ce la couche de revêtement est faite d'une composition comprenant au moins un liant hydraulique et au moins un liant organique.8. Floor according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the coating layer is made of a composition comprising at least one hydraulic binder and at least one organic binder.
9. Sol selon l'une des revendications 2 à 8, caractérisé en ce que, préalablement au dépôt de la couche de lissage sur le support en béton, on recouvre la face supérieure du support d'une couche d'un produit d'imprégnation pour améliorer l'adhérence et pour réguler la porosité du support en béton et, le cas échéant, prévenir l'apparition des laitances de surface.9. Floor according to one of claims 2 to 8, characterized in that, before depositing the smoothing layer on the concrete support, the face is covered upper support of a layer of an impregnation product to improve adhesion and to regulate the porosity of the concrete support and, if necessary, prevent the appearance of surface milt.
10. Sol selon l'une des revendications l à 9 caractérisé en ce que, dans la fabrication d'un sol neuf, on dispose sur les fondations, un ou plusieurs profilés choisis dans un matériau adhérant peu ou pas avec le béton, lesdits profilés, en réduisant la section du béton au droit des profilés, permettant d'induire une fissure sensiblement verticale au droit de chaque inducteur si les tensions dans le béton résultant du retrait sont suffisantes ; puis on coule le béton sur les fondations et lesdits profilés, pour former le support en béton.10. Floor according to one of claims l to 9 characterized in that, in the manufacture of new soil, there are on the foundations, one or more profiles chosen from a material adhering little or not with concrete, said profiles , by reducing the section of concrete to the right of the profiles, making it possible to induce a substantially vertical crack at the right of each inductor if the tensions in the concrete resulting from the shrinkage are sufficient; then the concrete is poured onto the foundations and said sections, to form the concrete support.
il. Sol selon la revendication 10, caractérisé en ce que les profilés sont disposés dans toutes les régions où des concentrations de tension peuvent conduire à une fissuration indésirable.he. Floor according to claim 10, characterized in that the profiles are arranged in all regions where stress concentrations can lead to undesirable cracking.
12. Sol selon la revendication 10 ou 11, caractérisé en ce que le profilé a une section sensiblement de la forme d'un "V" que l'on inverse sur les fondations du sol, ceci afin que l'angle saillant du "V" soit dirigé vers la surface supérieure du support en béton.12. Floor according to claim 10 or 11, characterized in that the profile has a section substantially in the shape of a "V" which is reversed on the foundations of the floor, this so that the salient angle of the "V "is directed towards the upper surface of the concrete support.
13. Sol selon la revendication 10 ou 11, caractérisé en ce que le profilé a une section sensiblement de la forme d'un "T" que l'on inverse sur les fondations du sol, ceci afin que la barre verticale du "T" soit disposée verticalement et dirigée vers la surface supérieure du support. 13. Floor according to claim 10 or 11, characterized in that the profile has a section substantially in the shape of a "T" which is reversed on the foundations of the floor, this so that the vertical bar of the "T" is arranged vertically and directed towards the upper surface of the support.
14. Sol selon la revendication 10 ou il, caractérisé en ce que le profilé a une section sensiblement de la forme d'un "Y", que l'on dispose de façon stable sur les fondations du sol, de telle sorte que l'une des branches du "Y" soit disposée verticalement et dirigée vers la surface supérieure du support.14. Floor according to claim 10 or he, characterized in that the profile has a section substantially in the shape of a "Y", which is arranged stably on the foundations of the floor, so that the one of the branches of the "Y" is arranged vertically and directed towards the upper surface of the support.
15. Sol selon l'une des revendications 10 à 14, caractérisé en ce que les inducteurs de fissure profilés sont espacés les uns des autres d'une distance allant de l mètre à 10 mètres environ, et préférentiellement d'au moins 5 mètres.15. Soil according to one of claims 10 to 14, characterized in that the profiled crack inductors are spaced from each other by a distance ranging from l meter to about 10 meters, and preferably at least 5 meters.
16. Sol selon l'une des revendications 10 à 15, caractérisé en ce que la hauteur du profilé est au moins égale à 1/6 de la hauteur du support en béton, de préférence au moins égale à 1/3 de la hauteur du support en béton, de préférence encore au moins égale à la moitié de la hauteur du support en béton. 16. Floor according to one of claims 10 to 15, characterized in that the height of the profile is at least equal to 1/6 of the height of the concrete support, preferably at least equal to 1/3 of the height of the concrete support, more preferably at least half the height of the concrete support.
EP95910574A 1994-02-16 1995-02-15 Industrial floor including a non-adhesive wear coat on a concrete base Expired - Lifetime EP0745170B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

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FR9402011 1994-02-16
FR9402011A FR2716215B1 (en) 1994-02-16 1994-02-16 Improved soil comprising a non-adherent wear layer on a concrete support and method for producing such a soil.
PCT/FR1995/000182 WO1995022671A1 (en) 1994-02-16 1995-02-15 Industrial floor including a non-adhesive wear coat on a concrete base

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CA2183463A1 (en) 1995-08-24
DE69509636T2 (en) 1999-12-02
FR2716215A1 (en) 1995-08-18
FR2716215B1 (en) 1996-04-26
ATE180037T1 (en) 1999-05-15

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